有关《老人与海》论文
从《老人与海》看海明威作品的写作风格毕业论文
从《⽼⼈与海》看海明威作品的写作风格毕业论⽂从《⽼⼈与海》看海明威作品的写作风格毕业论⽂ ⼤学⽣活将要谢下帷幕，我们都知道毕业⽣要通过最后的毕业论⽂，毕业论⽂是⼀种有准备的检验学⽣学习成果的形式，那么⼤家知道正规的毕业论⽂怎么写吗？下⾯是⼩编为⼤家整理的从《⽼⼈与海》看海明威作品的写作风格毕业论⽂，欢迎⼤家分享。
[摘要]本⽂从⽂学⽂体学的⾓度对《⽼⼈与海》独特的⽂体特⾊进⾏较为系统的分析，运⽤统计法和描写法揭⽰其风格要素即⼩说的语⾔材料、表达⽅式和叙事⽅式的具体特征，进⽽指出《⽼⼈与海》是海明威客观、简洁、朴实的美学思想的完美体现。
[关键词]海明威、语⾔特⾊、现代叙事⼿法、⽼⼈与海 简介 美国著名⼩说家海明威是⼀位不平凡的语⾔⼤师，他以“精通现代叙事艺术”和“在当代风格所发挥的影响”⽽荣获1954年诺贝尔⽂学奖。
⽂学语⾔可分为两种：⼀种是叙事语⾔，另⼀种是⼈物话语。
海明威正是通过这种创新的语⾔艺术，创造出⼀种独特的⽂学散⽂风格。
本⽂从《⽼⼈与海》⼊⼿，对其语⾔特⾊和叙事⼿法简单的分析。
粗略的探析了其独特写作风格及形成原因和影响。
⼀、语⾔特⾊——电报风格 以《⽼⼈与海》为例，从中可以看出海明威对词汇、句式、语⽓、对话模式和语法等运⽤了他个⼈的偏好，显⽰了他的电报风格语⾔特⾊。
海明威倾向⽤英语中最核⼼、最普通的词汇。
从《⽼⼈与海》的⽤词和句⼦结构不难看出，⽂章的⽤词很简单，很少⽤表⽰抽象意义的⼤词。
如: Aware that he will need to keep his strength, the old man makes himself eat the tuna he caught the day before,which he had expected to use as bait. While he cuts and eats the fish with a claw under the strain of taking all the fishs resistance. Stantiago is angered and frustrated by the weakness of his own body, but the tuna, he hopes,will reinvigo2rate the hand. As he eats, he feels abrotherly desire to feed the marlin too. （⽼⼈清楚，他必须得保持体⼒，所以就强迫⾃⼰吃前⼀天捕获到的、原打算做诱饵⽤的⾦枪鱼。
老人与海读后感议论文
老人与海读后感议论文《老人与海》读后感议论文《老人与海》是美国作家海明威的一部著名小说，也是他的代表作之一。
这部小说讲述了一个老渔夫和他与大马林鱼的搏斗，以及最终的失败和坚持。
小说以其深刻的内涵和细腻的描写而著称，让人们对生命和命运有了更深层次的思考。
首先，我想谈谈小说中的主人公——老人桑地亚哥。
他是一个已经年迈的渔夫，生活在古巴的一个小渔村。
他曾经是一个非常成功的渔夫，但是随着年龄的增长和运气的逐渐消失，他变得越来越孤独和沮丧。
然而，他并没有放弃，而是继续努力，坚持自己的渔业生涯。
这种坚持和不屈不挠的精神让人深受感动。
无论是在面对大马林鱼的搏斗中，还是在最终失败后，他都没有放弃，而是选择了重新出发。
这种顽強的精神给人以深刻的启示，让人们明白了面对困难和挫折时，应该如何坚持和努力。
其次，我想谈谈小说中的大马林鱼。
这是老人桑地亚哥在海上所捕捉到的一条巨大的马林鱼，也是他与之进行了三天三夜的搏斗。
这条鱼象征着生命的力量和顽強的生存意志。
在搏斗的过程中，老人和大马林鱼之间产生了一种奇特的联系，他们之间的对抗不仅仅是生存的竞争，更是一种对生命的尊重和敬畏。
即使最终老人捕捉到了这条鱼，但是他并没有因此而感到得意，而是对这条鱼表示了敬意。
这种对生命的尊重和敬畏让人深受触动，让人们明白了生命的可贵和珍贵。
最后，我想谈谈小说中的海洋。
海洋是老人的工作场所，也是他与大马林鱼进行搏斗的地方。
海洋给人以无限的想象和可能，它是一个充满未知和神秘的世界。
在海洋中，老人感受到了孤独和无助，也感受到了生命的力量和顽强。
海洋让人们明白了生命的脆弱和坚韧，让人们对生命有了更深层次的理解。
总的来说，海明威的《老人与海》是一部充满哲理和内涵的小说，它让人们对生命和命运有了更深层次的思考。
通过老人桑地亚哥与大马林鱼的搏斗，以及对海洋的描写，让人们明白了生命的可贵和珍贵，也让人们对生命有了更深层次的理解。
这部小说不仅仅是一部文学作品，更是一部关于生命的启示录。
老人与海素材议论文
老人与海素材议论文引言《老人与海》是美国作家海明威的短篇小说，出版于1952年。
这部小说以一个老渔夫与一条巨大的马林鱼搏斗的故事为主线，从而引发了读者对许多深入的思考。
本文将以《老人与海》为素材，探讨人性、毅力、挫折与成功的主题。
人性的复杂性《老人与海》展现了人性的复杂性。
主人公老渔夫圣地亚哥一直在海上面对着巨大的挑战，但他从未放弃。
尽管他年事已高，但他对捕捞的热情和决心依然如初。
这让我们思考，人性中的毅力和追求是何其强大。
同时，小说中也展示了人性中的脆弱性。
老渔夫在搏斗中经历了极大的痛苦和疲惫，他身体的衰弱也暗示着他内心的压力和困惑。
这种脆弱性让我们意识到，人类不仅有坚韧不拔的一面，也有需要保护和照顾的一面。
毅力与成功《老人与海》通过描绘老渔夫与鱼类的搏斗，向读者展示了毅力与成功之间的关系。
老渔夫在与马林鱼的战斗中经历了长时间的奋斗，但最终他没有获得胜利。
然而，他的毅力和坚持给予我们一个重要的启示：成功不仅仅在于最终的胜利，更在于我们在追求目标的过程中所展现出来的品质。
这个启示对我们现实生活中的每个人都具有重要的指导意义。
无论是学业还是事业，成功都需要我们持续的努力和毅力。
而在追求成功的过程中，我们也会遭遇许多挫折和困难，但只有通过坚持和奋斗，我们才能获得真正的成功。
挫折的力量小说中的老渔夫与鱼类的搏斗也展示了挫折的力量。
老渔夫在搏斗中屡屡受挫，但他从未放弃。
这就给我们带来一个问题：挫折和失败是否真的是我们最终的结局？事实上，挫折是我们成长和进步的重要驱动力。
正如老渔夫通过每一次失败来获取更多经验和智慧一样，我们在面对困难时也应该不断学习和成长。
挫折让我们变得更强大，让我们在未来的挑战中变得更加坚定和有信心。
结论《老人与海》作为一部经典的文学作品，通过描述老渔夫与鱼类的搏斗，探讨了人性、毅力、挫折与成功等主题。
从这部小说中，我们可以汲取许多宝贵的教训，思考我们自己的生活和追求。
无论我们面对什么样的挑战或困境，我们都应该保持毅力和乐观的心态。
老人与海作文（通用15篇）
老人与海作文（通用15篇）老人与海作文(通用15篇)在日常学习、工作抑或是生活中，大家都不可避免地要接触到作文吧，作文根据写作时限的不同可以分为限时作文和非限时作文。
如何写一篇有思想、有文采的作文呢？以下是小编为大家收集的老人与海作文，欢迎大家分享。
老人与海作文1重温了《老人与海》，我再一次领会到这部让世界各国人民百读不厌经典作品的引人入胜之处。
从作品中老人在最后的坚持与努力的描写中，能够体会到老渔民桑提亚哥晚年虽然贫穷、凄凉，可是他内心那份强大的骄傲、倔强和不甘。
老人的身体已经不再能负荷任何的海上生活，可是他从来没有对生活放弃信心。
在这次出海过程中，他经历了一次次的失败，在几近绝望的时候，遇到了这条大的惊人的鱼。
对于老人，这是他从年轻时就梦想的事情。
三天三夜海上周旋，对于一个年轻人都是难以置信的。
可是老人坚持着，他身上迸发出无穷的力量，与大鱼进行着殊死的搏斗，每每在力气一点点耗尽，没有力量支持的最后关头，他都一次次用信念战胜了自己。
“人不是生来要给打败的”。
他战胜了大鱼，将胜利的荣光绑在了自己破旧的、守护了他一生的船舷上。
从小说的描述中，从他与大鱼搏斗的一次次心理活动中，我们能够看出，老人内心那个“你尽可把他消灭掉，可就是打不败他”声音。
都能体会到，老人拼尽全力，用残存的小船和疲惫不堪的身体，战胜大鱼的惊险与艰难，以及他面对大海的那份光荣，他是真正具有非凡勇气的英雄。
老人的故事所表达的不仅仅是人与大海、人与自然的一种简单关系，而是我们人类所具备的那种坚不可摧的永不言败的精神和勇气。
从老人的身上，我看到了我们人类面对各种险境，面对复杂环境，所保持的坚韧、顽强、执着不息的态度。
这也正是《老人与海》这部作品能够百年传承的魅力所在。
人的一生，怎么可能没有经受过失败与成功的悲与喜？不论成功和失败，我们所需要做的就是勇敢接受打击，并迎风而起。
在一次次力竭的关键时刻，咬牙坚持、坚持、再坚持，你会就看到胜利的希望。
老人与海赏析论文
老人与海赏析论文〔作品评介〕《老人与海》是创作于1952年的一部中篇小说，一经问世，便在当时的文学界掀起了一阵“海明威热”。
它再次向人们证实了海明威作为20世纪美国杰出小说家的不可动摇的地位和卓越的功绩。
《老人与海》的内容很简单，小说描写了一位老渔夫在海上捕鱼，经过了84天，他还没有捕到一条鱼，大家都说他运气不好，不吉利，等到第85天，他决定去渔夫们从未去过的深海打鱼，以证明自己的能力和勇气。
在海上，老人发现了一条很大的马林鱼，他克服了重重困难，经过艰难的搏斗，终于在第三天早晨，把鱼叉刺进了马林鱼的心脏。
在返回的途中，老人遇到了鲨鱼的五次袭击，他用鱼叉、船桨和刀子勇敢反击。
当他驾驶小船回到港口时，马林鱼只剩下一幅巨大的白骨架。
小说塑造了鲜明的人物形象，具有极其独特的表现手法。
一、人物形象。
海明威以凝练的叙述语言和手法塑造了桑提亚哥这一鲜明丰满、情感丰富、内心刚毅的硬汉子形象，并把自己的情感和思想深蕴在这个富有多重象征意义的艺术形象之中。
在故事的发展演绎中，通过桑提亚哥与小男孩的对话、在海上的内心独白、回忆、思考，以及熟练的捕鱼动作和惊心动魄的战斗场面等生动细致的描写，刻画出一位年迈体弱，在既定的失败和死亡面前毫不气馁、英勇无畏、不屈服于命运的渔夫形象。
不仅从正面形象勾勒出老人独有的外貌特征，而且从老渔夫那海水一般蓝的眼睛里折射出老人老而不衰、布满自信的性格特征。
随着时间的延续，发现鱼、与鱼斗智斗勇、与鲨鱼的殊死搏斗等故事情节逐步展开，作者运用对比手法，借助于大马林鱼之狡诈、鲨鱼之凶残、搏斗之血腥显出主体性格的深厚坚强。
即使是面对强大的敌人和死亡的威胁，他的意志也最终战胜了惧怕心理，对老人而言，生命的存在并不是第一位的，只有伟大人格的存在，只有保持男子汉的尊严才是第一位的。
正如老人所说：人不是为失败而生的，一个人可以被毁灭，但不能给打败。
这就是桑提亚哥这一艺术形象向读者昭示的硬汉子精神，同时这也是海明威的人生宣言。
《老人与海》2000字论文
老人与海读后感每一本书，都有它自己的“灵魂”那个书中所构想的世界。
而我所指的“灵魂”，就是每本书，其自身要表达的思想，或者愿望。
我们会因为那些感人的书，而潸然泪下，或因为那些记录屈辱历史的书，而热血沸腾，甚至因为那些武侠、玄幻的书，而将自己想象成天下第一的人。
海明威说：“我试图描写一个真正的老人，一个真正的孩子，真正的大海，一条真正的鱼和许多真正的鲨鱼。
然而，如果我能写得足够逼真的话，他们也能代表许多其他的事物。
”在现实生活中，我们会不断地受到挫折、失败还有许多负面的情绪，许多人因此而消极、失去对生活的热爱。
故事描写的老人圣地亚哥是个倒霉的人，84天没捕到鱼，但这似乎预示着一场战斗的开始，果然，就在第85天，他真的发现了一条1500磅大马哈鱼，明知对方力量比他强，还是决心战斗到底。
他对大鱼说：“我跟你奉陪到底！”，最后终获胜利。
在老人辛辛苦苦抓到了鱼之后，考验却并没有结束。
鱼因为又大又长，他只好将鱼绑在船的一边。
回航时，大鱼的血腥味引来了鲨鱼一次又一次的袭击。
于是，他用尽一切个人手段来反击。
尽管结果鱼肉都被咬去了，但什么也无法摧残他的意志。
上天似乎会怜惜过这样一位伟大的老人，他将厄运一次又一次降在老人身上，最终他的顽强意志却并没能得到好的结果，回港时只剩下鱼头鱼尾和一条脊骨。
《老人与海》中有句名言：一个人不是生来就要被打败的，你可以被毁灭，但不可以被打败。
这句话衬托出了老渔夫的勇敢意志。
老人的故事不仅象征着人与自然的关系，而且象征着整个人类坚不可摧的精神。
在现实中，他虽然失败了，但在精神上，他却是胜利者，他那顽强搏击的精神，展示了人的高贵和尊严。
遍顾所有的人生，谁没有经历过失败呢？哪怕再成功的人。
失败的原因可以不尽相同，但无论如何失败总是一个让你难以承受的打击，最重要的是要勇敢面对，有坚持不懈的精神，从失败中吸取教训。
当我看到“老渔夫想：这里离海岸实在太近了，也许在更远的地方会有更大的鱼”时，我不禁有感而发：虽然老渔夫已经捕到了一些鱼，但他并没有安于现状，而是有着更远大的目标。
《老人与海》硬汉桑迪亚戈论文
《老人与海》硬汉桑迪亚戈论文摘要：初次读《老人与海》这个寓言性的故事，很是困惑这样通俗易懂的作品怎么就成为了世界名著了呢？好像谁都能写得出来一样，但是艺术来源于现实，也高于现实，把这部作品放在那个百家争鸣，动荡不安的二十世纪的时候，其价值就显现了出来。
