英国文学之威廉姆布莱克老虎WilliamBlakeandTheTyger
解读老虎一诗中隐喻
(,350007)摘要:隐喻从语言层次上可以分为日常生活中的常规隐喻和文学作品的诗性隐喻。
布莱克的“TheTiger”一诗的隐喻历来被津津乐道,文章旨在用诗性隐喻来解读“老虎”一词的多重象征意义。
关键词:布莱克;隐喻;《老虎》;象征意义中图分类号: I106. 2文献标识码: A文章编号: 1671-1491(2007)04-0049-02 威廉·布莱克(W illiam Black, 1757-1827)是英国18、19世纪最富天才的诗人和艺术家,浪漫主义诗歌的先驱,西方现代派艺术象征主义的重要诗人。
他的作品重想象、重灵感,将深邃的思想融汇于一套独特的、充满象征与神话的传说中,常常带有神秘主义倾向和宗教色彩。
在他的诗歌作品中,短诗集Songs ofExperience(《经验之歌》)文字素朴,形象鲜明,寓意深远,名作《老虎》即是其中之一。
此诗遒劲雄浑,气势夺人,运用民间歌谣的创作手法,语言淳朴而简洁,节奏鲜明而和谐,意象丰富多彩,在高度的艺术感染力之中反映出严肃的思想内涵。
本文旨在从诗性隐喻角度解读“老虎”一词的多重象征意义,使之更加形象鲜明。
1诗性隐喻莱可夫与约翰逊(1980)等认知语言学家认为我们的语言仔细推敲起来都与隐喻挂得上钩。
这些学者把这样的语言学隐喻称为“常规隐喻”。
之后,莱可夫和特纳(1989)发表了有关诗性隐喻的专著《超过冷静理性:诗性隐喻分析指南》,把诗性隐喻完全纳入了概念隐喻的理论框架,认为语言学隐喻和文学隐喻无本质区别。
但对于两者的区别罗西克早在1978年就指出,语言学隐喻和诗性隐喻是完全不同的概念,不能放在同一范畴之内。
作为语言学隐喻被看作是用隐喻方法产生的新词和词源之间关系的元语言学构成,而诗性隐喻要以新的方法分析,区别生动性和陈腐性,强调突出性。
诗性隐喻通过对诗性语篇在各自领域内的语境化,可以挖掘丰富的象征手段和意象(Selepe, 1995)。
马丁(Mar-tin, 1979)认为隐喻是人类经验中心照不宣的成分的显示,这种成分不能用常规语言作清楚表达。
解读威廉 布来克 的老虎
120“在一粒沙子里看到一个世界，在一朵野花里看到一座天堂”——这是英国浪漫主义的先驱——威廉·布莱克（1757—1827）的名句之一。
布莱克不但是诗人，而且是画家、雕刻家和幻想家。
他的诗充满了神秘的幻影，反映了现实社会的严重问题，同时也展示了理想社会的美好境界，其中还包含一些诗人的天才的臆测。
他的诗蕴蓄着巨大力量，充满着革命性。
正如卞之琳先生指出的那样，“布莱克在他一生所作的许多诗篇（以及许多版画）里一贯站在人民一边，同情民主和自由的要求；同情民族解放、妇女解放；同情被压迫的国内外劳苦大众；同情被作为奴隶来贩卖的黑人；他一贯支持革命，拥护和平，反对战争——统治阶级野心家发动的侵略战争和为了镇压人民解放运动、民族解放运动而进行的血腥战争；他支持美国人民和法国人民被压迫进行的武装斗争；他反对专制暴政，反对一切‘国王和教士’，反对一切‘吞食者’，反对资本主义发展所带给劳动人民日益加重的剥削和压迫；他认为“人类的全部事业‘应当是文艺（文化）和一切公有’。
”[1]布莱克是位特殊天才的诗人。
他的优美的抒情诗，语言简洁，风格纯朴，却有着极丰富的想象力。
他把自己的革命热情，对自由的向往，对美好生活的爱及对黑暗社会的恨都寄予幻想，并用诗歌表现出来。
这充分地显示了他的艺术灵感和才能。
《经验之歌》是布莱克最重要的诗之一，而《老虎》则是诗集中最著名的短诗。
这首诗是最为读者普遍传诵的名篇，历来受到批评家的重视。
由于受当时政治形势所迫，布莱克运用了象征的手法，精心构思，巧妙地把现实主义和浪漫主义结合起来，推敲出了这首文字干脆利落，铿锵有力，气势磅薄的不朽诗篇。
布莱克的《老虎》绝不是一个真老虎，而是一只完全出于想象的老虎。
那么为什么诗人要创造这样一只“可怕的匀称”的老虎呢？“老虎”又究竟象征什么呢？《老虎》一般被公认为是象征性很强的作品，《老虎》是《经验之歌》的代表，而《羔羊》则是《天真之歌》的代表。
《天真之歌》和《经验之歌》是一个不可分割的整体，用诗人自己的话来说，代表着“人类灵魂的两种对立状态”。
The Tyger 老虎 威廉布莱克
Brief introduction
William Blake (1757-1827) an important English Romantic poet, painter and printmaker, was strongly opposed to the Neoclassicism of the 18th century.His poems were full of romantic spirit, imagery symbolism and revolutionary spirit.Though unknown during his lifetime, he is now considered a forerunner of in the history of romantic poetry and visual arts of t 在怎样的熔炉中练就了你的大脑？ 是怎样的铁砧？怎样的铁臂？ 胆敢扼住那致命的恐惧？ 当群星洒下它们的光芒， 用眼泪浸湿了天空， 他是否微笑他的作品将被欣赏？ 塑造了羔羊的他是否也塑造了你？
Tyger! Tyger! burning bright In the forests of the night, What immortal hand or eye Dare frame thy fearful symmetry?
The summary
The Tyger is a Quatrian written during the French Revolution. Through the descriptions of some parts of the tiger, a powerful , strong and mighty tiger seems to stand in front of us vividly. This poem aims to show us the power of the tiger and glorify the it. It is wildly believed that the tyger is the symbol of revolutionary forces.
【精品】英国文学之威廉姆布莱克——老虎William Blake and The Tyger精品课件
His literary achievements
（2）Songs of Innocence（1789） It is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings. In this volume, Blake, with his eager quest for new poetic forms and techniques, broke completely with the traditions of the 18th century. He experimented in meter and rhyme and introduced bold metrical innovations which could not be found in the poetry of his contemporaries.
Fierceness and gentleness are contrasting qualities of the human mind.
An imaginative poet
“I know that This World is a World of IMAGINATION﹠Vision.” and that “The Nature of my work is visionary or imaginative.”
﹡ the French Revolution — a necessary stage
leading to the millennium predicted by the biblical prophets.
William Blake威廉布莱克及作品英国文学家
• 我是个孩子，你是只羔羊，
• 我们都叫他的名字。
• 小羊羔，上帝保佑你！
• 小羊羔，上帝保佑你！
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Questions
1. Does this poem describe a lamb or the mind of the child who is speaking to the lamb? What is the relation of the lamb and the child to God?
4
“The Lamb”
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William Blake’s “The Lamb”(Ⅰ)
Little Lamb, who made thee?
小羊羔，谁创造了你？
Dost thou know who made thee?
