英语论文中西方饮食文化差异
外国人和中国人美食区别英语作文
外国人和中国人美食区别英语作文English: One of the main differences between foreign and Chinese cuisine is the use of seasoning and flavors. Foreign cuisine tends to have a wider range of seasonings and flavorings, with dishes often being more heavily seasoned and spiced compared to Chinese cuisine which emphasizes the natural flavors of the ingredients. Additionally, foreign cuisines may use a variety of different cooking techniques such as grilling, baking, and frying, while Chinese cuisine often involves stir-frying, steaming, and braising. Another difference is the use of ingredients, with foreign cuisines incorporating a wider variety of meats, seafood, and vegetables compared to the more limited range typically found in traditional Chinese dishes. Lastly, the dining experience itself differs as foreign cuisine often emphasizes individual servings and courses, while Chinese meals are typically communal with dishes being shared among diners.Translated content: 外国和中国美食之间的主要区别之一是调味料和风味的使用。
中西方饮食文化英语作文
中西方饮食文化英语作文English:Food culture plays a significant role in both Western and Eastern societies, reflecting their unique traditions, values, and beliefs. In Western cuisine, there is a strong emphasis on individualism and diversity, with popular dishes like hamburgers, pizza, and steak representing the melting pot of cultures. On the other hand, Eastern cuisine, such as Chinese, Japanese, and Indian food, often focuses on balance, harmony, and the use of fresh ingredients. Traditional Chinese meals, for example, typically consist of a variety of dishes served family-style to be shared among everyone at the table, emphasizing the importance of communal dining. Additionally, food preparation methods in the East tend to be more labor-intensive, with techniques like stir-frying, steaming, and slow cooking being common practices. In contrast, Western cooking often involves processes like baking, grilling, and roasting. Despite these differences, food serves as a unifying element in both cultures, bringing people together to celebrate special occasions, express love and gratitude, and pass down recipes through generations.中文翻译:食物文化在西方和东方社会中都起着重要的作用，反映了它们独特的传统、价值观和信仰。
跨文化交际论文中外饮食文化差异（英文）
Differences of Table Manners between China and WestChapter 1 IntroductionAs the economy and culture developing rapidly, having dinner is not only for people basic physical need, but also the important skill in social communication. Good manners and courtesy have become increasingly common understanding of the public. With the deepening of reform and opening up policy in China and the strengthening of communication between China and West, people have a great number of opportunities to have dinner with foreigners. A lot of table manners, such as arriving time, seat arrangement, and order of serving dishes, tableware, behaviour and communication, reflect different culture and life-style in nations or countries. There are many differences of table manners between China and western countries.It is extremely important for people to understand these differences to avoid making mistakes and promote the development of humanity culture and achieve interpersonal harmony in both countries.1Differences of Table Manners between China and WestChapter 2 Literature ReviewIt is a common sense that different countries have different cultures. Table manners, as a kind of social customs, are deeply influenced by culture and vary in many different kinds of areas. China has characteristic table manners with a long history, and western countries also have their own table manners. To some degree, having good table manners is a symbol of a nation’s civilization and an expression of a person’s moral cultivation.2Differences of Table Manners between China and WestChapter 3 Cultural Differences of Table Manners3.1 Arriving TimeAs we all know that Chinese people often arrive half an hour later than the predicted time and the host also seems to have prepares for that. When they are waiting for other guests, the host always arranges some games so that the guests who come earlier would not feel boring. While in western countries, people do things strictly and all the activities begin on time. People should arrive at the party on time especially the formal banquets. It is considered as impolite and contempt for the host and other guests if one arrives 10 minutes later.3.2 Seat ArrangementIn Chinese table manners, seating arrangement is the most important part. The seat of honor, reserved for the banquet’s master or the highest status’s guest, is in the center facing east or facing the door. And the other higher position guests sit closer tothe master of the banquet. The lowest position guests sit furthest from the seat of honor. If it is a round table, the one facing the door is the guest of honor. The seats on the left hand are second, and then in turn fourth and sixth and so on. The guests on the right hand are the same.While in western countries, it is different. When the hostess announced dinner is ready, male host will lead guests to the table in turn, and the hostess walks behind them. Some host will also place name card on the table to show the seat.3.3 Order of Serving DishesChinese meals usually begin with appetizers. There are often four or five kinds of appetizers, such as, cold meats, preserved eggs, smoked fish and vegetable relishes. All these food are arranged beautifully on separate dishes or on one large platter. Then the hot food should be served. There is an important rule to serve the whole duck, chicken and fish, which is don’t put the head and tail to the major seat. After the hot dishes, then comes the main course, rice. At last, desserts and fruits are provided to help digestion.In western countries, the first dish is appetizer as well. The second dish is soup. The third dish is fish dish. Meat and poultry dishes is the fourth dish, which also known as the main course. And the most representative is beef and steak. Salad can be a kind of side dish, which can be arranged either after or with the meat dish. The sixth dish is dessert, such as pudding, ice cream, cheese, fruit and so on. The final drink is coffee with cream or tea with sugar.3Differences of Table Manners between China and West3.4 TablewareChinese people mainly use bowl, chopsticks and spoons. Chopsticks are the most important tableware in China. While in serving English meals, they use so much tablewares with different kinds and sizes. There are different kinds of glasses, spoons, plates, bowls and knives. The main tablewares in western are knives, forks, spoons, glass and napkin.3.5 Behaviour and CommunicationWhen on the dinner table, Chinese people talked a lot and enjoy the delicious food at the same time, which means the hospitality and sincere of hostess. Because they believe that the lively atmosphere on the dinner table reflects the cheerful of guests