跨文化交际第二章文化与跨文化交际
第二章 交际与跨文化交际PPT
2、跨文化交际学的研究方法和研究内容
• 与跨文化交际学关系最密切的有四门学科是文化人类学、 社会心理学、社会语言学和传播学。不同学科的学者在研究跨 文化交际时所取的角度不同，研究方法上亦有差异。
• 作为一门独立的边缘学科，跨文化交际学不仅研究文化的定 义与特点、交际的定义与特征以及文化与交际的关系，同时将干 扰交际的文化因素也作为它研究的重中之重。
（1）培养人们对不同文化持积极、理解的态度。在这个过程中，我 们能够加深对自身文化的理解，从而做到客观地把握各自的文化特性。
（2）培养跨文化接触时的适应能力。设法减缓冲击、提高适应能力 是使跨文化交际得以成功进行的唯一途径，这也是跨文化研究的一项 重要内容。
（3）培养跨文化交际的技能。在美国，除了在大学里设置了相关课 程以外，社会上也有许多机构专门负责跨文化交际技能的培训和进修， 以此来适应国际化社会的需要。正是基于这一点，跨文化交际研究的 实践意义要远远大于它的理论意义。
• 相比较而言，我国的跨文化交际研究的历史很短。上世纪八十年代中 期开始，我国学者们才注意到这方面的问题，其研究初期的重点是放在外 语教学以及文化及语言的关系上。自1982年许国璋先生发表论文 《CULTURALLY-LOADED WORDS AND ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING》之后，学者们谈论文化差异的文章越来越多，并相继发表在 各种学术刊物上。
• 交际中，具有同一文化背景的人们可以进行有效地交流，而因为 共享有限的文化背景，来自不同文化中的人们，在交流时常常会产生 沟通的障碍。
• 这就是我们所说的跨文化交际。
一、交际的定义
• 《辞海》中“交际”词条下的释义：“敢问交际，何心也？” 朱熹注：“际，接也”。“交际”谓人以礼仪币帛相交接也。据 此意义，该词后来泛指社会各阶层成员交往中人与人的往来应酬。
跨文化交际学概论笔记
跨文化交际学概论笔记----f334b180-7164-11ec-82d6-7cb59b590d7d第一章跨文化交际一、什么是跨文化交流——不同文化背景的人进行交流的过程。
今天，跨文化交际越来越受到人们的关注，主要原因是由于交通的进步和交际手段的发展，来自不同国家、种族和民族的人们可以频繁地接触和交流。
l、哈姆斯认为，世界上的交流经历了五个阶段：语言的浮现；用词；印刷技术的发明；近百年来交通工具的进步和通讯工具的快速发展；跨文化交流。
在过去的二十年里，交流的特点是跨文化交流。
二、第二章跨文化交际学1.首先，它在美国兴起。
美国有来自各国的移民，有自己的文化体系和习俗，并逐渐形成为了美国社会的多元文化格局；美国与其他国家交往频繁。
2.edwarhall 《无声的语言》跨文化交际学的奠基之作。
认为不同文化背景的人们在使用时间、空间表达意义方面表现出明显的差异。
(对时间、空间、交际的关系作了深入探讨)3.1970 年是具有重大意义的一年。
今年，国际传播学会承认跨文化传播是传播的核心一个分支，成立了跨文化交际学分会。
1972 年，第一届跨文化交际学国际会议，日本东京。
一、沟通与沟通三、传播的种类沟通可以分为人际沟通和非人际沟通；人际交往可以分为社会交往和非社会交往。
非社交沟通指的是内向沟通 (自我沟通) 。
社会传播包括人际传播、组织传播和大众传播。
第四章语言交际一、语言和文化密不可分(语言反映一个民族的文化，同时有受到文化的巨大影响。
) 语言与文化有着密切的关系。
由于语言的产生和发展，人类文化才得以产生和传承。
不存在没有语言的文化，也不存在没有文化的语言。
广义的文化包括语言，同时文化又无时无刻不在影响语言，使语言为了适应文化发展变化的需要而变得更加精确和缜密。
语言既是文化的载体，又是文化的写照。
e.g.①亲属称谓是语言反映文化的一个突出例证。
汉族不仅注重长幼顺序,而且对于是父系、母系或者婚系亦十分重视。
跨文化交际第二章文化与跨文化交际
The Basic Function of Culture
❖ At the core of culture is the idea that it is intended to make life easier for people by “teaching” them how to adapt to their surroundings.
Generation. ❖ Culture Is Based on Symbols. ❖ Culture Is Subject to Change. ❖ Culture Is an Integrated System. ❖ Culture Is Ethnocentric.
Culture Is Not Innate; It Is Learned.
❖ The English admire good manners, courtly behavior, and dignity, as is reflected in the “Canterbury Tales”.
❖ The Japanese learn about the importance of duty, obligation, and loyalty from “The Tale of the Forty-Seven Ronin”.
Proverbs
❖ "One does not make the wind blow but is blown by it."
❖ "Order is half of life."
❖ "The mouth maintains silence in order to hear the heart talk."
