2021年专升本英语语法与词汇

专升本英语语法与词汇.

第一章时态

英语中谓语动词时态(Tense)是一种动词形式，不同步态用以表达在不同步间完毕动作或保持状态。英语动词共有十六种时态，这里将重点解说其中较惯用十种时态。

现以动词do为例，将英语十六种时态列表如下：

一、普通当前时( The Present Indefinite Tense)

1. 用于表达客观事实，当前重复发生或习惯性动作以及存在特性、状态等,常与often，always，sometimes，usually，once a week，every day，seldom等时间状语连用。

【例句】

The earth revolves around the sun.

The students get up at six thirty every morning.

2.表达按筹划或安排好将来动作,常使用arrive，be，go，start，stay等动词。

【例句】

There is a dancing party tonight.

The plane arrives in Beijing at three this afternoon.

3.用在以as soon as，when，after，while，as，until，till，whenever，the monment，the minute，immediately，directly等引导时间状语从句中或以if，unless，as/so long as，in case，provided that等引导条件状语从句中，代替普通将来时。

【例句】

I’ll ring you as soon as he comes back.

If it is fine tomorrow we will go swimming.

The machine starts running the moment the button is pressed.

注：if条件句中，有will浮现时，will是情态动词，意义为“乐意”，“肯”。

二、普通过去时( The Past Indefinite Tense)

普通过去时用于表达过去某时刻或某一时期内动作或状态，也可表达过去习惯性动作。常与表白过去时间状语连用,如yesterday，then，just now，last month，two days ago，in 1990，或由when或while等引导表白过去时间状语从句。

【例句】

We met him last week.

Where did you live when you were young?

He used to do fourteen hours a day.

●提示：普通过去时不强调动作对当前影响，只阐明过去。

三、普通将来时(The Future Indefinite Tense)

普通将来时用来表达将来某个时间会发生动作或状况，也可表达将来重复发生动作或习惯性动作。

【例句】

We shall (will) go to Nanjing tomorrow morning.

He will take part in an important race across the Atlantic.

The students will have five English classes per week this term.

●提示：表达将来时态其她形式与用法：

1．“be going to +动词原形”表达（能看出迹象）不久就要发生事情或打算要做事。

It is going to rain.

2．“be to +动词原形”表达安排好动作或安排别人去做事。

They are to meet in front of the hall.

You are not to bring any materials to the exam room.

3．“be about to +动词原形”表达即将发生或正要做事。

The conference is about to begin.

4．“be +当前分词”有时可表达按筹划即将发生一种动作，但仅合用于少数某些动词（如arrive，come，go，leave，start等）并且常跟表达较近将来时间状语连用。

My friend is arriving here the day after tomorrow.

●提示：在美国英语中第一、二、三人称都用“will+动词原形”

四、当前进行时（The Present Continuous Tense）

当前进行时表达此刻或现阶段正在进行动作。但表达后一种状况时，动作此刻不一定正在进行。

【例句】

We are making an experiment now.

Steve is studying Chinese in Beijing.

此外，当前进行时也可用来给习惯动作加上赞赏或讨厌等感情色彩。

【例句】

He is always cooking some delicious food for her family.

He is always finding fault with his employees.

提示：并非所有动词均有进行时，有些表达状态和感觉动词普通无进行时，除非此类动词词义发生变化。此类动词有：be，love，like，hate，believe，think（以为），feel，seem等。

【例句】

Do you see anyone over there?

Are you seeing someone off?（see… off 意为“为…送行”）

五、过去进行时(The Past Continuous Tense)

过去进行时表达过去某一时刻正在发生动作，或过去某阶段内正在发生或重复发生动作。普通带有一种表达过去时间状语或状语从句或能通过上下文判断过去时间。

【例句】

We were having a preparatory meeting at two-thirty yesterday afternoon.

She was writing a composition when you came in.

Bill was coughing all night long.

六、将来进行时(The Future Continuous Tense)

将来进行时表达将来某时也许正在发生或持续动作。

【例句】

I’ll be reading this time tomorrow.

Most of the young people in the town will be meeting them at the station.

七、当前完毕时(The Present Perfect Tense)

当前完毕时表达当前已完毕或刚刚完毕动作，也可以表达从过去某一时刻发生，当前仍延续着动作或状况。经常与for+一段时间或与since（+时间一点）引导短语或从句连用，也可与某些表达不拟定过去时间副词连用，如already，before，ever，never，just，once，recently，yet，up to now，so far，thus far，up till/to now，in the last/past few years等。

【例句】

We have been to Shanghai once.

They have already finished the task.

He has studied English for more than 10 years.

He has studied English since 1991/ since he was twelve.

So far everything has been successful.