and the warmth of family. While in western, during the dinner, people talked little and cut their own food in the plate quietly.4Differences of Table Manners between China and WestChapter 4 Main Factors Causing the Differences4.1 GeographyThe geographical location and the environment lead to the differences between Chinese and western cultures. People in different places will have differentbehaviours and cultures.4.2 TraditionWith thousands of years of Chinese traditional culture, we believe that we should take care of others and cooperate with others. Chinese people use cheap chopsticks as tableware which can reflect Chinese collective consciousness. In the book Culture on Dinner Table, Mr. Yi Zhongtian said that the core thought of Chinese culture is group consciousness while the western core thought is individual consciousness. The western culture, to be self-centered, the boundary between people is very clear and they usually do not allow mutual interference. That makes western table manners without sharing a plate of food. Knife and fork also can reflect individual consciousness, and noble west of life.4.3 CustomPeople from different countries have different cultures and customs, especially in the aspects such as greeting, thanks, apology, flattery, and making telephone calls. When Chinese invited guests to have dinner, the host always picks food for guests and tries his best to make guests eat and drink more. While in western countries, the host would just let their guests help themselves and they would never carry food to their guest’s bowl.5Differences of Table Manners between China and WestChapter 5 Trend of SyncretismNowadays, an increasing number of western restaurants appear in many cities in China and an increasing number of people like to have meals in it. People have gradually learned western table manners in their daily life. It is obvious that the Chinese diet conception is sensible, and the western diet idea is rational. Now, the difference seems to become blurred with the strengthening of communication between China and West and the development of science. Instead of paying attention to the color, flavor and taste of the food, Chinese people, like the westerners, pay more attention to its health and nutrition. This dissemination and development of western style food has unavoidably made great influence on Chinese food and beverage industry, which made Chinese style food trade change in the aspects of managing concept, management mode, productive means, personnel cultivation and so on.6Differences of Table Manners between China and WestChapter 6 ConclusionSocial background, historical and cultural differences lead to the differences between Chinese and Western table manners. To some extent, table manner is a reflection of the kind of lifestyle, and the formation of habits which can not be obtained in a short period of time. It is actually a kind of historical and cultural sedimentation and extension. Knowing the differences, people can easily understandthe culture of each other. In face of these differences, we should comprehend and respect their habits and culture and remember that every culture is equal to the other. Only recognizing cultural differences between China and West and making a reasonable and effective integration, can we establish a social cultural etiquette system of contemporary China and reach the ideal harmonious society.7Differences of Table Manners between China and WestReferences[1] 易中天. 餐桌上的文化[J]. 当代学生, 2004(10).[2] 杨柳,田丹丹,苑富山. 中美餐桌礼仪刍议[J]. 从餐桌礼仪看中西文化差异[J]. 硅谷, 2008(18).8。
中西饮食文化的差异 论文
Hunan Information Science V ocational CollegeGraduation ThesisSubject: A Comparison of Food Culture BetweenChina and Western CountriesName: Tang WenStudent No.: 1103020239Specialty and Class: Business English,Class 2Department: Department of Hunan and ArtsSupervisor: Fang leiyiDate:2014-3-16ContentsIntroduction (1)1.Introduction to Diet Idea (2)1.1Diet Idea in Western Countries (2)1.2Diet Idea in China (3)2.The Differences of Diet Object Between China and Western Countries (3)2.1Materials of Food (3)2.2Differences of Diet Object (4)2.2.1Chinese Food Advocates.. Vegetarianism (5)2.2.2Western Food Pay Attention to Nutrition (5)3.The Different Method Of Diet (6)3.1Dinning Way (6)3.2 Table Ware (6)3.3 Dinning Etiquette (7)4.The Future Prospects Of Chinese and Western Diet (8)Conclusion (9)Bibliography (10)Acknowledgements (11)摘要在悠久的历史文化中，中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学造就了中西文化的差异，从而造就了中西方饮食文化的差异。
中西方餐桌礼仪的差异-商务英语-毕业论文文档
What are the differences between Chinese and western table manners?April 28,2006Of course, the main difference on the Chinese dinner table is chopsticks instead of knife and fork, but that's only superficial. Besides, in decent restaurants, you can always ask for a pair of knife and fork, if you find the chopsticks not helpful enough.The real difference is that in the West, you have your own plate of food, while in China the dishes are placed on the table and everyone shares. If you are being treated to a formal dinner and particularly if the host thinks you're in the country for the first time, he will do the best to give you a taste of many different types of dishes.The meal usually begins with a set of at least four cold dishes, to be followed by the main courses of hot meat and vegetable dishes. Soup then will be served (unless in Guangdong style restaurants) to be followed by staple food ranging from rice, noodles to dumplings.If you wish to have your rice to go with other dishes, you should say so in good time, for most of the Chinese choose to have the staple food at last or have none of them at all.Perhaps one of the things that surprises a Western visitor most is that some of the Chinese hosts like to put food into the plates of their guests. In formal dinners, there are always "public" chopsticks and spoons for this purpose, but some hosts may use their own chopsticks. This is a sign of genuine friendship and politeness. It is always polite to eat the food. If you do not eat it, just leave the food in the plate.People in China tend to over-order food, for they will find it embarrassing if all the food is consumed. When you have had enough, just say so. Or you will always overeat!