第二语言习得概论学习资料
《第二语言习得研究》重点知识点

《第二语言习得研究》重点知识点一、第二语言习得理论1.第二语言习得与第一语言习得的区别:第二语言习得是指学习者在已经掌握第一语言的基础上学习第二语言,与第一语言习得有所不同。
2.共同的习得条件:第二语言习得与第一语言习得都受到认知、社会、情感等多种因素的影响。
3.输入假设:学习者习得第二语言的过程中需要大量的输入来构建语言知识和语言能力。
二、第二语言习得过程1.初始期:学习者对第二语言的习得处于初始阶段,主要表现为对语言规则的不熟悉,需要借助外语教学材料和教师的指导。
2.中期:学习者开始积累语言知识,并能够进行简单的口语表达和书面表达,但仍然存在语法错误和用词不准确等问题。
3.发展期:学习者的语言技能和语言运用能力在这个阶段得到显著提高,能够流利地进行口语交流和书面表达。
4.准母语期:学习者的第二语言已经达到与母语相近的程度,几乎能够毫无困难地实现听、说、读、写等各方面的能力。
三、第二语言习得影响因素1.基础能力:个体的智力、工作记忆、认知能力等对第二语言习得有重要影响。
2.学习策略:学习者在习得第二语言过程中采取的方法和策略也对习得效果产生影响。
3.情感因素:学习者对学习第二语言的情感态度、自信心等情感因素对习得过程产生影响。
4.环境因素:学习者所处的学习环境,包括学校、家庭、社会环境等对第二语言习得有影响。
四、第二语言习得教学策略1.输出与输入平衡:教师应当提供足够的输入,同时鼓励学习者进行口语和书面的输出。
2.合作学习:通过合作学习,学习者能够在与他人进行互动中提高第二语言的流利度和准确度。
3.语境创设:教师可以通过创设各种真实的语言交际情境来提高学习者的第二语言习得效果。
4.个性化教学:教师应根据学习者的个体差异,采取不同的教学策略和方法,满足每个学习者的学习需求。
以上是《第二语言习得研究》的重点知识点。
了解这些知识点能够帮助我们更好地理解学习者在学习第二语言过程中的习得情况,并且在实际的第二语言教学中有所借鉴。
第一章 第二语言习得概论(完全版)

二、第二语言习得研究范畴
三、第二语言习得研究与语言学
四、第二语言习得研究与心理学
五、第二语言习得研究与心理语言学
六、第二语言习得与语言教学
二、第二语言习得研究与语言学
语言学 联 系 第二语言习得
第二语言习得 = 语言学的消费者 第二语言习得 = 语言学的贡献者
消费者?
贡献者?
关于“至于”的思考
A
至于 B(NP) , C
二、第二语言习得研究与语言学
语言学 联 系 第二语言习得
第二语言习得 = 语言学的消费者 第二语言习得 = 语言学的贡献者
二、第二语言习得研究与语言学
语言学
联 系
第二语言习得
第二语言习得 = 语言学的消费者 第二语言习得 = 语言学的贡献者
母语者的语言系统 学习者的语言系统、学习者、 习得过程与机制
一、母语 VS 目的语
2、目的语(target language)
• “目的语”,也称“目标语”,一般是指学习
者正在学习的语言。
• 正在学习的母语、第二语言、第三语言……
• 与学习者的语言习得环境无关。
• Eg.在中国学习汉语
在美国学习汉语
二、第一语言 VS 第二语言
• 母语和第一语言 母语:所属种族、社团使用 第一语言:语言习得的顺序 一般母语=第一语言
三、习得 VS 学习
• 隐性知识和显性知识之间是否可以转化?
• 无接口(Krashen 早期观点)
• 有接口(Bialystock) • 什么样的教学有助于知识的转化?