跨文化交际 知识点整理
第一章.跨文化交际概论1跨文化交际汉语国际教育本质上是一种跨文化的活动。
新世纪如此广泛而深入的跨文化交际主要是受到以下因素的影响1.交通和通信技术的发展2.经济的全球化3.人口的流动4.广泛的国际交流与合作什么是跨文化交际？跨文化交际既是一种人类的社会活动，也是指一门研究跨文化交际活动的学科。
根据几个定义归纳出跨文化交际的重要特点：1.跨文化交际是不同文化背景的人们之间的交流；2.跨文化交际是通过象征符号来实现的；3.跨文化交际是一种动态的过程4.跨文化交际是一种双向的互动；5.跨文化交际的目标是创建共享的意义跨文化交际是不同文化背景的人们之间的交际，这里的跨文化交际实际上包含着两个层面一个层面是指不同国家和不同民族的人们之间的交际，例如中国人与美国人等另一个层面是指同一个国家或民族中，不同性别、年龄、职业、地域的人们之间的交际，例如男性和女性之间的交往就可以被看做是一种跨文化的交往跨文化交际的特点1.跨文化交际主要指人与人之间面对面的交流面对面的交流既包括了语言交际也包括了非语言交际，而且是一种双向交流和互动的过程2.跨文化交际中涉及很多差异性（陈国明）差异可以是文化传统、价值观、信仰等方面的差异，也涉及行为方式和习俗方面，如手势、衣着、语言使用的差异，同时也涉及个人文化身份和社会角色方面的差异。
这些存在差异的因素相互作用，影响了跨文化交流的过程和结果3.跨文化交际容易引起冲突由于语言、交际风格、非语言行为、思维模式、社会准则、价值观等方面的差异，跨文化交际很容易产生误解和冲突4.跨文化交际的误解和冲突大多属于“善意的冲突”许多冲突往往不是出于人们恶意的动机，而是来源于人们良好的愿望。
在自己文化中得体而礼貌的行为到了另一种文化中却成了无礼的举动，善良的意图却产生了意想不到的误解和不愉快5.跨文化交际常常引起情感上的强烈反应很容易造成心理紧张，人们经常提到的“文化休克”就是形容在跨文化交际中产生的心理反应。
跨文化交际
文化的特性
1. 文化是人类所独有的，是区别人类和动物的主要标志。文 化是社会遗产，而不是生理的遗传。
2. 文化不是先天所有，而是通过后天习得的。 3. 文化中的大部分是不自觉的。 4. 文化是人们行动的指南。 5. 文化是动态的，文化的形态与一定的历史时期相联系。
主导文化和亚文化
主导文化：是一个民族、一个国家或一个语言群体所共享的主流文化 特征；是人们日常生活和交际中起主导作用的文化因素；是同一文化 群体共同认可和遵循的生活方式、行为规范、交际规则、思维方式和 交际观念。
• 与美国人在一起，就照美国人的方式、习俗去说话、办事； 与中国人在一起，就按中国人的习俗来做。
第二语言教学的主要目标是培养学生的跨文化交际能力。
• 跨文化交际能力指的是跨文化交际环境中的交际能力，即 来自不同文化背景的人之间进行交际时，具有强烈的跨文 化意识，善于识别文化差异和排除文化干扰并成功地进行 交际的能力。是在跨文化交际环境中由语言交际能力、非 语言交际能力、语言规则和交际规则转化能力以及文化适 应能力所组成的综合能力。
西方社会的个人取向： 提倡个人主义，崇尚个性解放、提倡自我奋斗。
self—support、self-help、self-dependence、self-confidence
（二）求稳与求变
中国文化的“求稳”心态： “相安无事”、“知足常乐”、“万变不离其宗”、“以不变应万变”、“安土重 迁”、“顺其自然”。一切发展之大前提是家庭、家族、社会之稳定。
• 在特定的交际情景中，具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用 同一种语言（母语或目的语）进行的口语交际。
• 交际双方必须来自不同的文化背景。立足本专业，文化差异 主要指不同文化圈之间的差异，尤其是中国和欧美国家的文 化差异。
Unit2跨文化交际
Unit2跨文化交际commucation across cultureUnit 2Culture and CommunicationWhat is culture?“文化”是一个广泛的概念，它的内涵很丰富。
在英语中,“culture”一词是一个难以解释的词，它最早来源于古法语cultura, 拉丁语colere和德语“kultur”，原指土地的开垦及植物的栽培；后来随着人类生存空间和生存方式的改变逐渐扩延，转而意指人的身体、精神，特别是指艺术和道德能力和天赋的培养；进而泛指人类社会在征服自然和自我发展中创造的物质财富和精神财富，包括饮食、器具、舟车、房屋、社会组织、政治制度、风俗习惯、语言、学术思想等。
More than 500 definitions up to the present(Refer to p. 40 for some of the well-known ones)First definition: E. B. Tylor (1871) in Primitive Culture: “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a mem ber of a society.”文化是一种复合的整体，它包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及人们作为社会成员而获得的能力与习惯Broadly speaking, it means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, andlanguage.In a narrow sense, it refers to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs, and language. Define culture from different perspectives From Intellectual PerspectiveFrom Anthropologic PerspectiveFrom Social PerspectiveFrom Psychological PerspectiveFrom Intercultural Communication PerspectiveFrom Intellectual PerspectiveAccording to the Concise Oxford Dictionary, culture is “the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively".It refers to intellectual perspective, such as music, art, exhibition, dance, etc. When you talk about Picasso, Beethoven, etc., you are talking about culture.From Anthropologic PerspectiveCulture is "the customs, civilizations, and achievements of a particular time or people." This is an anthropologist's definition.From Social PerspectiveCulture is what a society does and thinks.Culture covers everything of a society.From Psychological PerspectiveCulture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another.From Intercultural Communication PerspectiveCulture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.Culture Is LearnedWe learn culture from __parents__, ____teachers____ friends ___,_other familycommucation across culturemembers_____,_ and even strangers who are part of the culture_.Culture Is a Set of Shared InterpretationsAll communications take place by means of symbolsCulture Involves Beliefs, Values, and Normsa. BeliefsBeliefs refer to the basic understanding of a group of people about what the world is like or what is true or false.b. ValuesValues involve what a culture regarded as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, just or unjust, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, valuable or worthless, appropriate or inappropriate, and kind or cruel.c. NormsNorms refer to rules for appropriate behavior, which provide theexpectations people have of one another and of othersNorms in the army: SalutesNorms in different fields：Culture Affects BehaviorsCulture Involves Large Groups of PeopleThree Things Culture Doesp46-48 (self-study)Culture ranks what is importantCulture furnishes attitudesCulture dictates how to behaveCulture ranks what is importantDifferent cultures have their own value orientation and what is important in one culture may be virtually meaningless to another.Culture ranks what is important. In other words, cultures teach values or priorities.Values underlie attitudes. They also shape beliefs.Within a culture, values may be of greater or lesser importance.Culture furnishes attitudesAn attitude is learned, and it is a tendency to respond the same way to the same object or situation or idea.Attitudes can change, although change can be difficult. Attitudes are based on beliefs as well as values.Beliefs are convictions or certainties based on subjective and often personal ideas rather than on proof or facts. Belief systems or religions are powerful sources of values and attitudes in cultures.Culture dictates how to behaveBehavior comes directly from the attitudes about how significant something is --- how it is valued.Attitudes vary according to how important something is reckoned to be (value).Values drive actions.1.3 Classification of Culturecommucation across cultureOne of the most popular classification of culture:high culture: philosophy, literature, fine arts, music, religion etc.popular culture: customs and habits, rites and rituals, ways of living (housing, dressing, eating and drinking) and all interpersonal behavior.deep culture: the conception