浅析中西方餐桌礼仪差异及其原因On Chinese-Western Diffe英文版本文10页，1万余字符Abstract: With the development of China’s opening-up, more and more Western culture gets into our sight. As we face with unfamiliar cultures and countries, some inevitable cultural conflicts might happen in the communication, which will seriously affect the contacts being carried out smoothly. Table manners have a decisive position in the communication between China and Western countries. During communication we will show our best image and avoid cultural conflicts. Learning and using the right etiquette will not only step up our own impression, but also promote the benefit and strife of the company. This paper focuses on the differences of table manners between the West and China, and analyzes the reasons that caused the differences.Key words: etiquette，table manner，difference，culture，reason关键词:礼仪餐桌礼仪差异文化原因On Chinese-Western Differencesin Table MannersⅠ. The importance of table manners in international communicationWith the development of opening-up policy, foreign etiquette enters to our daily life day by day. Besides the commercial etiquette, the dinner table etiquette is very important, too. As there are many different cultures between China and Western countries, we have different dinner.....Outline:Ⅰ.The importance of table manners in international communicationⅡ.The Specific of table mannersA 、arrival of timeB、the concept of dishesC、the atmosphere on tableD、seat arrangementE、customary action on tableⅢ. The causes of different dining customs between the West and ChinaA、different time conceptsB、different ideasC、different behaviors regulationⅣ. ConclusionsBibliography:1.顾江禾，东西方文化对比小议《太原重型机械学院学报》，2001年第22卷第4期，279-2822.华厚坤，试论跨文化语境下的大学英语教学《黑龙江高教研究》，2003年第6期，153-1543.吴锋针，中西习俗文化“冲突”《绥化师专学报》，2003年第1期，90-92“中西方饮食文化差异”以及“中西方餐桌礼仪的区别”一)基本的讲究排列座次时，国内外的基本作法有所不同。
论文 中西方餐桌礼仪英文版
Different Table Manners between China and the West 不同的国家和民族由于地区差异形成了不同的文化。
而不同国家的社会生活方式则形成了不同的饮食文化及餐桌礼仪。
饮食文化及餐桌礼仪是非语言文化的重要组成部分。
作为一名外语学习者，了解中西方饮食文化及餐桌礼仪方面的差异及其渊源是必要且必须的。
因为这不仅仅可以增加对所学语言文化的认识，更加有助于提高跨文化交际的成功率，以此避免由不合适的行为或方式所形成的误解。
本文第一部分分别对中西方餐桌礼仪做简要概括。
第二部分为本文核心，从餐具，座次，点餐及用餐氛围四个方面具体介绍中西方餐桌礼仪的差异。
第三部分从地理因素，价值观，及传统习俗入手，讲述形成中西方餐桌礼仪差异的缘由。
以此三个部分展现餐桌礼仪文化在中西方文化交流中占据重要地位。
Different countries and nations have different cultures as a result of regional differences. The social lifestyle of different countries form different diet culture and table manners, which are an important part of non language culture. As a foreign language learner, it is necessary to learn the differences between Chinese and Western food culture and table manners. Because it can not only increase the comprehension of the language culture, but also help to improve the success rate of intercultural communication, so as to avoid the misunderstanding caused by inproper behavior or manner.The first part of this paper gives a brief summary of Chinese and western table manners. The second part is the core of this paper, descriping specificly the difference between chinese and western table manner from four aspects that are tableware, seat arrangement, serving order and dining atmosphere. The third part from the geographical factors, values, and traditional customs introduces the reasons that the differences between Chinese and western table manners from the geographical factors, values, and traditional customs. The purpose of this paper shows that table manner plays an important role in the process of communication and colliding between Chinese and western culture.Etiquette is the process that show respect for others and constrain ourselves with a certain and conventional way in interpersonal communication, involving dress, communication, emotional intelligence and so on. Etiquette is a language, a tool, and a set of communicational rules between people.Table manner refers to the common eating polite standard in human society. On the contrary, some behaviors when eating are regarded as rude or destroying other’s appitite. In accordence with different culture of different countries, there are different table manner.According to the literature, chinese table manner has formed a quite complete system since Zhou Dynasty. This traditional banquent are still remaining in most parts of China. As the saying goes, food is the paramount necesssity of the people. In this way we can see that eating diet plays a significant role in Chinese dailylife. Wheareas, table manner has high statue. While eating with traditional chinese family, we have to respect their manner, culture and custom. In addition, not to offend the taboo for Chinese believe that diet is closely related with fate. if you off end the taboo, it will lead to bad luck. For example, after dinner ,you can’t say I finish the meal, which it means you are dead and no chance to eat. Instead you should say I am full. Table manner occupies a important place in the modern chinese life order. They think that eating is not just to meet the basic phycial need, but also esencial social experience. Therefore it is particularly important to master some ceremorial knowledge about Chinese table manner, whether you are a host or a guest.dinnerwareWestern dinnerware are mainly the knife and fork which were widely used by France in the European continent in the 18th century. Westerners using knife and fork is consisted with their culture about nomadism and maritime, which shows vividly that they are competitive and adventurous . before eating, knife and fork are placed in accordance with the rule : left fork and right knifon both sides of the plate respectivly, with the blade took inward. At eating, right hand take the knife to cut food without blade outward, while left hand use the fork to eat food. If not to eat temporarily, one should place knife and fork in "eight" shape with the blade toward oneself. When the meal is finished, the fork is raised on the back and the blade is folded inward with the fork.Except knives and forks, spoon, napkin, glass are also essential for Western dishes. Spoons divide two types: soup spoon and sweet spoon. A large spoon is next to the knife, while small dessert spoon are placed on the top of the dessert dish. When drinking soup, one should take the spoon with the right hand. After drinking, one should place it in the opposite side of the plate. The napkin is usually prepared on the plate before the meal.The wine glasses are placed with the order :liqueur glass, red wine glasses, champagne glasses, beer mugs, and the type of wine is the same as the type of wine. The wine glass is usually on the top of the right side of the knife.Chopsticks, which has a long history of 3000 years, is the typical Chinese tableware, consistent with the traditional "harmony" thought. Pay attention to 2 notes about the use of chopsticks: first, place chopsticks neatly on the right side of the bowl before eating. Second, do not use chopsticks to make a sound, lick chopsticks, or not to point at anyone with chopsticks.Taking particular notice, do not insert the chopsticks in rice or pasta, because it is very similar to the ancient ritual candles and symbolizes infelicity. In addition to chopsticks, spoons, plates, cups, napkins, toothpicks are necessary. The spoon is used for soup or other small morsels. Attentiuon, do not put soup too full to smear the table cloth or clothing. After using, put the food into the plate immediately. In general, the big plate is for a variety of dishes, small dishes for the food dish, to hold the incoming food from the public plate.Remember not to put too many things in the disk cover so as not to avoid oil to