四、第二语言习得 VS 外语习得
主要依据学习者学习目的语的社会环境来区分
1、第二语言习得( Second language acquisition)
完整版第二语言习得概论-考研复习

★1. SLA (Second language acquisition) is the process by which a language other than the mother tongue is learnt in a natural setting or in a classroom.★2. Acquisition vs. Learning (Krashen1982)Acquisition refers to the learning of a language unconsciously under natural settings where learners pay attention only to the meanings or contents rather than forms or grammars.Learning refers to the learning of a language consciously under educational settings where learners mainly pay attention to forms or grammars.3.Factors affecting SLASocial factors (external factors)Learner factors (internal factors)Social factors (external factors)Social contextLanguage policy and the attitude of the public sector;Social demandWith the trend of globalization of the world economy , it is widely accepted among educators and national leaders that proficiency in another language is an indispensable quality of educated people Learner factors (internal factors)Motivation , Age , Learning strategyBehaviorist learning theory4.Behaviorist learning theory is a general theory of learning (i.e. it applies to all kinds of learning, not just language learning).It views learning as the formation of habits. The association of a particular response with a particular stimulus constituted a habit. It is formed when a particular stimulus became regularly linked with a particular response.When applied to SLA, the process of second language acquisition is regarded as a process of habit formation.5.The causes of errors according to behaviorismDifferences between the first and second language create learning difficulty which results in errors. Behaviorist learning theory predicts that transfer will take place from the first to the second language. Transfer will be negative when there is proactive inhibition. In this case errors will result. Errors, according to behaviorist theory, were the result of non-learning, rather than wrong learning. The means used to predict potential errors by behaviorists is Contrastive Analysis.Structuralism6.Language was viewed as a coded system consisting of structurally related elements (phonemes, morphemes, words, structures and sentence patterns)7.What is contrastive analysis (CA)?Contrastive analysis is an inductive investigative approach based on the distinctive elements in a language. It involves the comparison of two or more languages or subsystems of languages in order to determine both the differences and similarities between them. It could also be done within one language. Contrastive analysis can be both theoretical and applied according to varied purposes.8.Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH)Contrastive analysis is a way of comparing languages in order to determine potential errors for the ultimate purpose of isolating what needs to be learned and what does not need to be learned in an L2 situation.According to CAH, L2 errors are result of differences between the learner ’s first language andthe target language. The strong form of the hypothesis claims that these differences can be used to predict all errors that will occur. The weak form of the hypothesis claims that these differences can be used to identify some out of the total errors that actually arise.difference vs difficulty9.