经济专业英语课件
经济学专业英语教程(精编版)(第二版)课件：Monopoly
(4) What kinds of policies can be taken by the government to deal with the monopolistic behaviors?
The antitrust laws give the government various ways to promote competition. They allow the government to prevent mergers.
Antitrust laws have costs as well as benefits. Sometimes companies merge not to reduce competition but to lower costs through more efficient joint production. These benefits from mergers are sometimes called synergies.
Although exclusive ownership of a key resource is a potential cause of monopoly, in practice monopolies rarely arise for this reason. Actual economies are large, and resources are owned by many people. Indeed, because many goods are traded internationally, the natural scope of their markets is often worldwide. There are, therefore, few examples of firms that own a resource for which there are no close substitutes.
经济学专业英语Unit9 Inflation精品PPT课件
Core inflation usually excludes energy and food products.
The products that have had largest price changes are taken out.
( 3 ) Hyper inflation
·Extremely rapid or out of control inflation.
Today we will have a command of basic common sense concerning inflation, now let us get in it
1. Definition:
In economics ,inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of good and services in an economy over a period of time.
3.Reasons
Name : Liu Ye Gang
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4.Calculation
INDEX FOR YEAR 3=【(year 3 expenditure )÷(year 1 expenditure )】 =(31÷21)×100%=147.62%
·The most famous example of hyperinflation occurred in Germany between January 1922 and November 1923.
经济学专业英语教程(精编版)(第二版)课件：Foreign Aid
• structural transformation
• donor country
• aid weariness
• recipient country
• aid disillusionment
• Marshall Plan
• multilateral assistance
• Two-Gap Model
• absorptive capacity
Economists have defined foreign aid as any flow of capital to the less-developed countries (LDCs) that meets two criteria: (1) its objective should be noncommercial from the point of view of the donor, and (2) it should be characterized by concessional terms; that is, the interest rate and repayment period for borrowed capital should be softer (less stringent) than commercial terms.
• eloped countries (LDCs) • debt repayment
• official grants
• second-best option
• concessional loans
• conscience money
• in kind
Even at the strictly economic level, definite benefits accrue to donor countries as a result of their aid programs. The increasing tendency toward providing loans instead of outright grants (interestbearing loans now constitute over 80% of all aid, compared to less than 40% in earlier periods) and toward tying aid to the exports of donor countries has saddled many LDCs with substantial debt repayment burdens.
《经济学专业英语教程(精编版)》Unit 1[27页]
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• supply curve • market mechanism • equilibrium price • related goods • consumer tastes • Future expectations • changes in demand • changes in supply
Unit 7 Text: Money and Banking（货币与银行） Additional Text: The U.S. Central Bank: The Federal Reserve System（美国的中央银行：
联邦储备制度）
Unit 8 Text: Foreign Exchange and Exchange Rate（外汇与汇率） Additional Text: The Effects of Exchange Rates on the Economy（汇率对经济的影响）
Unit 11 Text: Population（人口） Additional Text: The Consequences of High Fertility: Some Conflicting Opinions（高出生率的影响：一
些冲突的观点）
Unit 12 Text: Environmental Protection（环境保护） Additional Text: Methods of Pollution Control（污染控制的方法）
Unit 15 Text: Foreign Aid（外国援助） Ad资di与tio跨na国l T企ex业t: ）Foreign Direct Investment and Multinational Enterprises（外国直接投
Unit 16 Text: Economic Globalization（经济全球化） Additional Text: Regional Economic Integration（区域经济一体化）
经济学专业英语教程(精编版)(第二版)课件：Nontariff Barriers
In general, these provisions restrict the purchasing of foreign products by home government agencies.
For example, the “Buy American” Act stipulated that federal government agencies must purchase from home U.S. firms unless the firm’s product price was more than 6 percent above the foreign supplier’s price. This figure was 12 percent for some Department of Defense purchases, and, for a time a 50 percent figure wf import quotas 3.2 Reasons for import quotas
The import quota is a limit on the total quantity of imports allowed into a country each year.
Quality standards do not raise tariff or tax revenues for the importing country’s government. On the contrary, enforcing these rules with border inspections uses up government resources. From the viewpoint of the world as a whole, the quality standards may bring a gain to
经济学专业英语教程(精编版)(第二版)课件：Oligopoly
Without formal agreement, firms can play a game of follow-the-leader that economists call price leadership. Price leadership is a pricing strategy in which a dominant firm sets the price for an industry and the other firms follow. Following this tactic, firms in an industry simply match the price of perhaps, but not necessarily, the biggest firm.
An oligopoly is characterized by: Few sellers; Either a homogeneous or a differentiated product; Difficult market entry. Oligopoly is found in real-world industries.
