国际商法CHAPTER1(1)资料
国际商法 第一章
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Treaties or conventions International custom General principles of law recognized by civilized nations Judicial decisions and teachings of highly qualified legal writers
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© 2009 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Prentice Hall
Examples of Public and Private International Law
© 2009 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Prentice Hall
Topics for this chapter:
CHAPTER 1
Defining International Law Making International Law Sources of International law Scope of International Law in Practice International Persons Individual Rights Under International Law Comparison of Municipal Legal Systems
1. Consistently and regularly observed, and • (Evidence of this found in official
statements of governments, opinions of legal advisors, executive decrees, orders to military forces, and court decisions.) 2. Recognized by those states observing it as a practice that they must obligatorily follow.
国际商法（1）
第一章1、国际商法是指调整国际商事组织和国际商事交易活动的各种关系的法律规范的总和。
2、国际商法与国际私法、国际经济法的区别国际商法与国际经济法不同，国际商法不是国家干预经济的产物，它的调整对象只是商人们的跨国商事交易和商事组织，调整对象决定了其法律性质必然是私法性的。
与国际私法不同，国际商法直接规范国际商事交易和商事组织，国际私法属于冲突规范，它只是为具有涉外因素的私法案件确定准据法。
3、国际法方面渊源包括国际条约和国际惯例A国际条约中按照条约的缔约方数目划分，可以分为双边、区域性和全球性国际条约。
B国际商事惯例国际商事惯例是在长期的商业或贸易实践基础上发展起来的用于解决国际商事问题的实体法性质的国际惯例。
根据长期的国际贸易实践中逐步形成的某些通用的习惯做法而制定的规则。
虽然不是法律，不具有普遍的法律拘束力。
但按各国的法律，在国际贸易中都允许当事人有选择适用国际贸易惯例的自由，一旦当事人在合同中采用了某项惯例，它对双方当事人就具有法律拘束力。
4、大陆法系直接源于罗马法系。
罗马法定义：是指奴隶制国家从公元前6世纪罗马国家形成到东罗马帝国灭亡时期的全部法律。
最早的成文法：《十二铜表法》《国法大全》《查士丁尼国法大全》（《罗马法大全》）的四部分《学说便会》《法学阶梯》《查士丁尼法典》《新律》。
5、大陆法系和英美法系比较1、法律分类方法不同。
大陆法系国家一般将公法和私法的划分作为法律分类的基础，在此基础上进一步划分法律部门。
英美法系则以普遍法和衡平法为法律的基本分类。
2、法律的表现形式不同。
大陆法系国家在私法方面倾向于编纂法典，英美法系主要以判例法为主要形式。
3在法律思维方式的特点方面，大陆法系的法官审理案件以成文的法律条文为依据，运用演绎型思维分析案件；英美法系的法官引证判例案审理案件，运用归纳式思维，注重类比推理。
4、在诉讼程序方面，大陆法系与教会法程序接近，属于纠问制诉讼，英美法系则采用对抗制诉讼程序。
国际商法第1章绪论
复习思考题
1．什么是国际商法? 国际商法的特征？ 2．国际商法的渊源有哪些? 3 3．商人习惯法的特点？ 4．大陆法系和英美法系在结构和渊源上有何 区别? 5．判例在大陆法系和英美法系的地位有何不 同?