一、《老人与海》的创作背景很多人一说到海明威式的硬汉，就脱口而出坚持不懈，坚强不屈，勇往直前，精神上的强者等等这类的词汇，诚然，这些都体现着人类美好的品质，但人们忽略了产生这种品质的环境，因为在顺境和逆境之下人的思想情感所折射出的作为人的伟大高贵带给人的思考是不同的，正如悲剧能在人的心中激起比喜剧更激烈的情感碰撞一样，绝望荒谬下的思想反抗更动人心魄。
二十世纪的西方正经历着巨变，资本主义向帝国主义阶段的过渡酿就了两次世界大战，西方哲学和科技的迅速发展使人们对传统思想提出了前所未有的挑战，在战争的阴影下，人们不仅承受着物质的破坏，更遭遇灵魂的重创。
不少人对人生，对人类失去了信心，感觉世界是一片荒原。
如果说十九世纪现实主义时期的作品是用理性猛烈地批判世界的不公与残酷，揭露社会的浊流与黑暗，那么二十世纪现代主义时期的作品是在用恐惧绝望看待世界，理性的精神受到了质疑，被现实主义作家奉为正义的批判之鞭在两次世界大战的硝烟中再也找不到立足之地，尼采振臂高呼“上帝死了”“我是太阳”。
这两次世纪大战预示着前面现代主义作家推崇备至匡扶正义的批判之鞭荡然无存，但被人们视为至高无上的理性遭遇前所未有的挑战时，人类又该怎样看待被战争摧毁的世界，该用怎样的精神慰藉帮自己找到存在的出口，在那个境地里的人是发疯，无助和绝望的。
[2]《老人与海》正是在这样的世界大背景下产生的。
如果说在欧洲，“传统”随着两次世界大战的炮火湮灭在废墟中；那么在美国，“传统”却随着经济的繁荣从人间消失了。
“迷惘的一代”就是这样的背景下产生的，包括海明威，菲茨杰拉德等。
这些作家大多都接受过高等教育。
不久之后的第二次世界大战再一次改变了人类和世界。
浅析《老人与海》中圣地亚哥的人物形象论文
开题报告一．选题依据及意义海明威的《老人与海》之所以产生如此巨大深远的影响，原因是多方面的.然而最重要的，还是在于成功地刻画了主人公圣地亚哥这一不朽的人物形象。
关于圣地亚哥的人物形象，不少人从多方面进行分析。
本文立足现实生活的特点对圣地亚哥优雅、成熟、英雄、硬汉子的形象进行分析，了解圣地亚哥的优雅、成熟、英雄、硬汉子的形象.同时，面对普通人常常遇到挫折和灭亡的现实，表现了他对胜利、成功的追求和对人生尊严的维护;歌颂了他孤军奋战，不甘失败，勇敢坚毅，全力拼搏，敢于抗击命运的行为，赞扬了人们应该具有的不屈精神。
二．国内外研究现状及发展趋势(含文献综述）国内外评论者有不少研究《老人与海》，有的对《老人与海》中圣地亚哥的单独的硬汉形象进行分析，对主人公的英雄形象的分析;对海明威与对人物塑造手法分析；从反面荒谬的英雄形象的分析等。
但联系现实生活将圣地亚哥的各种形象进行综合分析,同时来歌颂人类应有的不甘失败，勇敢坚毅，全力拼搏，敢于抗击命运的优雅、成熟、英雄、硬汉子的形象更是少之又少。
可见,这样综合分析是很有意义的。
三．本课题研究内容对圣地亚哥的人物形象进行分析和研究，来了解《老人与海》主人公圣地亚哥这一不朽的人物形象，展示他孤独优雅、成熟、英雄、硬汉形象。
并从中了解小说对人们的启示意义。
四．本课题研究方案分别结合主人公与小男孩的对话，以及他的生活环境、交际范围、性格特点进行分析，并对人物的各方面的个性形象再进行一一分析.五．研究目标,主要特色及工作进度研究目标是通过圣地亚哥的主人公的普通的身份和窘困的生活特点，及他性性格中的优点所透漏的人物形象以及体现的人应有的精神.主要特色是分别从圣地亚哥孤独优雅、成熟、英雄、圣地亚哥硬汉的多方面形象进行分析是本文的亮点。
因为相关评论分析极少,层层深入，多侧面描写别具风格,另外联系圣地亚哥的性格特点层层结合进行分析也很独特，立意新颖。
工作进度是首先阅读在这部小说，初步对圣地亚哥形象有所了解，然后参考一些相关文献和其他评论者的文章进行更一步认识，最后理清思路，总结，进行深入的分类分析.六．参考文献：（1）The Old And The Sea / Hemingway .Beijing：Beijing Publishing House2007 (2）Seeking Science /Carlos baker 1990.01（3）《杨芳.论海明威作品<老人与海〉主人公的形象塑造》[J]零陵学院学报2004第5期（4）《外国文学参考资料》穆睿清、姚汝勤编选.武汉:地质出版社，1984。
课题研究论文：论《老人与海》的象征艺术
66980 艺术理论论文论《老人与海》的象征艺术欧内斯特?米勒尔?海明威，是一位美国作家，《老人与海》是其重要的代表作，凭借这部作品使其获得了诺贝尔文学奖。
作者在作品中以独特的视角、简洁的风格以及象征的手法著称，对美国文学的发展有很大的影响。
尤其是在《老人与海》中，海明威通过运用大量意向，使其富有象征意味，其‘冰山理论’的创作原则为作品增添了独特的艺术魅力，使其具有极高的研究价值，这种独特的叙事手法和写作技巧也是其作品闻名世界的主要原因。
一、“硬汉子性格”――马洛林小男孩马洛林在《老人与海》充当着重要的角色，海明威将他与老人相提并论。
在小说《老人与海》中，小男孩马洛林占有不少篇幅，显然这是作者象征手法中独具匠心的一个设计，研究作者的象征艺术离不开小男孩――马洛林这个人物。
五岁还是一个懵懵懂懂的年龄的时候，但是小男孩就已经和老人学习捕鱼并和他出海，虽然小男孩的年龄不大，但是经过生活的磨练，小男孩已经开始懂得跟随老人学习捕鱼维持生计。
在老人的眼里，小男孩马洛林早已和自己融为一体，小男孩就是自己的一部分，在小男孩身上可以看到老人自己，小孩身上散发的坚毅、忍耐、顽强的品质侧面代表了作者海明威“硬汉子性格”。
虽然孩子被父母强行带走，但在孩子心中老人桑提亚哥依然是最棒的，在孩子回归帮助老人展示了海明威“重压下的优雅风度”，在作品中多次出现老人对小男孩的话语：“要不是孩子，我早完了，这一点不承认可不行”;在与命运做斗争时，老人几次提到小孩：“要是孩子在这儿多好啊！”。
正是因为小男孩不断的鼓励和陪伴，老人的生活才不会寂寞，老人才能坚强的生活下去，才会感到希望，使他变成一个精神胜利者，有精神解脱自己，小男孩是老人遭遇困难后的一个慰藉，可以时刻鞭策自己勇敢面对一切风暴，不屈服于任何困难。
这些对小男孩的描写都表现出了“海明威式”的硬汉子精神。
二、生存环境的剪影――大海海是捕鱼者生存的依靠，老人是一位渔夫，每天以捕鱼为生，在海上的工作早已成为老人每天的日常工作，大海是作者笔下最重要的一个意向，在作品中，大海有时温柔、仁慈，就像一个女性，在老人遇到困难时会给你一条马林鱼让你看到生活的希望，但是，它有时又是残忍、凶猛的，在作品中，老人更多的是对大海的不满，对海燕的同情，就像在遇到狂风暴雨时老人能依然无所畏惧，依然与凶猛的大海做斗争。
关于老人与海读后感议论文5篇
关于老人与海读后感议论文5篇老人与海读后感议论文篇1《老人与海》是海明威于1951年在古巴写的一篇中篇小说是海明威最著名的作品之一。
整个故事叙述的就是关于一个遭遇命运捉弄的古巴老渔民-圣地亚哥的故事，故事中还有关爱他的一个男孩，老渔民年轻过，爱过、出众过、幸运过，岁月带走了主人公饱满健硕的肌肤，却无法带走他英武的体格，带不走他内心的高贵，更带不走他的勇猛顽强。
镇上小男孩对他的深情和关爱，这人间宝贵的真情是老渔夫挑战生命极限生存下来的精神支柱。
交上背运的老渔民在近海一直无法捕到鱼，于是他根据自己的经验和判断，决定勇敢地独自一人去更远的海域捕鱼。
历经了常人无法容忍的千难万险，老渔民不断地挑战自己身心的极限，终于捕获了一条巨大的“登多索鲨”-他有生以来见过最大的一条。
他这么喜爱这条鱼，觉得他们之间有那么多的相像。
“它是靠吃活鱼维持生命。
它不是食腐动物，也不像有些鲨鱼那样，只知道游来游去满足食欲。
它是美丽而崇高的，见什么都不怕。
”这些话勾勒出老渔夫所欣赏的为人准则：光明、磊落、英勇和高贵。
正如老渔民所想的：每样东西都杀死别的东西，不过方式不同罢了。
捕鱼养活了老渔民，同样也快把他害死了。
现在，我们人类大量地开发自然资源，假若我们不带着对自然的爱任意开采，结果会不会也害死我们人类自己呢?老渔民的所作所为不正代表了人类在自然界的行为吗?他所思所想也不正是我们人类精神经常所至的吗?虽然，最后人们能看到的只是那登多索鲨鱼的大尾巴直竖在小船船梢的后边，鱼赤露的脊骨像一条白线，还有带着突出的长嘴的黑糊糊的脑袋，而在这头尾之间却一无所有。
但是，人们仍能如此真切地感受到这条鱼的伟岸和捕鱼者的力量，令明者震撼!“一个人可以被毁灭，但不能被打败”老人最后说的这句话富含哲理。
就如音乐大师贝多芬所说“我可以被摧毁，但我不能被征服”.这些不能被打败的是勇气，这些不能被征服的是高贵。
更令人深省的是：那男孩使得老人活得下来!“爱”是人类生存下去动力!自从我读《老人与海》。
《老人与海》论文
论老人与海中老人的精神品质《老人与海》是海明威晚期最成功的中篇小说。
老人孤独奋斗和永不言败的信念永远激励着每一个人，他有超强的智慧，对自己有百分百的信心，把自己看得很高贵。
一个简单的故事，一个平凡的老人，一条普通的大马林鱼，在茫茫大海中发生了平凡但又不平凡的经历，也许没有大海，就没有鱼；没有鱼，也就没有渔夫；同样也就没有这段经历了，老人与海的故事很简单:老渔夫在84天没捕到鱼的倒霉情况下，独自出海猎了一条大马林鱼，这条鱼大的出乎意料，老人用三天两夜的时间独自将它制服，在这之后遭到鲨鱼群的围攻，最后老人只拖着一条巨大的鱼骨回家。
这期间最重要的就是老人坚强的信念。
让我们回到老人生活的时期，生活生平特别低，社会不发达，人与人之间的冷漠，唯一关心老人的只有那个小男孩，再加上小男孩的父母强迫小男还不让他和老人在一起，其他的人都对老人持忽视的态度，老人孤身一人，无依无靠，在茫茫大海上去实现别人看来空想的想法。
然而社会的黑暗并不能阻碍老人精神上的强大支持，身体上苦点累点没关系，只要精神上满足就可以。
爱因斯坦说过：“由百折不饶的信念所支持的人的意志，比那些似乎是无敌的物质力量具有更大的威力。
”贝多芬身患耳聋，却以顽强的信念作出了《第九交响曲》。
海伦凯勒又聋又盲，却以顽强的信念完成著作······信念的光辉，无不在伟人身上得以闪耀。
其实当鱼刀被折断的时候，我们谁都明白：完了，再也无法击退鲨鱼的袭击了，往后再怎么努力，终归等于失败，但是那个倔强的老人根本没有屈服和妥协的信念，——不管能不能赢，他绝不低头。
不管你是多么凶恶的鲨鱼，只要你咬我的鱼，我就敢向你举起木棍，我就要举，而且重重的敲下去，那么，是什么支撑着这位勇士的不去的灵魂呢？那就是自信，是毅力。
老人84天没有捕到鱼，还是坚信自己能够不到一条大鱼，依然出海捕鱼，这就是靠的就是坚强的信念，与鲨鱼的激烈残酷的战斗也靠的是是他坚强的信念，老人在这期间忍受着人世间的冷眼，是他坚定不移的信念一直指引着他，指引着他不放弃。
老人与海论文
老人与海论文
《老人与海》是美国作家海明威创作的一部长篇小说，出版于1952年。
该小说曾获得1954年的普利策文学奖，并为海明威
赢得了1954年诺贝尔文学奖。
小说讲述了古巴渔夫圣地亚哥的故事，他已经84岁，连续84
天没有捕到一条鱼。
然而，他决心不放弃，继续出海寻找大鱼。
最终，他确实捕到了一条巨大的马林鱼，但是在将其拖回港口的过程中，他却被一群鲨鱼吃掉了。
尽管如此，这个故事表达了关于不屈不挠的奋斗精神和意志力的主题。
该小说的论文可以从以下角度展开：
1. 老年与孤独：小说中的主人公是一个年老的渔夫，他与社会的联系被削弱，生活在孤独和寂寞中。
通过描述他在海上的一系列经历，可以讨论老年人的心理状态和生活困境。
2. 自然与人类：小说中的自然景观和海洋环境被描绘得非常生动，海明威通过对渔夫与自然的斗争的描写，表达了人与自然之间的关系。
可以从生态学的角度探讨这种关系，并思考人类在自然界中的角色和影响。
3. 奋斗与坚韧：小说中的主人公展现了不屈不挠的奋斗精神和顽强的意志力。
他不怕失败，并且坚持不懈地追求他的目标。
可以分析这种奋斗精神对人类生活的意义，并思考人们在面对困难和挫折时如何保持积极的心态。
4. 意义和希望：尽管主人公最终失败，被鲨鱼吃掉，但小说仍然传递了一种积极向上的信息。
可以解读小说中的象征符号和隐喻，探讨希望和意义对个体和社会的影响。
总之，通过深入探讨《老人与海》这个作品，可以从不同的角度分析和解释其中所揭示的主题和意义。
这部小说展现了人类生存和生活的复杂性，产生了深远的影响，因此在学术讨论中受到了广泛关注。
外国文学老人与海论文完整版
外国文学老人与海论文 HEN system office room 【HEN16H-HENS2AHENS8Q8-HENH1688】专业：思想政治教育学科：外国文学海明威《老人与海》中的硬汉形象分析摘要：《老人与海》中的圣地亚哥是海明威“硬汉”形象的代表，这部小说通过描写老渔人圣地亚哥捕鱼的冒险经历，把作者一生所赞美和推荐的硬汉形象及人文精神提到了哲理的高度，表现出圣地亚哥的自信、乐观、顽强的毅力以及不服输的精神，从而对圣地亚哥百折不挠、永不服输、自信乐观而又悲壮的“硬汉”形象进行初步探讨，以便我们更好的了解其硬汉本色。
关键词：《老人与海》；硬汉形象；硬汉精神海明威是美国最着名的作家之一，他塑造了许多令人赞叹的硬汉形象。
《老人与海》中的圣地亚哥是对以往作品中塑造的“硬汉”的发展和升华，是“硬汉”形象的代表，该小说讲述的是一个简单、悲壮感人的故事：老渔人圣地亚哥接连在海上打了84天鱼，却一无所获，是收网不干，还是继续到更远的深海去捕鱼，这是摆在他面前的一个必须选择的重大问题，不顾同伴的嘲笑、伙伴的离开，老人依然选择了后者，第85天他依然驾孤舟独自出海。
