ccer国际贸易作业二答案
国际贸易实务第2章课后习题参考答案
国际贸易实务第二章课后习题答案一、单项选择题1.C2. B3. D4. A5. D二、多选题1.ABC2.ABCDE三、简答题1、答案要点：我国进出口商品的作价原则是：在贯彻平等互利的原则下根据国际市场价格水平，结合国别地区政策，并按照我们的购销意图确定适当的价格。
由于价格构成因素不同，影响价格变化的因素也多种多样。
因此在确定进出口商品价格时，必须充分考虑影响价格的种种因素，并注意同一商品在不同情况下应有合理的差价，防止出现不区分情况，采取全球同一价格的错误做法。
2、答案要点．1）考虑商品的质量和档次2）考虑运输距离3）要考虑交货地点和交货条件4）考虑季节性需求的变化5）考虑成交数量6）考虑支付条件和汇率变动的风险此外，交货期的远近，市场销售习惯和消费者的爱好与否等因素，对确定价格也有不同程度的影响。
3.答案要点：固定价格即固定作价法，是指买卖双方在签订合同时，将货物价格一次“订死“，不再变动。
这种作价办法比较适合交易量不大、市场价格变动不大、交货期较短的商品交易。
在大宗交易时，一般应加订保值条款，规定如果计价和支付货币币值发生变动，价格可根据保值货币相应调整，以防止汇率变动可能产生的风险损失。
4、答案要点：（1）凡价格中包含佣金的，称为“含佣价”。
含佣价可用文字表示。
如USD per metric ton CIF New York including 2% commission 。
（2）也可在贸易术语后面加注佣金的英文缩写字母“C”，并注明佣金的百分比来表示，如USD per metric ton CIFC2% New York 。
（3）明佣的表示方法一般是在价格之后加列一定百分比的佣金率，如USD27.50 per piece CIFC5 New York ，这里的C5指5%commission ，即佣金率。
（4）除用百分比表示外，也可以用绝对数来表示，如“每公吨付佣金25美元”。
如中间商为了从买卖双方获取“双头佣金”或为了逃税，有时要求在合同中不规定佣金，而另按双方暗中达成的协议支付。
国际贸易实务英文第二课后习题答案
III. Explain the following terms1. shipment contractShipment contract is a contract using an Incoterm which indicates that the delivery happens at the time or before the time of shipment.2. symbolic deliverySymbolic delivery is a delivery situation in which when the seller delivers the buyer does not physically receive the goods. This kind of delivery is proved by the submission of transport document by the seller to the buyer.3. arrival contractArrival contract means a contract using an Incoterm which indicates that the delivery happens when the goods arrive at the destination.4. actual deliveryActual delivery refers to a delivery situation in which when the seller delivers the buyer does physically receive the goods.IV. Short questions1. Who pays for loading for shipment under FOB ?The seller.2. Who pays for unloading under CIF?The buyer.3. Compare and contrast FOB, CFR and CIF?Similarities: a. The seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are loaded on board, b. The seller is responsible for export customs formalities while the buyer is responsible for import customs formalities, c. The buyer is responsible for unloading the goods at the port of destination, d. All three terms can only be used for waterway transportation.Differences: a. FOB requires the buyer to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CFR requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CIF requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation and insurance against the buyer's risk.4. What are the two types of trade terms concerning the transfer of risks?Shipment contract terms vs. arrival contract terms. Under shipment contract terms the seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer before the goods depart from the place/port of shipment.Under arrival contract terms the seller will bear the risk of the goods until the goods arrive at the destination.5. What are the differences and similarities between CPT and CFR?Major similarities: a. The seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b. The seller is not taking the risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the transportation.Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway transport, b. Under CPT the seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by the seller. Under CFR the seller's risk will be transferred when the goods are loaded on board the vessel.6. What are the differences and similarities between CIP and CIF?Major similarities: a. The seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b. The selleris not taking the risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the transportation, c. The seller must obtain insurance against the buyer's risk.Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for seaway or inland waterway transport, b. Under CPT the seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by the seller.Under CFR the seller's risk will be transferred when the goods are loaded on board the vessel.7. If you trade with an American, is the sales contract subject to Incoterms without any doubt?What should you do?No. The Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 is still in use, especially in the North American area. It has different interpretation about some trade terms. The traders should clarify the choice of rules before any further discussion.8. What are the most commonly used trade terms?FOB, CFR & CIF.9. Who is responsible for carrying out customs formalities for exports under an FOB contract?The seller. According to Incoterms 2010, except EXW and DDP these two terms, all the other eleven terms require the seller to handle the export customs formalities, while the buyer the import customs formalities.10. If a Chinese trader signs an FOB Hamburg contract, is he exporting or importing?Importing. FOB should be used with a "named port of shipment", if Hamburg is the port of shipment, from the Chinese trader's perspective, he is importing.V. Case studies1. An FOB contract stipulated "The shipment will be effected in March 2011." When the goodswere ready on 10 March 201 l, the seller contacted the buyer for shipment details. The buyer faxed "Please send the goods to the port for loading on 21 March. The vessel will depart on22 March." The seller sent the goods to the port accordingly. However the nominated vesseldid not turn up and the goods had to be stored in the warehouse at the port. On the night of 21 March a fire happened in the warehouse area and part of the goods was damaged. When the vessel arrived two days later the seller and the buyer had an argument about the settlement of the loss. The seller required the buyer to bear the loss caused by the fire, but the buyer believed that the vessel arrived within the shipment period and the loss occurred before the seller delivered the goods therefore the seller should bear the loss. Please provide your solution.析：1)首先案例中提到货物发生了损失是由于货物存放在码头仓库期间发生火灾造成的。
国际贸易实务双语教程第二版习题参考答案
Unit 1 A brief introduction to international tradeKeyI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business which involved the crossing of national borders2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people intere sted in a firm‟s products and services and by customers‟ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm‟s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers‟ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力11经济复苏；恢复2潜在销售量12 经济衰退3加价，涨价13间接投资4国内市场14有形货物5制成品15有形进出口6边际利润16收入及支出；岁入及岁出7市场占有率17超额能力8贸易歧视18贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9时机选择19全部包建的工程承包方式10经销周期20许可证协定IV