of beauty, definition of sin, notions of modesty, ordering of time, etc.Cultural iceberg: p. 44-50Conscious or subconscious?Deep culture―the out-of-awareness part of a cultureNine-tenth of an iceberg / culture is out of sight.Those that are above the “water” :what to eat and how to eat it;how to keep healthy;how to raise children;how to participate in ceremonies;how to introduce and greet people;Those that are below the “water” :what is good or bad;what is right or wrong;what is beautiful or ugly;what is clean or dirty;how is an individual related to others;Generally speaking, differences in those things that are usually outside of our consciousawareness, i.e. the so-called “ deep culture”, are more likely to cause problems in intercultural communication. The reason is that this part of culture is internalized in people’s mind and thus is hard to perceived.SummaryCulture is not anything that people in a group are born with, but something they learn either by being taught or by growing up in it.Different cultures have different ways of eating, drinking, dressing, finding shelter, marrying and dealing with death.Our own culture seems natural to us while other cultures may think itfunny, strange or even disgusting. However, this has nothing to do with right or wrong.It follows that there is no “best” culture suitable for all p eople in the world. In comparing cultures, we can hardly say which culture is definitely better than the other, for each culture can be appropriate to certain group of people living in a particular geographic and social environment.A culture should therefore be judged and interpreted in its own context. Without considering the environment in which people of a particular culture live, it would be impossible for us to really understand and appreciate what is significant and meaningful in that culture.Perhaps, if we could examine the manners of different nations with impartiality, we should find no people so rude, nor any so polite.2. Instinctive Behavior andCultural Behaviorcommucation across cultureReading : p. 41Questions:---Do you know Maslow’s theory?---Do human beings realize all these needs at the same time?---Do people all over the world share the same basic needs described by Maslow? ---Do people realize these needs in the same ways?---Is culture conscious or subconscious?2.1 Instinctive behavior―innate and universal2.2 Cultural behavior―learned and transmitted from generation to generation through the use of symbolsPeople in different cultures satisfy these needs in different ways.Examples:Different ways of eating p.43;Difference in treating visitors. p. 38 (Warm Up)Difference in ending the meals. p. 59 (Group Work)Case AnalysisCase 5 p. 60Difference in taking offersCase 7 p.62Difference in the view of giftsCase 8 p.62-63Difference in food for banquet, table mannersAnalysisIn China, it is often not polite to accept a first offer and Heping was being modest, polite and well-behaved and had every intention of accepting the beer at the second or third offer. But he did not know the North American rules which firmly say that you do not pull alcoholicbeverages on anyone. A person may not drink for religious reasons, he may be a reformed alcoholic, or he may be allergic.Whatever the reason, you do not insist on offering alcohol. So the Americans didn’t make a second offer of beer to Heping, who probably thought North Americans not hospitable. However, there are always individual differences between people from even the same culture. Probably the young Chinese nurse had known something about the American culture and was just trying to behave like an American when she was in an American family.Case 7 p.62What do you think of Keiko insisting on giving valuable gifts to her college friends?How would you feel if Keiko presented you with a gift for your help?AnalysisKeiko insists on giving valuable gifts to her college friends, because in countries like Japan, exchanging gifts is a strongly rooted social tradition. Should you receive a gift, and don’t have one to offer in return, you will probably create a crisis. If not as serious as a crisis, one who doesn’t offer a gift in return may be considered rude or impolite.Therefore, in Japan, gifts are a symbolic way to show appreciation, respect, gratitude and further relationship.commucation across cultureKeiko obviously has taken those used items from Mary, Ed and Marion as gifts, for sheprobably doesn’t know that Americans frequently do nate their used household items to church or to the community.Mary, Ed and Marion would never consider those used household items given to Keiko as gifts. No wonder they felt very uncomfortable when they received valuable gifts in return. Case 8 p.62-63Why did the girl consider the menu created by her mother a strange one?What cultural differences can you find in this case?AnalysisWhen the Chinese girl fell in love with an American boy at that time, it seems that shepreferred to celebrate Christmas in the American way, for she wanted very much to appear the same as other American girls. She did not like to see her boyfriend disappointed at the “shabby” Chinese Christmas. That’s why she cried when she found out her parents had invited the minister’s family over for the Christmas Eve dinner. She thought the menu for the Christmas meal created by her mother a strange one because there were no roast turkey and sweet potatoes but only Chinese food.How could she notice then the foods chosen by her mother were allher favorites?From this case, we can find a lot of differences between the Chinese and Western cultures in what is appropriate food for a banquet, what are good table manners, and how one should behave to be hospitable. However, one should never feel shame just because one’s culture is different from others’. As Amy’s mother told her, you must be proud to be different, and your only shame is to have shame.3.1 Definition of Communication---A behavior-affecting process in which one person (a source) intentionally encodes andtransmits a message through a channel to an intended audience (receivers) in order to induce a particular attitude or behavior.