“Difference” is a linguistic concept, whereas “difficulty” is a psychological concept. Therefore, the level of learning difficulty cannot be inferred directly from the degree of difference between two language systems.10.Definition of Error analysis (EA)the study and analysis of the errors made by second and foreign language learners (Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics, p.96).It involves collecting samples of learner language, identifying the errors in these samples, describing these errors, classifying them according to their hypothesized causes, and evaluating theirs seriousness.Interlingual error: deviated forms resulting from the interference of one,s L1, or the negative11.transfer of one,s mother tongue.Intralingual error:①deviated forms in learner language that reflect learners, transitional competence and which are the results of such learning process as overgeneralization.② confusion of L2 rules12.Factors causing errorsnguage transfer2.Overgeneralization3.Learner differences4.Strategies in L2 learning5. Strategies of L2 communicatione.g. The two students changed eyes and eyebrows in class.13.Types of learner strategyLearning strategy, Production strategy 表达策略Communication strategy:Communication strategies are employed when learners are faced with the task of communicating meanings for which they lack the requisite linguistic knowledge. Typical communication strategies are paraphrase and mime.14.Classifications of learning strategy(Cohen 2006)(2)By function: Metacognitive; Cognitive; Socio-affective(3)By skill: listening, speaking, reading, writing, vocabulary, or translation strategies.15.Meta-cognitive strategiesMeta-cognitive strategy is the planning for learning, thinking about the learning process, monitoring of one,s production or comprehension, and evaluating learning after an activity is completed.16.Cognitive strategiesCognitive strategies refer to the steps or operations used in learning or problem-solving that require direct analysis, transformation, or synthesis of learning material.Repetition, Resourcing, Directed physical response, Translation, Grouping, Note-taking , Deduction Recombination, Imagery, Auditory representation, Key word, Contextualization, Elaboration, Transfer, Inferencing17.Individual learner variablesPersonal factors:group dynamics; attitudes to the teacher and course materials; learning techniques General factors: age; aptitude; cognitive style; motivation; personality18.MotivationIntegrative motivation 融合型动机is present in learners who identify with the target culture, would like to resemble members of the target culture and who would like to participate in the target culture. It is assumed to be based in the personality of the learner.Instrumental orientation 工具型动机refers to those cases where the learners are interested in learning the language for the possible benefits, that is, the learner5 s goal is functional. Resultative motivation:因果性动机Learners’ motivation is strongly affected by their achievement. Intrinsic motivation:内在兴趣动机Motivation as intrinsic interest.Motivation as a multi-componential construct:Motivation = effort + desire to achieve goal + attitudesTask motivation: the interest felt by the learner in performing different learning tasks.