Another way to avoid price wars is for oligopolists to agree to a peace treaty. Instead of allowing mutual interdependence to lead to rivalry, firms openly or secretly conspire to form a monopoly called a cartel. A cartel is a group of firms that formally agree to control the price and the output of a product. The goal of a cartel is to reap monopoly profits by replacing competition with cooperation.
经济学专业英语
Unit one经济体系economic system经济目标economic goal经济活动economic activity经济增长economic growth经济萧条economic depression经济理论economic theory经济收益economic benefit经济效益economic result s经济效益economic performance 经济效益economic effectiveness 经济环境economic environment 经济政策economic policy经济欲望economic want s经济模式economic mound/model 经济杠杆economic lever经济机构economic institution经济布局economic pattern经济命脉economic lifeline经济结构economic structure经济合同economic contract经济危机economic crisis经济奇迹economic miracle经济实体economic entity经济制裁economic sanction经济基础economic bas is/base经济复苏economic recoveryUnit two有效需求effective demand市场需求market demand供大于求oversupply/gult(supply exceed s demand) 供给曲线supply curve需求量quantity deman ded需求变化change in demanded需求定律law of demand需求曲线demand curve供不应求weak supply市场机制market mechanism需求分析demand analys is供给表supply schedule反向关系negative relationship市场价格market price均衡价格equilibrium price实际价格actual price Unit three讨价还价price bargain价格可比性price comparability时价表/行情表price current最低价（限度）price floor最高价（限度）price ceiling价格波动price fluctuation物价指数price index价格变动幅度price range价格暴涨price boom价格管制price control价格预测price expectation提价price increase物价水平price level价格尺度price measure价格剪刀差price scissors物价稳定price stability物价螺旋上升price spiral价格战price war价格调整price adjustment价格歧视price discriminationUnit four利润最大化profit maximization总收益total revenue机会成本opportunity costs显性成本explicit costs隐性成本implicit costs经济利润economic profit会计利润accounting profit正常利润normal profit固定成本fixed costs可变成本variable costs平均总成本average total costs边际成本marginal costs私人成本private costs社会成本social costs经济决策economic decision makingUnit five进入壁垒barriers to entry潜在原因potential cause现实经济actual economy市场份额market share公共利益public interest收取较高价格charge high er price s赚取较多利润earn higher profit s自然垄断natural monopoly垄断地位monopoly position竞争性市场competitive market增强竞争increase competition行政管理人员administrative staff成本-收益分析cost-benefit analys is管制制度regulatory system无谓损失deadweight loss筹款raise money集体所有制collective ownership利益集团interest group产业革命industrial revolution实际上（3个）in practice/effect/essence与此相比b y c ontrast简而言之put s implyUnit six不完全竞争imperfect competition市场结构market structure制造业manufacturing industry产品差异化product differentiation相互依赖mutual interdependence换句话说（3个）stated another waystated differently/in other word s标准化产品standardized product法律壁垒legal barrier非价格竞争non price competition运动鞋athletic shoe减价（2个）price cut/reduction涨价price hike做出定价决策make pricing decision s价格刚性price rigidity价格大战price war瓦解break up贫富差距the gap between the rich and the poorUnit seven国民收入核算national income account国内生产总值gross adj.总共的domestic product 国民生产总值gross national product国内生产净值net domestic product实际国内生产总值real gross domestic product 名义国内生产总值nominal gross domestic product现值美元current dollar最终产品final good s增加值，附加值value added销售税sales tax市场价格market price净收入net income生产要素factor of product ion不变美元constant dollar中间产品intermediate good s本期产出current output货物税excise n. 消费税；货物税tax净价net price要素成本factor cost实际产出physical outputUnit eight资本积累capital accumulation总生产函数aggregate production function劳动供给labor supply物质资本physical capital收益递减diminishing returns人力资本human capital资本存量capital stock劳动生产率labor product ivity劳动力labor force规模经济economi es n.节约（economy复数）of scaleUnit nine抢购panic n. 恐慌buying基年base year加权法weight measurement物价指数price index收入分配income distribution需求拉上型通货膨胀demand-pull inflation成本推动型通货膨胀cost-push inflation通货膨胀率inflation rate生产价值produc tion value货币供应量money supplyUnit eleven外汇资产foreign exchange assets n. 资产外汇经纪人foreign exchange broker外汇负债foreign exchange liabilities负债外汇市场foreign exchange market外汇汇率foreign exchange rate资产结合平衡理论portfolio证券投资组合balance theory中央银行central bank干预市场intervene干涉in the market外汇银行foreign exchange bank外汇波动foreign exchange fluctuation外汇许可foreign exchange license外汇牌价foreign exchange quotations外汇储备foreign exchange reserve s n. 储备货币理论monetary theory增加需求increase demand以英镑标价的证券Sterling-denominated securitiesUnit twelve金融市场financial market金融中心financial center金融工具financial instrument金融资本financial capital金融体系financial system金融机制financial mechanism金融危机financial crisis金融期货financial future金融机构financial institution金融风险financial risk金融债券financial bond金融政策financial policy国际储备international reserve国际结算international settlement国际汇兑international exchange国际金融international finance国际债务international debt国际租赁international leasing国际货币体系international monetary system 国际资本流动international capital movement 国际外汇市场international foreign exchange market国际货币基金组织International Monetary Fund。
《经济学专业英语教程(第三版·下)》Unit 7
2.4 Marketing company era
• Today, the central role of marketing has been recognized by many firms, and the marketing department has become the equal of others in the company. At these firms, major decisions are made on the basis of thorough consumer analysis.