---Transmission and reception of meaning through the manipulation of symbols, language and context.---A process involving the exchange of messages and the creation of meaning.(p.58)It involves a sender who encodes a message and a receiver who decodes the message.3.3 Types of Communication(1)Interpersonal Communication (Dyad)Intrapersonal Communication (Within)Mass CommunicationGroup CommunicationPublic CommunicationBusiness CommunicationIntracultural CommunicationShared communication between members of the same cultural group /communication between people from the same culturecommucation across cultureIntercultural Communicationcommunication between people from different culturesIntercultural Communication…Requires an understand ing of …Own cultureCultures of other groupsParent/Dominant culture (e.g. based on race or ethnicity)Co-cultures (e.g. based on gender, religion, age)Intercultural Communication…Requires an understanding of …..Knowledge systemBeliefsValuesCustomsBehaviorsIntercultural / Cross-cultural CommunicationAlthough the term cross-cultural is often used as a synonym for intercultural, it traditionally implies a comparison of some phenomena across cultures.For example, if we examine communication between two Chinese or between two Americans, we are looking at intra-cultural communication.If we observe communication between a Chinese and an American, in contrast, we are looking at intercultural communication.If we compare the speech act of apology in the Chinese culture and in the American culture, for example, we are making a cross-cultural comparison.If we look at how an American or a Chinese is making an apology when communicating with each other, in contrast, we are looking at intercultural communication.Cross-Cultural CommunicationInvolves highlighting similarities and differences across cultural groups to promotecommunicationInternational CommunicationInteractions among people from different nations. Certainly, communication among people from different countries is likely to be intercultural communication, but that is not always true.3.3 Types of Communication(2)human communication (人类交际）animal communication (动物交际）human-animal communication （人类与动物的交际）human-machine communication（人机交际）machine-to-machine communication（机器交际）3.4 Media of CommunicationFace-to-FaceTelephoneBroadcast MediaVerbalNon-verbalcommucation across cultureWhich other media of communication can you identify?3.6 The Communication ProcessMatching Task p.57One more example:1. A: Can you tell me the time?B: Well, the milkman has come.(No, I don’t know the exact time, but I can tell you that the milkman has come so that you may be able to tell what the approximate time it is now.)Case 6 p.61 ( assignment)Case AnalysisCase 6 p.61Why did the Chinese mother-in-law decide to leave the very afternoon?What was wrong with Litz asking her husband how long his mother was going to stay just two days after her mother-in-law’s arrival?AnalysisWhen a speaker says something to a hearer, there are at least three kinds of meanings invol ved: utterance meaning, the speaker’s meaning and the hearer’s meaning.In the dialogue, when Litz asked how long her mother-in-law was going to stay, she meant that if she knew how long she was going to stay in Finland, she would be able to make proper arrangements for her, such as taking her out to do some sightseeing. However, hermother-in-law took Litz’s question to mean “ Litz does not want me to stay for long”. From the Chinese point of view, it seems inappropriate for Litz to ask such a question just two days after her mother-in-law’s arrival. If she has to ask the question, it would be better to ask some time later and she should not let her mother-in-law hear it.Another CaseSituation:A Chinese student had just arrived at the States. One day, when he was reading in his room, he heard someone shouting outside: “ Watch out!” So he went to the window and stretched out his head and tried to find out what’s going on outside. Just then, his head was right poured by the water from abo ve…Question:What are the three meanings of “ Watch out” in communication?Key to the question:1. Utterance meaning: Be careful!2. Speaker’s meaning: Don’t pull out !3. Hearer’s meaning:Something is happening! Look out!3.9 Characteristics of Communication p.68-73DynamicSymbolicInteractiveInterpretiveContextualcommucation across cultureCommunication is a dynamic processCommunication is an ongoing, ever changing activity. It is not fixed.“You can’t stand in the same stream twice.”When people communicate, they are constantly affected by each other’s messages and as a consequence, people undergo continual change.Each time one is influenced, one changes in some way and people never stay frozen when in communication.Once a word or an action is employed, it cannot be retracted.Communication is symbolicCommunication involves the use of symbols.A symbol is a word, action, or object that strands for or presents a unit of meanings. Meaning, in turn, is a perception, thought, or feeling that a person experiences and might want to communicate to others.People’s behaviors are frequently interpreted symbolically, as an external representation of feelings, emotions, and internal states.Communication is interactive/transactionalCommunication must take place between people.When two or more people communicate, their unique backgrounds and experiences serve as a backdrop for the communication interaction.Communicators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversations.There are no such entities as