Case Study1 [Answer]：Batteries called "white elephant" exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of reasons, so he asked his staff to investigate. Finally he found that is the brand "white elephant" to be blame. The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which meant something were no use but cumbersome in Western countries. It was really a bad translation from culture information perspective. The meaning derived from a legend. According to the legend, there was a king who hated a minister, so he gave a white elephant to the minister for punishment. The minister has to take care of the white elephant, he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However, the appetite of the white elephant was so great, and the minister became poorer. So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome.V. OpenVI.Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the …engine‟ of growth. However oversimplified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs. Thus countries joinin international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a cou ntry‟s import needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import TransactionI. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets; 9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII. J udge the following statement, mark True (T) or False(F)1F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10. TIV. Explain the meaning of the words or phrases below as requested1. Offer: An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract.2. Withdrawal: It means an offer by the offerer has been withdrawn before it is reached to the offeree in order to prevent its entry into force.3. Enquiry: An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details of the goods or trade terms. It can be made either by the importer or the exporter.4. Acceptance: Acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent to an offer.5. Shipping agent: Shipping agent(船代）is a ship owner's representative whose job is to find the ships to carry.V. Compose a letter of enquiry with the following particulars:KeysMessrs. Arthur Grey & Son,19 Cheapside,London, E.C.2Dear Sirs,We have obtained your name and address from China Council for Promotion of International Trade and learned that you are one of the leading exporters of Ice Box in your district.We are now interested in 100 sets of the said article and should be pleased if you would let us know whether you can supply us with the quantity and quality we desire. Please quote us your best price on CIF Guangzhou basis. When offering, please state clearly terms of payment, time of delivery, packing conditions together with illustrated catalogue for our consideration.We are looking forward to your early reply.Yours faithfully,VI. Please make your offer according to the following particulars:KeyDear Sirs,Thank you for your letter of 5th May. We are glad to learn of the inquiries you have had from your customers for our raincoats. Our "D.D." range is particularly suitable for warm climates, and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries, from many of whom we have already had repeated orders. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight, but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface.For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows:"D.D." Raincoats100 men's medium @ US$14.50 US$ 1,450100 men's small 14.0 1,400100 women's medium 13.2 1,320100 women's small 12.7 1,270US$ 5,440Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sightShipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four weeks after receiving the L/C.This offer is subject to our final confirmation. We feel you may be interested in our other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference.We are awaiting your early orders.Yours sincerely, VII. Write a counter-offer according to the following particulars:Keys:Dear Sirs,We thank you for your quotation May 10 for 1,000 sets of Hair IceBox. We find your price as well as delivery date satisfactory, however, we would give our suggestions of an alternation of your payment terms.Our past purchase of other household electrical appliances from you has been paid as a rule by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit at sight. On the basis, it has indeed cost us a great deal. From the moment to open credit till the time our buyers pay us, the tie-up of our funds lasts about four months. Under the present circumstances, this question is particular taxing owing to the tight money condition and unprecedentedly high bank interests.In view of our long business relations and our amicable cooperation prospects, we suggest that you accept either “cash against documents on arrival of goods” or “drawing on us at 60 day‟s sight”.Your first priority to the consideration of the above request and an early favorable reply will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,VIII. Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically self-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grewand developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet.In today‟s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want. A nation‟s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.IX. Case Study[Answer]:A 公司与B公司的第一封信函可视为发盘，在该发盘中A公司对包装做出了要求。
国际贸易实务英文版第二版课后习题答案解析
III. Explain the following terms1. shipment contractShipment contract is a contract using an Incoterm which indicates that the delivery happens at the time or before the time of shipment.2. symbolic deliverySymbolic delivery is a delivery situation in which when the seller delivers the buyer does not physically receive the goods. This kind of delivery is proved by the submission of transport document by the seller to the buyer.3. arrival contractArrival contract means a contract using an Incoterm which indicates that the delivery happens when the goods arrive at the destination.4. actual deliveryActual delivery refers to a delivery situation in which when the seller delivers the buyer does physically receive the goods.IV. Short questions1. Who pays for loading for shipment under FOB ?The seller.2. Who pays for unloading under CIF?The buyer.3. Compare and contrast FOB, CFR and CIF?Similarities: a. The seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are loaded on board, b. The seller is responsible for export customs