Mnmujm托福写作辅导材料

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托福写作辅导材料
托福作文任务描述：
托福作文要求参加考试者在30分钟内进行审题、写作和检查等。写作的字数为220至300字。
分数段：
0分，1分， 1.5分，2分，2.5分，3分，3.5分，4分，4.5分，5分，5.5分，6分。

写作要求：

6分：Demonstrate clear competence in writing on both the rhetorical and syntactic levels, though it may have occasional errors.能展示出较高的写作能力，在修辞和句法等方面达到定的水平，文章允许出现个别错误。
* Effectively addresses the writing task 文章切题，观点明确；
* Well organized and well developed 段落组织有序，合理展开说明；
* Uses clear appropriate details to support a thesis or illustrate ideas使用正确的事例支持论点或说明观点；
* Displays consistent facility in the use of language 能够流畅地，连贯地使用语言
* Demonstrate syntactic variety and appropriate word choice. 句式多样，用词准确。

5分：Demonstrate competence in writing on both the rhetorical and syntactic levels, though it will probably have occasional errors 在修辞、句法方面有一定的表达能力，但文章偶然会有错误。
* may addresses some parts of the writing task more effectively than others 能有效地按照要求协作，但某些部分有欠缺；
* generally well organized and well developed 段落组织基本有序，合理展开说明；
* Uses clear details to support a thesis or illustrate an ideas能使用事例支持论点或说明观点；
* Displays facility in the use of language 展现出语言的使用能力；
* Demonstrate some syntactic variety and range of vocabulary. 有些句式和词汇的变化。

4分：demonstrate minimal competence in writing on both the rhetorical and syntactical levels 展示出一些写作能力修辞与句法能力一般。
* Addresses the writing topic adequately but may slightly parts of the task
* Is adequately organized and developed
* Uses some details to support a thesis or illustrate an idea
* Demonstrate adequate but possibly inconsistent facility with syntax and usage
* May contain some errors that occasionally obscure meaning

3 分：demonstrate some developing competence in writing, but it remains flawed on either the rhetorical or syntactical level, or both.
* Inadequate organization or development
* Inappropriate or insufficient details to support or illustrate generalizations
* A noticeable inappropriate choice of words or word forms
* An accumulation of errors in sentence structure and/or usage.

2分: suggests incompetence in writing
* Serious disorganization or underdevelopment
* Little or no detail, or irrelevant specifics
* Serious and frequent errors in sentence structure or usage
* Serious problems with focus

1分：demonstrate incompetence in writing
* May be incoherent
* May be underd

eveloped
* May contain severe and persistent writing errors

评分：TWE一般由两个人评判，取平均分。如上所述，托福作文的分数是0.5分为一个晋级，只会出现几点五分的情况。若两个阅卷人的分数差距在2分或大于2分时，则会有第三个平分人出现，例如前两个的分数分别为3分和5分，则会有另一个人来评卷。

托福作文范围和类型

托福作文的范围相对固定，每年ETS都会在网站上公布其更新过的写作题目范围。参加考试者可以参考这些题目进行准备。现在我们看到的一共有185个题目。

类型：根据这些题目我们大致可以将它们分成5种类型。

(一) 对立式观点
例1: Some people like to work or study at night; others like to work or study during the day. Which do you prefer ------ work or study at night or during the day? Give specific reasons and examples to illustrate your answer.
例2: Some high schools require all students to wear uniforms; other high schools permit students to choose to what to wear in the school. Which of these two school policies do you think is better? Use specific reasons and examples to illustrate your answer.

(二) 单一性观点
例1: Do you agree or disagree following statement: people should always show their strong emotions (such as excitement, anger, or joy). Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
例2: Schools should ask students to evaluate their teachers. Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

(三) 选择性观点
例1:People have different ways of escaping the stress and difficulties of modern life. Some read; some exercise; others work in their gardens. What do you think are the best ways of reducing stress?
例 2: If you were asked to send one thing representing your country to an international exhibition, what would your choose? Why? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer.

(四) 对比类
例1： A company has announced that it wishes to build a large factory near your community. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this new influence on your community. Do you support or oppose the factory? Explain your position.
例2：When people move to another country, some of them decided to follow the customs of the new country; others prefer to keep their own customs. Compare these two choices. Which one do you prefer? Support your answer with specific details.
(五) 列举论证类
例1: What are some of the qualities of a good parent? Use specific details and examples to explain your answer.
例2：What changes would you make your hometown more appealing to people of your age? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