spill , and put thorns on the front end of theplate. Napkins are often used in some large hotels. Before dinner, the waiters will prepare a hot wet towel for the guests. The cup is usually on the left of the dish, not to pour fully.Serving orderAppetizers, the first dish, are sometime made of four kinds of cold platet representative appetizers are the cold jellyfish skin, preserved eggs and so on. After the cold plate, it is followed by four hot plate that commonly is fried shrimp, fried chicken and so on. However, hot plates are mostly omitted.While placing the hot plate, one ought to serve from the left of the opposite seats of guests of honor. The heads of the whole fish and duck should not be pointed at the chief seat.?The following are the main course, also known as large dishes,will be taken on table. If the menu is marked "eight pieces", it says that there are a total of eight main course. The number of courses in the main course is usually four, six, eight and so even, since the Chinese people think that even is the number of Kyrgyzstan. In the luxurious banquet, the main course even can be up to ten kinds of species. These dishes are made of different materials, added acid, sweet, bitter, spicy, salty flavors, with fried, steamed, boiled, fried, roasted, fried and other cooking methods .Most of the order of the dishes are matched interactively, for example, combining light taste with oily and greaty taste. Soup is the end. Dessert, such as pies, cakes, buns, almonds and so on, is provided after the maincourse. Last is the fruit, which is good for digesting.In western banquent, the appetizer is also the first dish which is specialty. As for the first dish , it usually match with aperitif. It is with acid and crisp taste and westerners’ favorite snack. The following dish, extremly different from China, is soup which is classified genelly into five categories: vegetable soup, cold soup, cream soup, pureed soup,and clear soup. Next is side dish, also called fish dish, including a viatery of seafood such as shellfish and molluscs for the seafood is full of nutrition and good for lung and eye. The fourth dish is main course, which also known as poultry or meat dish. Delicious steak or lamb is the most common main course. It is more tasty when drizzling fresh foie gras. After greasy meat dish, it is right time for salad, refreshing vegetable dish, such as tomato, broccoli, onion and so on. The following dish is dessert which have many different kinds. It can be chocolate cookie, croissant, mousse cake,macarons. Coffee is the final drinking, which can be added milk and sugar according to own taste. It also has different kinds such as blue mountain coffee, latte, macchino, mocha and so on. Table settingIn the Chinese table manner, at the begining, let guests attend the seats, then please the elderly seat next to the guests. One should seat from the left side of the chair. When sitting on the chair, one should not move the chopsticks, or make noise, let alone walk casually unless having urgency. Host should invites guest to have a seat and notice that do not let guest sit close to the place that is seryeddishes. If you are the master, you should point to a chair and say to the guests with a gentle tone: "please sit here." There are four fountamental way for sitting arrangement: first, taking the table of the host sitting as a sign, the guest on its right is honor and the left is low. Second, first host should sit facing the main door, then guest of honor sit on the right of the host and deputy chief gust on the left. Third, if the position of the host is inferior to the guest of honor, the host is able to ask guest to sit where the host should have seated, then the host sit on the right, host should have a seat that is faced the main door, and the guest of honor sit on the right of master. As for deputy chief guest, he should sit on the left. Western people believe that the right is honor and the left is low. when hostess announces that the dinner is ready, the host will lead the guests to sit in turn, with the hostess walking last.Some careful master willplace name card on the table in order to show seats. while, if there is no such arrangement, then the seat arrangement is generally:men and women sit separatedlly, male host first, gewhose seat is in the hostess On the right of hostess.the other couples are diagonally seated. Couple sitting dividually shows the opening and lively nature of the American banquet. They hope that the banquet can be used to enhance the relationship of each other and relaxing atmosphere. In the informal party, seat arrangment follows that women is first. If a gentlman shares a supper with a woman, the man should not let the woman sit near the passageway and should let the woman sit on his right; the man should let the woman sit inside. If two men with a woman, men ought to lead the woman sit in the middle．What is more,men should remove the chairs and let women sit first．When two man have a dinner，the junior sit outside．AtmosphereWhen chinese people enjoy yummy food they usually talk a lot, which shows the sincere and hospitality of hostess. Besides, lively table can reflect the guests’joy. The active atmosphere reflects the warmth of family, and harmony of the nation in a sence. However, in the western tradition, people think that excessive noise is rude, and only the quiet and orderly looks noble. There not exist these phenomenon such as pesuading to drink alcohol and carrying dish for others. This reflects the respect for the individual in the western culture. people hardly talk with each other but cut and eat their food with fork quietly. They avoid making noise while eating and drinking. Even if they have something important to talk, they keep the sound that both of them can heard.When chinese invited guests to have dinner, they usually prepare a wild variety of dishes, which is no less than seven or eight dishes. The more delicious and expensive the dishes are, the more important guests are. Although the hostness elaborate perpectly, she would say: I am so sorry that the dish does not cook well, eat more. Hope you bear with me. Please forgive me, there are not so much food for you all. Or some modest words similar like this. In addition, the host will ask the guest: Would you like some more? And maybe the host will ask this later. The guest answer with a little shame: just a little more. While inwestern dinner, there are four or five dishes. If it is at home, the guest had better eat all of the food, so the hostness will be very happy because of her good cook. Usually, host simply say to guest: heip yourself. When the host ask: would you like more fried chicken? The guest just answer according to himself. If he is full enough, he say: no , thanks. If not, he should answer: yes, I would like some more chickens. After dinner, guest could say it was out of the world！