你知道是谁创造了你？
Gave thee life, and bid thee feed, By the stream and o'er the mead; Gave thee clothing of delight, Softest clothing, woolly, bright;
一沙一世界，一花一天堂。
无限掌中置，刹那成永恒。
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——徐志摩（译） 3
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佛曰：
• 一花一世界， • 一草一天堂， • 一叶一如来， • 一砂一极乐， • 一方一净土， • 一笑一尘缘， • 一念一清静。
这一切都是一种心境。心若无 物就可以一花一世界，一草一 天堂。参透这些，一花一草便 是整个世界，而整个世界也便 空如花草。
浅析布莱克《老虎》的象征意义
浅析布莱克《老虎》的象征意义作者：丁晓霞来源：《青年文学家》2012年第36期摘要：威廉·布莱克是英国浪漫主义文学先驱。
他的诗歌使用简洁的语言和有限的篇幅，来表达无限的、丰富的内涵。
《经验之歌》中的《老虎》是布莱克的代表作之一，也备受读者的注意。
该诗中的老虎具有多重象征意义。
老虎象征了神秘的宗教；它象征革命的动力；同时，它象征人类的想象力；它也可以象征活力。
本论文主要通过分析《老虎》这首诗及其中的象征意象，帮助读者更好地理解诗中老虎所具有的复杂的象征意义，同时也让人们更深入地了解这首诗所具有的神秘色彩。
关键词：威廉·布莱克；《老虎》；象征意义；意象作者简介：丁晓霞（1979-），女，江苏盐城人，盐城工学院人文学院讲师。
[中图分类号]：I106 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139（2012）-27-0-02威廉·布莱克（1757-1827）被被誉为英国浪漫主义的先驱；是一位具有天分的抒情诗人，他强调本能、激情和想象力，表达了诗人对精神自由的追求，体现了浪漫主义精神之特点，布莱克也是一位革命诗人，他一反十八世纪的清规戒律，在诗中表达了强烈的革命激情和反叛精神。
他的诗歌不仅无情地揭露了英国社会的黑暗和邪恶，公开表示不满于当时的社会，但也显示出同情的压迫和奴役劳动人民和宗教的面纱；布莱克还是一位象征主义者和神秘主义者，他的诗歌充满意象，象征主义和神秘主义色彩浓厚。
布莱克二十岁时，“法国大革命”爆发了，法国革命时期，欧洲资产阶级革命形势高涨，阶级斗争极度尖锐，也是布莱克在创作上获得重大成就时期。
在这期间，布莱克写出了一生中最重要的作品。
《老虎》是布莱克早期的重要抒情诗歌之一，收集在他的代表作品《经验之歌》（Songs of Experience，1794）里。
诗人在这首诗歌中塑造了活灵活现、栩栩如生的老虎意象。
威武堂堂、活力四射的老虎具有多重象征意义。
首先，在诗歌中，老虎具有神秘色彩的宗教象征意义。
《羔羊》和《老虎》诗评中英文对照(4篇)
此篇为本人亲手收集网络上各种资料汇总的《羔羊》和《老虎》诗评中英文对照威廉布莱克(William Blake,1757-1827)是英国十八、十九世纪的重要诗人。
《天真之歌》和《经验之歌》是布莱克最重要的两个诗作合集。
《天真之歌》象征人类初生状态的天真纯洁,《经验之歌》则描绘了经验状态下的世俗生活。
两组诗的意象多有对立之处,其中最明显也最受人关注的是羔羊与老虎的对立。
这一系列对立的形象象征看人类灵魂的两种对立状态。
在布莱克看来,世界正是在这种矛盾运动中不断地向前发展。
"天真"若不经过"经验"世界的锤炼便无法上升到更高的层次。
"天真"与"经验"之同的问题不仅困扰了布莱克的一生,也存在于几乎全都的人类历史之中,直到现在仍作为一个难以解决的问题摆放在我们面前。
现代人的痛苦正是在"天真"世界中感到压抑、彷徨和迷惑,在"经验"世界里向往单纯、和谐和美好。
如何达到一种全新的"有组织的天真状态",而不仅仅是《天真之歌》中所描绘的简单的纯洁和谐。
这也许应该是我们共同思考的问题。
William Blake (William Blake ,1757-1827) is a British eighteenth and nineteenth century poet. "Songs of Innocence" and "Songs of Experience" Black is the most important two poetry collections. "Songs of Innocence" symbol of the human newborn state of innocence, "Songs of Experience" depicts a secular life in the experience of the state. The two groups of poetic imagery and more confrontation at one of the most obvious is the paramount concern is the lamb and tiger opposition.The opposing image symbolizes this series see two opposing states of the human soul. In Blake's view, the world is in this contradictory movement continue to move forward. "Naive" if not the temper of the world after the "experience" will not be able to rise to a higher level. "Naive" and "experience" is not only plagued with the problem of Blake's life, there are also among almost all of human history, until now still be placed in front of us as a difficult problem to solve. Of modern pain it is "naive" World feel depressed, anxious and confused, longing for the simple, harmonious and beautiful world of the "experience". How to reach a new "organized the naive state", not just the "Songs of Innocence" depicts the simple pure harmony. This may be our common thinking.-------------------------------------------------------华丽的分割线----------------------------------------------------《羔羊》开篇用轻柔的韵脚对温顺的小羊羔提出询问: Little Lamb.who made thee Dost thou know who made thee作者刻意凸显小羊羔纯洁的毛色、温顺的天性和与世无争的性格。
The Tiger
The TigerWilliam Blake （1757-1827）Tiger, tiger, burning brightIn the forests of the night,What immortal hand or eyeCould frame thy fearful symmetry?In what distant deeps or skiesBurnt the fire of thine eyes?On what wings dare he aspire?What the hand dare seize the fire?And what shoulder and what artCould twist the sinews of thy heart? And when thy heart began to beat, What dread hand? And what dread feet? What the hammer? What the chain?In what furnace was thy brain?What the anvil? What dread grasp Dare its deadly terrors clasp?When the stars threw down their spears And watered Heaven with their tears, Did he smile his work to see?Did he who made the Lamb make thee? Tiger, tiger, burning brightIn the forests of the night,What immortal hand or eyeDare frame thy fearful symmetry? (vgl. Blake-Poems, S. 215)老虎老虎！老虎！火一样辉煌，烧穿了黑夜的森林和草莽，什么样非凡的手和眼睛什么样遥远的海底、天边烧出了做你眼睛的火焰？跨什么翅膀它胆敢去凌空？凭什么铁掌抓一把火种？什么样功夫，什么样胳膊拗得成你五脏六腑的筋络？等到你的心一开始蹦跳，什么样惊心动魄的手、脚？什么样铁链？什么样铁锤？什么样熔炉里炼你的脑髓？什么样铁砧？什么样猛劲一下子掐住了骇人的雷霆？到临了，星星扔下了金枪，千万滴银泪洒遍了苍穹，完工了再看看，他可会笑笑？不就是造羊的把你也造了？老虎！老虎！火一样辉煌，烧穿了黑夜的森林和草莽，什么样非凡的手和眼睛（卞之琳译）猛虎猛虎，猛虎，火焰似的烧红在深夜曲莽丛，何等神明的巨眼或是手能擘画你的骇人的雄厚？在何等遥远的海底还是天顶烧着你眼火的纯晶？跨什么翅膀他胆敢飞腾？凭什么手敢擒住那威棱？是何等肩腕，是何等神通，能摩楼你的藏府的系境？等到你的心开始了活跳，何等震惊的手，何等震惊的脚？椎的是什么锤？使的是什么练？在什么洪炉里熬炼你的脑液？什么砧座？什么骇异的拿把胆敢它的凶恶的惊怕擒抓？当群星放射它们的金芒，满天上泛滥着它们的泪光，见到他的工程，他露不露笑容? 造你的不就是那造小羊的神工? 猛虎，猛虎，火焰似的烧红在深夜的莽丛，何等神明的巨眼或是手胆敢擘画你的惊人的雄厚？（徐志摩译）老虎之歌老虎！老虎！火光辉煌闪耀在黑夜的幽林丛莽是怎样的天手和神眼才能造出你骇人的匀健渺渺幽邃的苍穹你眼中烈火熊熊他凭怎样的翅膀敢凌空用怎样的巨掌紧扣火种什么样的臂什么样的巧艺才能捏出你心脏的神力一旦它开始搏跳多惊人的手多惊人的脚什么样的锤什么样的链条什么样的焚炉炼就你的脑是怎样的砧要抓得多猛才压得住那可怖的惊悚当星星纷纷投下金枪银泪洒满了天堂造物主是否微笑地欣赏他造就老虎也造就羔羊老虎！老虎！火光辉煌闪耀在黑夜的幽林丛莽是怎样的天手和神眼才敢造出你骇人的匀健（尤克强译）老虎老虎！老虎！黑夜的森林中燃烧着的煌煌的火光，造出了你这样的威武堂堂？你炯炯的两眼中的火燃烧在多远的天空或深渊？他乘着怎样的翅膀搏击？用怎样的手夺来火焰？又是怎样的膂力，怎样的技巧，把你的心脏的筋肉捏成？当你的心脏开始搏动时，使用怎样猛的手腕和脚胫？是怎样的槌？怎样的链子？在怎样的熔炉中炼成你的脑筋？是怎样的铁砧？怎样的铁臂敢于捉着这可怖的凶神？群星投下了他们的投枪。
William Blake威廉布莱克及作品英国文学家
• 老虎！老虎！黑夜的森林中 • 燃烧着的煌煌的火光， • 是怎样的神手或天眼 • 造出了你这样的威武堂堂？
William Blake威廉布莱克及作品 英国文学家
meter
• The poem is in trochaic tetrameter with catalexis at the end of each line.