★ 19Definition -interlanguageInterlanguage is the approximate language system that the learner constructs for use in communicationthrough the target language. (Larry Selinker)It is independent of both the learner’s first language and the target language.It suggests that learners, language is between L1 AND L2 and that it is a continuum along which all learners traverse.★20.Definition of fossilizationFossilization refers to the state in which the second language learners stop to learning when their internalized rule system contains rules different from the target language. That is to say, the interlanguage stops evolving towards the TL.21.Classification of fossilizationTemporary fossilization: the phenomenon is alterable under certain conditions.Permanent fossilizationThis means the learner,s language stops evolving forever. Because stable stage is not real fossilization, so there is no real permanent fossilization.22.Causes of fossilizationInternal: Motivation; Communicative needs; Acquisition device External: Communicative pressure Lack of learning opportunities Feedback:positive cognitive feedbacks cause fossilization ; (e.g, “Oh,I see”)negative feedbacks help to prevent fossilization. (e.g. “I don’t understand you” )★23Definition of UGCook(1985) summarizing the Chomskyan position, defines ‘universal grammar, as ‘the properties inherent in the human mind,. Universal grammar consists of a set of general principles that apply to all language rather than a set of particular rules.. Markedness24Markedness refers to the idea that some linguistic structures are ‘special, or ‘less natural, or ‘less basic, than others.Linguists working in the Chomskyan school suggest that linguistic rules can either be part of the core grammar (i.e. the universal rules) or be part of the periphery.Core rules are considered to be unmarked and therefore easily acquired.Periphery roles are considered to be and therefore different to learn.25Krashen's Monitor ModelKrashen's monitor model mainly consists of the following five hypothses:(1)Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis:there are two kinds of ways of learning a second language ,i.e., acquisition and learning.(2)Natural Order Hypothesis:SLA follows a universal route that is not influenced by factors such as the learners7 first language, age, and the context (classroom or natural setting).Implications:Errors are developmental and are a natural byproduct of learning - tolerate them.Allow learners to make errors and do not correct them(3)The Input Hypothesis cIt laims a move along the developmental continuum by receiving comprehensible input.We acquire, only when we understand the structure that is “a little beyc where we are now Comprehensible input is defined as L2 input just beyond the Learner,s current L2 competence, in terms of its syntactic complexity. If a learner,s current competence is i then comprehensible input is i+1. Input which is either too simple (i) or too complex (i+2/3/4…)will not be useful for acquisition.