So delicious！I licked the plate clean. or I made a pig of myself. In this way can make hostness happy. By comparing this, we can know that Chinese obey the principle that is to belittle themselves and to respect others. Western people pay more attention to keeping their prestige and saving face. For example, western people never talk adout the disguesting things on table. They will try their best to use implicit and elegent words to replace toilet. such as: "Where can I wash my hand", "I wonder if I could go somewhere.", "Can I add some powder? "?Geography?China is located in the east Asia-Europe continental monsoon climate zone, rain and heat over the same period, very suitable for growing plant, which forms Chinese people's plant character. Most western countries are located in temperate maritime climate zone, which is the perfect place for natural pasture. So western people are fond of meat. For Europeans, pasture means food, and food means survival, which in turn leads to their expansion and the formation of aggressive character. There are big animals such as cattle and sheep in the vast ranch, so their diets are mainly steak and lamb, and thus have the argument that is "fromBerlin to Los Angeles, steak is a taste" . This is why milk from Europe and the United States is spreaded into China. as we all know, chopsticks, fork and knife are the most foundemental difference between Chinese and western table manner. Chopsticks originate from the place where there is bamboo. More wood in the north , more bamboo in the south, ancestors use local materials, cuting bamboo and wood for making chopsticks. anyway, chopsticks play an indispensable role in Chinese daily life. knife and fork later than the chopsticks is the representative of Western tableware, which originated in the ancient European living nomadic habits. Before and after the 15th century, there appeared two- teeth fork, the emergence of four- teeth fork in the 18th century. They cut down and eat meat as soon as it cooked. From then on, western people use knife and fork as their tableware.The view of valueIn China, a state of ceremony, table manner reflects Chinese "solidarity" collectivist values. During the dinner, seat arrangement can give expression to it obviously. Chinese people emphasis that to respect the old and cherish the young, to be filial first. Relativly speaking, in western countries, the value of individualism occupies a position of importance, which shows individual valve and strength. Because they emphasis personality development, self-expression in their philosophical thought. They believe that it is not fate but your own laziness to contribute to your faiure. During Chinese dinner, seniority would give dish to the junior so that displays their kindness to children. This is lively andharmonious atmosphere conforming to chinese traditional value. On the contrary, western people eat their own food and pick up food they want to have. They refuse others to force themselve eating food they do not like. Different from chinese traditional food culture, western diet is more rational, more emphasis on science and health. Regarding nutrition as the highest standard, they eating food is just like adding a fuel to a biological machine, with particular emphasis on the nutrition of the food. Whether the amount of Protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and all kinds of inorganic elements is reasonable, whether the supply of calories is proper, whether nutrients can be fully absorbed by the body, which are the westerners’focus. Western diet that demonstrate strong pragmatism and utilitarianism will not combine the diet with spiritual enjoyment together. Chinese diet has always been pursuing the taste as the primary purpose of eating. A folk saying goes: "hunger breeds discontentment, and whether the food i9os delicious or not depends on taste. Chinese cook create a lot of cooking methods in ordre to make dish tasteful. Even if the dish name is poetic. Making food and eating food having special cultural connotation, to a certain extent, is the embodiment of the art. Although we attach importance to eating for keeping in good health, our cooking methods result in a lack of many nutrients in the processing process that is one disadvantage.cultureThe different national ethnic and historical development can lead to different history. Confucianism and Taoism are the origion of Chinese traditional culture,which have a long and profound influence on Chinese society. Faith, propriety, righteousness, wisdom, benevolence are the core of Chinese traditional culture. Mr. Yi Zhongtian, in the book Culture on Dinner Table said that the core thought of Chinese culture is group consciousness while the western corn thought is individual consciousness.Edward Hall, a famous American anthropologist, propose that time concept of human has two cultural patterns, Monochronic-time and Polychronic-time. Western people insisting on M-time follow close to the line of scheduling program, deal with things with time correspondently. By contrast, eastern people holding P-time are more flexible on time. In the Chinese banquet, the M- time model makes the guests more inclined to be late and the host seems to have prepared for the guests who arrive on time some intresting activities to kill time such as chating, watching TV so that the?guests?who?come?earlier?would?not?feel?boring.In China, especially in ancient times, women are not allowed to participate in formal banquets which is identical to the Chinese traditional feudal thought Males are supposed to be worth more than the other sex. In the book of the Chinese, Lin Yutang even said: "since the primitive times,women has not occupied the deserved status in the Chinese people's blood ." in the chinese traditional culture, woman has been in a subordinate position, Although Chinese women's status been significantly improved, but when there exist collision between the "old" principle and the "lady first" principle , Chinese choose theformer instead of later. On the contrary, "ladies first" is a traditional culture in the west, and an absolutely necessary etiquette in social activities. Women can enjoy many traditional customs of the knigh: When a woman enters a restaurant, all the men have to stand up; and in front of the table, the man take the chair for the lady.ConclusionIn recent years, with the rapid development of China, the trade and cultural exchanges between China and Western countries have become more and more frequent. Comparing the difference of table manner between China and west, we can see that it is important to improve the international image of our country, strengthen the cultivation of personal qualities, and promote the further cooperation between China and the west.。
中西方饮食文化英语论文论述
L/O/G/O
Selected topic reason
Diet is always a subject that can cause so much cultural conflict and
collision.