pure senders or pure receivers.Communication is systemic/contextualCommunication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but ratheris part of a larger system.Setting and environment help determine the words and actions you generate and the meanings you give the symbols produced by other people.Dress, language, topic selection, and the like are all adapted to context.People do not act the same way in every environment.Communication is contextual/systemicAll communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context.By context, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship.Thus, the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings within which messages are exchanged.The physical context includes the actual location of the interactants: indoors or outdoors, crowded or quiet, public or private, close together or far apart, warm or cold, bright or dark. The social context refers to the widely shared expectations people have about the kinds of interactions that normally should occur given different kinds of social events.The interpersonal context refers to the expectations about the behaviors of others as a result of differences in the relationships between them. (examples---p69-70)commucation across cultureCommunication is interpretiveWhenever people communicate, they must interpret the symbolic behaviors of others and assign significance to some of those behaviors in order to create a meaningful account of the other’s actions.There is no direct mind-to-mind contact between people, you cannot access the thoughts and feelings of other human beings but can only infer what they are experiencing.Communication is complexAlthough all cultures use symbols to share their realities, the specific realities and the symbols employed are often quite different.People are both alike and different.Cultural, as well as individual, differences keep people apart.Members of different cultures look differently at the world around them.A successful intercultural communicator appreciates similarities and accepts differences.4. Elements of Communication p.50-56ContextParticipantsMessagesChannelsNoiseFeedbackphysical settingthe formality of the conference roomthe seating arrangementslightingthe time of daythe distance between communicatorshistorical contextprevious communication eventspsychological contextthe manner of perceiving themselves and otherscultural contextcommunication normsplay the roles of senders and receivers:senders form messagesC encoders;receivers process the messages and react to them―decoders variables affecting participants:---relationships: familiar or unfamiliar---gender: males or females---culture: from the same culture or from different cultures meaningscommucation across culturethe meanings may not be transferred successfullysymbolswords chosenfacial expressions, gesturestone of voiceencoding and decodingmessage encoded may not be decoded as intendedculture and nonverbal factors---sound, sight, smell, taste, touch---the nature of the channel selected affects the way a message will be processed---the impact of a message changes as the channel used to transmit it changes---the more channels used, the more successful the communication will be---any stimulus that interferes with the sharing of meaningexternal noisestimuli in the surrounding that distract attentioninternal noiseinterfering thoughts and feelings inside a communicatorsemantic noiseinappropriate choice of words---noise can function as a communication barrierverbal responsenonverbal responseserves useful functions for both senders and receivers: it provides senders with the opportunity to measure how they are coming across, and it provides receivers with the opportunity to exert some influence over the communication process.C-- cultural variables that undermine the communication of intended meaningExamples of Semantic Noise一次性用品：A Time Sex Thing一次性筷子：One Sex Chopsticks平时禁止入内：No entry on peace time小心溺水：Careful Drowning童子鸡：Chicken without sexual life麻婆豆腐：Bean curd made by a pockmarked woman贵阳：Expensive Sun干果区：Fuck the fruit areaAssignments1. Find a misleading sign in Meizhou and point out what’s wrong and give a correct one.2. Further Reading I : Understanding Culture p.64-67。
跨文化交际完整第二章文化与跨文化交际
Human beings draw close to one another by their common nature, but habits and customs keep them apart.
❖ Some people shake hands when introduced to a stranger, but other people bow at such an encounter. Why?
.
Culture
❖ Definitions of culture are numerous. ❖ We define culture as the deposit of knowledge,
❖ As the English writer Thomas Fuller wrote 200 years ago, "Culture makes all things easy."
.
Characteristics of Culture
❖ Culture Is Not Innate; It Is Learned. ❖ Culture Is Transmitted from Generation to
.
The Basic Function of Culture
❖ At the core of culture is the idea that it is intended to make life easier for people by “teaching” them how to adapt to their surroundings.
The formal teaching of a culture is far more structured and is often left to the various institutions of the culture, such as schools and churches.
跨文化交际概论(全套课件319P)
第二节
一 二
跨文化交际
跨文化交际的概念及学科背景 跨文化交际研究的时代必要性
第二章
第一节
一 二 三
文化背景与跨文化交际
文化因素与跨文化交际
价值观念 民族性格 自然环境
第二节
一 二 三
心理因素与跨文化交际
思维方式 民族中心主义 心理环境
第三章
一 二 三
社会环境与跨文化交际
第一节 角色关系与跨文化交际
第一章
跨文化交际概述
第一节
文化、交际和语言
一 关于文化的概念
（一）文化的定义
1.文化
“文化”的概念古已有之，指与“武力”相对的文德教化。
圣人之治天下也，先文德而后武力。凡武之兴，为不服也；文化不 改，然后加诛。夫下愚不移，纯德之所不能化，而后武力加焉。
（汉·刘向《说苑·指武》）
文化内辑，武功外悠。（晋·束广微《补亡诗·由仪》）
第一章
跨文化交际概述
第一节
文化、交际和语言
在交际过程中，交际者往往会对彼此交际行为的结果进行预
测。交际是在一定的文化背景和交际情景中进行的，而且交际行 为有其固有的语言规则以及语用规则，因此交际过程是一个交际 双方对彼此的交际行为的结果进行预测的过程。 这种预测可能是自觉的，也可能是无意识的。预测的准确程 度取决于对交际环境因素及其与交际行为相互作用的关系的理解 程度，以及对文化和语用规则掌握的熟练程度和运用的灵活程度。
第一章
跨文化交际概述
第一节
文化、交际和语言
后来“文化”一词被日语借入，到近代作为英语culture的
对译词。再后来“文化”作为日语借词又被现代汉语吸收，于
是“文化”就同英语的culture有了直接的词源关系，并衍生 出“文明”、“教育”等含义。
跨文化交际与跨文化交际学PPT课件
③ 王福祥、吴汉樱编，《文化与语言》(外语教 学与研究出版社,1994)。
.