formalities while the buyer is responsible for import customs formalities, c. The buyer is responsible for unloading the goods at the port of destination, d. All three terms can only be used for waterway transportation.Differences: a. FOB requires the buyer to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CFR requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CIF requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation and insurance against the buyer's risk.4. What are the two types of trade terms concerning the transfer of risks?Shipment contract terms vs. arrival contract terms. Under shipment contract terms the seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer before the goods depart from the place/port of shipment.Under arrival contract terms the seller will bear the risk of the goods until the goods arrive at the destination.5. What are the differences and similarities between CPT and CFR?Major similarities: a. The seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b. The seller is not taking the risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the transportation.Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway transport, b. Under CPT the seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by the seller. Under CFR the seller's risk will be transferred when the goods are loaded on board the vessel.6. What are the differences and similarities between CIP and CIF?Major similarities: a. The seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b. The selleris not taking the risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the transportation, c. The seller must obtain insurance against the buyer's risk.Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for seaway or inland waterway transport, b. Under CPT the seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by the seller.Under CFR the seller's risk will be transferred when the goods are loaded on board the vessel.7. If you trade with an American, is the sales contract subject to Incoterms without any doubt?What should you do?No. The Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 is still in use, especially in the North American area. It has different interpretation about some trade terms. The traders should clarify the choice of rules before any further discussion.8. What are the most commonly used trade terms?FOB, CFR & CIF.9. Who is responsible for carrying out customs formalities for exports under an FOB contract?The seller. According to Incoterms 2010, except EXW and DDP these two terms, all the other eleven terms require the seller to handle the export customs formalities, while the buyer the import customs formalities.10. If a Chinese trader signs an FOB Hamburg contract, is he exporting or importing?Importing. FOB should be used with a "named port of shipment", if Hamburg is the port of shipment, from the Chinese trader's perspective, he is importing.V. Case studies1. An FOB contract stipulated "The shipment will be effected in March 2011." When the goodswere ready on 10 March 201 l, the seller contacted the buyer for shipment details. The buyer faxed "Please send the goods to the port for loading on 21 March. The vessel will depart on22 March." The