饮食始终是一个能够引起如此多文化冲突与 碰撞的话题。
就是这样，许多西方人永远无法理解海蜇、 皮蛋、凤爪与鸡鸭血汤的美味.他们钟情于 自己的美味，可在中国人眼里，那些美味 也奇怪得很——全生的蔬菜色拉已然是极 品之至；而肉更貌似只分两种：没烧熟的 和已烤焦的，好似西餐厨师从来不懂火候 为何物。
Concluቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱion
Since different countries have different histories and cultures, there are a lot of differences in the habit of conducts and the ceremony, especially between China and the West, the jokes and the mistakes caused by misunderstanding are not unusual. This shows that the understanding of the different etiquettes between Chinese and the Westerners is absolutely necessary. Thus it is necessary to understand the difference between Chinese and Western cultural, learn from each other and progress in common.
英语作文中外食物差异英语作文
英语作文中外食物差异英语作文English:When it comes to the differences between Western and Chinese food, there are several key distinctions that set them apart. One major difference is the use of ingredients. Western cuisine often incorporates dairy products like butter and cheese, as well as a variety of meats such as beef, pork, and poultry. On the other hand, Chinese cuisine relies heavily on fresh vegetables, rice, and noodles, with meat being used more sparingly as a flavor enhancer rather than the main attraction. Another difference is the seasoning and cooking methods. Western food tends to use more herbs, spices, and sauces to enhance flavors, while Chinese cuisine emphasizes the natural taste of the ingredients, using techniques like stir-frying, steaming, and braising. Additionally, portion sizes and dining customs differ between the two cultures. Western portions are typically larger, with each person having their own plate of food, while Chinese meals are typically served family-style with dishes shared among everyone at the table. Overall, while both Western and Chinese cuisines offer delicious and diverse options, theirdifferences lie in ingredients, seasonings, cooking methods, and dining customs.中文翻译:谈到西方和中国食物之间的差异，有几个关键的区别让它们彼此分开。
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创作编号：GB8878185555334563BT9125XW创作者：凤呜大王*2012届本科毕业论文中西方饮食文化差异姓名：系别：专业：学号：指导教师：2012年5月The Differences of Dietary Cultures Between China and the WestShangqiu Normal UniversityMay 2012摘要饮食是人们生存的根本，中西方都不例外。
饮食文化是民族文化的重要组成部分。
随着21世纪全球化进程，跨文化交际日益频繁，其中饮食文化成了东西方文化交流的最基本内容。
但是由于长期以来形成的生活环境、风俗习惯、价值观念的不同，中西方形成了各自不同的饮食文化。
由于饮食文化的不同，中西方人在交流的过程中有时会产生一些误解。
本文主要从中西方饮食观念、烹饪取材、饮食结构、烹饪方式以及上菜顺序等方面来论述中西方饮食文化差异，以促进中西方文化交际的顺利进行。
关键词：饮食；饮食文化；差异AbstractDiet is the base of living, with no exception in China or the West. Dietary culture is an important part of the national culture. With the entrance of the 21st century, cross-cultural communication has become more and more frequent, among which dietary culture has been the most basic content. However, because of the differences in living environments, customs and value concepts China and the West have formed their own different dietary cultures. As a result, there appears some misunderstandings sometimes between Chinese and the Westerners in their communication. This paper will analyze the differences of dietary cultures between China and the West from dietary concepts, raw materials, dietary structures, cooking patterns and the order of serving dishes so as to facilitate the efficient communication between Chinese and Westerners.Key words: diet；dietary culture; differenceContents摘要 (I)Abstract (II)创作编号：GB8878185555334563BT9125XW创作者：凤呜大王*Contents ............................................................................................................................... I II 1Introduction (1)2The Differences of Dietary Cultures Between China and the West (1)2.1Differences in Dietary Concepts (1)2.2Differences in the Use of Raw Materials (3)2.3Differences in Dietary Structures (4)2.4Differences in Cooking Patterns (5)2.5Differences in the Order of Serving Dishes (6)3Conclusion (7)References (8)11IntroductionWith the entrance of the 21st century cross-cultural communication has been a more and more popular activity even among common people. However, because of the differences of areas, environments and customs, different nations have formed their specific cultures. Among the four aspects of clothing, eating, housing and behaving, Chinese people have got closer and closer to the Westerners in other three aspects except in eating. It is only in the aspect of eating that Chinese people have the biggest difference from the Westerners. Dietary culture is an important component of the national cultures. It also plays an essential role in non-verbal cultures in cross-cultural communication. China has a long and rich history on its dietary culture. In China almost everything is closely related to eating. While, Western dietary culture is not as developed as that of China and Western countries are not that particular about cooking as China. Knowing the differences of dietary cultures between China and the West is good for English learners to have more complete understanding of both eastern and western cultures and it also increases the chance of success in cross-cultural communication, and helps people avoid unnecessary misunderstandings.12The Differences of Dietary Cultures Between China and the WestThe different national cultures in China and the West contribute to the differences of dietary cultures between them. These differences come from the different thinking methods, environments, customs and so on between China and the West.1.12.1Differences in Dietary ConceptsAs a Chinese saying goes, Min yi shi wei tian (The masses regard sufficient food as their heaven). It shows the importance of eating in the mind of Chinesepeople. Chinese people take a good meal as a pursuit of art of beauty. This even can be seen from TV programs. In the cartoon Zhonghua Xiaodangjia (A Little Chinese Chef),which was very popular in China about ten years ago, Xiaodangjia treats good meals as his long life pursuit. From this cartoon people can feel the profound dietary culture in China and get to know various kinds of food in China. Now people can watch programs such as Everyday Cate about cooking on TV everyday. Chinese people are particularly interested in eating. The pursuit of enjoyment in food has almost reached to a height that can not be higher.People try their best to perfect a dish not only from color but also from incense, taste and shape. It means that in the eyes of Chinese people, a dish should look beautiful, smell good and taste delicious. Beauty appearance is a pursuit of beauty from a visual aspect and it contributes to a mental enjoyment. Chinese have high