27
2）90年代中期以后
出版学术专著 发表相关论文 召开学术研讨会
1995年8月，中国跨文化交际研究会在哈
尔滨成立，此后，每两年召开一次全国性 会议。
.
28
学术专著
关世杰：《跨文化交流学》(北京大学出版社,1995)
第二讲 跨文化交际与跨文化交际学
.
1
一、跨文化交际(intercultural communication)
（一）交际的过程和类型
行为源
编码，形成信息，通过渠道
解码，反应，通过渠道反馈
反应者
交际是一个（或多个人）对另一个人（或 多个人）的行为或行为遗迹作出了反应。
.
2
交际的类型
划分标准
交际类型
格林教授和夫人鞠躬 敬请赐复。
.
36
Invitation
Director of the Institute of Atomic Energy requests the pleasure of the company of
Mr. and Mrs. Dickens at a dinner party
in honor of Mr. Liu Wenling senior engineer of the Institute of Atomic Energy
.
30
一些不宜用“姓＋职务”表示的词
中国文化中称呼“姓＋职务”这种类型的，有 些翻译成英文不宜直译，如主任、局长、科长、 老师等。
对于教师的称呼很多，主要有三种： Sir./Ms.；
Mr./Ms.＋姓；直呼其名。 不能是“姓＋teacher”，也不能是直呼别人
《吴为善跨文化交际概论》课程各章节内容要点
《吴为善跨文化交际概论》课程各章节内容要点第一章跨文化语言交际概述第一节文化、语言和交际一、关于文化的概念（一）文化的内涵和特性1、关于文化的内涵概括地讲，文化即是人们所思、所言（言语和非言语）、所为、所觉的总和。
在不同的生态或自然环境下，不同的民族创造了自己特有的文化，也被自己的文化所塑造。
交际即文化，文化即交际，如果没有交际，文化是难以形成的。
科学的提法是：“文化是冻结了的人际交流，而交际是流动着的文化。
”2、关于文化的特性（1）文化由人们的内稳和外显的行为组成。
（2）文化是通过符号被人们习得和传授的知识。
（3）文化是群体行为规则的集合。
（4）文化与社会是潜在现实中两种类型或两个层面上的概念。
（5）文化是历史所衍生及选择的传统观念。
（6）文化和交际具有同一性。
（7）文化是动态多变的。
（8）文化具有选择性。
（9）文化是群体或民族中心主义的意识产物。
（10）文化是个非常复杂的系统。
（二）文化定势、群体文化、亚文化1、文化定势和群体文化世界上大多数社会中都可能存在着若干群体或社团，这些群体或社团对地域、历史、生活方式、世界观，以及价值观等方面的共享，使其成员形成并发展和强化了自己独特的文化和与其相关的交际文化。
存在两种不同类型的文化范畴：一是全民族的文化，即整体的文化形象，二是具体的个性文化，即是按个人的社会情况或个人所属文化群体为基础的文化，有的学者把这种文化称之为群体文化或副文化。
2、亚文化与亚群体在跨文化交际研究中，对文化分类的一种较为传统的做法是把文化分成主流文化和亚文化。
亚文化是指存在于某一主流文化之中的一种非主流文化，某一少数群体的文化，这一文化中的行为模式区别于主流文化的行为模式。
二、关于语言的概念（一）语言是交际工具1、交际媒介言语交际是人类社会中必需的另一种交换活动，交换的是信息、思想、情感。
语言就是一个符号系统，一个人脑子里贮存了符号和符号的组合规则，他就可以和别人交际，传情达意，沟通信息。
(完整版)跨文化交际
第一章关于文化、交际及跨文化交际第一节文化一、文化的定义（一）《现代汉语词典》对于“文化”的解释:1。
人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质和精神财富的总和，特指精神财富，如文学、艺术、教育、科学等。
2。
考古学用语,指同一个历史时期的不依分布地点为转移的遗迹、遗物的综合体。
同样的工具、用具,同样的制造技术等，是同一种文化的特征,如仰韶文化、龙山文化。
3.指运用文字的能力及一般知识。
文化是个非常复杂的系统,它是一个整体，我们所能观察到的只是形成文化系统的具体要素，就是一个个具体的文化现象。
简单归结，文化即是人们所思、所言（言语和非言语）、所为、所觉的总和。
二、文化的特征1。
文化是人类所独有的，是区别人类和动物的主要标志。
是由人类进化过程中衍生出来或创造出来的。
2。
文化不是先天所有,而是通过后天习得的。
3。
文化是一个体系。
4.文化在一个群体中具有共享性。
5。
文化是丰富多样的.6。
文化是发展变化的；7.文化具有民族性和特定的阶级性；8.文化常有本民族文化优越感的倾向;9.文化是建立在象征符号之上的，是可以传递的。
第二节交际一、交际的概念交际这一词汇communicate来源于拉丁语commonis一词,commonis是common的意思.很明显，交际这一概念与“共同”commonness密切相关，即“共同”或“共享”是交际的前提。
交际是符号活动，它是一个动态多变的编译码过程，当交际者把意义赋予言语或非言语符号时，就产生了交际。
交际受制于文化、心理等多种因素 ,交际不一定以主观意志为转移，可能是无意识和无意向的活动 .跨文化交际中“交际"可定义为：信息发送者与信息接受者共享信息的过程。
人们的交际行为主要是以语言为媒介进行信息交换的动态过程。
二、交际的特点1. 交际是传播者和接收者之间的相互活动；2. 交际的双方是动态的；3。
交际过程一旦完成,所发出的信息是不能收回的；4.交际具有社会性。
三、文化和交际的关系文化会影响到交际。
第二章 文化价值观与跨文化交际
（二）用语方面的差别 低语境的交际者不注意非言语传达的信息。他们认为 交流是有意义的言语信息的交流。他们知道一些非言语行 为,比:表情和声调,但是对他们而言,这些只是修饰他们所说 的。他们对情景、参与者的角色等语境因素不予注意。这 就意味着他们常常没有注意到正在和他们交流的人的地位 、其他人没有说出来的话、没有用言语表达的社交期待这 些因素。通常高语境的交际者理解这些语境信息的意思是 没有困难的。当他们看见低语境的交际者不能或没有对语 境信息做出回应时,他们会认为低语境的交际者不体贴他 人,对他人的感受不敏感。
本然-成为取向文化强调通过努力实现个人的发展和提高 ，这种发展和提高的动力(不是为了获得外在的物质财富， 而)是为了实现个人的能力的提高。而且这种能力的价值并 不一定是别人也认可的，只要对自己来说重要即可。
在行动取向文化中，人们倾向于用外在于个人的标准来 衡量人的成就。这种文化最重要的特征就是强调行动的价值 ，（认为人应该积极行动）。