(4)The affective filter hypothesisSLA is affected by factors like Motivation, Self-confidence, Anxiety and so on.Learners who suffer from anxiety or lack of motivation or negative attitude somehow switch off their comprehension mechanisms and so even if they are provided comprehensible input, they will not be able to process the input. Therefore a low affective filter is important.(5)Monitor hypothesisBoth language learners and native speakers typically try to correct any errors in what they have just said. This is referred to as monitoring.Krashen uses the term Monitoring (with a big M) to refer to the way the learner used learnt knowledge to improve utterances produced by means of acquired knowledge.nguage transferLanguage transfer is the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously( and perhaps imperfectly ) acquired.★27. LAD (language acquisition device)The LAD is a system of principles that children are born with that helps them learn language, and accounts for the order in which children learn structures, and the mistakes they make as they learn.★28. critical age period hypothesisIt claims that there a period when language acquisition can take place naturally and effortlessly, but after a certain age the brain is no longer able to process language input in this. Researchers differ over when the critical period comes to an end.★29. field independent vs. field independentLearners are different in the ways of receiving, conceptualizing, organizing, and recalling information. Field dependents operate holistically (i.e. they see the field as a whole),Whereas field independents operate analytically (i.e. they see the field in terms of its component parts).★30. input vs. intakeInput refers to the language learners are exposed to.It serves as the data which learners must useto determine the rules of the target language.However, not all available input is processed by the learner, either because some of it is not understood or because some of it is not attended to.That part of input that is processed, assimilated and fed into the interlanguage system is referred to as intake.★31.attitudes vs. aptitude vs. intelligenceAttitudes refer to the learner’s beliefs about factors such as the target language culture, their own culture, their teacher and the learning tasks they are given.Aptitude refers to the specific ability a learner has for learning a second language.Intelligence refers to the general ability to master academic skills.petence vs. performanceWhen learners acquire a L2, they internalize rules which are then organized into a system. This constitutes their competence.The actual use of this system to comprehend and produce utterances is referred to as