seller sent the goods to the port accordingly. However the nominated vesseldid not turn up and the goods had to be stored in the warehouse at the port. On the night of 21 March a fire happened in the warehouse area and part of the goods was damaged. When the vessel arrived two days later the seller and the buyer had an argument about the settlement of the loss. The seller required the buyer to bear the loss caused by the fire, but the buyer believed that the vessel arrived within the shipment period and the loss occurred before the seller delivered the goods therefore the seller should bear the loss. Please provide your solution.析：1)首先案例中提到货物发生了损失是由于货物存放在码头仓库期间发生火灾造成的。
2020年中国石油大学北京网络学院国际贸易-第二次在线作业参考答案
2020年中国石油大学北京网络学院国际贸易-第二次在线作业
参考答案
中国石油大学北京网络学院
国际贸易-第二次在线作业
参考答案
1.（
2.5分）某国对于手表的进口征收从价税15％，加征每只15美元的从量税，这是
A、从量税
B、从价税
C、混合税
D、选择税
我的答案：C 此题得分：2.5分
2.（2.5分）进口国在总配额内按国别和地区分配一定的配额，超过该配额便不准进口，它是
A、国别配额
B、全球配额
C、关税配额
D、总配额
我的答案：A 此题得分：2.5分
3.（2.5分）假定某国规定1995年从中国进口鞋不超过2000万双，它是
A、国别配额
B、全球配额。
国际贸易实务第二版---练习题答案--全部
练习题参考答案第一章一．判断题1√2×3×4√5√6√7√8×9×10√二．单选题：1A 2A 3B 4B 5A 6？7A 8 B 9A 10C三．多选题：1BCD 2ABC 3ACD 4ABCD 5BD 6ABCD 7BCD 8ABCD 9ABC 10ABCD第二章一．判断题：1×2×3√4√5×6×7×8√9×10√二．单选题：1B 2B 3A 4A 5C 6A 7C 8A 9A 10A 11B12A 13C14 A 15 A16 A 17B 18B 19 B 20A 21A 22 A 23B三．多选题：1ABC 2 ACD 3ABD 4ABC 5AC 6ABD 7ABCD 8BD 9ABC 10ABCD 11ABCD 12ABCD四．案例题1.答：最多：1磅=0.45359公斤，40磅=400.45359公斤=18.144公斤（10（1+5%）1000）18.144=578箱（尾数应去掉）最少：（10（15%）1000）18.144=524箱（尾数应进位）2.答：《统一惯例》规定：“凡“约”，“大约”用于有关信用证金额或数量或单价者，当解释为允许其金额或数量或单价有不超过10%的增减金额。
据此，我多装2 公吨亦可。
但来证的金额前并无类似“约”或“大约“的词语，故如持22公吨的发票和8800美元的汇票向银行办理议付，肯定不行。
因此，在签约时，如数量内约量，则来证之金额也应有相关规定。
否则，不能多装。
特别是对外汇紧缺和管制严格的国家尤应如此。
3.答：国外这一要求实质是定牌中性包装，一般可接受。
不过在接受法定牌名或指定商标时应注意其牌名或商标是否在国内外已有第三者进行注册。
在无法判明的情况下，为安全起见应在合同中列明“如发生工业产权争议应由买方负责“的条款，以防不测。
4．答：对方的要求是合理的，卖方交货的数量应严格按照信用证的规定执行，并按商品的净重交货。
国际贸易试卷2附答案.pdf
国际贸易模拟试卷-2学号：班级：姓名：成绩：一、单项选择题（101，共10分）1.某国出口商品价格与进口商品价格的比率，又称进出口商品交换比价,通常用一国在一定时期内的出口商品价格指数与进口商品价格指数对比进行计算。
这是该国的 ( A )A. 贸易条件B. 对外贸易依存度C. 贸易商品结构D. 贸易差额2. 第二次大战以后,各国关税税则多为复式税则,针对某一进口商品规定两种以上的进口关税税率,即普通税和最惠国税.当前,开展国际贸易的正常关税是( )A. 特惠税B. 最惠国税C. 普遍优惠税D. 普通税3. 国际贸易政策分为自由贸易政策和保护贸易政策，其中为保护贸易政策提供重要理论依据的经济学家有（）A 配第B 亚当•斯密C 俄林D 李斯特4.李嘉图指出决定国际贸易的因素是：（ B ）A 生产这些商品所需要的绝对劳动成本B 两个国家商品的相对劳动成本C 两个国家工资的差异D 两国之间的运输距离5. 以下四个方面哪一个不是李嘉图比较优势模型中的假设条件？（ D ）A 生产要素只有劳动一种B 劳动在一国之内可自由流动，但在国际间不能流动C 商品和劳动市场都是完全竞争的D 考虑运输成本和其他交易费用6. 以下四个方面哪一个不是要素禀赋模型建立的基本假设条件？（ A ）A 两国相同部门的生产函数不同B 两国消费者偏好相同C 外部规模收益变化D 所有商品市场、要素市场都是完全竞争的7. H-O定理认为：（ B ）A 一国出口密集使用其稀缺要素的产品B 一国出口密集使用其丰富要素的产品C 一国进口密集使用其丰富要素的产品D 一国的进出口与其要素丰裕程度无关8. 依据特定要素模型分析，国际贸易会（ C ）A 提高贸易国进口部门特定要素的实际收入B 降低贸易国出口部门特定要素的实际收入C 提高贸易国出口部门特定要素的实际收入D 提高与进口相竞争部门特定要素的实际收入9.联想集团并购IBM电脑制造业务,联想电脑大量出口美国,以下贸易理论哪一个最能解释这种投资与贸易活动的内在原因.（ D ）A 重叠需求理论`````for developed coutries.B 贸易顺差理论C 绝对优势理论D 产品生命周期理论10. 以下关于规模经济的阐述，哪一个是不正确的？（ C ）A 与规模收益递增联系在一起B 当生产过程遵循规模报酬递增规律时，自然存在规模经济C 规模经济要求规模报酬递增一定存在D 在外部规模经济存在的情况下，企业的生产过程仍是规模收益不变的11.在贸易政策政治经济学分析中：（ B ）A 消费者群体对贸易政策的态度最为强烈B 进口替代部门对限制进口政策的要求最为强烈C 进口替代部门对鼓励出口政策的要求最为强烈D 出口部门对进口保护政策的反对十分强烈12.一般而言，选择出口导向战略的国家有以下特点：（ D ）A 内部市场相对比较广阔B 劳动力优势不足C 国内自然资源比较丰富D 国内自然资源比较稀缺13.世界贸易组织明确指出了五项基本原则，其中促进公平竞争的原则是指世界贸易要在公开、公正和不受干扰的情况下开展。
国际贸易实务二试题和答案
国际贸易实务二试题和答案2012年1月高等教育自学考试中英合作商务管理专业考试国际贸易实务（二）试题(课程代码00811)注意事项：1．考试时间165分钟。
2．试题包括必答题与选答题两部分，必答题满分60分，选答题满分40分。