1. Key words
• traveling salespeople • Industrial Revolution • adapt to consumer needs • production era of marketing • production capability • sales era of marketing • satisfy consumer demand • surplus inventory • marketing department era • marketing company era • consumer-oriented • goal-oriented
During the initial stages of the Industrial Revolution, output was limited and marketing was devoted to the physical distribution of products. Because demand was high and competition was low, companies did not have to conduct consumer research, modify products, or otherwise adapt to consumer needs. Their goal was to increase production to keep up with demand.
经济学专业英语 课件.ppt
repreneurship)
an increase in labor supply
• பைடு நூலகம்n increasing labor supply can genetate more output.
• Diminishing returns
If the capital stock remains fixed while labor increases, it is likely that the new labor will be less productive than the old labor.
• 3.What do you think of Chinese economic growth ?
• the four wheels of growth: • human resouces(labor
suply,education,discipline,motivation)
• natural resources(land,minerals,fuels,
enviromental quality)
Capital equipment produces in one year can add to the value of a product over many
years.
increases in human capital
• Individuals • Firms • Government
increases in productivity
《经济学专业英语教程(第三版·下)》Unit-5
3. Investment environment
3.1 Securities 3.2 Security markets 3.3 Financial intermediaries
3.1 Securities
3.1.1 Definition of security 3.1.2 The rate of return of f return of security
The rate of return (or simply the return) of security, is calculated as follows: Return= (end-of-period wealth － beginning-of-period wealth) / beginning-of-period wealth
3.1.1 Definition of security
• In general, only a piece of paper represents the investor’s rights to certain prospects or property and the conditions under which he or she may exercise those rights. This piece of paper, serving as evidence of property rights, is called a security.
4. Investment process
4.1 Set investment policy 4.2 Perform security analysis 4.3 Construct a portfolio 4.4 Revise the portfolio 4.5 Evaluate the performance of the portfolio
经济学专业英语教程(精编版)(第二版)课件：Fiscal and Monetary Policy
3.1 Definition of fiscal policy 3.2 Composition of fiscal policy 3.3 Fiscal policy as a stabilization tool: Three qualifications 3.4 Reasons for fiscal policy as a stabilizing force
Transfer payments are payments made by the government to the public, for which no current goods or services are received. Examples of transfer payments are unemployment insurance benefits, Social Security benefits, and income support payments to farmers.
Changes in the level of taxes or transfers can be used to affect planned aggregate expenditure and thus eliminate output gaps.
3.3.1 Fiscal policy and the supply side 3.3.2 The problem of deficits 3.3.3 The relative inflexibility of fiscal policy
经济学专业英语教程(第四版 上)课件Unit 14
4. STABILIZING THE ECONOMY
In addition, government tries to smooth out the ups and downs of the business cycle, in order to avoid either large-scale unemployment at the bottom of the cycle or raging price inflation at the top of the cycle.
Government may use its influence to control harmful externalities. Government can levy taxes on activities which impose external public costs, or it can subsidize activities which are socially beneficial.
• positive externality • free rider • unregulated market • health care • pharmaceutical company • household appliances • income redistribution • economic function
5. CONDUCTING INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY
经济学专业英语教程(精编版)( 第二版 )课件Unit 5
Net domestic product (NDP) is equal to GDP minus the capital consumption allowance, a measure of depreciation.
NDP comes closer to measuring the net amount of goods produced in the country in a given period—it is the total value of production minus the value of the amount of capital used up in producing that output.
• GDP • GNP • NDP • final goods • per capita GDP • intermediate goods • double counting • value added • market price • indirect taxes • factor cost • national income accounts • nominal GDP
GNP is the value of final goods and services produced by domestically owned factors of production within a given period.
The difference between GDP and GNP arises because some of the output produced within a given country is made by factors of production owned abroad.
