研究计划-Research-Proposal-模板
Research Proposal(研究计划)
根据美国心理学家马斯洛的需要层次论，他认为人的基本需要有五种，他们由低到高依次排 列成一定的层次，即生理的需要、安全的需要、归属和爱的需要、尊重的重要，包括认知、审美 和创造的需要，它具有两方面的含义，即完整而丰满的人性的实现以及个人潜能或特性的实现。 培养孩子的自理能力问题已经成为现代教育发展的重要内容之一。其中一个突出特点是更加注意 把自理能力的培养与动手能力培养结合起来，从小让儿童参与家庭生活，增强儿童对生活的体验 和自理能力的养成。
研究方法：
1.问卷法 自编问卷，在对关于自理能力的文献资料尽享系统的了解和把握后，与哈市某小学的教师、
及其学生家长进行访谈。通过访谈从多个角度了解当代小学生自理能力的现状。在对理论和实 行分析的基础上，拟出问卷初稿，并请有关专家和一线教师对题目的可读性、适宣性进行评议 。根据专家和教师的意见，对问卷设计的维度、对题目的表达和逻辑顺序的安排做了调整，最 终形成调查问卷。并运用？《小学生自理能力调查问卷》对哈市某小学的学生进行调查。
二.增强小学生生活自理能力的对策：
（一）家庭里父母要给孩子独立做事情的机会 （二）学校中教师要针对不同年龄的学生制定不同的培养方案，多开展一些课外活动 在实施素质教育的过程中，教师应通过自己的努力帮助学生克服惰性和依赖心理，倡导勤奋 、朴实、自信自强的学习氛围，努力是学生成为品学兼优、德才具备的高素质人才。
Research Proposal
课题名称：关于小学生自理能力培养问题的研究
姓名：高艳艳 学号：10071107 班级：10中文一班
概念界定
所谓自理能力，就是指在日常生活中自我料理与集体生活中自我管理的能力。 自理能力是人生活的基本能力之一，尤其在现代经济的飞速发展下，人的自理能力的 内容也有现代色彩，它包扩：生活自理能力、学习自理能力、社交自理能力等诸多方面
research_proposal_模板
Format for Research ProposalNotes:1.It is recommended that you discuss the proposed research topic with your prospective supervisor(s)and obtain a clear indication of support from them: applications without support from namedsupervisors are unlikely to be successful. E-mail addresses of academic staff are available from therelevant departmental web page.2.There is no prescribed length for the proposal, although it should be sufficiently detailed todemonstrate your familiarity with the topics being addressed. A PhD proposal would normally beexpected to include relatively more information on the background, importance and methodology of the research.3.Adoption of the following template is recommended, although you can add or omit sections asappropriate: not all sections are relevant to all research fields./1. Applicant’s name2. Title of proposed research project3. Summary of researchMaximum150 words, understandable by a non-specialist.4. IntroductionProvide the relevant background information and explain the motivation for your study.【5. Objectives and hypotheses to be testedList (using bullet points) the aims/objectives of the study and, where relevant, specify the hypotheses to be tested.6. Literature reviewDiscuss the key publications in the proposed research area.7. Materials and methods/theoretical framework/theoryExplain how you intend to undertake the research. There is no need to describe experimental apparatus or analyses in great detail: an indication of the approach to be adopted (with citation of sources) is adequate in most cases.8. Anticipated outcome and value of the research~Explain the likely significance of your research and how it will impact the research field.9. Literature cited/ReferencesProvide bibliographic details of all references cited, adopting a standardised format.。
research proposal 格式
research proposal 格式
编写研究提案（research proposal）的格式可能会有些变化，具体取决于学科、机构或项目的要求。
以下是一个一般性的研究提案的标准格式，供参考：
1. 标题：
-确定性而简明地概括研究内容。
2. 背景和引言：
-介绍研究问题的背景，阐明研究的重要性。
-提供相关文献综述，说明目前已有的研究和知识空缺。
3. 研究问题或目标：
-明确研究的主要问题或目标。
4. 研究设计/方法：
-描述研究设计，包括数据收集和分析方法。
-讨论实施研究的步骤，以及为什么选择这些方法。
5. 理论框架：
-如果适用，提供支持研究的理论基础。
6. 研究的意义和预期成果：
-阐述研究的理论和实际意义，以及预期的研究成果。
7. 研究计划和时间表：
-列出研究的阶段，包括起止日期。
8. 预算：
-提供研究所需的经费预算，包括任何可能的支出。
9. 参考文献：
-列举所有在研究提案中引用的文献。
10. 附录：
-如果需要，包含支持材料，例如调查问卷、图表、地图等。
请注意，研究提案的具体要求可能会因学科和项目而异。
在准备研究提案时，请仔细阅读和遵循特定机构或项目提供的指南和要求。
research proposal字数
Research Proposal一、研究背景随着社会的发展和进步，科学技术得到了快速发展，人们对科学知识的渴望也越来越强烈。
作为一个研究人员，我们需要不断地深入研究各种领域的知识，为社会的发展做出贡献。
本课题选择了XXX为研究对象，主要是因为XXX有着广阔的研究空间，同时具有一定的实际应用价值。
二、研究目的我们的研究旨在探索XXX的XXX特性，并通过对XXX的深入研究，为XXX领域的发展做出贡献。
通过我们的研究，还可以为企业的XXX 提供一定的参考和指导。
三、研究方法为了达到以上研究目的，我们将采用XXX方法进行研究。
我们将通过实地调查、统计分析、专家访谈等方法，收集大量的XXX相关数据，并对这些数据进行深入、系统的分析和研究，从而揭示XXX的内在特性和规律。
四、研究内容1. XXX的定义和特性我们将通过文献综述和实地调查，对XXX的定义和特性进行界定和分析，从而深入探讨XXX的本质属性。
2. XXX的发展现状及问题我们将通过对XXX的发展现状进行调查和分析，发现其中存在的问题和矛盾，为我们进一步的研究提供依据。
3. XXX的发展趋势通过对XXX的发展趋势进行分析和研究，探讨XXX未来的发展方向和发展空间，为XXX领域的进一步研究提供参考。
五、研究意义我们的研究将有以下意义：1. 为XXX领域的发展提供理论指导和参考；2. 为企业的XXX提供决策支持和指导；3. 为相关研究人员提供研究思路和方法。
六、研究预期成果通过我们的研究，我们希望能够得到以下预期成果：1. 对XXX的定义和特性有更深刻、更系统的认识；2. 对XXX的发展现状、问题和趋势进行了深入的分析和探讨；3. 对XXX领域的发展提出了一定的见解和建议。
七、研究进度安排我们的研究将按以下进度安排进行：1. 月份：进行XXX的文献综述和调研；2. 月份：完成对XXX的实地调查和数据收集；3. 月份：进行数据分析和研究；4. 月份：撰写研究报告和论文。
Research ProposalStudy Plan研究计划 学习计划
（Please Write inEnglish）(请用英文回答)
1)Research Area of Interest and Major：(p major is and what you plan to study)你的专业和研究方向: (请说明你的专业和学习计划)
2)Advisor or Potential Advisor: (this means your research advisornotacademic advisor)导师或有意向的导师：（是你的研究导师而不是学术导师）
3)Is your program coursework only? Ifnot, please tell us the name of your research project and give a basic description of your research.你的学习项目只是授课形式？如果不是，请提供你的专项课题的具体名称和内容
4)Research Funding: (Where is the funding coming from?)研究专项资金：（你的研究专项资金从哪里获得？）
5)Practical Application of Research:研究课题的实际应用
research proposal 的格式
research proposal 的格式Research Proposal Format:Title: The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysisIntroduction:- Briefly explain the background and significance of the topic.- Highlight the existing gap in knowledge or controversy surrounding the impact of social media on mental health.- State the research questions and objectives.Literature Review:- Conduct a comprehensive review of studies exploring the relationship between social media use and mental health outcomes.- Summarize the main findings and controversies in the existing literature.- Identify any limitations or gaps in the current research.Methodology:1. Research Design:- Specify whether the study will be a systematic review or ameta-analysis.- Justify the chosen methodology and explain how it will contribute to addressing the research questions.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria:- Define the population of interest, including age range and social media platforms.- Specify the types of studies that will be included (e.g., experimental, correlational, longitudinal) and any language or date restrictions.3. Search Strategy:- Describe the databases and search engines that will be utilized. - Explain the keywords and search terms that will be used.- Discuss any additional strategies for identifying relevant studies (e.g., hand-searching reference lists, contacting experts).4. Study Selection:- Outline the process for screening and selecting studies based on the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria.- Describe the number of reviewers involved and any measures toensure inter-rater reliability.5. Data Extraction:- Specify the data items that will be collected from each study (e.g., sample size, study design, outcome measures).- Indicate how the relevant data will be extracted and recorded (e.g., using standardized forms).6. Quality Assessment:- Explain the methods for assessing the quality and risk of bias of the included studies.- Discuss any tools or criteria that will be used for this purpose.Data Analysis:- Describe the statistical methods that will be employed for data synthesis (e.g., meta-analysis, qualitative synthesis).- Explain the rationale for pooling or comparing the results of the selected studies.Ethical Considerations:- Discuss any ethical issues that may arise during the research process.- Address how participant confidentiality, informed consent, and other ethical principles will be ensured.Timeline and Resources:- Provide a detailed timeline of the proposed research activities. - Specify any necessary resources, such as research assistants, software, or funding.Conclusion:- Summarize the main points of the research proposal.- Emphasize the potential contributions and implications of the proposed study.- Discuss the feasibility and limitations of the research.References:- Include a list of all the references cited in the proposal, following appropriate citation style guidelines (e.g., APA, MLA).。
留学研究方案(research proposal)模板3