performance.33.OvergeneralizationIt refers to the extension of some general rule to items not covered by this rule in the target language.34.foreigner talk vs. teacher talkWhen native speakers address learners, they make adjustments in both language form and language function to facilitate understanding. These adjustments are referred to as foreigner talk.When teachers address learners, they make adjustments in both language form and language function to facilitate understanding. These adjustments are referred to as foreigner talk.35.formulaic speech vs. patternsFormulaic speech consists of expressions which are learned as unanalysable wholes and employed in particular occasions.Patterns are one type of formulaic speech. They are unanalysable units which have one or more open slots, e.g. ‘Can I have a —’。
第二语言习得知识点

一、名词解释(每题2分,共10分):1、习得与学习(来自PPT语言习得概论(2015-7-25)/P51)2、偏误与失误(来自钟声整理<第二语言习得问题整理并答案>)失误是不成系统的、偶发的和无规律的,是特殊情况下偶然产生的口误或笔误。
人们说母语时也会发生失误。
偏误只有学习第二语言的人才会有的,是成系统的、多发的有规律的。
偏误分析是对第二语言学习过程中所发生的偏误进行分析,从而发现第二语言学习者产生偏误的规律。
3、关键期(来自PPT语言习得概论(2015-7-25)/P22-23)“关键期” (the critical period)假说,或称“临界期”假说Penfield最先提出Lenneberg(1967)发展了这一观点,以儿童语言习得与大脑有关作为依据,提出了自然语言习得的关键期假说(2-12岁)Lenneberg:大脑功能逐步单侧化,最后形成两个半球的不同功能;10岁之前,人对于刺激最为敏感,能够对其过程进行复杂的整合, 以适应流畅和连贯地运用言语和语言的需要。
大脑功能侧化有关键期,错过很难弥补。
一般说来, 除了发音之外,凡是在此期间没有习得过的初步和基本的技能就终生无法补足了。
这就是语言习得的关键期。
4、成绩测试与水平测试(来自PPT对外汉语教育学理论/P131-132)5、第二语言教学的四大环节(来自PPT对外汉语教育学理论/P31)总体设计、教材编写、课堂教学、成绩测试。
二、简答题(每题5分,共2题):(一)什么是任务型教学法?请简要介绍。
(来自PPT对外汉语教育学理论/P67-72)(二)简要介绍第二语言习得的发展历史。
(来自PPT语言习得概论(2015-7-25)/P140、142)(三)第一、第二语言习得的异同。
(来自PPT语言习得概论(2015-7-25)/P5-8) 1、定义:1)第一语言习得通常指的是儿童不自觉地自然地掌握/获得第一语言(通常是母语)的过程和方法。
2022年第二语言习得研究重点知识点

第二语言习得研究第一章第二语言习得研究概述第一节第二语言习得研究旳基本概念1.母语:一般是指学习者所属种族、社团使用旳语言,因而也称作“本族语”。
一般状况下,母语一般是小朋友出生后来最先接触、习得旳语言。
因此,母语一般也被称作“第一语言”。
2.目旳语:也称“目旳语”,一般是指学习者正在学习旳语言。
它强调旳是学习者正在学习旳任何一种语言,与学习者旳语言习得环境无关。
3.第一语言:指小朋友幼年最先接触和习得旳语言。
4.第二语言:相对于学习者习得旳第一语言之外旳任何一种其她语言而言旳。
强调旳是语言习得旳先后顺序,与语言习得旳环境无关。
5.习得:指“非正式”旳语言获得。
“习得”一般是指在自然状态下“下意识”旳语言获得。
内隐学习是通过无意识或下意识旳方式来获得语言知识。
通过“习得”方式获得旳是“隐性语言知识”。
6.学习:指“正式”旳语言规则学习,即通过课堂教学旳方式来获得第二语言。
一般是指“故意识”旳语言知识旳获得。
外显学习是在故意识旳状态下通过规则学习来获得语言知识。
通过“学习”方式获得旳是“显性语言知识”。
7.第二语言习得:指学习者在目旳语国家学习目旳语。
学习者所学旳目旳语在目旳语国家是公认旳交际工具,固然也是学习者用来交际旳工具。
8.外语习得:学习者所学旳语言在本国不是作为整个社团旳交际工具,并且学习者所学旳语言重要是在课堂学习旳。
9.第二语言环境:指学习者所学旳语言在语言习得发生旳环境中作为交际语言。
10.自然旳第二语言习得:指以交际旳方式获得第二语言,并且语言习得一般是在自然旳社会环境下发生旳。
11.有指引旳第二语言习得:以教学指引旳方式获得第二语言,语言习得一般是在课堂教学环境中发生旳。
12.语言能力:是由交际双方内在语法规则旳心理表征构成旳。
语言能力是一种反映交际双方语言知识旳心理语法。
母语使用者对句子旳合语法性旳直觉判断根据旳就是这种隐性语言知识。
语言能力是有关语言旳知识。
13.语言体现:交际双方在语言旳理解与生成过程中对其内在语法旳运用。
第二语言习得之概论

第二语言习得之概论首先,第二语言习得与第一语言习得有所不同。
第一语言习得是指婴儿从出生开始,通过听、说等方式自然而然地掌握母语的过程。
相比之下,第二语言习得是指在已掌握一种语言的基础上,学习并使用另一种语言。
学习一门新的语言需要借助外部资源,如教材、教师等。
在第二语言习得的研究领域,有许多理论来解释这个过程。
其中最著名的是克拉申提出的输入假设和通信策略假设。
输入假设认为学习者只能通过大量和适度难度的输入来习得第二语言。
而通信策略假设则关注学习者为了完成交际目标而使用的一系列策略。
另外,还有赖尔森-强度假设认为情感和情绪因素对第二语言习得起到重要作用。
第二语言习得的过程受到多个因素的影响。
首先,个体差异是一个重要的因素。
不同人对语言习得的天赋和能力各不相同。
例如,有些人天生对语音的敏感度较高,可以更容易地习得发音。
其次,语言输入的质量和数量也会对第二语言习得产生影响。
学习者需要接触到足够地有意义和丰富的语言输入。
此外,社会因素也是一个重要因素。
学习者所处的语言社群以及相关的文化因素都会对语言习得产生影响。
第二语言习得的策略也是一个重要的研究领域。
学习者使用各种策略来帮助他们习得第二语言。
例如,重组策略是指学习者将已知的语言元素重组成新的语言形式。