经过三天两夜的拼战，他终于捕获到一条比他渔船还大两倍的大马林鱼，可是归途中却招来了鲨鱼，被成群的鲨鱼吃掉。
尽管老人奋力抗击，不断地驱赶着鲨鱼，但大马林鱼最后还是只剩下了一副巨大的空骨架。
在与大海、大马林鱼和鲨鱼的较量中，圣地亚哥不断承受着不幸命运的挑战，以他的勇敢、坚毅、顽强一次次向人生的种种磨难宣战，向人的生命极限挑战、战胜厄运并超越它。
作者通过这个短小精悍的故事，成功的塑造了主人公圣地亚哥这一不朽的艺术形象——一个百折不挠、坚强不屈、敢于拼搏、永不放弃、自信乐观而又悲壮的“硬汉”形象。
整篇小说通过老人的行动在努力体现着一种精神即：一个人可以被消灭，但你永远打不败他。
虽然最后的结果是他失败了，但他在精神上却赢得了胜利，赋予了自己的存在以意义和价值。
一、《老人与海》中硬汉形象的解析（一）百折不挠、永不屈服的“硬汉”形象圣地亚哥是一个很好的捕渔者，可是他“倒了血霉”，独自在湾流中连续捕鱼84天，却没逮到一条鱼。
海明威老人与海毕业论文
毕业论文（设计）题目：浅硬汉的胜利----浅析《老人与海》中的硬汉精神系（部）：中文系专业：语文教育毕业年限：学生姓名：学号：指导教师：硬汉的胜利——浅析《老人与海》中的“硬汉”精神摘要美国作家海明威在作品中塑造了一系列硬汉形象,《老人与海》中的圣地亚哥可以说是海明威式“硬汉”形象的概括和升华。
“人不是为失败而生的,一个人可以被毁灭,但不能给打败。
”正是这种人生态度赋予了他笔下的圣地亚哥——勇敢、自信、自尊,永不屈服的性格特征。
圣地亚哥的硬汉形象具有浓厚的哲理性和象征意义。
圣地亚哥这个老而不衰，不幸但不可战胜的英雄形象，表达作者一贯推崇的勇敢、坚毅的“硬汉”精神。
关键词硬汉胜利老人与海精神海明威的一生既丰富多彩又富有传奇性。
海明威将自己的品格、意志、理想融进作品,塑造了一系列杰出的“硬汉形象”,尤其是《老人与海》中的圣地亚哥,是海明威“硬汉形象”的经典,是海明威精神的完美体现,是海明威的化身。
他笔下的男主人公勇敢、高尚、有意志力，能承受并超越一切孤独失败和死亡的痛苦，永远也不会衰败。
《老人与海》是一部独具特色的作品，它把现实主义的细节描写和通篇作品的象征寓意性融为一体，表达了深邃的内涵。
圣地亚哥不仅仅是个普通劳动者的形象，还是个富有寓意的形象。
他是海明威所崇尚的完美的人格的象征：宽厚、仁慈、充满爱心、有着永远不败的精神力量。
即使在人生的角斗场上失败了，面对着不可逆转的厄运，他仍然是精神上的强者，是“硬汉子”，而不是要别人保护的可怜虫。
［1］“一个人并不是生来要被打败的，你尽可以把他消灭掉，可就是打不败他。
”［2］这是圣地亚哥的生活信念，也是《老人与海》的主旨。
一、胜者生存《老人与海》这部小说讲了这么一个故事，古巴老渔夫圣地亚哥连续八十四天没捕到鱼，被别的渔夫看做失败者，可是他坚持不懈，终于钓到了一条大马林鱼，大马林鱼将他的小船在海上拖了三天三夜才筋疲力尽，被他杀死了绑在小船的一边，在归程中一再遭到鲨鱼的袭击，他用尽了一切手段来反击。
老人与海议论文
老人与海议论文引言《老人与海》是美国作家海明威的代表作之一，也是世界文学的经典之一。
通过讲述一个老渔民和一条巨大的马林鱼搏斗的故事，海明威以细腻的笔触展现了人性的伟大、坚韧和不屈的精神。
本文将从主题、人物形象、故事结构三个方面对《老人与海》进行探讨。
主题《老人与海》的主题是勇敢与坚持，以及对生命的探索和理解。
老渔民圣地亚哥一直以来都是一个孤独而顽强的人物，他独自一人驾驶着小船不停地出海捕鱼。
尽管多次空手而归，但他坚信捕到一条大鱼的时机终将到来。
这种对命运的坚持和对机会的等待，体现了人类坚韧不拔的精神。
另外，圣地亚哥与大马林鱼搏斗的过程也突出了生命的意义。
在他与鱼进行长时间的搏斗后，尽管最终鱼下沉被鲨鱼吃掉了，但他并不后悔，因为在这个过程中他展现出了人性中最高尚的品质。
这种对生命的探索和理解，使得《老人与海》成为一部具有哲学意味的作品。
人物形象在《老人与海》中，主人公圣地亚哥以及他与大马林鱼的角逐，展现出了生命的强韧和不屈的精神。
首先，圣地亚哥是一个具有坚定信仰和强烈意志的老渔民。
尽管年事已高，身体瘦弱，但他仍然每天都坚持出海捕鱼。
他相信，只要付出努力，总会有机会获得成功。
他在船上忍受着饥饿、寒冷和孤独，但从不丧失对自己的信心。
圣地亚哥的人物形象体现了坚守原则、勇往直前的精神。
其次，大马林鱼是一条象征着力量和孤独的动物。
它的巨大体型和顽强的抵抗，与圣地亚哥战斗的过程形成了鲜明的对比。
无论圣地亚哥如何努力，大马林鱼都不肯轻易屈服。
这条鱼的坚韧和强大，为圣地亚哥的个人成长和人生的觉醒提供了动力。
故事结构《老人与海》的故事结构简洁而紧凑，通过清晰的主次分明将观众带入圣地亚哥和大马林鱼的对抗中。
故事以圣地亚哥的漫长而寂寥的出海为开头，随后他与大马林鱼的搏斗展开。
整个搏斗过程中，情节层层深入，紧张感逐渐升级。
圣地亚哥面对鲨鱼的袭击，为保护大马林鱼不惜付出生命的代价，最终与鲨鱼们搏斗到底。
然而，他最终失去了大马林鱼，只剩下鱼骨。
老人与海 论文
老人与海论文
An Analysis of the T ough Man in The Old Man and the SeaIntroductionThe Old Man and the Sea is a famous novel written by American great novelist Ernest Hemingway. The novel tells a story of an old man named Santiago struggling with the sharks in the sea. Santiago, the old fisherman, was the leading character of this book. He was a lonely old man who was set apart by his age. In the world, the only person who cared for him and helped him was a young boy. Since he lived on fish, he had to go out to fish alone in the sea. He had a very bad luck, for he went out for eighty-four days, but he did not catch a single fish. In the first forty days the young boy had been with him. But after forty days without a fish, the boy had to leave him for another and luckier boat at his parents’ orders. Even so, the boy often went to help him when the boats were ashore. The old man was a strange-minded person with a sage temper; he never lost his courage and determination in the face of failure. On the eighty-fifth day, he went out alone to farther, deeper waters and through two days and two nights fight．He caught a large marlin．Unfortunately, this only capture of his was carved up by group of sharks. What they left to him was an eighteen foot long skeleton.The old man’s stor y was very sad. Anyhow, from the end of the book we can see the old man did not lose his courage, he and the young boy prepared to have another fishing trip in the sea, and the old man dreamed lions again. Here Hemingway portrayed a tough undefeated old ma n who presents the author’s message of tough man．That phrase “But man is not made for defeat, a man can be destroyed but not defeated” (Hemingway,1952,P39) made the tough man image clear.Hemingway is the representative of The Lost Generation. His novel has great influence on The Lost Generation, especially this novel The Old Man and the Sea. His novel ever brought the hope of future to the people who suffered pains in the WWⅡ. This paper will bring back the hope again to the later generation and show the tough man image to them.This article will show the tough man images of loneliness, optimism, heroism, confidence and hope by analyzing words and deeds of the old man.1. Social Background1.1Postwar Social EnvironmentAfter the W orld WarⅡ, while other countries suffered from the “sequence” left by the war, the United States experienced her prosperity. A lot of great achievements in science and rapid progress in industry, communication and transportation were made. New discoveries and inventions showed the great ability of human being to conquer the nature. Meanwhile, people began to lose the great spirit of the pioneers and engaged themselves in eating, drinking, idling and all kinds of eccentric stimulus. The breaking of the traditional criterion of the value disturbed the people. The Cold War developed the people’s mechanical war scare. They were pessimistic of the world. “But Santiago is different from them”(Encyclopedia American,1982,volume,P83).He declared: the human being may suffer great disasters, but people have an indestructible strength to overcome them and welcome the beautiful future, even they might be beaten many times. Many facts will prove that the old man was optimistic about the future: Although he was beaten, he was still hoping, and he could go out sailing, for the lost tiller of his skiff could easily be replaced; his courage still remained, for he dreamed of the lions on the beach, which were the symbol of his courage; the