Title of research:An investigation into the barriers to and priorities for research development in health librarianship.Objectives:•To identify key barriers to and priorities for research development in health librarianship•To administrate a national electronic survey to health librarians and information specialists in England, Scotland and Wales.Please give a brief justification of your proposed research project:The question this study aims to answer is: What are the barriers to and priorities for research development in health librarianship? This question has been given minimal levels of consideration in the professional literature to date and is a question of importance for a number of reasons. There is now a growing literature base that recognises the need for librarians to engage more with research (Powell, Baker et al. 2002; Juznic and Urbanija 2003; Koufogiannakis and Slater 2004; Koufogiannakis and Crumley 2006). Within the current context of health librarianship strategies are neededto engage with this more fully and in order to effectively address the associated issues that relate to improved decision making skills, evidence based practice, and the improvement of patient care. This is particularly pertinent in light of the recent HillReport (Hill 2008, p35) which specifically recommends that “research to measure the impact of the application of best available evidence in decision making should continueto be pursued vigorously and routinely by health librarians, in partnership with researchers’.Much of the work health librarians are involved with is directly linked to evidence based health practice, and evidence based medicine and research forms a substantial aspectof this (Eldredge 2000; Hill 2008). Whilst there is a demand on health professionals to justify and base their practice on robust research based evidence, there is little evidence that health librarians are engaging with this in relation to their own professional practice. Largely, their involvement with evidence based practice is linked directly to health practice rather than the practice of librarianship. The lack of evidence based practice in librarianship jeopardises the credibility of health librarians in their involvement with evidence based health practice and it is widely reported that increased engagement with evidence based librarianship amongst the profession is becoming increasingly important. For health librarians to credibly support evidence based health practice / medicine it is arguable that the profession should be able to demonstrate evidence based practice in relation to its own professional practice (Eldredge 2000; Booth and Brice 2003; Grant 2003). This is particularly relevant since the end purpose of health librarianship is directly linked to the improvement of patient care (Hill 2008). For health librarians totake a truly evidence based approach to their professional practice, increased engagement with research activities is necessary. At present however, there is little evidence that health librarians are engaging with research in relation to their ownprofessional practice (Booth 2002; Booth and Brice 2003). Whilst some small pockets of active engagement exist, largely this remains a specialist interest area rather than something that is taken on board profession-wide (Booth 2002). Reluctance to conduct research in relation to health librarianship (rather than health practice) within the profession is widely documented (Booth 2002; Booth 2003). However, with the exception of a generic study (McNicol and Nankivell 2003) which aimed to survey librarians from all subject disciplines and which had poor coverage of health librarians, the reasons behind this have not as yet been fully investigated.The study by McNicol and Nankivell (2003) identified the LIS research agenda to be poorly organised and lacking in direction. It is expected that in carrying out this study a deeper understanding of the reluctance amongst health librarians to engage in research and other related issues they perceive create barriers to their engagement with research activity will be gained. The study will also aim to investigate what they feel are the priorities for research development to aid this current situation. It is anticipated that from the data collected, a clearer and deeper understanding of the issues can be acquired. This will inform the development of a framework which will provide clarity and direction for the profession. Furthermore, it will make recommendations as to how best research development can be taken forward in the profession based on sound evidence derived from the population to which it concerns. The use of a large scale electronic web based survey method will help to acquire a valid data set which is expected to make a substantial and effective contribution to answering the research question. The results and recommendations will be widely disseminated through a variety of appropriate channels.ReferencesBooth, A. (2002). "Mirage or reality." Health information and libraries journal 19(2): 56-58.Booth, A. (2003). "Bridging the research-practice gap: the role of evidence based librarianship." The New Review of Information and Library Research 9(1): 3-23.Booth, A. and A. Brice (2003). "Clear-cut?: facilitating health librarians to use information research in practice." Health information and libraries journal 20(S1): 45-52.Eldredge, J. D. (2000). "Evidence-based librarianship: an overview." Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 88(4): 289-302.Grant, M. L. (2003). "Journal clubs for continued professional development." Health information and libraries journal 20(1): 72-78.Hill, P. (2008). Report of a national review of NHS library services in England: from knowledge to health in the 21st century. Newcastle, Institute of Health and Society.Juznic, P. and J. Urbanija (2003). "Developing research skills in library and information studies." Library Management 274(6/7): 324-331.Koufogiannakis, D. and E. Crumley (2006). "Research in librarianship: issues to consider." Library Hi Tech 24(3): 324-340.Koufogiannakis, D. and L. Slater (2004). "A content analysis of librarianship research." Journal of Information Science 30(3): 227-239.McNicol, S. and C. Nankivell (2003). The LIS research landscape: a review and prognosis, Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals.Powell, R. R., L. M. Baker, et al. (2002). "Library and information science practitioners and research." Library and Information Science Research 24(1): 49-72.Please outline the proposed sample group, including any specific criteria: The sample group will aim to include representation from eight identified areas of health librarianship:Senior strategic health librariansClinical librariansHealth library service managersSenior information strategy managersAcademic health librariansIndependent health librariansResearch librariansAcademicsThe qualifying criteria required for inclusion in the survey will be health librarians and information specialists working in the above context areas, and who hold a professional LIS qualification (ie. degree level or above).Describe how the proposed sample group will be formulated:The study will aim to cover a wide sample group formulated from individuals working in the context areas identified above. Potential participants will be identified from LIS related JISCmail groups, professional directories, university LIS departments, special interest and professional groups, and cascades through senior managers and group Chairs.Indicate clearly what the involvement of the sample group will be in the research process:The involvement of the sample group in the study will extend to the completion of an electronic survey which will be sent via email.Specify how the consent of participants will be obtained. Please include within this a description of any information with which you intend to provide the subjects:Consent will be gained from respondents immediately before participants complete the survey. An invitation email will be sent out to potential participants containing details about the study and a link to the survey. Consent will be obtained from respondents through the inclusion of a statement of consent which will be embedded at the beginning of the survey before the respondent commences with completion of their response. Upon accessing the survey link, respondents will be directed to read the statement of consent and offered the option to consent to their involvement in the study or not. Provided the participant opts to consent to their participation, the survey will then open for them to complete. From the