William Blake威廉布莱克及作品 英国文学家
Pre-Romanticism
• In the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival.
• 你炯炯的两眼中的火 • 燃烧在多远的天空或深渊？ • 他乘着怎样的翅膀搏击？ • 用怎样的手夺来火焰？
• And what shoulder, & what art,
• 又是怎样的膂力，怎样的技巧，
• Could twist the sinews of thy heart? • 把你的心脏的筋肉捏成？
• And when thy heart began to beat,
• 当你的心脏开始搏动时，
• What dread hand? and what dread feet? • 使用怎样猛的手腕和脚胫？
William Blake威廉布莱克及作品 英国文学家
The Tyger / 老虎(II)
• What the hammer? What the chain? • In what furnace was thy brain? • What he anvil? What dread grasp • Dare its deadly terrors clasp?
The Tiger
• What the hammer? what the chain? In what furnace was thy brain? What the anvil? what dread grasp Dare its deadly terrors clasp? • When the stars threw down their spears, And watered heaven with their tears, Did he smile his work to see? Did he who made the Lamb make thee? • Tyger! Tyger! burning bright In the forests of the night, What immortal hand or eye Dare frame thy fearful symmetry?
•
时至今日，不少批评家把布莱克列为英国文学史上与乔 叟、斯宾塞、莎士比亚、弥尔顿、华兹华斯齐名的最伟大 的六位诗人之一。由于他的画在文艺复兴以后，开启了不 重形似而重精神力量的新路，他又被赞誉为“英国艺术方 面最重要的人物之一”。正如王佐良教授所断言的，对于 后来者来说，布莱克是挖掘不尽的———无论从思想、象 征、神话出发，还是从格律、诗艺或绘画艺术出发，他的 作品里还有大量值得深入研究的东西。他经得起不断发掘。 很可能，今后人们还会从他的作品中发掘出很多新的东西。
• 布莱克一生都保持着宗教、政治和艺术上的激进倾向。他 浓厚的宗教意识、艺术家的天分和丰富的人生阅历，给他 的诗歌提供了取之不尽的创作源泉，并使它的诗歌具有明 显的宗教性、预言性、哲理性和艺术性等几大特点。他对 英国诗歌，特别是浪漫主义诗歌所作出的贡献是有目共睹 的。其前期诗作主要包括《诗歌素描》（1783）、《天真 之歌》及《经验之歌》等。这一时期的诗作，语言上简单 易懂，且以短诗为主，音节也能短则短，题材内容则以生 活中的所见所闻为主；而后期的诗作篇幅明显增长，有时 长达数百乃至上千行，内容也明显地晦涩起来，以神秘、 宗教，以及象征为主要特征。
用认知隐喻释读威廉·布莱克的诗歌《老虎》
Unscrambling William Blake＇s Poem The Tiger from the Perspective of Metaphor and Cognition 作者： 周标
作者机构： 南京财经大学外国语学院,江苏南京210003
出版物刊名： 南京财经大学学报
页码： 106-108页
年卷期： 2010年 第2期
主题词： 隐喻 威廉.布莱克 老虎 释读
摘要：英国诗人、版画家、英国浪漫主义运动的先驱威廉.布莱克是一位重要的诗人,他的名篇《老虎》中隐喻的深邃意义一直被世人赞叹不已。
此诗用惊人的想象力把老虎给人的印象比喻为＂烧穿了黑夜的森林和草莽＂的辉煌的火,把老虎身上的那种威武、神秘而又辉煌的力量之美表达了出来。
本文试图从认知隐喻的角度释读＂老虎＂一词的多重象征意义,以期达到对该首作品更加深刻的理解。
解读《老虎》的革命象征意义
解读《老虎》的革命象征意义［Abstract］As one of the earliest and greatest figures of Romanticism, William Blake is famous for his mysterious imagination, symbolism and spirit of revolution. “The Tyger”, a classic poem in Songs of Experience, has been taken as a symbolic poem and is continuously reconsidered by the critics. The paper intends to interpret the symbolic meaning of “The Tyger” as the revolutionary force. In brief, it defends the conclusion from the three perspectives: William Blake’s experience, poetry and th e content of “The Tyger”.［Key words］The Tyger,symbolism,revolutionary forceI. IntroductionAs a British poet, William Blake occupies an important and distinct place in the literature of the entire world. In fact, largely due to his work’s idiosyncratic and unorthodox nature, William Blake was unappreciated and lived in near poverty during his own lifetime. Misunderstanding shadowed his career as a writer and artist. Today, however, Blake is widely regarded as one of England’s great figures of art and literature and one of the most inspired and original painters of his time. His verse and artwork has become part of the wider movement of Romanticism in late eighteenth and early nineteenth century European culture. Forexample, Harold Bloom regards him as an origin of modernity in Ro manticism: “Modern poetry, in English, is the invention of Blake and Wordsworth.”[1]16 The poet Wordsworth also commented that “there is something in his madness which interests me more than the sanity of Lord Byron and Walter Scott.”[2]184William Blake is not only a great poet, but also a talented painter and visionary mystic. Blake proclaims the supremacy of the imagination over the rationalism and materialism of the eighteenth century. In defiance of 18th-century neoclassical conventions, he privileged imagination and symbolism over reason in the creation of both his poetry and images, asserting that ideal forms should be constructed not from observations of nature but from inner visions. Thus powerful imagination is evident in every aspect of Blake’s work, especially in his masterpieces Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience.There are various opinions on the symbolic meaning of “The Tyger”, a famous poem in Songs of Experience. Some feel puzzled about what “The Tyger” stands for. Since the poem was relates to the events of the French Revolution, why Blake appeared to praise God at the beginning but fell into conflict with himself in the end. Professor Wang Zuoliang commented on this, saying “Obviously, there is a praise on the God in this poem.” “But it seems that the focus point is not on the worship of theGod, … What the poet deeply felt was the great destructive force symbolized by the tiger. … A poet, in 1794 or so, who was sympathetic to the revolution and sensitive to the current political situation, praised the destructive force. This might be the revolutionary violence represented by the French people.”[3]616 This paper intends to prove that the image of “The Tyger” symbolizes the revolutionary power.Ⅱ. William Blake’s ExperienceIn William Blake’s time, Great changes took place in English society. Because of the Industrial Revolution which began in the 18th century, England had become a scene of complicated social contradictions. Marx described the social situation, saying that “about 1750 the yeomanry had disappeared, and so had, in the last decade of the 18th century, the last trace of the common land of the agricultural laborer.”[4]147 The landless peasants went to the cities and became workers who owned nothing except labor and had to work long hours for low wages. All the working people lived in dire poverty, mercilessly exploited by the ruling class. Throughout the eighteenth century, numerous uprisings broke out in different parts of England. In rural areas the expropriated peasants protested against the Enclosure Movement; meanwhile, in towns and cities workers’struggle broke out, finding expression in the spontaneous movement of the Luddites, or“frame-breakers”, who broke their master’s machines to show their hatred of the capitalists and capitalist exploitation.William Blake’s personal experience is also a reflection of the contemporary society. Because of poverty, he had no opportunity to receive formal education in the usual sense. Since he was young, Blake began to earn his livings as an engraver of illustrations for various publishers. However, he was never prosperous in this business and remained in poverty all his life. The suffering aroused his hatred to the merciless bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes and profound sympathy for the common people. Blake hated the effects of growing industrialism, antirevolutionary turmoil and repression in England, looking forward to the establishment of a New Jerusalem “in England’s green and pleasant land”.Furthermore, during his time, the two great revolutions—the American Revolution for independence and French Revolution broke out. The influence soon swept all over Europe and the old aristocratic system seemed increasingly outmoded and restrictive. “Once the political debate had been opened in this way, the radical ideas that had lain dormant since the seventeenth century were revived among literate artisans and working men, including William Blake.”