高语境文化 在高语境文化中，交际过程中意义的传递很大一部分并不完全依 赖语言； 信息的表达可以通过暗示、身姿、甚至沉默来完成。 交际者的身份地位（如年龄、性别、受教育程度、家庭背景、头 衔、所属社群）和社会关系等也会影响意义的传递。 由于在高语境文化中，意义部分地蕴含于语境之中，意义的表达 往往采取间接的方式。人们更重视一件事是“怎样”被说出来的，而 不是说了“什么”，非言语线索在交际中受到高度重视。 这是因为，在高语境文化中，人们通常是具有高度一致性的。他 们有共同的经历和经验、有共享的信息网，有一套共同遵守的完备的 社会礼仪规范。因此，在人们的日常交际中，大多数情况下，人们是 不需要更深入的背景信息的。
而在高语境中绝大部分信息或存在于物质语境中或内化于交际者个人很少出现在编码清晰的信息里所以高语境中的交际者认为说话者不必在言语中完整精确地表达意思听话者有责任通过注意言语表达的语境来阐释言语的意思他们期望听话者在阐释信息意思中负更多的责任发挥语用推理能力进而推导出说话者的意图听话者也习惯于并善于从身体语言沉默停顿中去寻找意义
跨文化交际学概论详细笔记必备
第一部分绪论：跨文化交际与跨文化交际学第一章跨文化交际一、什么是跨文化交际——具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程跨文化交际之所以在今天日益引起人们的注意，主要原因是由于交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展，使得不同国家、不同种族、不同民族的人能够频繁地接触和交往。
跨文化交际成为我们时代的一个突出特征。
L.S.Harms认为，在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段：语言的产生；文字的使用；印刷技术的发明；近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展；跨文化交际。
近二十年来的交际是以跨文化为特征的。
二、对跨文化交际的不同理解有的人认为每个人在文化上都是独特的，所以任何两个人之间的交际都是跨文化交际。
有的人认为，不同国籍人们之间的文化差异与不同职业的人们之间的文化差异并没有什么本质上的区别，只是程度上的差异。
有的人认为，跨文化交际研究应该把重点放在亚文化系统的语篇系统方面。
有的人认为，作大范围的国与国之间的对比对于改进跨文化交际益处不大，应该把眼光放在更具体的文化差异上。
跨文化交际研究的范围应该也包括地区、职业、年龄、性别等方面的文化差异的探讨。
文化通常不是指个人的行为，而是指一个群体的生活方式和习惯。
作者认为作跨国、跨种族、跨民族研究不仅应该是跨文化交际研究包括的内容，而且应该是放在首位的。
至于地区、阶级、阶层、职业、性别、年龄等不同层次的差异也应该给予关注。
至于个人之间的差异的研究只是在我们把他们当做群体的代表时才有意义。
在研究一个国家的文化特点时，我们的眼光首先应集中在它的主流文化上，其次才注意它的亚文化和地区文化的特点。
第二章跨文化交际学一、跨文化交际学在美国Intercultural Communication 与人类学、心理学、传播学关系密切1.首先在美国兴起。
美国有来自各个国家的移民，有各自的文化系统和风俗习惯，逐渐在美国社会形成了多元文化的格局；美国与各国交往频繁。
2.Edwar Hall 《无声的语言》跨文化交际学的奠基之作。
《跨文化交际学》第2章(第2节)
第二章
文化背景与跨文化交际
第二节 心理因素与跨文化交际
2.分析思维的特征
西方的思维模式以逻辑、分析、线性为特点，这是一种“无领 域依附”型的思维活动。
把整体分解为部分并加以分门别类，把复杂现象和事物分解为
具体细节或简单要素，然后深入考察各部分、各细节、各要素在整 体中的性质、地位、作用和联系，从而了解其特殊本质。
第二章
文化背景与跨文化交际
第二节 心理因素与跨文化交际
在中国，所谓个人的隐私在不同程度上具有“公共性”，他们 往往受到社会、他人的关心。人们不经允许可以涉足他人的生活领
域，人们可以事先不打招呼突然到朋友家串门，领导可以在任何时
候去下属家看望„„ 人们喜欢议论别人，不少人喜欢传递“小道消息”。议论者从 未有侵犯别人隐私的感觉，“侵犯隐私者”也会安全无恙，因为法 律上没有侵犯隐私的明文规定。因此在中国的人际关系处理中最怕 的是“众口铄金”、“人言可畏”。
第二章
文化背景与跨文化交际
第二节 心理因素与跨文化交际
2.民族中心主义
民族中心主义是民族自尊、民族优越感的极端心态所产生的一 种定势与偏见；指某个民族把自己视为世界的中心，把本民族的文 化作为对待其他民族的参照系，以本民族的文化标准来衡量其他民 族的行为，并把本民族的文化与其他文化对立起来。
第二章
第二章
文化背景与跨文化交际
第二节 心理因素与跨文化交际
3.两种思维方式在文字上的表现
世界上的文字总体上可以分为两大类：表音文字和表意文字。
西方文字属于表音文字系统，拼音字母与语言中的声音单位（音
素或音节）相联系，以形标音，是线性文字。西方文字的这种特点是 西方人重抽象思维的必然结果。
汉字是典型的表意文字，字形与语言中的意义单位（语素）相联
跨文化交际学概论__胡文仲版
第一部分绪论:跨文化交际与跨文化交际学第一章跨文化交际一、什么就是跨文化交际——具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程跨文化交际之所以在今天日益引起人们的注意, 主要原因就是由于交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展,使得不同国家、不同种族、不同民族的人能够频繁地接触与交往。
L、S、Harms 认为,在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段:语言的产生;文字的使用;印刷技术的发明;近百年交通工具的进步与通讯手段的迅速发展;跨文化交际。
近二十年来的交际就是以跨文化为特征的。
二、对跨文化交际的不同理解:有的人认为每个人在文化上都就是独特的,所以任何两个人之间的交际都就是跨文化交际。
有的人认为, 不同国籍人们之间的文化差异与不同职业的人们之间的文化差异并没有什么本质上的区别,只就是程度上的差异。
有的人认为,跨文化交际研究应该把重点放在亚文化系统的语篇系统方面。
有的人认为,作大范围的国与国之间的对比对于改进跨文化交际益处不大,应该把眼光放在更具体的文化差异上。
跨文化交际研究的范围应该也包括地区、职业、年龄、性别等方面的文化差异的探讨。
文化通常不就是指个人的行为, 而就是指一个群体的生活方式与习惯。