一、一、三题为必答题，每题20分。
四、五、六、七题为选答题，每题20分，任选两题回答，不得多选，多选者只按选答的前两题计分。
3．选择题用铅笔(2B)将答案填涂在答题卡上，其他试题用黑色字迹的签字笔把答案按题号写在答题纸上，不必抄写题目。
在本试卷上作答无效。
4．可使用计算器、直尺等文具。
第一部分必答题（本部分包括一、二、三题，每题20分，共60分。
）一、本题包括第1-20小题，每小题1分，共20分。
在每个小题给出的四个选项中只有一项符合题目要求。
1．首先提出绝对优势理论的经济学家是A.亚当·斯密B.大卫·李嘉图C.卡尔·马克思D.凯恩斯2．首先提出比较优势理论的经济学家是A.亚当·斯密B.大卫·李嘉图C.卡尔·马克思D.凯恩斯3．在古代，远距离的国际贸易商品局限在A.基本食品B.基础的建筑材料C.武器装备D.奢侈品4．一国商品的进出口平衡称为A.贸易平衡B.无形贸易平衡C.经常项目平衡D.资本项目平衡5．在国际贸易中所占份额最大的商品是A.原材料 B．石油和能源C．制成品 D.服务6．属于外国直接投资( FDI)的是A.国外开设银行账户B.购买外国政府债券C.购买外国公司无表决权的股份D.获得某个外国公司绝大部分股份7．有助于平衡贸易逆差的政策措施是A.允许本币升值B.减少国内需求C.降低国内利率D.降低进口关税8．贸易自由化政策表现为A.加强外汇管制B.采取自动出口限制C.降低关税D.增加非关税壁垒9．战略性贸易政策主张政府应该A.推进贸易自由化B.用关税保护国内所有产业C.保护现有的重要产业D.扶持国内新兴产业10. 2010年经常项目顺差最大的国家是A.中国B.德国C．日本 D.美国11.在全球范围内推动贸易自由化的组织是A.国际货币基金组织B.联合国贸易发展委员会C.世界银行D.世界贸易组织12.差异性营销策略适用于A.标准化产品B.细分市场C.全球市场D.出口商的资源有限13.与企业物流管理相关的是A.计算机软件开发 B．供应链管理C.企业决策的所有方面D.复式记账14.人民币升值使中国A.进出口商品都更便宜B.进出口商品都更昂贵C．进口商品更便宜、出口商品更昂贵D.进口商品更昂贵、出口商品更便宜15.对出口商风险最小的支付方式是A.信用证B.汇票C.赊账 D．预付16.从价税是A.只适用于奢侈品进口 B．只适用于服务进口C．不随商品价格变化而变化 D.随商品价格变化而变化17. BOLERO的正确表述是A.管理银行的规则B.管理货物的铁路运输C．南美自由贸易区 D.给海运电子提单提供注册18.代理人的正确表述是A.代理人从委托人处获得商品的所有权B.代理协议必须是书面的C．代理人必须有代理资格 D.代理人必须对委托人的货物负责19.国际销售合同中的管辖权条款是A.冻结买方资产的条款 B．转移所有权给买方的条款C．规定某国法院对争议案有管辖权的条款D.规定适用于《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》的条款20.留置权（指在支付之前保留货物的所有权）适用的情况是A.买方开立信用证购买货物B.货物通过信用证出售单信用证失效C．买方的承运人具有货物所有权 D.货款已支付仔细阅读下面案例并回答二、三题。
ccer国际贸易作业二答案
1． （H-O 模型）世界由米国和面国组成，他们相互贸易，只有小麦和布匹两个部门，没有贸易成本，厂商都面临完全竞争的市场。
下式中的数字代表生产单位产品（小麦和布匹）所需要的各种投入品的数量，C 即单位成本：C 小麦＝60w ＋40rC 布匹＝75w ＋25r（1） 如果小麦和布匹的市场价格为100，工资率w 和地租率r 各为多少？生产每一单位的小麦和布匹的地租成本各是多少？完全竞争市场，P=C ，故：10060401007525w r w r =+⎧⎨=+⎩11w r =⎧⇒⎨=⎩从而生产每一单位的小麦和布匹地租成本分别是40、25。
（2） 现在，布匹的价格上升至120，新的w 和r 值是多少（长期均衡水平）？ 10060401207525w r w r =+⎧⎨=+⎩ 1.530.2w r =⎧⇒⎨=⎩（3） 相对于各种商品的实际工资（劳动者收入对该商品购买力）会何种变化？ 工资率的上升幅度（53%）比价格的上升幅度（最多20%）大，故实际工资上升了。
（4） 将你对（3）的答案与Stolper-Samuelson Theorem 相联系？布匹的L/K 较高，为劳动密集型产品，其价格上涨导致劳工受益，这正是SS 定理的内容。
（5） 仍假设小麦和布匹的市场价格为100，面国现有3300单位劳动力，1700单位土地，小麦和布匹的产量分别是多少？设小麦产量为x ，布匹产量为y ，有：3300607517004025x y x y =+⎧⎨=+⎩3020x y =⎧⇒⎨=⎩（6） 由于鼓励生育，面国劳动力现在增加到了4050单位，土地规模不变，市场价格不变，小麦和布匹的产量分别是多少？如果人口继续增加会怎么样？4050607517004025x y x y =+⎧⎨=+⎩17.540x y =⎧⇒⎨=⎩，根据Rybczynski Theorem ，人口继续增加会使劳动密集型产品产量增加，故y 继续变大，x 继续变小。
ccer国际贸易作业二答案
ccer国际贸易作业⼆答案1．（1）若汽车的世界价格为8000，成本为6000，⼀国对进⼝汽车征收25%的关税。
此时的有效保护率是多少？答案：（2）现假设每辆汽车的投⼊成本是8000元，投⼊品需要进⼝，世界价格为10000，如果⼀国对汽车征收50%的关税，对投⼊品征收20%的关税。
此时的有效保护率是多少？答案：如下图：2. 现有⼀个⽆法影响世界价格的⼩国“槐安国”，该国以每袋10美元的价格进⼝黄粱，其国内的需求曲线为：D=400-10P供给曲线为：S=50+5p确定⾃由贸易的均衡点，然后计算并绘出把进⼝配额限制在50袋时对以下各项的影响：（1）本国价格增幅10（2）配额租⾦(20-10)*(200-150)=500（3）消费扭曲损失(20-10)*(300-200)*0.5=500（4）⽣产扭曲损失(20-10)*(150-100)*0.5=250（5）画出该国的需求曲线和供给曲线，标出⾃然情况下的进⼝量和配额限制时的进⼝量。
见上图（6）实际上，保护本国⼯业不仅仅进⼝配额这⼀种⽅法，政府还可以对进⼝产品征收关税，本题中要达到和配额⼀样的保护效果，政府需要对每袋黄粱征收多少关税？由于本处为开放⼩国，故直接征收20-10=10的关税即可（7）当然，政府采购也是⼀个很好的保护本国⼯业的措施，要使本国⼯业得到同样的保护，政府要采购本国⼚商多少袋黄粱（假设此时本国的总需求曲线没有移动）？要是⽣产者的剩余同以前⼀样，显然此处让政府采购等于150袋即可，价格为20 （8）既然关税可以保护本国⼯业，为什么政府有时候还要采⽤进⼝配额这种⽅式？1.配额的效果更加直接。
2.在关税存在的情况下，外国⼚商可以通过本国补贴等⼿段来降低出⼝价格，增加出⼝，⽽配额就将进⼝量定了。
3.同时，WTO对关税政策是有明确限制的。
（9）同样，既然进⼝配额也可以达到和政府采购⼀样的效果，为什么政府有时候还要采⽤政府采购来保护本国⼯业？1.政府采购⽐配额更能直接的帮助本国企业，2.在配额下如果消费需求发⽣变动，或者其他⼀些不可控的原因，本国⼚商可能⽆法卖出⾜够的产品来得到想要的⽣产者剩余，⽽政府采购可以直接帮助企业获利。
国际贸易实务模拟试卷(二)参考答案[3页]
![国际贸易实务模拟试卷(二)参考答案[3页]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/29a25f81af1ffc4fff47ac80.png)