demand of the appearance of a dinner. They not only stress the beauty of the food but also the beauty of the environment and the tableware. Various kinds of beauty are reconciled in a well-prepared dinner. The chefs match the colors of food carefully, such as the collocation of the main colors and the sub-colors, and the collocation of warm colors and cold colors. This makes the dinner look colorful and stimulates people’s appetite. At the sam e time many raw materials are engraved into the shapes of flower, bird, mountain and human which are extremely beautiful. In addition, the dietary environment is sometimes full of a kind of elegant and attractive city ambiance sometimes brim with a quiet and beautiful rural atmosphere .For example, the Mexican Restaurant in Beijing Exhibition Center is a building with a Russian style. The TengGeLiLa Cafeteria looks like a big Mongolian yurt. (Xu 2005, 68) Besides, the tableware in these restaurants also looks perfect. The size of the table ware matches with the amount of food, the pattern matches with the shape of the food, and the color of the tableware matches with that of the food. (Li 2011, 25) The appearance of a dinner is very important but Chinese people regard taste as the most important. Therefore, it is no wonder that Chinese people are very interested in the taste of a dish. They try to reconcile the flavor of every ingredient to get an attractive taste. (Zhao 2003, 105)While the Westerners pay much less attention to eating compared with Chinesepeople. Lin Yutang, a famous Chinese writer, accepted a strict education on Chinese and Western cultures. He had an incisive discourse on the way how westerners treat food. According to him Englishmen do not treat diet as an important thing; on the contrary they regard it as a tiny business. There used to be no cuisine in their vocabulary but cooking. They had no proper word to name the chefs but only call them cooks. They originally had no word to name a gourmet; therefore, they used greedy gut to take its place. Westerners pay little attention to the form and taste of a dish but focus much more on nutrition. They pay much attention to the amount of protein, fat, heat, and vitamin. They analyze whether the dish has an appropriate collocation of nutrition, whether the amount of calories is moderate, and whether the nutrition can be fully absorbed. (Lin 1998, 68) Westerners emphasize on the original flavor and nutrition of food. Therefore, they adopt fresh raw materials and try to keep their original nutrition and taste as much as possible when they cook them. Even though the dishes are bitter to eat they will eat them provided they contain lots of nutrition.1.22.2Differences in the Use of Raw MaterialsChinese people have a wide interest in eating so they use more kinds of raw materials in cooking compared with Westerners. There is a saying that things in the air except plane, things in the water except submarines and things with four legs except benches are all C hinese people’s food. This saying is not totally in accordance with the reality but it is not far away from the truth. (Lu 2002, 96)There was a case of killing pandas in the 1980s in Sichuan province. When the policemen reached the home of the suspect, panda meat was being stewed in his pot and this pot of meat was perhaps the most expensive meat in the world. Chinese people not only eat those that fly in the air, swim in the water and those that run on the ground but also eat every part of them, from top to toe and from the outside to the inside. Even traditional Chinese medicinal materials can be severed on the dinner table with the name medicinal food, such as Stewed Black-boned Chicken with Chinese Herbs. (Yang 2004, 36)In the aspect of eating, Westerners lack the spirit of exploration. They treat every food they do not know cautiously. It was said that when tomatoes were first transferred from Arab to the West no one dared to eat them. Later a braveperson risked his life to eat one and was still alive after a day and night. Then the westerners accepted tomatoes gradually. (Li 2009, 25) Westerners have a narrow range of food. What they favor the best is beef, chicken and fish. They even do not eat fish which lives in the river. Westerners seldom eat pork and they never eat abdominal organs which can be made into delicious food in China. The European Community made a clear stipulation more than ten years ago that no abdominal organs should be made into food for sale. However, French Fat Goose Liver is an exception because it is too delicious for the gourmets to refuse it. (Li 2003, 134)Westerners also do not eat animal skin because it is high in cholesterol. China exports frozen chicken but imports chickens feet at the same time. Chicken feet contain only bones except skin. The westerners do not eat them so they sell them to Chinese in a low price. Chinese people give a beautiful name to chicken foot that is Fengzhua (phoenix foot). Song Meiling lived up to 103 years old and she loved chicken feet the best during her life-time. (Yang 2004, 36)1.32.3Differences in Dietary StructuresChinese dietary culture is rooted in the agricultural economy. China has been a great agricultural country since the ancient. Chinese’s main food is mainly made of rice and wheat. Besides, millet, maize, kaoliang, potatoes and sweet potatoes also occupy a proportion in their main food. Lots of food which made of flour such as steam buns, noodles, clay oven rolls, and fried bread stick; all kinds of porridge, pies and snacks contribut e much to people’s colorful life.(Xue 2001, 253) Chinese people do not eat meat everyday. Only when holiday comes or when people have a high level living condition do they eat some meat. According to Western investigators, the vegetables Chinese people eat are more than 600 kinds six times than those of the Westerners. (Guo 2010, 93) Westerners are developed from nomadic nations, therefore they have a developed animal husbandry. In their diet meat and dairy product are a requisite part and occupy a big proportion on table. They pay lots of attention to the ingestion of animal protein and fat. Dishes made of meat are always seen on their table. (Pang 2011, 268)Thus the Westerners are much stronger than Chinese people. Westerners seldom suffer from bone diseases. While Chinesepeople not only have short figures but also are easy to get bone diseases since they drink little milk. In China many of the old people turn to humpbacks and many suffer from osteoporosis. Accordingly, orthopedics departments are scattered