还有输出策略,即通过使用新学的语言来练习和巩固。
这些策略可以提高学习效果,帮助学习者更快地习得第二语言。
除了理论和策略,教学方法也是第二语言习得中的重要因素。
传统的语言教学方法主要以教师为中心,注重语法规则和翻译。
而现代的语言教学方法更加注重学习者的积极参与和真实交际。
例如,交际法和任务型教学法强调学习者在语境中进行真实的交际实践。
总而言之,第二语言习得是一个复杂的过程,涉及到个体差异、语言输入、社会因素等多个方面的因素。
理解这些因素对于发展有效的教学方法和实施有效的第二语言习得计划非常重要。
希望本文的介绍能够帮助读者更好地了解第二语言习得的概论。
第二语言习得复习整理

一、名词解释1、母语:“母语”通常是指学习者家庭或者所属种族、社团使用的语言,因而也称作“本族语”。
一般情况下,母语通常是幼儿出生后最先接触、习得的语言。
也被称作“第一语言”。
2、目标语:“目标语”,也称“目的语”,指学习者正在学习的语言。
这种语言可能是他的第二语言、第三语言甚或第四语言。
它强调的是学习者正在学习的任何一种语言,与学习者的语言习得环境无关。
美国学生无论在美国学习汉语,还是在中国学习汉语,其目的语都是汉语。
如果他们同时在学习法语,那么法语也是他们的目的语。
对第二语言学习者而言,母语对其目的语的习得具有重要的影响。
3、第二语言:相对于第一语言而言,指在母语之后再学习另一种语言。
第二语言习得可能发生在自然环境,也可能在正规的课堂环境中。
在课堂环境下学习的第二语言被称为外语。
Ellis (1994)“第二语言”是相对于学习者习得的第一语言之外的任何一种其他语言而言的。
因此,“第二语言”自然包含第三、第四或更多的其他语言。
4、对比分析:对比分析是把两种语言进行对比,从而确定其中的相同点和不同点。
对比分析的最终目的是为了预测母语对第二语言学习可能会造成的影响,即第二语言学习者受母语干扰可能会出现的错误,从而确定教学的重点和难点,采取相应的预防性措施。
5、第二语言习得:人们在自然的语言环境中或者课堂环境中潜意识地或者有意识地获得母语之外的另一种语言。
6、中介语:“中介语”(interlanguage)这一概念是由语言学家塞林克(L.Selinker)于1969年提出来的。
中介语是指在第二语言习得过程中,学习者通过一定的学习策略,在目的语输入的基础上所形成的一种既不同于其第一语言也不同于目的语、随着学习的进展向目的语逐渐过渡的动态的语言系统。
7、偏误:偏误是对正确语言的偏离,也就是离开了轨道。
这种错误是系统的,有规律的,它反映说话者的语言能力。
8、偏误分析:系统分析学习者偏误,研究来源,揭示学习者中介语体系。
第二语言习得概

一、名词解释1、语言能力是一种反映交际双方语言知识的心里语法,这种语法是一种“隐形的”而不是一种“显性的”语言知识。
2、语言表达指的是交际双方在语言的理解与生成过程中对其内在语法的运用。
3、前系统偏误:学习者还没有意识到目的语的特点的规则时发生的偏误,是凌乱无序的,学习者也不知道为什么选择了这种特定的规则形式。
4、系统偏误:学习者能够发现一些特定的规则,但这些规则往往是错误的,而且也不能纠正错的规则。
5、后系统偏误:学习者了解正确的规则,但在运用时出现了偏误。
6、僵化:是存在于“潜在的心理结构”中的一种机制,表现为某种母语背景的第二语言学习者会在目的语习得的某个阶段上停滞不前,无论学习者年龄大小,也无论其是否继续学习。
僵化的一个典型表现就是所谓的“回退”现象。
7、习得的知识:指学习者运用第二语言进行自然的交际,通过有意义的交际,学习者接触的是“可理解输入”。
8、学习的知识:指学习者把注意力集中在第二语言的形式特征上,通过有意识的学习方式获得第二语言规则的知识。
9、沉默期:主要指习得者没有足够能力讲话的那段时间,短至几小时,长达几个月。
在此期间,幼儿通过听对可理解性语言输入进行加工和整理。
经过这段沉默期后,幼儿似乎下意识地习得了输入的语言。
10、社会距离:指学习者与目的文化群体相互接触的程度而言的11、“融入策略”:指第二语言习得群体面对目的语群体文化时可能采取的态度和做法,包括“同化策略”、“保留策略”、“适应策略”三种。
12、“同化策略”:指第二语言习得群体面对目的语群体时放弃了自己原有的生活方式和价值观,接受了目的语群体的生活方式和价值观。
13、“适应策略”:指第二语言习得群体一方面保留了自己的生活方式和价值观,另一方面也接受了目的语群体的生活方式和价值观。
14、“文化休克”:学习者由于两种文化的差异而产生的精神紊乱、压抑、恐惧等。
15、“刺激贫乏论”:语言输入是贫乏的,学习者不可能通过外在的语言输入获得完整的语言能力。
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一、第二语言习得三大研究方法有什么不同?
1.主张通过不断地刺激——反应规则掌握学习第二语言;心理学上主张行为主义心理学,强调刺激、反应、强化在心理学上的作用;语言学上主张结构主义,强调语言的结构;语言教学上多采用听说法,希望通过不断地操练结构让学生掌握第二语言。
2.强调学习者的内在因素,支持乔姆斯基的语言习得机制,认为人类有一个天生的语言习得机制,须通过激发这种机制来学习语言;心理学上主张心灵学派;语言学上主张形式主义;认为教学的作用是间接的,需要通过大量的语言输入,激发语言习得机制,并对学习者的语言习得机制重设参数;
Eg:母语——桌子,参数重设为table
3.认为习得是学习者和外部因素共同作用的结果;在心理学和语言学上倾向于认知派;在语言教学上提倡多元互动
二、学习和习得有哪些方面不同?
1.获得方式:习得是在自然语境中进行非正式语言交际得到语言知识;学习是经过正式的
讲解、模仿、操练、记忆而得到语言知识。
2.心理过程:习得是潜意识地自然获得;学习是有意识地掌握规律。
3.获得的知识类型:习得是隐性知识;学习是显性知识。
4.环境不同:习得一般是在目的语的社会环境下自然获得;学习主要在课堂环境下进行,
可能有目的语环境,也可能没有;
5.学习效果:习得需要大量的时间,习得效果一般都较好;学习花费时间一般较少,但学
习效果通常不佳;
6.对语言意义的重视度:习得时注意力主要集中在语言的功能和意义上;学习的主要注意
点在语言形式上,有意识的系统的掌握语音词汇语法,经常忽略了语言的意义。
三、自然的第二语言习得与有指导的第二语言习得有什么不同?
(一)Ellis主张社会语言学,认为区别在于方式和社会环境:
自然的SLA以交际的方式获得,在自然的社会环境下发生;
有指导的SLA以教学指导的方式获得,通常在课堂环境中发生。
(二)Klein主张心理语言学,认为区别在于学习者的注意和动机:
自然的SLA的动机是本能要求,潜意识的,获得语言功能、意义、内容;
有指导的SLA的动机是目标明确的、有意识、计划、系统的,注意掌握语言形式规则。
四、母语与第一语言的联系与区别是什么?
联系:通常情况下,母语=第一语言
区别:非典型情况下,母语不是第一语言。
Eg:
(1)父母皆华侨,孩子的母语为汉语,因父母想让孩子尽快融入当地环境,首先会接触当地语言,则孩子的第一语言为当地语言。
(2)父母来自不同的种族和国家,则孩子的母语为父母语,第一语言可能是父母语的任意一方。