boy, Marlon would go out fishing with him to learn his “skills” w hich embodied that Marlon would succeed the old man’s spirit and, furthermore, his spirit would be passed on from generation to generation.1.2 The Old Man’ LifeSantiago’s life is not in good condition. He lives in a shack in which there is only a bed, a table, one chair and a place on the dirty floor to cook with charcoal. He is so poor that he had no pot of yellow rice and fish to eat. While sailing for fishing, he has only a bottle of water with him. He leads a lonely life. His wife died leaving him no children. Except a boy he once taught to fish, he has few friends. It seems that few people care him. What is more, he is a failure incatching fish. For eighty-four days he fished in a skiff without taking a fish. Eighty-four days is a long period of time. Eighty-four days without a fish is very unfortunate for a fisherman. For a weather-beaten, poverty-stricken and lonely old man like Santiago, the misery might be beyond anyone’s intolerance, for a man can tolerate failure, but can not tolerate continuous failure. Too much failure will sure defeat a man even with strong will. The old man is unfortunate and experiences a lot of failure, everything about him is old. But he is always optimistic and hopeful about his future. In his eyes, “Every day is a new d ay”(Hemingway,1952,P259).2. Connection between Hemingway and the Santiago2.1 Hemingway’s life experienceIn Hemingway’s writing, the hero, more or less, revealed the author’s inner world and his life. As a young man, Hemingway was eager to do well in everything. He hankered after being the first in every activity. If he could not be the champion in one game. “He would give it up ”(Hemingway,1952,P257).When the First World War began, he left the middle part of America for the front in European. Only in one month, two hundred and twenty—seven broken pieces of shells were “inlayed” in his body. Because of this he got praise and prizes from every aspect. But the reality after the W .W .I made the ideal which he pursued with his life broken as soap bubbles.H e shouted out “This has not been my war”,“Farewell arms” such righteous words and he became the main representative of “the Lost Generation” in 1920s in the United States. But he did not give up all his hope for he had firm characteristic of “strong-minded. Unyielding person”. He ardently loved contesting with ox, fishing, hunting and all kinds of adventure. He especially loved the lions in the open country in Africa. In his opinion, lions were the symbol of braveness, power and success. Just as Santiago, he also loved the struggle in 1ife—the struggle on the sea, the struggle in hand game and the struggle on court. To some he would practice and to others, he would appreciate greatly. Even in his dreams, he only dreamed of lions. In the mean time, he did all his best to pursue success. He constantly met with defeat and so he often felt sad. Yet it was not necessary for us to censure him because it was not his fault. He had already made all his effort, and he never really abandoned it. He did not admit his failure just like Hemingway did. In the l930s, when the civil war broke Out in Spain. He took part in it actively. At first. He worked as a reporter, and then he joined the International Bridge, which fights against fascists directly. But this just war failed. He was very disappointed and he thought “For everyone the funeral hell rings”(Baker Carlos,1996,P126). In the following Second World War, his characteristic that was unwilling to fail was manifested legendari1y—He once drove his own armed fishing vessel to track downthe German submarine alone for two years, and he was ready to die fighting the enemy at any time; He once sat in an America bomber to bomb fascist Germany. His head was badly wounded because of the plane accident. What was more imaginable was: at the critical moment of counter attack, he led a group of French guerrilla forces and rushed into Paris which was entrenched in by fascists. Moreover, he achieved dynamic success in lifetime many times. From The Sun also Rises to Farewell to Arms, and from For Whom the Bell Tolls to The Old Man and the Sea. Almost each of his main novels was the deep revelation of failure in his heart. He often found that the fine ideal that he dreamed about was always far from him. The only thing that he was proud of was in the face of unavoidable defeat, he never lost his determination and courage, and also he never give up what he pursued. From Hemingway, we can clearly see the tough man image. This kind of image has been in his body.2.2 Reflection of Hemingway in SantiagoIn The Old Man and the Sea, Hemingway merged himself with Santiago in thoughts and feelings. He was fond of him and sang high praise of him. He placed his personal experience on the old man and reflected some of his innate characters. The old man’s courage, self-confidence, endurance were reflected in Hemingway’s real life. Hemingway’s life is the portrayal of tough guy. Perhaps it should be said that Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea is the portrayal of Ernest Hemingway. Hemingway in life advocated the spirit of tough guy and published it everywhere. His hope is to do the best and becomes the authority. If he cannot become the first, he will simply give up. The reason why he gave up the university was that he would be expected to do something in football. And he gave up playing football at the last year of high school, because he was not on the title. He ranked the first for the school magazine writing. So writing became his lifelong