相对应的作文类型的开头（introduction）
这些开头非常典型，如果你没有更好的开头就将这样的开头背诵下来，一定能在遇到这类题目时写得飞快。
（一

） 对立观点文章的开头，
1. It is true that some people hold the opinion (1) that working or studying at night is effective. Others believe (2) that working or studying during the day has more advantages. I reckon they both have their strong reasons on their arguments. As far as I am concerned, the former/ the latter would be more preferable than the latter/the former.
同义词/词组
(1) have the point of view that_____, hold the idea that_____, support the idea that ______, vote for the opinion that _____, do not doubt that, like to choose doing something, prefer to believe that ______, tend to think that ______, give their the view that _____, stick to the belief that, stand behind the idea that ______
(2) believe, argue, claim, deem, suggest, reckon, see, debate, proclaim, consider, emphasize, advocate, promote, feel, consent, assume，think
以上这两组词和词汇都是引出观点常用的词组，他们可以用于文章的开头也,可以用于文章的中间和结尾部分。请大家熟练地掌握，自如运用，大胆运用。
(3) it is wiser to choose ____________ than to choose ________.
(4) It is advisable to advocate _______ than to support _______.
(5) It is more sagacious to choose ______ than to choose _____.

2. There are different views concerning/considering/regarding/about the above issue. Some __________. Others _________. ... But the advantages/merits/strong points of A are more obvious than those of B.
3. Nowhere in the world has the issue of ______ been so much debated/discussed/argued/ like in our society/country. Some __________. Others _________. ... But the advantages of A are more obvious than those of B.
4. Never in the world has the issue/problem/question/ of ______ been so much debated/discussed/argued like in our time. Some __________. Others _________. ... But the advantages of A are more obvious than those of B.
5. There are different views concerning/considering/regarding/about the above issue. Some __________. Others _________. But, in my part/as for me/as to me, personally, would like to give my support to ___________.

（二）单一性观点文章的开头：
其实，单一性观点可以变成类似于对立性观点，所以可以应用对立性观点的办法来开头。我们以例子中的第一个题目为例。
开头：
1. As for the above statement, some people would say that people should always show their strong emotions such as excitement, anger, or joy; others, I guess, would probably oppose that opinion. As for my part, I would deem that people should not always show their strong emotions. The reasons are presented as follows. (把单一观点变成对立观点，然后表明自己的立场)
2. Although many people debate that people should always show their strong emotions such as excitement, anger, or joy, some people would doubt that it is a good manner to always show their strong emotions. I personally agree with the latter. (把单一观

点变成对立观点，然后表明自己的立场)
3. It is not advisable to always show one's strong emotions such as excitement, anger, or joy. People should sometimes restrict themselves, not let them go at any time. My argument would definitely convince some them to control them at some occasions. （首先否定，然后表明自己的观点，用另外一种方法解释）
4. It is true that people are of many strong emotions. But a decent person would not always show his strong feelings such as excitement, anger, or joy. Do you want other people regard you as a rude guy? Of course not. （换一种反面说法）
5. I do not think the majority can accept the idea that people should always show their strong emotions such as excitement, anger, or joy. I am one of them.(直接反对，用拉帮结派的方式，不使自己孤立)
（三） 选择性观点文章开头

选择性观点文章的开头也可以利用对立性观点文章的开头。
1. Every one has his stress in modern life. Different people have diverse ways to get rid of their stress. Some read, some exercise, and others work in their gardens. From my experience, I would recommend people shake off their stress in the following ways. (划线部分就是一种转换)
2. Each and every country has some unique things to represent its own features. If I were asked to select one thing to represent my to an international exhibition, I would choose a terra-cotta warrior unearthed from the tomb of Qin Shihuang, the first emperor of China, the first ruler of Qin dynasty, 2000 years ago.
3. There are many things that can represent my country. I f I were asked to choose only one thing, I would, without hesitation, recommend a model of the Great Wall. Why is that? You will see as I explain it as follows.
( 四) 对比性观点
1. Building a large factory near my community will certainly bring a lot of changes to the community. It definitely has its advantages and disadvantages. But from my point of view, I do not think it is a good idea. I would like to say that it would transform our community in a bad way.
2. Although building a large factory near my community would, in a sense, have some negative effects, I consider that it would also benefit our community in many ways. It would offer a lot of opportunities to our community.

（五） 列举论证类
1．A good parent must have as many as possible good qualities, but I deem he must, as least, be a responsible, full of love, humorous, patient person.
2. To make my hometown more attractive to young people of my age, say in thirties, there are many things to be changed. But I would at least change such things as sports facilities, entertainment facilities, parks, clubs etc.
这几类文章的中间段落的论证都很相似，关键是要学会展开讨论。
展开的几种方法：
1． 正说+反说法：
2． 列举事例法
3． 假设情形法
现在给大家推荐几个比较好的范文：

选择性

观点型
Topic 95, Page 75
Some people believe that money spent on space benefits all humanity. Others take the opposite view and say that money for this type of research is wasted. Discuss these two positions, using examples, tell which view you agree with and explain why.

Topic 36. page 58
Developments in transportation such as the invention of the automobile have had an enormous impact on modern society. Choose another development in transportation that you think is of great importance. Give reasons for your selection.