作者认为作跨国、跨种族、跨民族研究不仅应该就是跨文化交际研究包括的内容,而且应该就是放在首位的。
至于地区、阶级、阶层、职业、性别、年龄等不同层次的差异也应该给予关注。
至于个人之间的差异的研究只就是在我们把她们当做群体的代表时才有意义。
在研究一个国家的文化特点时, 我们的眼光首先应集中在它的主流文化主流文化上,其次才注意它的亚文化与地区文化的特点。
主流文化-主流文化-亚文化-地区文化-小群体文化(不同年龄、职业、性别群体的文化)三、第二章跨文化交际学跨文化交际学在美国Intercultural Communication (与人类学、心理学、传播学关系密切)1、首先在美国兴起。
美国有来自各个国家的移民,有各自的文化系统与风俗习惯,逐渐在美国社会形成了多元文化的格局;美国与各国交往频繁。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
The Basic Function of Culture
❖ At the core of culture is the idea that it is intended to make life easier for people by “teaching” them how to adapt to their surroundings.
❖ Some people shake hands when introduced to a stranger, but other people bow at such an encounter. Why?
.
Culture
❖ Definitions of culture are numerous. ❖ We define culture as the deposit of knowledge,
Generation. ❖ Culture Is Based on Symbols. ❖ Culture Is Subject to Change. ❖ Culture Is an Integrated System. ❖ Culture Is Ethnocentric.
.
Culture Is Not Innate; It Is Learned.
The formal teaching of a culture is far more structured and is often left to the various institutions of the culture, such as schools and churches.
.
.
Confucius
.
Warm-up Case
❖ Fish Is Fish
.
Learning Objectives
❖ Define the term of culture ❖ Describe the characteristics of culture ❖ Understand the nature of culture ❖ Be aware of cultural differences
experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, social hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relationships, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.
❖ "He who speaks has no knowledge and he who has knowledge does not speak."
❖ As the English writer Thomas Fuller wrote 200 years ago, "Culture makes all things easy."
.
Characteristics of Culture
❖ Culture Is Not Innate; It Is Learned. ❖ Culture Is Transmitted from Generation to
.
Culture
❖ Some people in many parts of the world put dogs in their ovens, but people in the United States put them on their couches and beds. Why?
❖ Some people in Iran pray five times each day while sitting on the floor, but some people in Las Vegas sit up all night in front of video poker machines. Why?
❖ Culture is learned in a variety of ways and from a host of different sources.
Informal learning, which is often very subtle, normally takes place through interaction, observation and imitation.
Learning Culture through
Proverbs
❖ "One does not make the wind blow but is blown by it."
❖ "Order is half of life."
❖ "The mouth maintains silence in order to hear the heart talk."
Chapter Two
Culture and Intercultural Communication
Human beings draw close to one another by their common nature, but habits and customs keep them apart.
❖ Some people paint and decorate their entire bodies, but others spend hundreds of dollars painting and decorating only their faces. Why?
❖ Some people talk to God, but others have God talk to them, and still others say t