6．什么是英国法的“先例约束力原 则”？ 7．衡平法与普通法的主要区别？ 8．两大法系的发展趋势是什么？
3．国内立法 国内立法作为国际商法的渊源，是指 各国制定的关于调整涉外商事交易关 系的法律、法令、条例、规定等规范 性文件。 4．判例 在英美普通法之中，判例是国家法律 的重要渊源。判例虽不是大陆法系国 家的正式渊源，但是，大陆法系国家 在司法实践中也往往参考上级法院的 有关判例，使得判例在很多场合下实 际上成了“准法律”。
“商事”并不仅仅限于商业活动。 “国际”的含义是指“跨越国境”的 意思。 现代国际商法的调整范围是非常广泛 的，已经从传统国际商法的范围：商 事组织、合同、代理、买卖、海商、 保险、票据等领域，拓展到技术贸易、 服务贸易、投资、金融、产品责任等 众多的国际经济领域。
1．1．2国际商法的渊源 国际商法的渊源是指国际商法产生的依据及其具体 的表现形式。 国际商法有四个主要渊源： 1．国际条约 国际条约或公约是指国家间共同制定的商事规范， 双边性质的称条约，多边性质的则称公约。 2．国际商事惯例 国际商事惯例是指在长期的国际贸易活动中形成的， 由某些国际组织或某些商业团体整理编纂成文的， 为广大国际商事当事人所普遍接受的贸易规则。
1.3.2英美法的结构、渊源和特点 英美法的结构、 英美法系又称英国法系、海洋法系、 普通法系，是英国中世纪以来的法律 以及受其影响或者仿此模式制定的美 国及其他国家法律的总称。 英国法的结构、 1 ． 3 ． 2 ． 1 英国法的结构 、 特点及其 渊源 1．英国法的结构和特点 英国法分为普通法与衡平法，这种二 元性结构是英国法的一个主要特点。
国际商法1单元演示文稿
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II. Sources of International Business Law
Sources of International Business Law are what international tribunals rely on in determining the content of international business law. The main sources include international treaties and conventions, international customs and usages, national business law.
Transactions Contents of International Business Law
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I. Definition of International Business Law
1. Defining International Business Law International business law refers to the
Conventions are binding agreements between states sponsored by international organizations.
国际商法Chapter One
Chapter OneIntroduction to International Business Law1. What is the “International Business Law”?2. What is the basic source of international business law?3. What is the meaning of CISG in Chinese?4. What is the meaning of INCOTERMS 2000 in Chinese?5. What is the meaning of the Hague Rules in Chinese?6. International treaties and conventions means the general rules and practices in international trade activities that have become generally adopted through unvarying habit and common use.（）7. International business custom can be differentiated three concepts. What are they?8. All international trade custom does not have any legal binding effect until the parties of an international business transaction choose it to apply to their contract, and the court and arbitration institution may decide or enforce accordingly. （）9. What is the meaning of International Chamber of Commerce？10. What is the meaning of UCP 600?11. What is the common-law system or English Law system or Anglo-American law system?12. What is the civil-law system or Continental law system or Romano-Germanic law system?14. Common-law systems are based largely on case law, that is, on court decision. ( )15. Louisiana and every Canadian province except Quebec adopted a common-law system. ( )16. What is the main difference between the civil law system and the common law system?17. Common-law systems are based mainly on statutes, legislative acts. ( )。
国际商法第一章 概述
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4、法律效力越出国界，涉及参加国际商事活 动的各国国民。
国与国间 （International） 国际
政治意义
× 商法 √
跨越国界 （Transnational）
地理意义
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国际商法最基本的内容：
①基础和核心：国际商事合同法、国际商事代理法 ②直接调整国际商事行为的法律规范：国际货物买卖法、 票据法、电子商务法 ③有关管理国际商事行为的法律规范：国际商事组织法、 海上运输法、海上运输保险法、产品责任法 ④处理国际商事争议的法律规范：国际商事仲裁法
这里特别提一下美国。 美国也属于英美法系。美国与英国一样以判例法 作为法的主要渊源，而把成文法看做是对判例法的 补充或修正。美国法采用英国法的范畴、概念与分 类方法，也存在普通法与衡平法的区别，这是美国 法与英国法的相同之处。但是，由于美国是联邦制 国家，在美国法律中，既包括联邦法，也包括州法。 因此，美国法律的结构与英国法律的结构又有很大 的差异。 判例是美国法的主要渊源。但是自19世纪末以来， 成文法的数量大大地增加，成文法在社会生活中的 作用越来越重要。包括联邦的成文法与各州的成文 法。
普通法和衡平法比较：
项目
类别
普通法（Common Law）
衡平法（Equity）
救济方法
金钱赔偿、返还财产
（还包括）实际履行、禁令
诉讼程序
必设陪审团、口头答辩询问
不设陪审团、书面诉讼程序
包括内容
刑法、合同法、侵权行为法等
公司法、破产法、继承法等
法律术语
各自不同的法律术语，律师和法官也分两类，一类适用普通法，另一 类适用衡平法
4、大陆法的推理方式 法律推理是指以法律与事实两个已知的判断为前 提，运用科学的方法和规则，为法律适用结论提供 正当理由的一种逻辑思维活动。 ①大陆法系国家通行的推理方式是演绎推理。 由一般到特殊的方式，即应用法律原则和规则处 理个别案件。 ②法官和法院只是现有法律的执行者。 在诉讼程序中以法官为中心，具有纠问程序的特 点，奉行干涉主义。
国际商法雷奥古斯特CHAPTER 1
1. Consistently and regularly observed, and • (Evidence of this found in official
statements of governments, opinions of legal advisors, executive decrees, orders to military forces, and court decisions.) 2. Recognized by those states observing it as a practice that they must obligatorily follow.