career. Although he showed a disregard in honor, he felt proud for finally getting “the tricks of Sweden” when the Swedish Royal jury told him that he got the Nobel Prize for literature.Meanwhile Hemingway also puts his strong spiritual quality into “tough man” character. And the tough man runs through all his time. There are many similaritiesin the tough man in his novels, for example: Living environment, personality quality, life history, the potential and courage contained in body. Those tough men physical and spiritual potential were inspired in the most dangerous confrontation, and make people have more strong life force. Energy inspired by life is often destroyed by more powerfulness than its social or natural forces. And the value of the tough man is that it still demonstrates its power after the destruction. The tough man cannot be separated from society and the environment, and they can show the real tough man qualities in specific environmental or social background. Tough men can not violate the laws of nature and social laws, and man should live in harmony with the nature. The old man defeated the big fish, and the Sharks chew the big fish only leaving a skeleton. This is the real law of nature. Maybe he is telling us that man cannot overcome nature, and we should live in harmony. However, in the premise of not being contrary to the law of nature, we have to show our true qualities of a tough man. We will not admit defeat and never give up.3. The images of Santiago as The Tough Man3.1 A Lonely Tough ManSantiago was a lonely old man, living alone. People did not know where he came from, because the author did not introduce the origins of the old man. He seemed to have no family, and his only wife died many years ago. “Once there had be en a tinted photograph of his wife on the wall but he had taken it down because it made him too lonely to see it and it was on the shelf in the corner under his clean shirt”(Brenner Gerry,1985,P158). At the beginning of the story, a young boy, Mandolin, st ayed with the old man. But after the forty luckless days, the boy’s father told his son to go in another boat. With confident attitude towards life, the old man took things philosophically. In fact he hoped the boy come back to him and he needed the boy, but when the boy wanted to be back, the old man refused because it was the boy’s parents who made him leave and he could not make the boy awkward and unlucky with him. He was lonely on the sea every day, so he talked with the sea, birds and fishes all the time, even himself sometimes. When struggled with the big fish, the lonely and helpless fish man yearned for the little boy very much. He had said to himself several times, “I wish the boy was here.” In addition, that was the best way to exclude loneliness for the old man. “If the boy was here, he could rub it for me and loosen it down from the forearm, he thought. But it will loosen up”(Hemingway,1952,P156).The old man always talked aloud himself.“He did not remember when he had first started to talk a loud when he was by himself. He had sung when he was by himself in the old days and he had sung at sometimes when he was alone steering on his watch in the smacks or in the turtle boats. He had probably started to talk aloud, when alone, when the boy had l eft.”“If the others heard me talking out loud they would think that I am crazy,” he said. “I am sorry I cannot hoist the sail and take you in with the small breeze that is rising. But I am with a friend”(Hemingway,1952,P274).From above words from the old man, we can know that he tries his best to conceal his lonely feeling by talking with the sea, birds and fishes. In fact, he is eager to hope the boy come back.3.2 An Optimistic Tough Man ImageThe fish man Santiago was optimistic. He treated the victory and failure, happiness and difficulty, with his own view. When he was optimistic, it was elegant demeanor in the face of difficulties and hardships. Before leaving for fishing on the sea, the old man was not downhearted decadence for not catching any fish in eighty- four days, and the boy was taken away by his parents. He also concerned about other things in life, in particular favorite baseball game. He always took the baseball newspaper with him. “Yes, I have yesterday’s paper and I will read the baseb all.”“The boy did not know whether yesterday’ newspaper was a fiction too. But the old man brought it out under the bed” (Hemingway,1952,P139). When on the sea, he still kept thinking about today’s baseball game. He thought: “I wonder how the baseball came out in the grand leagues today, he thought. It would be wonderful to do this with a radio. “When the big fish was eaten a lot by the large sharks, he did not despair. He just said to himself ,“The old man, just think about the happy things, you will be near your home more and more, and the boat will be more fast for losing forty pounds of meat.”“Don’t be silly,” he said aloud. “And keep awake and steer. You may have much luck yet.” When the old man fought with the shark, the shark took his gaff away, he said: “I have the two oars and the tiller and the short club” (Hemingway,1952, P215). All this reveals his personality, his optimistic attitude toward life. At the end of the novel, we can read the unique optimism factors of Santiago. He dreamed the lions on the beach which are the source of strength and courage.3.3 A Heroic Tough ManThe fish man Santiago was a hero. He always faced the difficulties with greatcourage. In the vast sea, the process of fishing of the old man was like the life process. And fishing on the sea was not so easy and it should be said that it was quite difficult. Some people say that a person’s true character should be revealed in the face of difficulties. The old man was just like that. His energetic spirit emerged when he struggled with the big fish and sharks.The old man did not catch a fish eighty- four days in a row, but he did not give up. He decided to struggle with destiny, so he went to a further place on the sea. This time he had a good luck. He caught a big fish, but the fish did not want to show itself. The fish just moved forward, and the old man had been on board one day and one night.