英语常见修辞手法

Metaphor隐喻、暗喻
A metaphor is a literary figure of speech that uses an image, story or tangible thing to represent a less tangible thing or some intangible quality or idea; e.g., "Her eyes were glistening jewels". Metaphors are comparisons that show how two things that are not alike in most are similar in one important way. A metaphor is more forceful (active) than an analogy, because metaphor asserts two things are the same, whereas analogy implies a difference;
A…B with signal words of：
Like, not unlike, as, as if, as it were, may be compared to, similar to…——simile(明喻)
A…B with signal words of:
Be(is), or no signal words——metaphor
synecdoche 即提喻
提喻大致归纳为四种情况：a.部分和全体互代；b.以材料代替事物；
c.抽象和具体互代；
d.以个体代替整个类。

1.Outside,(there is) a sea of faces.外面街上，是人的海洋。

（以人体的局部代全体，即以faces 表示people）
2.Have you any coppers?你有钱吗？（以材料代事物，即以copper铜喻指coin money
铜币）
3.They share the same roof.他们住在一起。

（以部分代全体，即roo屋顶，表示house 屋子、住宅）
递升法（Climax）
运用这种修辞手法，能够使要表达的思想加深，感情逐步强化，因而能够增强语言的说服力和感染力
1、以程度的深浅，语意的轻重的顺序来排列语句
I am sorry, I am so very sorry, I am so extremely sorry. I admire her, I love her, I need her.
When we heard the good news, we clapped their hands, sang and danced and jumped for joy.
2、以范围的大小顺序来排列语句
He wanted to educate his children, serve this country, and satisfy his God.
He gazed upon the pretty houses, green hills and the broad Pacific.
3、以时间的先后顺序来排列语句They came, they played, they conquered.
The prisoner was first questioned, then tortured, and finally shot.
Synesis
单词的搭配符合逻辑，但不符合语法，比如例句中的anyone 和them。

If anyone calls, tell them I am out.
Litotes(曲意)
利用否定的形式，表达肯定的意思，比如例句中的not healthy 相当于dangerous.
War is not healthy for children and other living things.
Alliteration(押头韵)
一组单词的第一个辅音相同，比如例句中四个以L开头的单词。

Let us go forth to lead the land we love.
Metonymy(换喻)
用一个单词代替另外一个在概念上有关联的单词，比如例句中的sword，用来代替war。

The pen is mightier than the sword.
Paradox(佯谬)
似是而非、或者似非而是的表达，比如例句中关于youth的看法。

What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young.
Parallelism(排比)
由三个或三个以上结构相同或相似、内容相关、证据一致的短语或句子排列在一起，用来加强语势强调内容，加重感情的修辞方式。

Examples:
1.parallelism of words:
She tried to make her pastry fluffy, sweet, and delicate.
parallelism of phrases:
Singing a song or writing a poem is joyous.
2.parallelism of clauses:
Perch are inexpensive; cod are cheap; trout are abundant; but salmon are best.
Zeugma(轭式搭配)
用一个形容词修饰两个名词，其中一个修饰是通顺的，另外一个修饰则是勉强的，比如”他接受我的建议和钱包”
例: He lost his coat and his temper.（他丢了上衣，发了脾气。

）
上例中，动词"lost"支配"his coat"和"his temper"，但是"lost"和"his coat"搭配时是“丢”的意思,和"his temper"搭配时就不是，这就是配对不当的情况。

Metanoia （自我更正）
Assonance(协音)
重复某个发音相同或相似的音节，比如例句中的Thy/thy和-dom/done.
Thy kingdom come, thy will be done.
Onomatopoeia(拟声)
模拟自然界的各种声音，比如例句中的ticktacking.
I hear the clock ticktacking, and time goes by.
Epithet
An epithet is an adjective, especially of praise or blame of a person. it differs from grammatical modifiers because it emphasizes rhetorical effect. Sometimes an epithet has no meaning at all, only creating a rhetorical effect. Therefore, it is called a transferred epithet with shifts from its proper subject to some allied circumstance.
例：even at this tortured moment he could just feel the extraordinary nature of the bargain he had made.
Personification(拟人)
用人的特性来描述人以外的事物，比如例句中的England.
England expects every man to do his duty.
Antithesis(对偶)
两个或多个句子，结构相同，但含义相反，或者含义形成对比，比如例句中的is no vice 和 is no virtue
Extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice, moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue.
Asyndeton连接词省略
省略单词、短语或从句之间的连接词，比如例句中省略了两个连接词and。

But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground.
Analogy(类比)
A special form of comparison, showing similarities between essentially unlike things, things belonging to totally different classes.
Eg.girls and flowers
Aporia(假装疑问)
假装表示疑问，做出对某件事情好像不太肯定的样子
Then the steward said within himself,“what shall I do?”
Hyperbole(夸张)
Cacophony(杂音)
使用一组发音不和谐的单词，以便让人听着不舒服，比如例句中的一组单词
We want no parlay with you and your grisly gang who work your wicked will.
Euphemism(委婉)
用礼貌、非冒犯性的表达，代替不礼貌、冒犯性的表达，比如例句中的passed away 和went to be with the lord.
Charles shively,94, passed away and went to with the Lord on April 22, 2004, from natural causes.
Euphony(谐音)
Apostrophe(顿呼)
在叙述过程中，突然对不在场的第三人（或拟人化的抽象事物）的称呼，不如例句中的o you gods
Judge, o you gods, how dearly Caesar loved him.
Oxymoron(矛盾修饰)
使用两个或多个自相矛盾的单词，比如例句中的cruel 和 kind.
I must be cruel only to be kind.
Irony(反语)
字面意思与说话人实际想表达的意思不一致，通常用来讽刺，比如例句中的an honourable man
Yet brutus says he was ambitious, and brutus is an honourable man.。