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© 2009 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Prentice Hall
Schools of Thought Defining The Basis of International Law (IL)
Cosmopolitans argue that IL is based upon universal human rights. Positivists say that IL is based on the sovereign equality of all states and state consent to IL through treaties or custom. Hobbesians claim that states will make agreements and abide by IL only when it suits their self-interests.
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Treaties or conventions International custom General principles of law recognized by civilized nations Judicial decisions and teachings of highly qualified legal writers
国际商法第一章(双语)
QUESTIONS, CONTINUED
What shall I do, and how shall I behave, as a company, so as to comply with those regulations in order to do business more successfully without any such ramifications? ------------------------------------------------ NOW, these are the legal risks and business risks we will primarily deal with throughout this course.
批注本地保存成功开通会员云端永久保存去开通
INTRODUCTION TO IBL
mechanics of, covered by, IBL;
and
In this course, I will walk you through the
and
rules
I will deal particularly with some important aspects of IBL, such as international trade law, and how to identify and prevent business as well as legal risks.
Scenario 1:
You decide to do business or invest in Country A that is on the list of trade embargo imposed by Country B, a country that exerts strict control over export & import, especially of technologies subject to the regulation of, like,
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What is International Law?
Historically, dealt with the rules and norms regulating the relationships between states (countries)
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Schools of Thought Defining The Basis of International Law (ILed upon universal human rights.
This law between nations is called public international law
With growth of relationships between persons and corporations in different states, private international law developed to govern their conduct
Taking jurisdiction in U.S. would have interfered with Ecuador’s sovereign right to control its own environment.
Case dismissed under the doctrine of comity of nations.
© 2009 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Prentice Hall
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Examples of Public and Private International Law
© 2009 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Prentice Hall
© 2009 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Prentice Hall
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U.S. Courts Apply Comity and Refuse to Take Jurisdiction When:
The defendant is a sovereign state
Topics for this chapter:
Defining International Law Making International Law Sources of International law Scope of International Law in Practice
International Persons Individual Rights Under International Law Comparison of Municipal Legal Systems
Defendant has insufficient contacts with the U.S.
Another judicial forum is more convenient
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Goodwill and Civility Between States: Comity
Republic of the Philippines v. Westinghouse
Elec. Corp. 43 F3d 65 (3rd Cir, 1994)
• U.S. trial court ordered the Philippine government
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW
© 2009 Pearson Education Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW
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Case 1-1 Ignacio Sequihua v. Texaco Inc.
Comity applied to private dispute.
Court in Texas declined to exercise jurisdiction over activity and harm that occurred in Ecuador.
Positivists say that IL is based on the sovereign equality of all states and state consent to IL through treaties or custom.
Hobbesians claim that states will make agreements and abide by IL only when it suits their self-interests.
to not harass witnesses involved in the case.
• Court of Appeals overturned the order. • Held that a court could request compliance by a
foreign sovereign as a matter of comity, but could
not order compliance.
• Comity requires that we respect other countries’
sovereignty and law so that they will respect ours.
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