“Fish,” he said softly, aloud. “I will stay with you until I am dead.”“Fish,” he said. “I love you and respect you very much. But I will kill you dead before this day ends.”“You’re feeling it now, fish,”he said. “And so, God knows, am I.” The old man’s left hand had been cramped, but the fish did not come out of the surface of the water. “What kind of a hand is that,” he said. “Cra mp then if you want. Make yourself into a claw. It will do you no good.”“He’s coming up,” he said. “Come on hand. Please come on” (Hemingway,1952,P242).To give himself more confidence, he remembered the time in the tavern at Casablanca when he had played the hand game with the great Negro from Cienfuegos who was the strongest man on the docks. They had gone one day and one night with their elbows on a chalk line on the table and their forearms straight up and their hands gripped tight. At last, the old man won the game. The old man fought with the big fish for one day and one night, and he was tired. But he did not give up. For an hour the old man had been seeing black spots before his eyes and the sweat salted his and salted the cut over his eye and on his forehead. But he was not afraid of the black spots. “Now you are getting confused in the head, he thought. You must keep your head clear, keep your head clear, and know how to suffer like a man” (Hmingway,1952,P239).The old man’s one hand was cut, the ot her hand was cramping. However, he was so stubborn that finally he captured the big fish which was biggerthan his boat.The battle between the old man and the big fish was not over. The sharks had come up from deep down in the water as the dark cloud of blood had settled and dispersed in the mile deep sea. The old man hit the shark with his blood-mashed hands driving a good harpoon with all his strength. First, he succeeded in killing a Marko shark, but the dead shark made him lose his harpoon and all the ropes besides forty pounds of his marlin. He knew that his fish was bleeding and more sharks would follow the fresh scent to take his fish and a very bad time was coming. Since his harpoons and all the ropes had gone, he had to lash his knife to the butt of one of the oars as weapon. As he had expected, two sharks came with the scent and were killed. Unfortunately, when he killed them, the knife blade snapped. It was getting dark now. Again, many sharks headed straight for the skiff swimming side by side. Again, the old man defeated the sharks. But by midnight, the sharks came in a pack. At this very moment, the old man’s mind was clear than ever. He knew he was doomed to lose the fight and more fights were useless. Still he never stopped fighting because st opping fighting meant he was defeated. How could he accept defeat! “But man is not made for defeat. A man can be destroyed but not defeated.” It was pitching dark. He had no weapons. So “he jerked the tiller free from the rudder and beat and chopped with it, holding it down again and again....Finally, he saw one shark came against the head of this fish, and he knew all was over. He swung the tiller across the shark’s head where the jaws were caught in the heaviness of the fish’s head which could not tear. He swung it once and twice and again. He heard the tiller break and he lunged at the shark with the splintered butt. He felt it go in and knowing it was sharp he drove it in again. The shark let go and rolled away. That was the last shark of the pack that c ame. There was noting more for them to eat” (Hemingway,1952,P246). Finally, the Sharks were defeated by him. But the big fish turned to a big skeleton. Although he loses the battle, he gets his moral achievement and fails in a heroic way. The old man is no t defeated in his spirit. In readers’ eyes, the old man is a winner.3.4 A Self-confident and Hopeful Tough ManThe fish man Santiago was self-confident and hopeful, he always had a confidant mind toward the future. In his eyes, everyday is a new day. The old man did not catch any fish in the first forty days, and the boy was taken away by his parents. How unlucky and lonely the old man was! But the old man did not give up, and he was full of hope.When he did not catch a fish in the eighty- four day, he thought he should catch a big fish this time. He was full of hope and he always was confident. He always thought he was a strange old man. From the beginning of the story, we are able to see that in his eyes. Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated. When the boy told him that he knew where he could get four baits and gave him, he said he only needed one. His hope and his confidence had never gone. When the boy asked if he was strong enough for a truly big fish, he said he was strong enough and he had many tricks. “I may not be as strong as I think,” the old man said, “But I know many tricks and I have resolution.” When he looked down into the water and watched the lines that went straight down into the dark of the water, he thought, “I keep them with precision; only I have no luck any more. But who knows? Maybe today. Every day is a new day. It is better to be lucky. But I would rather be exact. Then when luck comes you are ready”(Liu Cuixiang,1999,P116). When the old man watched the flying fish bursting out repeatedly and the ineffectual movements of the birds, he thought that the school had gotten away from him. They were moving out too fast and too far. But perhaps he would pick up a stray and perhaps his big fish was around them. His big fish must be somewhere. When the big fish moved steadily and they traveled slowly on the calm water, the old man looked behind him and saw that no land was visible. He thought that makes no difference. He thought he could always come in on the glow from Havana. When the big fish made the far part of his circle, he thought he must hold all that he could. The strain would shorten his circle each time. Perhaps in an hour he would see him. And he believed that he could catch the big fish and kill him.He was full of hope all the time. “I will rest on the next turn as he goes out,” he said. “I feel much better. Then in two or three turns more I will have him.”“You work now, fish, he thought. I will take you at the turn.”“I will just steer south and west,” he said. “A man is never lost at sea and it is a long island” (Libing,1995,P249). When he put all of his efforts on starting it well out before the fish came alongside and pulling with all his strength, the fish pulled part way over, then righted himself, and swam away. You can do that. He told himself. You are good forever. When he hard beat the big fish, he met a lot of sharks. He always died. However, he said, “But man is not made for defeat, a man ca n be destroyed but not defeated.” Howconfident the old man is! He is always a winner in spirit.4. The Prime Feature of SantiagoSantiago as the leading character in the story, he is the hero in Hemingway’ heart. He is the epitome of the “tough man” pat terns which are portrayed by Hemingway in his lifetime. On this character body, it has mainly manifested former “tough man” patterns’ all superior qualities: the courage, the confidence, exquisite technique and outstanding quality. What is different is that Santiago has manifested a stronger willpower and the noble dignity as a result of the physical ability limitation.Meanwhile Santiago is a person of new type, he is different from the formerly any “tough man”, he is rich in connotation, good at pondering, full of the sympathy and the tender feeling and has the formidable moral strength.At last, t his subject image of the Santiago has reposed the author’ thought which is more positive and completive to the human destiny and the existence value, it is aloof in the social life, and deep in social reality. Finally, the careful dramatic conflict in the story has manifested the human nature the sociality which is demonstrated in human living environment. While throwing attention to the character destiny, the author has not only separated attention from society, but also having paid attention to the human and the nature as well as person and society’s relations in a deeper broader stratification planes. Santiago by no means lives in the vacuum, he has closely contacting with the periphery person, and can enjoy the tender feeling, even when he is on the sea alone, he thinks all thought with the strong social color.5. ConclusionThis paper first briefly introduces the author Hemingway and the contents of the novel. Then give some information about the protagonist, Santiago, such as his social environment and his private life. Meanwhile this paper makes readers know the connection between Hemingway and Santiago more clearly. At last, the paper mainly show the images of the tough man by analyzing the protagonist’s words and deeds.Above all, the images of tough man is best expounded by the old man’ deeds. The old man was a man who never lost human dignity and he never compromised or hung back no matter how grave the situation was, how tremendous the difficulties were, or how terrific the God of death was with all those terrible things. Even if he suffered transient setback or defeat, he did not lose his courage or determination. He was a real portrait of Hemingway, the hero in life.Santiago, a defeated fisherman, was a real hero, an admirable hero. His persistent and dauntless spirit was just the sparkle of human spirit. Yes, a man can be destroyed. But never be defeated. What could be destroyed is only man’s body, his belief and spirit could never be defeated. This is the inspiration given by the esteemed old man to those so called “go through all hardships and difficulties” but always groans and sighs in the modern world.BibliographyBrenner Gerry. The Old Man and the Sea: story of a common man[M]. New York: Twayne publishers, 1991.Baker Carlos. Earnest Hemingway: a life story [M]. New York: Scriber, 1996 Donaldson, Scott Ed. The Cambridge Companion to Hemingway Cambridge [M]: Cambridge University of Alabama Press, 1999.Ernest Hemingway. The Old Man and the Sea[J], 译林出版社,2001.Encyclopedia American陈茂林海明威的自然观初探——《老人与海》的生态批评 [M] 江汉论坛.7(2003):100- 102.刘翠湘试论《老人与海》人物塑造的艺术手法[J] 湖南师范大学教育科学学报.1(1999):101- 105.李兵《老人与海》原型分析 [J] 南京社会科学19934。
永不言败的灵魂《老人与海》 毕业论文
Yibin University 本科生毕业论文题目永不言败的灵魂《老人与海》院别文学与新闻传媒学院11级1班专业汉语言文学学生姓名学号 2011 班级 1班指导教师职称讲师教务处制表永不言败的灵魂《老人与海》内容提要“一个人并不是生来就要被打败的”，“人尽可以被毁灭，但却不能被打败。
”因为一个人的生命价值已在那追捕马林鱼的过程中充分地体现了。
小说主人公渔夫桑提亚哥是其“硬汉”形象的集大成者。
与海明威前期作品中的主人公相比，桑提亚哥对命运的关注显得更为积极，对人生生存的理解也显得更为彻悟。
在桑提亚哥身上，不仅凝聚了海明威主角模式卓绝的特质——压力下的冷静和优雅风度以及产生这种优雅感的自我控制力，还显示出了一种阔远宁静的心理素质。
关键词硬汉子灵魂海明威象征主义引言作为“迷惘的一代”的代言人的美国名作家海明威，在评论界受到将近十年的冷遇与攻击。
为了力挽江河日下的声誉，海明威推出了他坚信这是自己“一辈子所能写出的最好的一部作品”，这就是《老人与海》。
《老人与海》是海明威一生的创作的结晶，是思想和艺术的总结。