everywhere in China.1.42.4Differences in Cooking PatternsThe difference in cooking patterns between China and the West is first shown in the use of knife. Chinese Cutting is the most famous in the world. There are more than ten kinds of Cutting in China such as dicing, slicing, mashing, mincing, grinding, filleting, shredding, and flattening and roll cutting. (Jin 2003, 178) Chinese chefs also make beautiful engraves with the raw materials. The Westerners usually choose large pieces of raw materials in their cooking. Chicken and beef steaks that are as large as palms are very common to be seen in the Western countries. (Han 2011, 73)Second, the cooking methods between China and the west are very different. China has very rich kind of cooking methods, such as braising, quick boiling, scaling, stewing, gradual simmering, slow red cooking, steaming, decoction and so on, up to more than thirty kinds. (Ji 2011, 128) Besides, the dishes cooked with these methods are numerous. That is why Chinese feel it is very interesting to cook, while the Westerners emphasize too much on scientific diet and the collocation of nutrition. They cook according to scientific disciplines all the time, which is mechanized and monotonous, therefore without any joy. (Han 2011, 74)The third difference lies in the master of the cooking duration and the amount of ingredients. Chinese dishes are very particular about cooking duration. .A meal can neither be cooked too long to be over-cooked nor be cooked too short to still be raw. The master of the cooking duration lies on the experience of the chefs and has none definite standards. (Li 2009, 25) However, the Westerners have a strict control in their cooking. The preparation of the raw materials is accurate to one gram and the cooking duration is accurate to one second. Many westerners prepare all kinds of cooking tools in their kitchens, such as measuring cups, platform scales, thermometers, elapsed time clocks, not to say forks to separate the egg white and the egg yolk, and cramps to clamp different kinds of food.Some other tools whose names are difficult to call are also common in their kitchens. Stepping into their kitchens is just like entering into chemical laboratories. Chinese people like to be optional, therefore people can often read directions like this “with a little salt, some oil and moderate sugar” in Chinese cookbooks. (Lu 2002, 97)The fourth difference lies in the taste. Chinese dishes require the reconciliation of tastes. The character of each material is eliminated but the dish is splendid in the whole. With one kind of material the Chinese chefs can cook tens or even hundreds of dishes with different flavors. You may find the taste of fish in tofu, and can feel the flavor of meat in vegetables. The Westerners emphasize on distinction. The original taste of each material can be felt in each dish. In addition, Westerners often eat raw vegetables, not only tomatoes, cucumbers and lettuce but also cabbage, onions and broccoli. Not like Chinese, Westerners use fewer kinds of seasonings in their cooking. They seldom use fennels or wild pepper and they eat no monosodium glutamate, because they think it contains little nutrition and may produce side effects. (Zhang 2009, 75)1.52.5Differences in the Order of Serving DishesChinese and Western diet are also different in the order of serving dishes. Take a banquet for example. In a Chinese banquet cold dishes are the first served, next the hot dishes and the main course come with the following of soup, then follows the main food or desserts. Fruits often come the last. In a western banquet the serving order is different. The first course of Western dinner is appetizer. It is divided into cold dish and hot dish. Appetizers have specific flavors, mainly salty or sour. They are few in amount but high in qualities. Different from Chinese dinners, the second course of Western dinner is soup. Western soup can be divided into four kinds, clear soup, cream soup, vegetable soup and cool soup which can be divided into more kinds. The third course of a Western dinner is non-stable dish. It contains all kinds of fresh water fish and salt water fish, a variety of shellfish and mollusks. Usually, aquatic products, eggs, bread is called non-stable dish. The fourth course of Western dinner is the main course, which contains meat and bird species. They are served with different kind of sauces. The fifth course of Western dinner is dishes made ofvegetables. Westerners often eat raw vegetables, so vegetables are often made into salad. But some vegetables are cooked such as cauliflowers, chips and boiled spinach. The six course of Western dinner is dessert, such as pudding, pancakes, ice cream, cheese and fruits. The last course contains beverage, coffee or tea. (Lin 2009, 90)23ConclusionChina and Western countries are very different in dietary cultures but both of them have their strengths. With the progress of globalization, Chinese cultures and Western cultures are reconciling gradually. Now lots of Western foods such as, hamburger and sandwich have entered into Chinese markets. Fast food restaurants like KFC and McDonald are common in every city of China. Chinese food has also entered Western countries. These two cultures are improving in the process of conflicting. Now most Chinese pay more attention to the nutrition of food and cooking methods are becoming more and more scientific. At the same time, Western countries begin to pay attention to the color, incense taste and shape of food, which get closer to Chinese food. Chinese and Western dietary cultures will develop in the continuous communication, and people all around the world will be able to enjoy more delicious and more nutritious food.ReferencesGu, Feifei. 2011. Zhongxi yinshi wenhua chayi [The differences between the Chinese and the Western dietary cultures]. Shangye Wenhua (10): 144-145Guo, Qianqian. 2010. Zhongxifang yinshi wenhua duibi yanjiu [A study on the contrast of the Chinese and Western dietary cultures]. Shangpin yu Zhiliang(10): 94Han, Jingjuan. 2011. Zhongxifang yinshi wenhua chayi [The differences between the Chinese and the Western dietary cultures]. Yuwen Xuekan (4): 73-74Jin, Huikang. 2003. Yinghan wenhua Lǚyou[A travel on the Chinese and English cultures].Guangzhou: Guangdong Lǚyou ChubansheJi, Xiaofeng. 2011. Qianxi zhongxifang yinshi wenhua chayi [An analysis of the differences between the Chinese and the Western dietary cultures]. Nongye yu Jishu (2): 127-129Jiang, Yan. 2007. 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