第八章护理理论知识来源Sourceofknowledge

• Webster: 概念是人们对周围环境中的某种 物体所形成的印象，是人们对客观事物属性 及本质的理性认识。
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What is a Concept?
• “A thought or a notion conceived in the mind”
• Two types:
– Empirical - observed or experienced through senses
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三、护理理念的发展过程
禁欲主义阶段（asceticism ）（1850~1920 ） 浪漫主义阶段 (romanticism) （1921~1940） 实用主义阶段 (pragmatism) (1940~1960) 人本存在主义(humanistic existentialism) • (1960~至今)
四、概念与理论的关系
• 概念的组成部分为理论（Basic ingredients of a theory）
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• 五.护理学的概念（Nursing concepts)
• Such as health, caring, interaction, stress, adaptation, growth, grief, illness, needs, etc.
知识来源 Source of knowledge
• Superstition • Tradition • School learning • Authority • Trial and Error • Media and experience • Logical reasoning: deductive and inductive • Scientific Methods
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Relationship of the Stimulus to the concept
Internal Stimulus
External Stimulus
Scope
Examples
Simple Complex
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Concrete Abstract
Value in Scientific Inquiry
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Four Basic Concepts of Nursing
• Person • Environment
• Health • Nursing
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Person (description)
• Each person is a unique individual viewed in holistic terms. By holistic it meant that the individual is considered a total human being with biopsychosocial needs. Each person has the right to dignity, respect, autonomy and the opportunity to grow and develop to their full potential and to achieve optimal functioning. Each person is seen within a social context.
• 是引导护理人员认识及判断护理及其它相 关方面的价值观及信念 。(concerned with the values and beliefs of a discipline and provide a guidance for the members of discipline)
• 为护理人员研究护理学的四个核心概念，人 、健康、环境及护理提供专业理念体系。 (Providing the framework for asking questions about central concept of the discipline)
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四、护理理念与护理理论的关系
• 不同的护理学家，由于其理论的研究重点 不同，对护理理念的四个要素有不同的认识 ，也采用了不同的词来描述这四个基本概念 。
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社会 环境 人
护理 健康
概念之间的相互关系
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护理理论
第二节 护理学的核心概念 Central concepts of nursing • 一、定义
• 思考、科研、系统观察会形成概念。
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Concept Formation
A concept as a thought, idea or notion
A concept as an abstract idea generalized from particular instances
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学习的层次结构 Hierarchy of Learning
Create Evaluate Analyze Apply Understand Remember
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第一节 护理理念 Nursing philosophy
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三、概念的形成过程 （concept formation)
» i.e. stethoscope, cup, chair, etc.
– Abstract - not observable
» i.e. self-concept, beliefs, oxygen, etc.
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• 二、分类
• （1）根据人们对概念的认识： • 抽象概念 • 具体概念 • （2）根据概念的性质及应用范围： • 列举性概念 • 关联性概念 • 联合性概念 • 统计性概念 • 总结性概念
• 一、理念的概念
• 理念（philosophy）， 拉丁文philia（爱）及 sophia（智慧），智慧之爱。寻找真理。
• “理念是指导个人思维及行为的价值观与信念” 。 以原则的形式左右及指引个人的思维方式及行为举 止 协助个人判断是非 决定事物的价值
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二、护理理念(nursing philosophy)