time of sending out the invitation to participate and link to the survey, potential respondents will be given six weeks in which to complete the survey (with a reminder being sent out at three weeks), if they decide to do so after having read the statement of consent.Indicate any potential risks to subjects and how you propose to minimise these:Participation in this survey presents no potential risks to the participants. Participants and their organisations will not be named in subsequent write ups and material submitted for publication.Describe the procedures you intend to follow in order to maintain the anonymity and confidentiality of the subjects:The email addresses from which responses will be sent will be automatically removed by the survey software used (SurveyMonkey). The identity of respondents will therefore not be known to the researchers at the survey return stage. Participants and their organisations will not be named in subsequent write ups and material submitted for publication.RESEARCH CONSENT FORMTitle of studyAn investigation into the barriers to and priorities for research development in health librarianshipPlease read and complete this form carefully. If you are willing to participate in this study, ring the appropriate responses and sign and date the declaration at the end. If you do not understand anything and would like more information, please ask.I have had the research satisfactorily explained to me in written form by the researcher. YES / NOI understand that the research will involve:•The completion of an electronic survey on the topic of research development issues in health librarianship.YES / NOI understand that I may withdraw from this study at any time without having to give an explanation.YES / NOI understand that all information about me will be treated in strict confidence and that I will not be named in any written work arising from this studyYES / NOI understand that any data collected will be used solely for research purposes and will be erased on completion of your research.YES / NOI understand that the data will only be discussed within the research teamYES / NOI understand that survey participants and their respective organisations will not be named in subsequent write ups and material submitted for publicationYES / NOI freely give my consent to participate in this research study and have been given a copy of this form for my own information.Signature: ………………………………………………………Name (capital letters)…………………………………………..Date: ……………………………………………………………Contact details: (include address, email and telephone number) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Thank you for your interest in the study.。
研究计划书英文格式
研究计划书英文格式Research Proposal Format.I. Title Page.Title of the proposal.Name of the researcher(s)。
Affiliation(s) of the researcher(s)。
Date.II. Abstract.A concise summary of the proposed research, including its objectives, methods, and expected outcomes.Typically 200-300 words.III. Introduction.Provides context for the research, including a review of the relevant literature and identification of research gaps.Establishes the significance and originality of the proposed research.IV. Research Objectives.Clearly states the specific aims of the research.Objectives should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART).V. Methods.Describes the research design, methodology, and data collection and analysis techniques in detail.Provides information on the population, sample,sampling method, and research instruments.Includes ethical considerations and plans for ensuring confidentiality and data protection.VI. Expected Outcomes.Outlines the anticipated results and deliverables of the research.Describes how the findings will contribute to thefield of study and address the research objectives.VII. Timeline and Budget.Provides a realistic schedule for completing the research, including major milestones and deliverables.Includes a detailed budget outlining the financial resources required to conduct the research.VIII. Qualifications of the Researcher(s)。
英文科研计划书模板
英文科研计划书模板Research Proposal Template for Scientific Studies.Title of the Research Project: [Your Research Project Title]I. Introduction.Background: Provide a brief overview of the field or topic your research addresses, highlighting the gaps in knowledge or the unmet need for further investigation.Research Question: State the specific question or hypothesis your project aims to answer or test.Importance: Discuss the significance of your study to the field, its potential to contribute to theoretical understanding, and its relevance to practical applications or policy decisions.II. Literature Review.Related Work: Summarize key studies and theories that have influenced or are directly related to your research.Critical Analysis: Discuss the strengths andlimitations of existing research, identifying how yourstudy will build upon or overcome these limitations.III. Methodology.Research Design: Describe the overall structure and approach of your study, including the choice of methodology (e.g., quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods).Methodological Choices: Justify your choice of methods, explaining how they align with the research question andthe objectives of the study.Data Collection: Detail the process of data collection, including any specific instruments or techniques you will use.Data Analysis: Describe the planned approach for analyzing the collected data, including any statistical or qualitative analysis techniques.IV. Expected Outcomes.Research Hypotheses: State any specific hypotheses your study aims to test.Expected Findings: Outline the expected results or findings of your research, linking them back to the research question and objectives.Contribution to Knowledge: Discuss how your expected findings will contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field.V. Timeline and Budget.Timeline: Provide a detailed timeline for the proposed research, including key milestones and expected completiondates.Budget: Outline the estimated costs for the research, including personnel, equipment, materials, and any necessary travel or collaboration expenses.VI. References.List all relevant references cited in the proposal, formatted according to the chosen citation style (e.g., APA, MLA).VII. Appendices.Include any additional materials that support your proposal, such as copies of relevant research tools, preliminary data, or curriculum vitae of key personnel.Remember to adjust the template to fit the specific requirements and format of the funding agency or journalyou are submitting to. Also, ensure to proofread and edityour proposal for clarity, coherence, and adherence to academic standards.。
申请英国语言学博士的研究计划research proposal英文范文
申请英国语言学博士的研究计划research proposal英文范文摘要：一、研究背景与意义二、研究目标与问题三、研究方法与步骤四、预期成果与贡献正文：一、研究背景与意义随着全球化的发展，英语在国际交流中的地位日益重要，语言学作为一门研究语言本质和语言现象的学科，在我国也得到了广泛关注。
英国作为英语的发源地，其语言学研究方向具有很高的学术价值和实用性。
本研究计划旨在探讨英国语言学的热点问题，以期为我国英语教育与发展提供理论支持。
二、研究目标与问题1.研究目标：通过对英国语言学领域的现状和研究热点进行分析，提出一个具有实际意义的研究问题。
2.研究问题：在英国语言学领域，探讨某一具体话题（如：英语语法、词汇、语用等方面）的现状、发展趋势及对我国英语教育的启示。
三、研究方法与步骤1.文献综述：通过查阅英国近年来的语言学论文和专著，了解领域内的研究动态和热点问题。
2.实证研究：选取英国语言学某一具体领域进行实证研究，如：英语语法、词汇或语用等方面。
3.对比分析：将英国的研究成果与我国英语教育实践进行对比分析，挖掘有益经验并加以借鉴。
4.结论与建议：根据研究结果，为我国英语教育提出合理化建议。
四、预期成果与贡献1.系统梳理英国语言学领域的热点问题和发展趋势，为我国英语教育提供理论参考。
2.分析英国语言学研究的实证方法，为我国英语教育研究者提供研究方法借鉴。
3.提出具有实际意义的我国英语教育改革建议，促进英语教育的发展和改革。
4.加深我国学者对英国语言学领域的了解，促进中英两国在语言学领域的交流与合作。
本研究计划将有助于提高我国英语教育的质量和水平，为英语教育改革提供有力支持。
research_proposal_范本
Therefore, it is urgent for us to find a cost-effective and energy-saving way to realize sludge recycling, harmless treatment
and reduction.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
The core issue to produce solid fuel from sewage sludge is how to efficiently remove the water from sludge. The object
His research will study the influence of hydrothermal conditions on natural drying characteristics of sewage sludge and other waste biomass, the drying mechanisms of hydrothermal treatment sludge and waste biomass. This research will not only drive the development of sludge treatment technologies but also lend a hand to other waste biomass treatment.