[5]52 As a nonconformist, Blake was associated with some of the leading radical thinkers of his day, such asThomas Paine and Mary Wollstonecraft. He thought that “Tom Paine is a better Christian than the Bishop.”[5]58 Theacute struggle was reflected in Blake’s writing. For instance, in works such as The French Revolution and America, a Prophecy, Blake saw the war as a struggle between liberty and despotism and as presaging the European revolutions of the 1790s. Visions of the Daughters of Albion and Europe, a Prophecy expressed his opposition to the English monarchy and to 18th-century political and social tyranny in general.During the period of revolution, the great poet came to maturity and produced one of his most important works. Compared with early works, Songs of Experience is a much maturer book that deals with topics of corruption and social injustice. His revolutionary thought had been strengthened, for this collection of poems drew vivid pictures of neediness and distress and the misery of the poor. The poet was conscious of “some blind hand” crushing the life of man, as man crushes the fly, and wished to free the readers from “mind-forg’d manacles”. He commended that salvation should come through passionate revolt, through revolution. Therefore, in respect of social and personal background, it is reasonable to interpret “The Tiger” as a symbol of revolutionary force.Ⅲ. William Blake’s PoetryWilliam Blake thought that “without contrast there is no progress”. The idea can be found in his two little collections of poems Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience. Comparative studies of the poems in the two collections can help the readers to see the contrast which marks a progress in his outlooks on life and the universe. Songs of Innocence shows life as it seems to innocent children, while Songs of Experience tells of a mature person’s realization of pain and terror in the universe.Some interpret Songs of Innocence in a straightforward fashion, considering it primarily a children’s book. It is probably because that the poet paints a naive, childish world, which is ignorant of affairs of human life. Here everything seems to be in harmony. A scene of joy in England is portrayed under Blake’s pen. Poor people have happy relationship with the upper class, “all the little ones leape’d & shouted & laugh’d” as described in Blake’s “Nurse’s Song”. On “Holy Thursday” tens of thousands of innocent children rush into the church to raise their voice and sing songs to heaven. There is no racial discrimination; even the black boys could share the blessing of God. The poet expresses his delight in the sun, the hills, the insects and the flowers, in the innocence of the child and of the lamb. In this land, the God is always with men. For anyone, like the chimney sweeper, “if he’d be a good boy, he’d have God for his father & never want joy”, and “if all do their duty, they need not fear harm.”[6]189 As for the symbolic meaning of “The Lamb”, thereis little argument. The Bible says that God created men; all men are God’s little Lambs. Thus God likes every ordinary man and he is always together with men. God blesses men and men worship God, so that a great harmony by the joint combination of God and men is made.However, in Songs of Experience, the first glimpse of the world, a picture of light, harmony, peace and love no longer exists. The readers can easily find hints at parody or critique in its seemingly naive and simple lyrics. In this work the world is also seen from a child’s point of view, but they function as parables of adult experience. Experience had brought a fuller sense of the power of evil, and of the great misery and pain of the people’s life. In this period, religious and political issues were intimately connected in this book because of the conservative posture of the established church and ideological use to which it put Christian doctrine. The church is no more than a cruel and cold hell. In “A Little Boy Lost”, the boy, only because of a tiny mistake, was seized by the priest, stripped to his shirt, bound in an iron chain and was burned alive. Neither the kindest God nor the saddest mother could find this boy any longer. However, older generations are still deceived by religion, and continue to “praise god &his priest & king, who make up a heaven of our misery,”[6]189 leaving the little boys who could not even pronounce clearly and correctly in the snow. Blake’s hatred of the persecution of church and clergymen is remarkably noticed. In this sameland, “the sun does never shine” and “it is eternal winter there.”[7]195 Poverty prevails in England, and the phenomenon of prostitution can be found everywhere.As one of the representative poems in Songs of Experience, “The Tyger” presents the maturity of Blake’s technique and spirit. By highly praising the positive image of the tiger, Blake celebrates the success of the French Revolution and openly takes a challenge to the authority of God and religion in reality. For that reason, through examining the progression and themes of William Blake’s poetry, “The Tyger” represents the revolutionary power.Ⅳ. William Blake’s “The Tyger”William Blake is never forgotten as an artist. The poem “The Tyger” as a part of Songs of Experience is Typical for Blake’s poems: long, flowing lines and violent energy, combined with aphoristic clarity and moments of lyric tenderness. Blake was not blinded by conventions, but approached his subjects sincerely with a mind unclouded by current opinions. In the poem, he approves of free love, and sympathizes with the actions of the French revolutionaries.In the first stanza, the tiger has clearly become a symbol of all that is most terrifying. With the repetitive words “tyger”, the reader could havean image of a shining tiger with a clear outlook moving in the dark forests, which possesses complete freedom and power. This stanza then significantly ends with a question, highly arousing curiosity and subtly introduces the theme of mystery. It suggests that the creator of anything as terrifying as the tiger must be a creator whose power goes beyond our human capability. The stanza explores the mystery of creation and the extraordinary complexity of life.Then in the body of the poem, William Blake subscribes to a creation myth, making the reader realize the immensity of the creative act. The second stanza continues to work with similar images. Although in a sense the question