语言学 名词解释

1.Semantics: the study of meaning

2.Synonymy: the sameness or close similarity of meaning.

3.Polysemy: while different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning

4.Homonymy: the phenomenon thea words having different meanings have same form, i.e.,different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both

5.Hyponymy: the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word

6.Antonymy: words that are opposite in meaning

7.Pragmatics: it is the study of how speakers of a language ues sentences to effect successful communication

8.Speech act theory: it is a philosopher explanation of the nature of linguistic communicatin. It is aim to answer the question “what do we do when suing lanfuage?”

9.Constatives: either state or discribe, and were thus verifiable

10. Performatives: did not state a face or describe a state, and were not verifiable

11.Locutionary act: It is the act of utterance words,phrases,clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexion and phonology.

12.Illocutionary act: It is the act expressing the speaker’s intention; It is the act performed in saying something.

13.Perlocutionary act: It is the act performed by or resulting from saying something: it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something

14.cooperative principle: in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to coopreate; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk

15.historical linguistics:it is the subfield of linguistics that studies language change.

16.blending: a way of forming a new word by combining parts of two other words

17.semantic broadening:the process in which the meaning of a word becomes general or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning

18.protolanguage: the original form of a language family which has ceased to exist

nguage family: a group of historically relate laguages that have developed from a common ancestral language

20.socilinguistics: the subdiscipling of linguistics thet studies language variation and language ues in social contexts

21.speech community: a group of people who form a community and

share at least one speech variety as well as similar linguistic norms

22.lingua franca: a variety of language that serves as a sommon speech for social contact among groups of people who speak different native languages or dialects

23.pidign:a marginal contact language with a limited vocabulary and reduced grammatical structures, used by native speakers of other languages as a means of business communication

24.diglossia: a sociolinguistic situation in which two very different varieries of languag co-exist in a speech community, each serving a particular social function and used for a particular situation

25.euphemism:a word or expression that is thought to be mild, indirect, or less offensive and used as a polite substitute for the supposedly harsh and unpleasant word or expression

26.psycholinguistics: the study of language in relation to the mind, with focus on the processes of language production, comprehension and acquisition

27.cerebral cortex: the outside surface of the brain which receives messages from all the sensory oragns and where human cognitive abilities reside

28.brain lateralization: The localization of cognitive of cognitive and percpetual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain

29.linguistic lateralization: hemispheric specialization or dominance for