所学专业/Major 留 学 国 别 /Hosting foreign country
留 学 院 系 /Hosting faculty or department
学习期限/Duration of study
Xxxxxxxxxx Xxxxx
Xxxxxxxxx xxx months (from xxxxx to
英文研究计划书模板
英文研究计划书模板Research Proposal Template.Title of the Research Project: [Your Research Topic] I. Introduction.Background of the research topic.Importance of the study in the field.Hypothesis or research question.II. Literature Review.Summary of previous studies related to the topic.Gaps in the existing knowledge.How your study will contribute to filling these gaps.III. Methodology.Description of the research design.Sampling techniques and sample size.Data collection methods (e.g., surveys, interviews, experiments)。
Data analysis techniques.IV. Expected Outcomes.Predicted findings based on the literature review.How these findings will contribute to the field.V. Timeline and Milestones.Detailed timeline of the research project.Key milestones and deliverables.VI. Budget.Estimated costs for each phase of the research.Total budget required.VII. Conclusion.Summary of the research proposal.Importance of the study for the field.VIII. References.List of references cited in the proposal.Appendices.Additional materials that support the proposal (e.g., questionnaires, interviews, surveys)。
英文research proposal格式
一、概述在科研工作者进行研究之前，通常需要撰写一个研究提案（research proposal）来明确研究的目的、方法和重要性。
研究提案是研究项目的蓝图，对于研究的顺利开展和取得成功至关重要。
本文将针对英文research proposal的格式和内容进行详细介绍，帮助读者了解如何撰写一份高质量的研究提案。
二、提案标题和背景1. 提案标题研究提案的标题应当简明扼要地概括研究的主题，通常不超过15个词。
标题应当具有代表性，能够吸引读者的注意力，同时需要与研究内容紧密相关。
2. 研究背景研究背景部分应当包括对研究领域的概述，阐明研究的重要性和必要性。
也需要对该领域的前沿研究进行综合介绍，指出现有研究的不足之处，为本研究的开展提供充分理由。
三、研究目的和问题1. 研究目的研究目的部分应当明确说明研究的总体目标和具体目的。
研究目的应当与研究背景紧密通联，能够清晰地表达出研究的意义和预期的成果。
2. 研究问题研究问题部分应当提出明确的研究问题或假设，阐明研究的内容和范围。
研究问题需要具有可操作性，既能够被具体的研究方法所解决，又能够对研究领域产生积极影响。
四、研究方法和流程1. 研究方法研究方法部分应当详细描述研究的具体方法和步骤，包括实验设计、数据采集和分析方法等。
研究方法需要符合科学规范和伦理要求，能够有效地解决研究问题，并得到可信的研究结果。
2. 研究流程研究流程部分应当对研究的具体进展和时间安排进行详细规划，包括各项工作的时间节点和人力物力的分配。
研究流程需要合理可行，能够保证研究的顺利开展和按时完成。
五、预期成果和意义1. 预期成果预期成果部分应当说明研究取得的具体成果和效益，可以是新的理论发现、实用技术或政策建议等。
预期成果需要与研究目的和问题相一致，能够对研究领域产生重要影响。
2. 研究意义研究意义部分应当阐明研究的社会和学术价值，可能涉及到对学科发展、社会进步或经济效益等方面的影响。
研究意义需要全面客观地评估，并表明研究的重要性和必要性。
研究计划research proposal 模板
PhD PROJECT SPECIFICATIONYear 2013-2016Student name: XXXContact telephone number: XXXProject Title as submitted: Smart Mobility Profiling and GamificationBackground and MotivationIn many countries, the proportion of urban population has increased in recent decades. For instance, China’s total urban population is currently just over a half of its total population, rising from 26% in 1990. This mirrors a trend in most other developed countries. Urbanization[1], regarded as a strategy for accelerating development by some city governors, has also resulted in many challenges to urban public services. One of the main urban public services is transportation, which is in part governed by strategic transport policies in terms of both sustainability (CO2, air pollution) and competitiveness (congestion) and by incentives (e.g., cheaper off-peak private transport travel). A key challenge to all major cities is how to configure travel demand management (TDM), often referred to as mobility management policies and incentives to reduce congestion, accidents and pollution.Smarter transportation profiling both at an individual level to inform the individual and at a (spatial-temporal) group/public level to inform authorities, can lead to beneficial shifts in mobility to help address these challenges. TDM includes any policy to encourage better ways to use transport resource, for instance by offering people incentives to reduce their car use. The use of Gamification is investigated to set incentives and improve the engagement of target-specific app users [2]. Gamification is the use of game theory and game design techniques in non-game contexts, in this case in urban travel, in order to encourage people to adopt , or to influence how they use transportation. An example of an urban travel game consist of travelers being awarded different levels of points for use of different travel modes.PROJECT (RESEARCH) AIMSThe main objective of this project is to use both smart mobility profiling and gamification of urban travel to research and develop (R&D) better models of individual and aggregated urban mobility in order to better understand and aid shifts in mobility to meet strategic TDM goals. In order to achieve this overall R&D objective, three specific sub-objectives and methods are planned: First, to R&D two apps to acquire mobility data from both mobile sensors (e.g., phones) and fixed infrastructure (e.g., traffic sensors) in two cities Beijing and London; Second, to generate individual mobility profiles and to data mine aggregates of mobility data to model mobility patterns; Third, to correlate the mobility patterns of actual sensed data combined with gamification simulations of urban mobility to evaluate the effect of what-if scenarios of different transportation policies and incentives.NOVELTYThe novelty for this study is mainly reflected by the exploitation of both smart mobility profiling and gamification. Nowadays, almost all people have one or more mobile devices such as smart phones, which give us a facility for developing some mobile applications to collect mobility data from mobile devices. Making full use of individual mobile devices and existing fixed infrastructure is quite important in terms of the cost efficiency of deployment and maintenance. However, the proliferation of most mobile applications relies on the users’ engagement. Gamification can be applied to the apps to motivate more people to use and keep them.METHODOLOGYThe methodology for the study involves mobility data collection, mobility profiling, data mining and modeling, gamification.Considering its good cross-platform ability and portability, we will use Java language to develop two apps: One runs on Android (or other mobile platforms) smartphones to collect mobility data from mobile users, with some game motivation strategies to encourage users try to use it and keep it; Another runs on a PC or laptop to collect data from fixed infrastructure and to conduct some necessary data processing.After acquiring mobility data required, methods (e.g. mobility path construction, topology construction, pattern discovery) described in [3] will be used to generate individual mobility profiles. According to [3], there are several algorithms for the pattern mining such as GSP, SPADE, AprioriAll. It is recommended to contain time-context information when representing mobility profiles.Gamification methodology is used to set incentives and improve the engagement of target-specific app users in this research. Gamification generally use six strategies [4]: scores, levels, challenges, leaderboards, achievements and rewards. For this study, these strategies can be used not only to collect mobility data, but also to encourage people to adopt, or to influence how they use transportation.EXPECTED OUTCOMESThe expected outcomes for this study as follows:Two apps, which support common communication techniques (e.g., cellular networks, bluetooth, WiFi) to send and receive mobility data required. The app used to collect to mobility data from mobile users will integrate some game techniques to improve the engagement of users and can determine the location of users and enable users to report some events (e.g., accident) only by taking a photo or other simple operations.A mobility profiling framework. According to data collected, mobility profiles can be acquired by using this framework. This means that the framework will implement functions necessary such as mobility paths construction, topology construction, pattern discovery.An evaluation report. According to the evaluation result about the effect of what-if scenarios of different transportation policies and incentives, suggestions will be given toaid traffic departments to make policies that encourage people use transport resource more efficient and environmental-friendly.Three papers, which are published in highly ranked journals or conferences. PROJECT MILESTONESREQUIRED SKILLS/TOOLSAccording to the objectives and methodology for this study, the following skills / tools are required:Programming skills –the researcher should be proficient in common programming languages such as C++, C, Java. Particularly, Java is most likely used to this study for its good portability and cross-platform ability.Software design and development skills –such as OO design, design pattern, RUP. A good system is generally developed based on some excellent ideas and practices. Mathematical modeling skills –the researcher should also have strong mathematical background and modeling skills. Both are necessary to model mobility patterns and to correlate the mobility patterns of actual sensed data combined with gamification simulations of urban mobility to evaluate the effect of what-if scenarios of different transportation policies and incentives.Data mining – common pattern mining methods such as GSP, SPADE, AprioriAll should be grasped. If possible, some improvements in some of them will be better.Mobile devices (e.g. smartphones) –the researcher should be familiar with at least a mobile operating system (e.g. Android, iOS, Symbian, Windows Phone).Matlab and SPSS - they both are effective tools to evaluate the effect of what-if scenarios of different transportation policies and incentives.In conclusion, what I will have to learn is mainly about data mining. With good mathematical skills, I think it is not difficult to learn for me.REFERENCES[1] Li, Y., Y. Li, et al. (2012). Investigation of a coupling model of coordination betweenurbanization and the environment. Journal of Environmental Management 98(0), pp.127-133.[2] Foong Li, L., Z. M. Kasirun, et al. (2011). Gamification towards sustainable mobileapplication. In the 5th Malaysian Conference in Software Engineering (MySEC), 2011, pp.349-353.[3] Bayir, M. A. (2010). Enabling location aware smartphone applications via mobilityprofiling. State University of New York at Buffalo, pp.19-50.[4] Oja, M. and J. Riekki (2012). Ubiquitous Framework for Creating and EvaluatingPersuasive Applications and Games. Grid and Pervasive Computing Workshops. M.Rautiainen, T. Korhonen, E. Mutafungwaet al, Springer Berlin Heidelberg. LNCS 7096, pp. 133-140.。
研究计划-Research-Proposal-模板
每个学术研究者必须经历的一道关卡，就是Research Proposal的写作。
它大致对应中文里的“开题报告”、“选题报告”、“研究报告”，是一项研究开始之前的提纲、规划和陈述；既是为了帮助自己梳理文献、整理思路、廓清方向，也常常是写给相关他人的说明：研究动机和意义何在？可能有何成果？为什么它值得你的资助/认可/支持/批准？不知道是否可以说，好的proposal是研究成功的一半。
但实际而功利的说，如果你的proposal很烂，可能根本就不会有开始研究的机会。
How to write a research proposal?能否写出漂亮的proposal，本质上取决于你对研究的思考深度和专业水准。
但形式也很重要。
英文的Research Proposal自有一套“八股”。
程式化和结构化的好处就在于，可以让读者直接集中注意到最本质的内容上，而不是为形式分神。
对于非英语native speaker的我们，如何理解英文学术世界的规范或曰思维定势，也是写作proposal之前必备的背景知识。
下面这篇流传甚广的Research Proposal写作指南，言简意赅，颇具启发，对我自己的写作有所帮助，也希望能给更多的学界同仁带来便利。
[点击这里，查看更多关于RESEARCH PROPOSAL以及GRANT PROPOSAL、PROJECT PROPOSAL写作的网上资源]文章作者Paul T. P. Wong, Ph.D., C.Psych. (Research Director, Graduate Program in Counselling Psychology. Trinity Western University Langley, BC, Canada). 题为：How to Write a Research Proposal. 全文转载如下：Most students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. To put it bluntly, one’s research is only as a good as one’s proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the project even if it somehow gets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A high quality proposal, on the other hand, not only promises success for the project, but also impresses your Thesis Committee about your potential as a researcher.A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study.Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why you want to do it and how you are going to do it.The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you have an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues, and that your methodology is sound.The quality of your research proposal depends not only on the quality of your proposed project, but also on the quality of your proposal writing. A good research project may run the risk of rejection simply because the proposal is poorly written. Therefore, it pays if your writing is coherent, clear and compelling.This paper focuses on proposal writing rather than on the development of research ideas.TITLE:It s hould be concise and descriptive. For example, the phrase, “An investigationof . . .” could be omitted. Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. However, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title. An effective title not only pricks the reader’s interest, but also predisposes him/her favourably towards the proposal.ABSTRACT:It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any), the method and the main findings. Descriptions of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used.INTRODUCTION:The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem. How to frame the research problem is perhaps the biggest problem in proposal writing.If the research problem is framed in the context of a general, rambling literature review, then the research question may appear trivial and uninteresting. However, if the same question is placed in the context of a very focused and current research area, its significance will become evident.Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules on how to frame your research question just as there is no prescription on how to write an interesting and informative opening paragraph. A lot depends on your creativity, your ability to think clearly and the depth of your understanding of problem areas.However, try to place your research question in the context of either a current “hot” area, or an older area that remains viable. Secondly, you need to provide a brief but appropriate historical backdrop. Thirdly, provide the contemporary context in which your proposed research question occupies the central stage. Finally, identify “key players” and refer to the most relevant and representative publications. In short, try to paint your research question in broad brushes and at the same time bring out its significance.The introduction typically begins with a general statement of the problem area, with a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justification for the proposed study. The introduction generally covers the following elements:1. State the research problem, which is often referred to as the purpose of the study.2. Provide the context and set the stage for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance.3. Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing.4. Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research.5. Identify the key independent and dependent variables of your experiment. Alternatively, specify the phenomenon you want to study.6. State your hypothesis or theory, if any. For exploratory or phenomenological research, you may not have any hypotheses. (Please do not confuse the hypothesis with the statistical null hypothesis.)7. Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a clear focus.8. Provide definitions of key concepts. (This is optional.)LITERATURE REVIEW:Sometimes the literature review is incorporated into the introduction section. However, most professors prefer a separate section, which allows a more thorough review of the literature.The literature review serves several important functions:1. Ensures that you are not “reinventing the wheel”.2. Gives credits to those who have laid the groundwork for your research.3. Demonstrates your knowledge of the research problem.4. Demonstrates your understanding of the theoretical and research issues related to your research question.5. Shows your ability to critically evaluate relevant literature information.6. Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize the existing literature.7. Provides new theoretical insights or develops a new model as the conceptual framework for your research.8. Convinces your reader that your proposed research will make a significant and substantial contribution to the literature (i.e., resolving an important theoretical issue or filling a major gap in the literature).Most students’ literature reviews suffer from the following problems:* Lacking organization and structure* Lacking focus, unity and coherence* Being repetitive and verbose* Failing to cite influential papers* Failing to keep up with recent developments* Failing to critically evaluate cited papers* Citing irrelevant or trivial references* Depending too much on secondary sourcesYour scholarship and research competence will be questioned if any of the above applies to your proposal.There are different ways to organize your literature review. Make use of subheadings to bring order and coherence to your review. For example, having established the importance of your research area and its current state of development, you may devote several subsections on related issues as: theoretical models, measuring instruments, cross-cultural and gender differences, etc.It is also helpful to keep in mind that you are telling a story to an audience. Try totell it in a stimulating and engaging manner. Do not bore them, because it may lead to rejection of your worthy proposal. (Remember: Professors and scientists are human beings too.)METHODS:The Method section is very important because it tells your Research Committee how you plan to tackle your research problem. It will provide your work plan and describe the activities necessary for the completion of your project.The guiding principle for writing the Method section is that it should contain sufficient information for the reader to determine whether methodology is sound. Some even argue that a good proposal should contain sufficient details for another qualified researcher to implement the study.You need to demonstrate your knowledge of alternative methods and make the case that your approach is the most appropriate and most valid way to address your research question.Please note that your research question may be best answered by qualitative research. However, since most mainstream psychologists are still biased against qualitative research, especially the phenomenological variety, you may need to justify your qualitative method.Furthermore, since there are no well-established and widely accepted canons in qualitative analysis, your method section needs to be more elaborate than what is required for traditional quantitative research. More importantly, the data collection process in qualitative research has a far greater impact on the results as comparedto quantitative research. That is another reason for greater care in describing how you will collect and analyze your data. (How to write the Method section for qualitative research is a topic for another paper.)For quantitative studies, the method section typically consists of the following sections:1. Design -Is it a questionnaire study or a laboratory experiment? What kind of design do you choose?2. Subjects or participants – Who will take part in your study ? What kind of sampling procedure do you use?3. Instruments – What kind of measuring instruments or questionnaires do you use? Why do you choose them? Are they valid and reliable?4. Procedure – How do you plan to carry out your study? What activities are involved? How long does it take?RESULTS:Obviously you do not have results at the proposal stage. However, you need to have some idea about what kind of data you will be collecting, and what statistical procedures will be used in order to answer your research question or test you hypothesis.DISCUSSION:It is important to convince your reader of the potential impact of your proposed research. You need to communicate a sense of enthusiasm and confidence without exaggerating the merits of your proposal. That is why you also need to mention the limitations and weaknesses of the proposed research, which may be justified by time and financial constraints as well as by the early developmental stage of your research area.Common Mistakes in Proposal Writing1. Failure to provide the proper context to frame the research question.2. Failure to delimit the boundary conditions for your research.3. Failure to cite landmark studies.4. Failure to accurately present the theoretical and empirical contributions by other researchers.5. Failure to stay focused on the research question.6. Failure to develop a coherent and persuasive argument for the proposed research.7. Too much detail on minor issues, but not enough detail on major issues.8. Too much rambling —going “all over the map” without a clear sense of direction. (The best proposals move forward with ease and grace like a seamless river.)9. Too many citation lapses and incorrect references.10. Too long or too short.11. Failing to follow the APA style.12. Slopping writing./2008/02/25/762/大多数学生和刚起步的研究者都不了解什么是研究计划，也不知道其重要性。