of the first stanza is asked again, there is progression. In this stanza, the poet emphasizes the distance that separates this creator from human beings. The tiger with his tawny coat and flashing eyes is like fire in the jungle. The questions convey a feeling of awe. In order to find the fire of tiger’s eyes, the creator goes through “distant deeps or skies”, which represents the pain and hardship revolutionaries had suffered to seek for the truth of revolution.Paralleled with the second, the third and the fourth stanzas continue the image of the forge and emphasize the role of strength and intelligence in creation. “Hammer”, “chain”, “anvil”, “grasp” symbolize the fierce struggle between classes, and “furnace” represents revolutionary furnace.The poet reminds the readers again of the frightful strength of the tiger, suggesting that the idea that Christian God both creates and controls everything has been shattered.In the fifth stanza Blake’s fondness for contrasts is again encountered, for playing off one thing against its opposite. It reflects the confusing social reality. In France, corrupted ruling class was defeated by revolutionary people, while reactionary force was reluctant to commit their failure and behaved more frantically. Like the “stars” in the poem, although they were forced to “throw down their spears”, they still weep for their defeat, preparing to suppress the French Revolution and the democratic movements in England. Moreover, these four sentences contradict the traditional biblical image of a good and loving God. In his climactic fourth line from the heavenly army to the dread creator himself, the poet uses two tag questions to deny the quality of the Christian God. Why does the God make the gentle lamb also make the terrifying tiger? According to the Bible, God creates everything, but why does he create evil as well as good? The questions remind the readers that it would probably because of God’s evil nature, which enjoys others killing one another and producing pains. Obviously, it appears to be absurd to believe in the Christian God. The poet criticizes the acute social problem with power, authority and precedent and the true value of the classics experienced by a number of his contemporaries.The final stanza repeats the first one except for the difference between the words “could” in the first one and “dare” in the last. It makes use of liberating, pleasant and even proud tone to show off the powerful figure of the tiger. Since the readers have been through the experience of imaging the magnificence and fear-inspiring mysteriousness of the creative act, the poet denies God as the creator and controller and puts tiger above God. Consequently, by analyzing the content and techniques of the po em, it seems logical to interpret “The Tyger” as the symbol of revolution.William Blake has been recognized as a highly original and important poet, artist and writer, and as a member of an enduring tradition of visionary artists and philosophers, a libertarian, and an uncompromising critic of authoritarianism and orthodoxy. The crucial reality strengthened his motivation to find artistic work in patriotic, nationalistic, militaristic subjects. “The Tyger”, one of William Blake’s most famous poems, is so deep in meaning and wonderful in rhyme and rhythm that it is continuously being reconsidered. “William Blake often expressed regret that his countrymen should ‘trouble themselves about politics’and stated ‘princes appear to me to be fools House of Commons & Houses of Lords appear to me to be fools they seem to me to be something else beside human life.’Yet, his poetry is saturated with political concerns.”[8]48 Through the three mentioned respects, theconclusion can be reached, that is, “The Tyger”is the symbol of revolutionary force. William Blake is more of an individualist and iconoclast. By using the power of his pen, he never made his peace, as did his colleagues, with the established church or state.【References 】［1］David Simpson. 2001. Romanticism, Criticism and Theory［C］//Stuart Curran. British Romanticism. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.[2] 郭群英，毛卓亮.英国文学教程（上）［M］.河北教育出版社，1998.[3] 王佐良，等，编.英国文学名篇选注［M］.商务印书馆，1983.[4] 刘炳善.英国文学简史［M］.河南人民出版社，1993.[5] P. M. S. Dawson. 2001. Poetry in an Age of Revolution［C］//Stuart Curran. British Romanticism. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.[6] William Blake. The Chimney Sweeper［C］//郭群英，毛卓亮，编.英国文学教程（上）.河北教育出版社，1998.[7] William Blake. Holy Thursday［C］//郭群英，毛卓亮，编.英国文学教程（上）.河北教育出版社，1998.[8] P.M.S.Dawson. 2001. Poetry in an Age of Revolution［C］//Stuart Curran. British Romanticism. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.。
修辞与文体论文-—试析威廉布莱克诗歌《老虎》the-tyger-的修辞妙用
A Stylistic Analysis of William Blake’s Poem“The Tyger”Abstract: William Blake’s The Tyger is considered one of his best poems for its marvelous use of illusion and symbols and its musical beauty. In the thesis, the author attempts to make a stylistic analysis of this poem, and the analyses will focus on the phonological, graphological, lexical, syntactical and semantical levels of the poem.Key words: William Blake; the Tyger; stylisticIntroductionWilliam Blake, poet, painter, and visionary, was considered by many one the forerunners of British Romanticism, whose most poems are concerned with creation and full of romantic elements. Among his works, Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience are two famous ones. The Tyger, one poem in Songs of Experience, has been described by one critic as Blake’s most fully developed art --- a process using small revelations leading to greater discoveries through profound use of symbol.Born into a time when the society was experiencing great changes---the Industrial Revolution, Blake was amazed and astonished the creation as well as the destruction the power of the revolution can bring. In this poem, by bringing forth the central image the tiger and describe both the tiger and the creation of the tiger, Blake poses many questions without answering them, leaving the readers to think.In order to get his ideas across, Blake uses many unique techniques in this poem to get the effect of foregrounding if considered under the term of stylistics. So in the following part of the thesis, we will deal with the stylistic features in details at four levels: phonological, graphological, lexical and semantic respectively.I. At the Phonological LevelMeterIn this poem, William Blake adopted the trochaic tetrameter in the whole poem so as to imitate the sound in a forge and set the dignified and stately tone for the whole poem:_V_V_V__V_V_V__V_V_V__V_V_V_By deliberately making the stress sounds fall into the more important words,Blake expresses the power and strength of the tiger, and adds to the musical beauty when reading it.RhymeThe