经济学专业英语教程(精编版)( 第二版 )课件Unit 13
The General Council meets regularly to carry out the functions of the WTO. It has representatives (usually ambassadors or equivalent) from all member governments. The General Council has the authority to act on behalf of the ministerial conference in the intervals between meetings of the Ministerial Conference, in addition to carrying out the specific tasks assigned to it by the WTO Agreement. It should report to the Ministerial Conference.
(6) Ensuring that developing countries, and especially the least developed among them, secure a share in the growth in international trade commensurate with the needs of their economic development.
3.1 Ministerial Conference 3.2 General Council 3.3 Councils and Specific Committees 3.4 Secretariat
The Ministerial Conference is the topmost decisionmaking body of the WTO, which has to meet at least every two years. It brings together all members of the WTO, all of which are countries or customs unions. The Ministerial Conference can take decisions on all matters under any of the multilateral trade agreements.
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Text A Introduction to Economics
• Areas of Economics Microeconomics Macroeconomics Related fields, other distinctions, and classifications Mathematical and quantitative methods
Unit 1 What Is Economics
• Is economics a science? • What’s your understanding of economics? • Why do we call economics as western economics? • Could you give some definitions of economics?
The power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man. toil vi & n. 长时间或辛苦的工作
• • • • • •
descend vt. & vi. 下降，下来；递减；遗传 descendant n. adj. vulgar 庸俗的 dispense with 无需；免除 pervasive 普遍的，无孔不入的 synthesis
English Resume
• • • • • • • • curriculum vitae CV a. outline the important points b. brevity 省略主语 “I”；Passed CET-6. 尽量省略谓语动词；Born: Jan 6,1988. 尽量用简单句，避免复合句，用分词代替从句。 Having been a computer operator for 4 years, 用缩写。
• traditional threats • the threats as a result of military action, politics and diplomacy. • non-traditional threats • These non-traditional threats come in the form of terrorism, drug trafficking, serious communicable diseases, piracy, illegal immigration, environmental security, economic and financial security, and information security.
经济学专业英语
Economics English
Email: rollandwang@
Unit 1 What Is Economics
• • • • • • • • • • • subsistence; subsist equilibrium 均衡 aggregate prioritize heterodox doctrine; theology nexus derivation calculus differential; integral algebra; algebraic variable 变量 premodern hypothesize paradox premise orthodox un-
• • • • • • •
towering 杰出的 usher 开创，引领 unavailing 无效的 endogenous 内生的 disseminate 散步，传播 academician evolutionary
Unit 2 Political Economy
• Text A • Marked changes in world’s political, economic landscape
• • • • • •
mercantilist physiocrat -cy credit lose ~ with sb; vt. ~ Xenophon
• Classical Economics Thomas Malthus: demographer demography
State Sponsors of Terrorism
• nations designated by Department of State to “have repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism”. • Inclusion on the list imposes strict sanctions. • The list began on December 29, 1979, with Libya, Iraq, South Yemen, and Syria. • Countries currently on the list ：According to Country Reports on Terrorism 2010( August 18, 2011)
• Related fields, other distinctions, and classifications
• give an example of normative analysis • describes mainstream economics as dealing with the "rationality-individualism-equilibrium nexus" and heterodox economics as defined by a "institutions-history-social structure nexus."
• Rational Expectation School
Mathematical and quantitative methods
• Mathematical economics • matrix 矩阵 expositor • Econometrics • National accounting • How many methods can we use to get the GDP data?
Unit 3 International Economics
• A reserve currency, or anchor currency, is a currency that is held in significant quantities by many governments and institutions as part of their foreign exchange reserves. It also tends to be the international pricing currency for products traded on a global market, and commodities such as oil, gold, etc.
• The SDR is an international reserve asset, created by the IMF in 1969 to supplement its member countries' official reserves. Its value is based on a basket of four key international currencies, and SDRs can be exchanged for freely usable currencies. With a general SDR allocation that took effect on August 28 and a special allocation on September 9, 2009, the amount of SDRs increased from SDR 21.4 billion to around SDR 204 billion (equivalent to about $328.3 billion, converted using the rate of August 31, 2011).
• Cuba(1982) Iran(1984) Sudan (1993) Syria(1979)
• Countries that have been removed :
• Iraq(-2004)；Libya (-2006) ；North Korea(1988-2008)； South Yemen (-1990)
• General allocations of SDRs have to be based on a long-term global need to supplement existing reserve assets. General SDR allocations have been made only three times. The first allocation was for a total amount of SDR 9.3 billion, distributed in 1970-72, and the second allocated SDR 12.1 billion, distributed in 1979-81. These two allocations resulted in cumulative SDR allocations of SDR 21.4 billion. To help mitigate the effects of the financial crisis, a third general SDR allocation of SDR 161.2 billion was made on August 28, 2009.