研究计划的英文格式
研究计划的英文格式Research Proposal Format.A research proposal is a document that outlines the plan for a research project. It typically includes the following sections:Title.Abstract.Introduction.Literature Review.Research Questions or Hypotheses.Methodology.Expected Outcomes.Significance of the Research.Timeline.Budget.References.Title.The title of the research proposal should be clear and concise, and it should accurately reflect the topic of the research.Abstract.The abstract is a brief summary of the research proposal. It should be no more than 250 words, and it should include the following information:The purpose of the study.The research questions or hypotheses.The methods that will be used to conduct the study.The expected outcomes of the study.Introduction.The introduction provides background information on the topic of the research. It should include a discussion of the relevant literature, and it should explain why the proposed research is important.Literature Review.The literature review is a more detailed discussion of the relevant literature. It should identify the key concepts and theories that are related to the research topic, and it should evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the existing research.Research Questions or Hypotheses.The research questions or hypotheses are the specific questions that the research will attempt to answer. They should be clear and concise, and they should be based on the literature review.Methodology.The methodology section describes the methods that will be used to conduct the research. It should include a discussion of the following:The research design.The population or sample that will be studied.The data collection methods.The data analysis methods.Expected Outcomes.The expected outcomes section describes the results that the researcher expects to find. It should be based on the literature review and the methodology.Significance of the Research.The significance of the research section explains why the research is important. It should discuss the potential implications of the research for theory, practice, or policy.Timeline.The timeline section provides a schedule for the research project. It should include milestones for the completion of each task.Budget.The budget section provides a detailed accounting of the costs of the research project. It should include thefollowing information:The salaries of the researchers.The cost of the equipment.The cost of the travel.The cost of the materials.References.The references section lists the sources that were used in the research proposal. It should be formatted according to the style guide that is required by the institution.。
Research-Proposal访学研究计划模板
姓/Surname：名/First name: 出生日期/Date of birth (yy/mm/dd)
所学专业/Major
留学国别/ Hosting country 留学院系/Hosting faculty or department
研究领域/ Research area
申请人科研准备工作概述 / Scientific preparations of the applicant ： 1h
GB6017.1-20 起重机械安全规程-第 1 部分
出国学习预期目标/Expectedgoal： 科研方法/The Experimental Methods: 科研工作时间安排/Time Plan： 回国后续工作介绍/Work introduction after returning to China
2h
GB6017.1-20 起重机械安全规程-第 1 部分 国内导师签字 Signature of domestic supervisor： Date(yy/mm/dd)： 国外导师签字 Signatureofhostingsupervisor： Date((yy/mm/dd)：
保安值班表
月份：11 月份
4h
G划 Research Proposal
姓名/Name
性别/Sex
所在院系/School/ Department 国内导师/
Domestic supervisor 留学国外大学/
Hosting university 国外导师/
Hosting supervisor 学习期限/Duration of study 研究课题名称/Research title
研究计划书模版
研究计划书模版(中英文版)Task Title: Research Proposal TemplateResearch Proposal Template1.IntroductionThis research proposal is designed to provide a comprehensive outline of the proposed study, including the research problem, objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes.The study aims to investigate the impact of social media on teenagers" self-esteem and mental health.本研究计划书旨在提供一个关于拟议研究的全面概述，包括研究问题、目标、方法和预期成果。
本研究旨在探讨社交媒体对青少年自尊心和心理健康的影响。
2.Research ProblemThe increasing use of social media among teenagers has raised concerns about its potential negative effects on their self-esteem and mental health.The study will focus on understanding the relationship between social media use and teenagers" self-esteem and mental health.青少年越来越频繁地使用社交媒体，这引起了人们对它可能对青少年自尊心和心理健康产生负面影响的担忧。
本研究将重点了解社交媒体使用与青少年自尊心和心理健康之间的关系。
researchproposal范本
researchproposal范本Research ProposalIntroduction and BackgroundThe purpose of this research proposal is to investigate the impact of social media on mental health among adolescents. In recent years, the use of social media platforms, such as Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat, has grown exponentially, especially among the younger population. While social media provides numerous benefits such as easy communication, information sharing, and entertainment, concerns have been raised regarding its potential negative effects on mental well-being, particularly among adolescents.Research ObjectivesThe following research objectives will guide this study:1. To determine the extent of social media usage among adolescents.2. To explore the relationship between social media usage and mental health outcomes.3. To identify the underlying mechanisms through which social media impacts mental health.4. To investigate potential strategies to mitigate the negative effects of social media on mental well-being.Methodology1. Sampling Procedure:A purposive sampling technique will be adopted to select participants for this study. The target group will consist of adolescents aged 13 to 18 years, enrolled in secondary schools within a specific geographic area.2. Data Collection:a. Questionnaire Survey: A structured questionnaire will be developed to collect data on participants' social media usage patterns, mental health status, and perceived impact of social media on their well-being. The questionnaire will consist of both closed-ended and open-ended questions, allowing for quantitative and qualitative data analysis.b. Focus Group Discussions: In-depth focus group discussions will be conducted with a subset of participants to further explore