rhythmical sounds in this poem is achieved by the use of regular end rhymes,which is presented by the rhyme pattern aabb ccdd eeff gghh iijj aabb, and such figures of speech as alliteration and repetition.Every two lines have the same end rhyme(bright/night, eye/symmetry,skies/eyes ) and most of the rhymes are masculine rhymes(bright/night, art/heart,see/thee), which strengthen the image of the tiger with an overwhelming momentum; repetition is used for the subject discussed(Tyger! Tyger ) and also the first stanza and the last one are identical so that readers can feel the power of the beast from the very beginning; Blake also employs alliteration abundantly(burning bright, what wings, distant deeps, began to beat, dare its deadly terror clasp, frame thy fearful symmetry ), among which many stops such as /b/ /d/ /t/ /p/ are used to imitate the sound of the hammer, thus paint a vivid image in front of the reader of the making of the tiger, also give them a hint of the destructive force of the beast.II. At the Graphological LevelFormatThe whole poem contains six stanzas and each stanze is a quatrain, adding that the first stanza and the last one are identical, so the poem has a beauty of uniformity in the term of the form. Also the repetition of the stanzas makes the theme profound. PunctuationThrough the unconventional use of punctuation, particularly the question mark, Blake in this poem uses twelve whats(what dread hand? And what dread feet? ) to pose questions to create an atmosphere of mystery, giving the image of the tiger a mysterious and religious color. The exclamations used to address the tiger(Tyger! Tyger! ) help to emphasize the urgency of the question.CapitalizationIn the whole poem, except the first word of each line and the beginning of a sentence, there is still one word capitalized(Lamb in line 20 ), which probably is the intertextuality with Blake’s another poet The Lamb. By the contrast between the tiger and the lamb, Blake emphasizes the strength and the dark power of the former, also by pointing out that both the powerful tiger and the weak lamb are created by the some God, Blake expresses the divine power of the Creator.III.At the Lexical LevelPoetic and archaic wordsMany poetic words are employed by Blake to make the poem elegant and poetic(deeps, aspire, art, symmetry), also the words some times are chosen according to the end rhyme.Archaic words can be found in the poem(tyger/tiger, dread/dreadful, thy/your,thine/yours, thee/you ).Short and powerful wordsWords to show strength and speed (frame, aspire, seize, clasp, make,twist) ,words to show the process of making the tiger (hammer, chain, furnace, anvil) and words to describe the fire (fire, bright, burn) are used not only to express the power of the tiger but also to create the scene of making the tiger so as to emphasize the even greater power of the Creator.I V. At the Semantic LevelSymbolismSome words in this poem bore symbolic meanings. The tiger (the central image in the poem) is considered by many as representing the dark shadow of the human soul. This is the beastly part of ourselves that we would prefer to keep only in our dreams at night. Night(line 2 ) in Blake's poetry often seems to suggest this sort of dream time. The forests(line 2 ) might represent the wild landscape of our imagination under the influence of this beast. The heart (line 10) represents not only the biological engine of the tiger, but perhaps its passion for living.AllusionBlake also employs allusion in this poem since it is somewhat concerned with religion. For example, on what wings dare he aspire (line 7 ) is an allusion from Milton’s Paradise Lost;seize the fire ( line 8) could be a possible reference to Prometheus; and when the stars threw down their spears, and water’d heaven with their tears( lines 17 and 18) is an allusion to Satan and his angels and also to the God of Old Testament. It could be debated that Blake argues here that the Fallen Archangel Lucifer is the creator of the tiger, or the beastly part of our own nature. The abundant use of allusion adds to the ambiguity of the poem, thus leads to many versions of interpretation of this poem.ConclusionIn this thesis, we have given a careful analysis to William Blake’s The Tyger from the stylistic perspective. First, by giving an elaborate account of the phonological characteristics of the poem, we are able to get a more comprehensive understanding of the role the sound patterns played in a poem and the stately momentum created by the use of certain phonological devices such as the use ofarchaic tetrameter, alliteration and repetition. Then, we have looked into the graphological features of this poem so that we have got a better understanding of the theme. Next,through the continuous analysis of the diction of the poem, we are able to get a clear picture of the careful and deliberate choice of the short and powerful words that described the tiger and the creating of the tiger, which helped to highlight the idea the poet wants to convey, that is, the tiger has fury and grounds to believe in its own strength and it could be understood as similar to our psychological view of the ego which is the part of us that believes in its own power, in its own vision, and the creator of this powerful creature is awesome in its own right. Finally, we have analyzed the semantic characteristics, which mainly concern with the figures of speech the poem employed, which, in this case, is symbolism and allusion particularly.After this stylistic study of William Blake’s The Tyger, we are able to have a more comprehensive understanding both this poem and the importance of stylistics in analyzing and appreciating poems.References康利英. 2012.从文体学角度分析威廉·布莱克诗歌《老虎》隐喻意义的体现——以威廉·布莱克的《老虎》为例[J]. 忻州师范学院学报,(6):68-70.李菁菁. 2012.歌唱光明与驱逐黑暗的统一——布莱克的“羔羊”意象与“老虎”意象解析[J]. 大众文艺,(21):34-37.刘云雁,吴虹. 2012.威廉·布莱克诗歌的泛神主义倾向[J]. 湖南大学学报(社会科学版),(1):111-114.唐梅秀. 2010.威廉·布莱克:文化边缘的履冰者——《老虎》与《羔羊》诗的互文性解读[J]. 长沙理工大学学报(社会科学版),(2):67-71.王博. 2010.威廉·布莱克诗歌的文体分析[D]. 辽宁:辽宁大学.汪雪盈. 2010.《老虎》的象似性解读[J]. 长江大学学报(社会科学版),(2):161-162.杨志刚. 2009.论布莱克作品中的圣经元素[D]. 石家庄:河北师范大学.曾令富. 2010.布莱克诗歌《老虎》的永恒魅力与其语言的含混[J]. 宜宾学院学报,(4):29-32.。
用认知隐喻释读威廉·布莱克的诗歌《老虎》
用认知隐喻释读威廉布莱克的诗歌《老虎》
周标
【期刊名称】《南京财经大学学报》
【年(卷),期】2010(000)002
【摘要】英国诗人、版画家、英国浪漫主义运动的先驱威廉·布莱克是一位重要的诗人,他的名篇<老虎>中隐喻的深邃意义一直被世人赞叹不已.此诗用惊人的想象力把老虎给人的印象比喻为"烧穿了黑夜的森林和草莽"的辉煌的火,把老虎身上的那种威武、神秘而又辉煌的力量之美表达了出来.本文试图从认知隐喻的角度释读"老虎"一词的多重象征意义,以期达到对该首作品更加深刻的理解.
【总页数】3页(P106-108)
【作者】周标
【作者单位】南京财经大学外国语学院,江苏南京,210003
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】I106.2
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3.布莱克的孩子们——论威廉·布莱克诗歌中的儿童原型及形象 [J], 曾静;
4.布莱克的孩子们——论威廉·布莱克诗歌中的儿童原型及形象 [J], 曾静
5.《老虎》真的在写虎吗？——威廉·布莱克《老虎》一诗主题解读 [J], 李子馨;李正栓;
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分析布莱克的《羔羊》及其配诗《老虎》