这是故事简单、篇幅不大的作品，但含义丰富。
海明威崛起于欧美象征主义由诗坛向整个文学领域渗透、扩张的年代，研究者们将他视为象征主义作家，认为他应该“与爱伦·坡·霍桑和麦尔维尔列为一类，即描写象征内心世界形象的作家”。
海明威自己也认为小说应该是一座冰山，八分之一露出水面，八分之七深藏在水面下，是需要读者自己理会海明威的说法，《老人与海》同时也为我们展现了八分之一的面貌。
桑提亚哥出海挑战大海的时候，那是人类都会引为自豪的象征--人性是强悍的，人类本身有自己的限度，但正是因为有了老渔夫这样的人一次又一次地向限度挑战，超越它们，这个限度才一次次扩大，一次次把更大的挑战摆在了人类面前。
在这个意义上，老渔夫桑地亚哥这样的英雄，不管他们挑战限度是成功还是失败，都是值得我们永远敬重的。
因为，他带给我们的是人类最为高贵的自信！勇于挑战和渴望征服浩瀚的大海，渴望和一条真正的鲨鱼面对面的挑战；一条船，一个老人，一片浩瀚的大海；鲨鱼出现了，大海只派了他的小小的鲨鱼出现了，老人和小船，大海派来的小小的鲨鱼，老人是人类的代表，老人眼里是条真正的鲨鱼；于是，老人抖擞精神，和鲨鱼进行着殊死搏斗，一场征服和反征服的搏斗，“大块的鱼肉”和后来的争夺，局部的胜利之后，当老人感觉胜利在握的时候，“鲨鱼忽然……”，老人最后是空着双手，幸运地“凯旋”。
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评论界普遍认为海明威和当时他所生活的社会之间也可以看作是一场战斗。这是因为海明威《老人与海》之前的作品《丧钟为谁响起》既受到了读者的欢迎,也遭到评论界的批评,不少评论者认为此书和他先前的《有钱的和没钱的》缺乏海明威原先那种凝炼、白描、控制、纯净的艺术风格和冰山一角的写作原则,取而代之的是情感的宣泄和思想的直露,认为海明威在创作上开始走下坡路的人不在少数。《过河入林》毫无节制地表现了一位身患癌症的退休美军上校追思昔日恋人、顾影自怜的伤感情调,更加深了评论界的这一推断(参见李公昭《20世纪英国文学导论》第139页,西安交通大学出版社2000年版)。很多学者认为,在这种情况下,海明威像老人圣地亚哥一样也承受了巨大的社会压力,也急于向社会证明自己不朽的创作力。而他沉寂十多年之后并且于1952年发表的《老人与海》这部作品则让评论界眼前一亮。他们普遍认为这部文笔优美、风格纯净、思想深邃的巨著恢复了他在《太阳照样升起》等作品中的自律、优雅、紧凑、凝炼的写作风格,将他的叙事艺术推向了一个新的高度,他也重新获得人们的尊重和认可,并获美国文学最高奖普利策奖和诺贝尔文学奖。于是很多学者说,这证明了海明威在与社会的战斗中获得了胜利。然而笔者认为,海明威在长期的写作生活和坎坷的人生体验中应该对他和社会的这场战斗持无所谓的态度,一种平和的态度。正如前文所阐述那样海明威是一个迷恋大自然的作家,是一个重视生态和谐的作家,他早已把自己融入了自然,融入了社会,早已把自己和社会看作是人与自然的关系中的一部分,并且把维护这一整体关系的和谐作为自己终身实践的目标。这在他的多部作品中都有反映,如《最后一方净土》、《永别了,武器》《、乞力马扎罗的雪》以及《丧钟为谁响起》等。既然他根本就没把社会作为斗争对象,又哪来的胜负之说呢?而《老人与海》获得巨大成功之后,评论界再次掀起了研究海明威的热潮,正如说不尽的莎士比亚一样,该书留给社会一个说不尽的海明威,海明威似乎俘虏了社会,但社会每时每刻的不停变化又何尝不是海明威以后的写作素材呢。此时他似乎又成了社会的俘虏,这似乎告诉我们相互俘虏才是他和社会之间生态和谐之所在。
一、没有胜负———老人圣地亚哥与大马林鱼
老人圣地亚哥出海八十四天没有捕捉到一条鱼,他不但被剥夺了代教徒弟马诺林的权利,而且受到了当地一些渔民们的白眼。为了不服输,证明自己的价值,也为了对得起他曾经获得的那些诸如圣地亚哥冠军的称号,他决定冒险,把船划进大海的深处,把陆地的气息抛到身后。圣地亚哥知道大海的深处是一个未被破坏的生态环境,在他和他的小船到来之前一直保持着自身的生态平衡,构建着自身的生态和谐。他的到来必将破坏它的生态和谐,尽管他也爱着朝夕相处的大海,因为在老人圣地亚哥看来,自然界应该是人类的朋友、兄弟,甚至是母亲。他常梦到“小时候见到的非洲,长长的金色海滩和白色海滩,白得刺眼,还有高耸的海峡和褐色的大山…,他不再梦见风暴,不再梦见妇女们,不再梦见发生过的大事,不再梦见大鱼,不再梦见打架,不再梦见角力,不再梦见他的妻子,他如今只梦见某些地方和海滩上的狮子。它们在暮色中像小猫一般戏耍着,他爱它们,如同他爱这男孩”。(参见海明威《春潮·老人与海》,吴劳译,上海译文出版社2004年出版。下面引文同出此书)。他非常喜爱飞鱼,因为“它们是他在海洋上的主要朋友…他替鸟儿伤心,尤其是那些柔弱的黑色小燕鸥…海洋是仁慈并十分美丽的…这老人总是拿海洋当女性”。可见他梦中的狮子不再是凶猛的草原之王,而是像小猫一样可爱,于是在梦中他和狮子的关系不是猎杀和被猎杀的关系,而是像伙伴一样地相互嬉戏,而他和大海的关系也就像母子关系一样。既然他和大海相依为命,是不可分割的一个整体,从理论上来说他得保护大海,不能伤害大海,包括里面的大马林鱼,这样他才能和大海构成一个和谐的生态环境;然而现实迫使他放弃了原先的信条,侵入了大马林鱼的活动领域,准备破坏既有的和谐,而大马林鱼也在无意中中了老人的圈套,生态和谐进一步走向失衡。尽管在老人圣地亚哥和大马林鱼之间出现了如下的一些和谐画面“:鱼儿一刻不停地游着,鱼和船在平静的水面上慢慢地行进…再吃一些吧,美美地吃吧…鱼儿,我爱你,非常尊敬你…我巴望也能养那条大鱼,他想,它是我的兄弟…你觉得怎样啊,鱼啊?拖着这船吧,鱼啊…这条鱼也是我的朋友”,但这种人鱼一体的画面背后总是充斥着即将到来的血腥屠杀,而老人也一次又一次地表明了他对大马林鱼的态度“,鱼儿,我要奉陪你到死…不过我今天得把你杀死…我不得不把它杀死,而且得保持精力来这样做…不过我必须把它弄死”。于是无辜的大马林鱼便从不知不觉地中计、全力以赴地逃跑、难以忍受地疲惫、困兽犹斗地反抗,而逐渐走向挣扎,无奈,绝望和毁灭。最后这令人揪心的一幕彻底把人鱼生态的和谐毁掉了“,老人放下钓索,一脚踩住,把鱼叉举得尽可能地高,使出全身的力气,加上刚才鼓起的力气,把它朝下直扎进鱼身的一边,他感觉到那铁叉扎了进去,就把身子倚在上面,把它扎得更深一点,再用全身的重量把它压下……于是那鱼闹腾起来,尽管死到临头了,它从水中高高跃起…然后,它砰的一声掉在水里,浪花溅了老人一身,溅了一船。”大马林鱼虽然死掉了,然而它并没有失败,它在和老人的搏斗中很有风度地、优雅地离去了,它没有放弃自己的尊严与抵抗,它已经为自己和谐的生态环境负了应尽的责任,它让老人吃尽了苦头,使他浑身是伤,疲惫不堪,心力憔悴,最终一无所获。大马林鱼失去了生命,赢得了尊重,老人圣地亚哥付出了惨重的代价打死了大马林鱼却得不到它,可见老人圣地亚哥和大马林鱼都在实践着书中的那句话“一个人可以被毁灭,但不可以给打败”。大马林鱼虽然被毁灭了,但没有被打败,老人圣地亚哥虽然毁灭了大马林鱼,但没有打败它,也没有得到它,他们之间没有胜利者。
三、没有胜负———老人圣地亚哥与社会
老人圣地亚哥是一个打鱼技术顶呱呱、恪守传统捕鱼技术的倔强老人。在八十四天没有捕捉到一条鱼的情况下,人们认为他倒了血霉“,不少渔夫拿老人开玩笑”,他消瘦憔悴,手上有勒得很深的伤疤,没钱买吃食,得靠原来的徒弟马诺林给他送来;而曾跟他一起捕鱼的男孩马诺林,迫于父母的压力最后也离开了他,于是他被剥夺了代教徒弟马诺林的权利,而马诺林是他身边唯一的伙伴和助手,可以说支撑着老人圣地亚哥活下去的精神支柱又被抽掉了一根。马诺林到了另外一条船上,头一个礼拜就打到了三条好鱼,当地渔民们又怎能不对老人白眼相看呢?在物质状况不断恶化的情况下,他的精神与心理也承受了巨大的压力,受到了极大的打击。为了证明自己的价值,也为了对得起他那些诸如圣地亚哥冠军称号的辉煌历史,物质上已陷于困顿、心理上也陷入了绝对孤独的老人不顾一切地要到远海去打一条大鱼。在漫长的三天里,他拼尽全力并且用尽所有技巧却仍像以前一样一无所获。他痛苦地挣扎到自己的棚屋中后,生命体征都已经大幅下降,鱼具也基本被全部毁坏,他虽然向社会证明了自己不屈的精神和高超的捕鱼技术,但除此之外却一无所得,物质状况和身体状况的恶化还将继续下去,心理承担的压力也不会减轻很多,因此也不能说他在和社会之间的战斗中取得了胜利。同样,他一无所获的回来虽然不能让社会的人对他完全认同,而只能换来人们的一丝同情,但当时社会上对他白眼的人会因为他三天不屈不挠的战斗精神和捕鱼技术而认为他有别于从前,因此社会在和老人圣地亚哥的战斗中也没有获胜。应该看到,尽管男孩马诺林决定不顾父母和社会上的反对回到老人圣地亚哥的身边(似乎老人占了上风),尽管老人准备改善捕鱼工具,弄一支好钢做的长矛(似乎老人下次会获胜),但再好的钢做的长矛也不能掩盖捕鱼工具上的落后,和当时已经被很多人采用的先进捕鱼技术已经无法相比,其后果必将是下一次捕捉大鱼的失败,徒弟将再次离开他,他将再次面临上一次八十四天捕捉不到鱼的困难局面和尴尬境地。可见老人圣地亚哥与社会之间本应该是一个和谐的生态环境,却因双方种种原因而被破坏,结果是两败俱伤,不分胜负。
海明威在《老人与海》中依据真实人物和事件塑造了圣地亚哥,一个破坏了海洋生态环境又不断表示后悔的老人,老人不断说的那句“我原不该出海这么远的,鱼啊,对你对我都不好啊,鱼啊”,不就是海明威本人观点的真实流露吗?可见海明威与社会之间的战斗的胜负无从说起,也就无法分出高低了。正如有说不尽的莎士比亚”一样,我们又何尝不能有说不尽的《老人与海》”呢?自从《老人与海》这部博大精深的巨著问世以来,它激起了一个又一个学者的研究兴趣,他们从不同方面,不同视角或者是相同视角的不同认识来阐述他们的观点。为了丰富与补充这些学者们的观点,本文从生态视角全面阐述了老人圣地亚哥与大马林鱼,大马林鱼与鲨鱼,老人圣地亚哥与鲨鱼,老人圣地亚哥与社会,海明威与社会之间的战斗是没有胜利者的战斗。笔者相信在以后有关《老人与海》的生态视角的研究中,还会有许多全新的观点,我们期待那鲨鱼,老人圣地亚哥与鲨鱼
大马林鱼和鲨鱼是和谐的海洋生态圈的组成部分,他们能否和谐相处在很大程度上关系到海洋生态的平衡。在《老人与海》中,他们却和睦不再,可怜的大马林鱼虽然悲壮地死了,但凶猛的鲨鱼却并没有放过它,在不同的时间,不同的海域,不同的鲨鱼群向已经丧失抵抗能力的大马林鱼发动了一轮又一轮的进攻,规模也越来越大,大马林鱼在默默无闻中任人宰割,身上一块块肉被无情的鲨鱼撕下,在悲壮、惨烈、血腥的屠杀中变得体无完肤,最后只剩下白骨和长刺,生态和谐再次被杀戮替代。但鲨鱼并不是胜利者,而大马林鱼也不是失败者,因为鲨鱼被老人圣地亚哥打得死的死、伤的伤,老人圣地亚哥的行动虽说是为了保护自己用生命拼来的大马林鱼,但却以另外方式为已经死去的大马林鱼报了仇,可见在这场战斗中,鲨鱼不是胜利者,而大马林鱼也不是失败者,因为老人圣地亚哥替它报了仇。同时我们不难发现,老人圣地亚哥虽然打死 第3期一场没有胜负的战斗打伤了一群又一群的鲨鱼,但却无法保住他的战利品大马林鱼。对鲨鱼来说,老人圣地亚哥是它们业已生活许久的海洋生态环境的侵入者、破坏者,对其战利品大马林鱼的攻击就是对老人的有力反抗,最终它们以死伤为代价消灭了整个大马林鱼,可见老人圣地亚哥和鲨鱼之间的战斗也没有胜利者。
关键词《:老人与海》;海明威;生态和谐
海明威是20世纪美国最重要的小说家之一,《老人与海》被很多人认为是他最重要的代表作,该部巨著的问世在使他获得了诺贝尔文学奖的同时,学术界也掀起了对其作品的研究高潮。国内外很多学者对《老人与海》的研究,大多聚焦于小说的硬汉形象、悲剧意识,虚无思想和艺术特色等,但是从生态视角进行研究的则较少,这势必造成对海明威作品研究的一个缺憾。本文试图以生态视角为观照,对这一巨著进行剖析,探究其生态学层面上的意义。生态批评(eocriticism)是研究文学和自然环境之间相互关系的学问,它通过寻找文本中自然的缺席,以研究文学作品中自然如何被再现,并通过重新发现、重新思索、重新阐释自然写作,以唤醒人们的生态保护意识。作为一位迷恋大自然的作家,对大自然的关注是海明威创作的永恒主题之一。大自然中莽莽苍苍的森林,奔腾不息的河流,波涛汹涌的大海,树木葱郁的青山,为海明威的创作提供了取之不尽的源泉,对自然的酷爱又使他一生酷爱打猎、钓鱼、游泳、滑雪等这些接近大自然的活动。他去过伊利诺斯州的大草原,密执安的铁杉林,西班牙、东非、基韦斯特、比米尼,古巴、美国西郊的落基山等地,他用心去贴近自然,欣赏自然,关注自然,努力做到回归自然。甚至他的住处———橡树园、华隆湖畔的避暑茅舍、基韦斯特了望田庄、太阳谷、凯彻姆等,都是贴近自然的风景优美的地方。他一生经历过两次世界大战以及西班牙内战,旅居过法国和古巴,到非洲打猎,到西班牙看斗牛,还当过救护车司机,受过伤,得过勋章,曾四次结婚,三次离婚,其辉煌而又坎坷的人生更加激发了他对自然的热爱,对战争的厌恶,对人类文明的失望。可以说海明威一生都在寻找未遭破坏、未被开发的自然,并希求从中找到慰藉。然而在《老人与海》中,我们虽然发现了一些生态和谐的画面,但更多的则是一幅幅生态失衡的画面,我们似乎听到了画面背后海明威老人一声声的叹息,似乎又看到了海明威老人如同书中的老人一样在生态遭到破坏的环境中挣扎着,思考着。那么他在思考什么呢?