their experiences, perceptions, and emotions related to social media usage and its effects on mental health.3. Data Analysis:a. Quantitative Data Analysis: For the questionnaire survey data, descriptive statistics such as frequencies, means, and standard deviations will be calculated. Correlation and regression analyses will be performed to identify relationships between social media usage and mental health outcomes.b. Qualitative Data Analysis: The data from focus group discussions will be transcribed, coded, and thematically analyzed to identify recurring themes and patterns related to social media usage and mental well-being.Expected OutcomesBased on the analysis of the collected data, it is expected that this research will provide insights into the impact of social media on adolescent mental health. The findings of this study may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms through which social media affects mental well-being and may inform the development of interventions or strategies to mitigate the negative effects. It is hoped that the results will benefit not only adolescents but also parents, educators, and mental health professionals in promoting healthy social media use and safeguarding mental health.ConclusionIn conclusion, this research proposal aims to investigate the impact of social media on mental health among adolescents. By examining social media usage patterns, identifying associations with mental health outcomes, and exploring underlying mechanisms, this study will contribute to the growing body of literature in this area. Ultimately, the findings may have implications for the development of strategies to promote healthy social media use and protect adolescent mental well-being.。
开题报告：Research Proposal格式
开题报告：Research Proposal格式项目背景在科技和社会的发展过程中，围绕数据的需求不断增长。
数据源泉不断涌动，包括传感器、社交媒体、生产环节数字化等，如何从中提取人类可理解的有价值信息，成为数据科学与工程的关键问题，这也是我们本次研究的核心问题。
研究目的通过对教育领域数据的定量分析，希望找出其中的规律和趋势，进而为教育决策和实践提供依据。
研究方法本研究采用实证研究的方法，通过在线问卷调查的方式搜集数据，建立数据分析模型，分析和解释数据，得出研究结论。
研究内容和方向本研究拟围绕以下几个方向展开：•教育领域数据的收集和准备在本项研究中，我们将从公开数据源获取相关数据，并对其进行预处理和清理，以保证数据的可靠性和准确性。
•数据分析方法的选择和建模在数据分析阶段，我们将对已收集的教育领域数据进行分析，根据数据的性质选择合适的分析方法和构建合理的数据模型，最终得出相关结论和预测。
•结论的分析和解释在最后分析阶段，我们将对数据所得出的结论进行详细的解释和分析，以对教育决策者和实践者提供参考。
预期成果本研究预期将得出以下两个成果：1.一个基于在线问卷调查的教育领域数据分析方法；2.相关数据分析结果和解释，用于支持教育领域的决策。
研究进度和计划目前，我们已经完成了相关的数据收集和准备工作，并选择了合适的数据分析方法进行建模，并已搜集了一定量的数据并进行了分析，进一步工作如下：•将收集更多的数据，并重新进行数据清洗和处理；•进一步优化数据分析模型，并进行相关测试；•对分析的结果进行详细解释和总结，并撰写研究报告。
研究团队本研究项目由以下人员组成：•研究负责人：XXX，教育数据专家，负责项目的整体安排和研究指导；•研究人员：YYY，教育数据分析师，负责数据清洗、数据分析；•研究人员：ZZZ，教育领域专家，负责对数据分析结果的解释和总结。
预算和资源本研究项目需要以下资源：•人力资源：研究团队成员每人贡献10个工作日，总计30个工作日；•项目经费：预计需要10万人民币，用于数据采集和分析设备的购置。
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每个学术研究者必须经历的一道关卡，就是的写作。
它大致对应中文里的“开题报告”、“选题报告”、“研究报告”，是一项研究开始之前的提纲、规划和陈述；既是为了帮助自己梳理文献、整理思路、廓清方向，也常常是写给相关他人的说明：研究动机和意义何在？可能有何成果？为什么它值得你的资助/认可/支持/批准？不知道是否可以说，好的是研究成功的一半。
但实际而功利的说，如果你的很烂，可能根本就不会有开始研究的机会。
a ?能否写出漂亮的，本质上取决于你对研究的思考深度和专业水准。
但形式也很重要。
英文的自有一套“八股”。
程式化和结构化的好处就在于，可以让读者直接集中注意到最本质的内容上，而不是为形式分神。
对于非英语的我们，如何理解英文学术世界的规范或曰思维定势，也是写作之前必备的背景知识。
下面这篇流传甚广的写作指南，言简意赅，颇具启发，对我自己的写作有所帮助，也希望能给更多的学界同仁带来便利。
[点击这里，查看更多关于以及、写作的网上资源]文章作者 T. P. , ., . ( , . , , ). 题为： a . 全文转载如下：a , . , ’s a ’s . . A , , , a .A a . , a ., : , ., a , ., . A . , , ..:. , , “ . . .” . a , . , , . ’s , .:a 300 . , , ( ), . , , .:. .a , , . , a , ., . A , ., a “” , . , a . , . , “ ” . , .a , a a , . :1. , .2. a .3. .4. .5. . , .6. , . , . ( .)7. a .8. . ( .):. , a , a .:1. “ ”.2. .3. .4. .5. .6. .7. a .8. a (., a ).’ :** ,******.. . , , : , , , .a . a . , . (: .) :. .. a ... , , , ., , . , a . . ( a .), :1. a a ? ?2. – ? ?3. – ? ? ?4. – ? ? ?:. , , .:. a . , .1. .2. .3. .4. .5. .6. a .7. , .8. —“ ” a . ( a .)9. .10. .11. .12. .大多数学生和刚起步的研究者都不了解什么是研究计划，也不知道其重要性。
简单的说，一个人研究计划的好坏决定了其研究的好坏。
一个构思欠佳的研究计划会毁了整个项目，即使它勉强通过了论文答辩委员会。
另一方面，一个高质量的研究计划，不仅确保了研究项目的成功，你作为一个研究者的潜力也会给论文委员会留下一个好印象。
一个研究计划是为了说服别人你有一个有价值的研究计划，同时你有这个能力和相应的工作计划来完成它。
总之，一个研究计划应包含所有研究过程中的关键步骤，同时也会给读者足够的信息来评估这个拟定的研究。
不论你的研究领域是什么，你选择了什么样的方法，所有的研究计划必须解决以下问题：你打算完成什么，为什么你要做这件事，以及你打算怎样去完成它。
研究计划应该有足够的信息来向你的读者证明你有一个重要的研究想法，你对相关文献和主要问题有很好的把握，同时你的方法是切实可行的。
研究计划的质量不仅取决于研究项目本身，同时也取决于你的计划书写作。
一个好的研究项目也可能会有仅仅因为不好的写作而被否决的风险。
因此，非常值得你去写得连贯，清晰并且令人信服。
这篇文章强调的是计划书的写作，而非研究思路的开展。
标题：标题应该简明扼要。
比如，“一个关于…的研究”，这样的句子就应该避免。
通常，标题是表达功能关系，因为这样的标题清晰的表达了独立和相关的变量。
然而，应尽可能，想一个内容翔实又吸引人的标题。
一个有效的标题不仅会激发读者的兴趣，也预示了他们会喜欢这个计划。
摘要：摘要是一个300字左右的简要归纳。
它应该包括研究问题，研究的理论基础，假说（如有的话），方法以及主要发现。
对方法的描述可能包括试验设计，步骤，样本，还有任何将被用到的手段。
引言：引言的主要目的是为你的研究问题提供必要的背景。
如何设定研究问题可能是计划书写作最难的部分。
如果研究问题被限定在一个概括的，不着边际的文献回顾里，研究问题就会显得琐碎和无趣。
然而，如果同样的问题被设定在一个当前非常被关注的研究领域里，它的重要性就变得不言而喻了。
不幸的是，对如何设定你的研究问题并没有任何硬性规定，正如没有对如何写出有趣和翔实的开头段的规定一样。
很大程度上要靠你自己的创造力，要取决于你清晰思维的能力和你对问题领域理解的深度。
首先，尝试着把你的研究问题放到当前的热门领域，或是一个陈旧但依然可行的领域；其次，你需要提供一个简要而适当的历史背景；再者，提供该问题的当下背景，在这里，你提出的研究问题应该是关注的焦点。
最后，确定“关键角色”（），参考最相关和最有代表性的论文。
总之，把你的研究问题放到一个大的背景下，但同时体现出他的重要性。
引言一般以对该领域的简单描述开始，同时关注某一特定的研究问题，接下来是拟定研究的基本原理。
引言部分通常包含以下内容：1. 描述该研究问题，一般也叫研究目的；2. 为你的研究问题提供背景，设定其范围，以体现出它的必要性和重要性；3. 说明你研究问题的理论依据，要清楚的指出为什么该研究是值得去做的；4. 简要描述该研究要解决的主要及次要问题；5. 确定你试验中关键的独立或相关变量。
或者，明确说明你想要研究的现象；6. 阐述你的假说或理论，如有的话。
对于探索性或现象解释型的研究，你可能不会有任何假说。
（请不要混淆假说和统计学上的零假设）；7.设定你研究计划的局限或边界，以提供一个清晰的研究重点；8. 给关键概念下定义（此项为可选）；文献综述：文献综述有时也包括到简介部分。
然而，大多数教授更喜欢一个单独的部分，这样可以更全面地回顾相关文献。
文献综述有以下一些重要功能：1. 确保你不是“重新发明车轮”（意即不是重复前人已有的成果）；2. 向奠定该研究基础的前人致谢；3. 说明你对该研究问题的了解；4. 阐述你对该问题相关的理论和研究的理解；5. 展现你对相关文献资料的批判评价能力；6 显示你整合现有文献的能力；7. 提供新的理论见解或发展一种新的模式，作为你研究的概念框架；8. 向你的读者证明该研究计划会对现有文献做出重要的和实质性的贡献。
（比如，解决一个重要的理论问题或者填补一个主要空白）；大多数学生的文献综述都有以下问题：* 缺乏组织结构* 缺乏重点，整体性和连贯性* 冗长重复* 没有引用重要文献* 没有跟上最新进展* 没有对所引文献进行批判分析* 引用了不相关或不重要的文献* 过多依赖二手资料如果你的研究计划里有任何上述问题，你的学术和研究能力就会受到质疑。
有多种方式来组织文献综述。
利用副标题来使你的综述有序和连贯。
比如，在展示了你研究领域的重要性和最新研究进展之后，你可能会用几个小节来探讨相关问题，如理论模型，测定手段，跨文化和性别差异，等等。
同时也要牢记你是在向听众讲一个故事。
要试着以一种具有启发性的方式讲述，而不要使他们感到厌烦，因为这可能导致你的计划被否决。
（记住，教授和科学家们也是人。
）方法：方法部分非常重要，因为它会告诉研究委员会你准备如何来解决该研究问题。
该部分要提出你的工作计划，并说明完成你项目所需的必要活动。
攥写方法部分的指导原则就是，应包含足够的信息，以便读者判断该方法是否有效可行。
你也应该说明对其他可行方法的看法，以证明你的方法是解决该研究问题最适当和最有效的途径。
表明你的研究问题能被定性的研究所回答。
然而，大多数主流的心理学家仍然对定性研究抱有偏见，尤其是针对各种现象，因此你可能需要证明你的定性方法。
而且在定性分析时，并没有一个好的而又被广泛接受的经典方法，所以你的方法部分就需要阐述得比传统定量研究所要求的更为详尽。
更重要的是，相比定量研究，数据的收集过程对定性研究的结果有更重大的影响。
这是你需要更加小心地描述你将如何收集和分析数据的另一个原因。
（如何攥写定性分析的方法部分需要另文讨论）对定量研究来说，方法部分通常包括以下内容：1. 研究设计-是问卷调查研究还是一个实验室的试验？你将选择什么样的设计？2. 研究对象或参与者――谁将会参与你的研究？你将采用什么样的抽样程序？3. 研究手段――你将采用什么样的测量手段或问卷？你为什么要选择这些方法？他们是否有效可靠？4. 研究步骤――你打算如何开展研究？有哪些过程将被包括？需要多长时间？结果：很显然，在研究计划准备阶段你并没有研究结果。
不过，你将收集哪些数据，什么样的统计方法将会用于解答你的研究问题或验证你的假设，关于这些你应该有一些想法。
讨论：向读者说明你研究的潜在影响很重要。
在交流时你应该热情而自信，但又不能夸大该研究的价值。
这就是为什么你还需要说明该研究的局限和不足，可能是因为时间和经济上的限制，也可能是因为你研究领域还是在发展初期。
研究计划攥写时常犯的错误：1. 拟定研究问题时没有提供合适的背景；2. 没有给研究设定边界条件；3. 没有引用标志性的研究；4. 未准确指出其他研究者在理论和实践上做出的贡献；5. 未能持续关注所研究的问题；6. 未能给该研究提出一个条理分明和有说服力的论据；7. 在次要问题上太多细节，在主要问题上却细节不足；8. 过于松散，都是泛泛而谈，没有明确的方向。
（好的研究建议方向明确，展开论述从容不迫，就像一条连续的河流）；9. 过多的引用笔误和错误引用；10.太过冗长或过于简短；11. 没有遵循美国心理学会写作格式规范（）；12. .？？。