分析布莱克的《羔羊》及其配诗《老虎》作者：王红来源：《课外语文·教研版》2013年第08期【摘要】威廉·布莱克是英国诗人、画家，浪漫主义文学代表人物之一。
诗歌《羔羊》（The Lamb）与《老虎》（The Tiger）分别出自布莱克的代表作《天真之歌》和《经验之歌》，两首诗都提出了关于上帝造物的问题，表达了诗人对世界所持的不同的态度。
从《天真之歌》到《经验之歌》，布莱克的思想产生了巨变，从幻想“天真世界”的欢乐到面对“经验世界”的现实。
【关键词】布莱克；《羔羊》；《老虎》【中图分类号】H315 【文献标识码】A一、引言威廉·布莱克（1757-1827）是英国诗人、画家，浪漫主义文学代表人物之一。
《天真之歌》和《经验之歌》两部诗歌合集是布莱克的代表作，他的作品重想象、重灵感，将深邃的思想融汇于一套独特的、充满象征与神话的传说中，常常带有神秘主义倾向和宗教色彩[1]。
两部诗集中的很多诗歌都是成鲜明对比的，《经验之歌》中的一些诗歌是对应《天真之歌》而写成的，比如《幼儿的悲伤》（Infant Sorrow）对应《幼儿的欢乐》（Infant Joy），《一个丢失的男孩》（The Little Boy Lost）对应《一个归家的男孩》（The Little Boy Found）等等。
诗歌《羔羊》（The Lamb）与《老虎》（The Tiger）分别出自《天真之歌》和《经验之歌》，两首诗都提出了关于上帝造物的有争议性的问题，表达了诗人对世界和宇宙所持的不同的态度。
二、《羔羊》与《老虎》在《羔羊》的第一节，以问题“小羔羊，谁创造了你？”开篇，提问者是一个孩子，在关于小羔羊的出身进行提问：“小羔羊谁创造了你？/你可知道谁创造了你？/给你生命，哺育着你；/在溪流旁，在青草地；/给你穿上好看的衣裳，/最软的衣裳毛茸茸多漂亮；/给你这样温柔的声音，/让所有的山谷都开心；/小羔羊谁创造了你？/你可知道谁创造了你？” 这首诗充满了孩子的天真与快乐，描述了穿着毛茸茸的衣服的小羔羊，它柔和的声音让整个山谷都喜欢。
The Tyger
在第一节中，作者假想自己在夜晚的森林中邂逅老虎，被 它那威严的目光所慑服。既有造物，必有造物主，哪个万 能的造物主能塑造出老虎那可怕的对称身体？ In what /distant /deeps or/ skies Burnt the /fire of/ thine eyes? On what /wings dare /he as/pire? What the /hand dare /seize /the fire? 你炯炯的两眼中的火 燃烧在多远的天空或深渊 他乘着怎样的翅膀搏击？ 用怎样的手夺来火焰？
The introduction of author
威廉· 布莱克（William Blake,1757-1827)，英国 诗人、版画家，英国浪漫主义运动的先驱。他 出生于伦敦一个缝纫用品商家庭，除了初级艺 术教育外，未受过正规教育。布莱克的诗多是 配他的蚀刻画的，主要有《天真之歌》与《经 验之歌》等诗集。这两个诗集分别描写儿童天 真未凿时期的欢快安宁和成人落入经验世界后 的痛苦。要充分理解布莱克的思想，必须把这 两部诗集对照着看。布莱克并不被同时代人所 充分理解，被认为是个半疯人。直到20世纪40 年代，加拿大文学批评大家弗莱的名著《可怖 的对称》（The Fearful Symmetry）出版后， 人们才又重新注意这位湮没无闻的诗人，并出 版了很多研究他的著作与论文
又是怎样的膂力，怎样的技巧，
把你的心脏的筋肉捏成？ 当你的心脏开始搏动时，
What dread/ hand? and /what dread f/eet? 使用怎样猛的手腕和脚胫？ 作者把造物主描绘成一个铁匠的形象，他锻造了他的杰作--老虎。隐含在这一 系列问题后面的，是作者对造物主的敬畏和恐惧心情
在第五节里，作者的语气一变，又问道，当天上的众天使（群星）击败了撒旦率领的 反叛天使时，他们没有欢呼雀跃，反而"泪飞顿作倾盆雨"，为堕落的诸天使感到痛心疾 首。有评家认为，布莱克诗中的星星是理性、法律和秩序的象征和化身。最后一节重 复开头一节，使全诗转了一圈又回到起首的问题上去，说明造物的神秘非凡人能解。 Tyger! Tyger! burning bright In the forests of the night, What immortal hand or eye, Dare frame thy fearful symmetry? 老虎！老虎！黑夜的森林中 燃烧着的煌煌的火光， 是怎样的神手或天眼
描写老虎的西方文学
描写老虎的西方文学描写老虎的西方文学：《虎》是威廉·布莱克《经验之歌》诗集中富有象征性的一首革命抒情诗，于1794年发表，正值法国大革命时期。
这首诗借用多个诘问的形式表现出磅礴的气势和威猛的力量，内涵深刻，主旨鲜明，节奏铿锵有力，犹如铁匠打铁，叮叮当当，振奋人心。
郭沫若、徐志摩、卞之琳等著名诗人都翻译过这首诗。
由此可见，这首诗的影响多么广泛和深远。
徐翰林的译本参考了前辈诗人的翻译成果，更富有音乐节奏感和艺术感染力。
法国大革命从1789年7月14日巴黎人民攻占巴士底狱开始，到1830年7月巴黎人民建立七月王朝结束，历时41年，漫长且曲折。
就其规模而言，法国大革命如同暴风骤雨，迅猛异常。
在资产阶级的领导下，法国民众在三次起义中都爆发出伟大的力量，每当革命面临生死关头时，都有力推动革命向前发展。
法国大革命是世界近代史上规模最大最彻底的革命，它结束了法国一千多年的君主专制统治，废除了天主教教士和贵族享有的特权，初步确立了共和制的政治体制，传播了自由平等民主的进步思想，震撼了整个欧洲的封建秩序并给予沉重打击，为欧洲其他国家的民主革命树立了榜样，具有世界意义。
“黑寂的夜林”暗喻黑暗，象征法国国王及特权阶级的封建专制统治，以及外国武装干涉力量的残暴镇压。
“悚人的匀称”是指老虎威猛矫健的身姿，象征法国大革命的力量之美。
“永恒的手或眼”暗指造物主上帝，象征领导法国大革命的资产阶级和武装起义的民众。
“眼中的烈火”象征遭受压迫的民众心中燃烧的怒火。
“翅膀”暗喻促成法国大革命发生的客观条件，例如政府的财政危机、新旧阶级之间日益尖锐的矛盾、启蒙运动的思想影响和资本主义的迅速发展。
“腾飞的胆量”暗喻资产阶级渴望自由平等民主的雄心壮志。
“强健的心脏”象征不断推进法国大革命向前发展的革命信念。
怎样的臂膀？怎样的神工？怎样的手？怎样的足？怎样的铁锤？怎样的锁链？怎样的熔炉？怎样的铁砧？怎样惊人的腕力？布莱克连续追问，以问代答，借用咄咄逼人的气势表达自己对法国民众掀起法国大革命并推翻君主专制制度的由衷赞叹。
修辞与文体论文—试析威廉布莱克诗歌《老虎》thetyger的修辞妙用
A Stylistic Analysis of William Blake’s Poem“The Tyger”Abstract: William Blake’s The Tyger is considered one of his best poems for its marvelous use of illusion and symbols and its musical beauty. In the thesis, the author attempts to make a stylistic analysis of this poem, and the analyses will focus on the phonological, graphological, lexical, syntactical and semantical levels of the poem.Key words: William Blake; the Tyger; stylisticIntroductionWilliam Blake, poet, painter, and visionary, was considered by many one the forerunners of British Romanticism, whose most poems are concerned with creation and full of romantic elements. Among his works, Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience are two famous ones. The Tyger, one poem in Songs of Experience, has been described by one critic as Blake’s most fully developed art --- a process using small revelations leading to greater discoveries through profound use of symbol.Born into a time when the society was experiencing great changes---the Industrial Revolution, Blake was amazed and astonished the creation as well as the destruction the power of the revolution can bring. In this poem, by bringing forth the central image the tiger and describe both the tiger and the creation of the tiger, Blake poses many questions without answering them, leaving the readers to think.In order to get his ideas across, Blake uses many unique techniques in this poem to get the effect of foregrounding if considered under the term of stylistics. So in the following part of the thesis, we will deal with the stylistic features in details at four levels: phonological, graphological, lexical and semantic respectively.I. At the Phonological LevelMeterIn this poem, William Blake adopted the trochaic tetrameter in the whole poem so as to imitate the sound in a forge and set the dignified and stately tone for the whole poem:_V_V_V__V_V_V__V_V_V__V_V_V_By deliberately making the stress sounds fall into the more important words, Blake expresses the power and strength of the tiger, and adds to the musical beautywhen reading it.RhymeThe rhythmical sounds in this poem is achieved by the use of regular end rhymes,which is presented by the rhyme pattern aabb ccdd eeff gghh iijj aabb, and such figures of speech as alliteration and repetition.Every two lines have the same end rhyme(bright/night, eye/symmetry,skies/eyes ) and most of the rhymes are masculine rhymes(bright/night, art/heart,see/thee), which strengthen the image of the tiger with an overwhelming momentum; repetition is used for the subject discussed(Tyger! Tyger ) and also the first stanza and the last one are identical so that readers can feel the power of the beast from the very beginning; Blake also employs alliteration abundantly(burning bright, what wings, distant deeps, began to beat, dare its deadly terror clasp, frame thy fearful symmetry ), among which many stops such as /b/ /d/ /t/ /p/ are used to imitate the sound of the hammer, thus paint a vivid image in front of the reader of the making of the tiger, also give them a hint of the destructive force of the beast.II. At the Graphological LevelFormatThe whole poem contains six stanzas and each stanze is a quatrain, adding that the first stanza and the last one are identical, so the poem has a beauty of uniformity in the term of the form. Also the repetition of the stanzas makes the theme profound. PunctuationThrough the unconventional use of punctuation, particularly the question mark, Blake in this poem uses twelve whats(what dread hand? And what dread feet? ) to pose questions to create an atmosphere of mystery, giving the image of the tiger a mysterious and religious color. The exclamations used to address the tiger(Tyger! Tyger! ) help to emphasize the urgency of the question.CapitalizationIn the whole poem, except the first word of each line and the beginning of a sentence, there is still one word capitalized(Lamb in line 20 ), which probably is the intertextuality with Blake’s another poet The Lamb. By the contrast between the tiger and the lamb, Blake emphasizes the strength and the dark power of the former, also by pointing out that both the powerful tiger and the weak lamb are created by the some God, Blake expresses the divine power of the Creator.III.At the Lexical LevelPoetic and archaic wordsMany poetic words are employed by Blake to make the poem elegant and poetic(deeps, aspire, art, symmetry), also the words some times are chosen according to the end rhyme.Archaic words can be found in the poem(tyger/tiger, dread/dreadful, thy/your,thine/yours, thee/you ).Short and powerful wordsWords to show strength and speed (frame, aspire, seize, clasp, make,twist) ,words to show the process of making the tiger (hammer, chain, furnace, anvil) and words to describe the fire (fire, bright, burn) are used not only to express the power of the tiger but also to create the scene of making the tiger so as to emphasize the even greater power of the Creator.I V. At the Semantic LevelSymbolismSome words in this poem bore symbolic meanings. The tiger (the central image in the poem) is considered by many as representing the dark shadow of the human soul. This is the beastly part of ourselves that we would prefer to keep only in our dreams at night. Night(line 2 ) in Blake's poetry often seems to suggest this sort of dream time. The forests(line 2 ) might represent the wild landscape of our imagination under the influence of this beast. The heart (line 10) represents not only the biological engine of the tiger, but perhaps its passion for living.AllusionBlake also employs allusion in this poem since it is somewhat concerned with religion. For example, on what wings dare he aspire (line 7 ) is an allusion from Milton’s Paradise Lost;seize the fire ( line 8) could be a possible reference to Prometheus; and when the stars threw down their spears, and water’d heaven with their tears( lines 17 and 18) is an allusion to Satan and his angels and also to the God of Old Testament. It could be debated that Blake argues here that the Fallen Archangel Lucifer is the creator of the tiger, or the beastly part of our own nature. The abundant use of allusion adds to the ambiguity of the poem, thus leads to many versions of interpretation of this poem.ConclusionIn this thesis, we have given a careful analysis to William Blake’s The Tyger from the stylistic perspective. First, by giving an elaborate account of the phonological characteristics of the poem, we are able to get a more comprehensive understanding of the role the sound patterns played in a poem and the stately momentum created by the use of certain phonological devices such as the use of archaic tetrameter, alliteration and repetition. Then, we have looked into thegraphological features of this poem so that we have got a better understanding of the theme. Next,through the continuous analysis of the diction of the poem, we are able to get a clear picture of the careful and deliberate choice of the short and powerful words that described the tiger and the creating of the tiger, which helped to highlight the idea the poet wants to convey, that is, the tiger has fury and grounds to believe in its own strength and it could be understood as similar to our psychological view of the ego which is the part of us that believes in its own power, in its own vision, and the creator of this powerful creature is awesome in its own right. Finally, we have analyzed the semantic characteristics, which mainly concern with the figures of speech the poem employed, which, in this case, is symbolism and allusion particularly.After this stylistic study of William Blake’s The Tyger, we are able to have a more comprehensive understanding both this poem and the importance of stylistics in analyzing and appreciating poems.References康利英. 2012.从文体学角度分析威廉·布莱克诗歌《老虎》隐喻意义的体现——以威廉·布莱克的《老虎》为例[J]. 忻州师范学院学报,(6):68-70.李菁菁. 2012.歌唱光明与驱逐黑暗的统一——布莱克的“羔羊”意象与“老虎”意象解析[J]. 大众文艺,(21):34-37.刘云雁,吴虹. 2012.威廉·布莱克诗歌的泛神主义倾向[J]. 湖南大学学报(社会科学版),(1):111-114.唐梅秀. 2010.威廉·布莱克:文化边缘的履冰者——《老虎》与《羔羊》诗的互文性解读[J]. 长沙理工大学学报(社会科学版),(2):67-71.王博. 2010.威廉·布莱克诗歌的文体分析[D]. 辽宁:辽宁大学.汪雪盈. 2010.《老虎》的象似性解读[J]. 长江大学学报(社会科学版),(2):161-162.杨志刚. 2009.论布莱克作品中的圣经元素[D]. 石家庄:河北师范大学.曾令富. 2010.布莱克诗歌《老虎》的永恒魅力与其语言的含混[J]. 宜宾学院学报,(4):29-32.。
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II OBJECTIVES
A) Introduction to William Blake B) Special features of his works C) Study of the poem The Tyger D) Assignment
unemployed, killed children and forced prostitution".
﹡ a series of long poems, Prophecies: The French
Revolution
﹡ Poetical Sketches（1783）
Poetical Sketches, his first printed work, is a collection of youthful verse with notes of joy, laughter, love and harmony are the prevailing notes. There are some new elements of poetry in this collection, which are derived from the earlier traditions and hint at his later innovative style and themes.
﹡ the capitalists’ cruel exploitation
﹡ the French Revolution — a necessary stage
leading to the millennium predicted by the biblical prophets.
﹡ He once said the "dark satanic mills left men
（3）Songs of Experience（1794） This volume of poetry paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone. Children are central to Blake’s concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience.
“spiritual portraits” of the mighty dead
To see a World in a Grain of Sand, And Heaven in a Wild Flower.
Hold Infinity in the palm of your hand, And Eternity in an hour.
Fierceness and gentleness are contrasting qualities of the human mind.
“I know that This World is a World of IMAGINATION﹠Vision.” and that “The Nature of my work is visionary or imaginative.”
﹡A precursor of English romanticism imaginative poet contempt for the rule of reason against the classical tradition treasure the individual’s imagination
（2）Songs of Innቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱcence（1789）
It is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings. In this volume, Blake, with his eager quest for new poetic forms and techniques, broke completely with the traditions of the 18th century. He experimented in meter and rhyme and introduced bold metrical innovations which could not be found in the poetry of his contemporaries.
一颗沙中看出一个世界, 一朵花里看出一座天堂，
把无限放在你的手掌上， 把永恒在一刹那间收藏。
—Auguries of innocence 纯真预言
The lines express the relationship between part and entirety. Only do we understand the law of everything and see their common regularity, we can come to understand general situation fro part. In a deeper sense, they suggest the change of infinite and finite, celebrating human self-confidence and freedom and the eternal significance of one’s short life.
﹡Henry Par's drawing school
﹡an apprentice at an engraving business,
to make "copperplates”.
﹡ beginning with Songs of Innocence and Songs
of Experience (1794), the most strikingly original and independent bodies.