国际贸易实务模拟试卷（二）参考答案一、名词解释1.国际贸易术语: 指随着国际贸易的发展和长期的实践所形成的,用简短的概念或字母表示商品价格构成,旨在说明交货地点并确定风险和责任、费用划分等问题的专用术语。
2.DPU术语含义: 目的地卸货后交货(……指定目的地)。
指在合同约定期限内卖方在指定目的地约定交货点（如有）将货物从抵达的运输工具上卸下，交由买方处置时即完成交货。
3.FAQ：指一定时期内某地出口货物的平均品质水平，一般指中等货。
4.D/P at sight：指委托人(出口商)发货后开具即期汇票(有时也可不开汇票)并随附商业单据,通过银行要求付款人(进口商)见票(或见单)后即需付款,付清款项后银行交出货运单据。
5.本票：一个人向另一个人签发的,保证于见票时或定期或在可以确定的将来时间,对某人或其指定人或持票人支付一定金额的无条件的书面承诺。
二、单项选择题1. D2. D3. D4. A5. D6. B7. D8. C9. A 10. A三、多项选择题1. ABCD2. BD3. BC4. ABC5. BC四、简答题1.合同中订立品质条款应注意的要点包括:(1)合理确定表示商品品质的方法；凡是能够用一种方法表示品质的,一般不宜用两种或两种以上方法表示。
(2)实事求是地确定品质；要注意各质量指标之间的内在联系和相互关系。
(3)要灵活地运用品质条款；做到条款内容明确、完整、简洁,并适当留有余地。
2. DAP、DPU、DDP的区别：(1) DAP是指当卖方在指定目的地将还在运抵运输工具上可供卸载的货物交由买方处置时，即为交货。
DAP无须卸货，而DPU指在合同约定期限内卖方在指定目的地约定交货点（如有）将货物从抵达的运输工具上卸下,交由买方处置时即完成交货。
DPU必须卸货。
(2) DAP、DPU均不必办理进口国所需的所有与进口清关手续，而DDP必须承担将货物运至目的地的一切费用和风险。
其中包括办理货物出口与进口,以及必要时从他国过境所需要的一切海关手续所需费用,以及在目的地应交纳的任何进口“税费”(包括海关手续费、关税、税款和其他费用等一切进口“税收”)。
国际贸易实务双语教程第二版习题参考答案
1 Unit 1 A brief introduction to international tradeKeyI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business which involved the crossing of national borders 2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies. 3. To gain profit. 4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement. 5. There are four major forms which are the following: Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and and Multinational Multinational Enterprise. 6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year. 7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing. 8. Yes. There are great differences between them. 1) 1) direct direct direct investment investment investment takes takes takes place place place when when when control control control follows follows follows the the the investment. investment. investment. It It It usually usually usually means means means high high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties. 2) 2) While While While portfolio portfolio portfolio investments investments investments are are are not not not under under under control. control. control. And And And they they they are are are used used used primarily primarily primarily for for for financial financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments. 9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation). 10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest. 11. 11. The The The choice choice choice of of of forms forms forms is is is influenced influenced influenced by by by the the the objective objective objective being being being pursued pursued pursued and and and the the the environments environments environments in in which the company must operate. 12. 12. It It It is is is limited limited limited by by by the the the number number number of of of people people people intere intere interested sted sted in in in a a a firm‟s firm‟s products products and and and services services services and and and by by customers‟ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm‟s resources.14. 14. Royalties Royalties Royalties means means means the the the payment payment payment for for for use use use of of of assets assets assets from from from abroad, abroad, abroad, such such such as as as for for for trademarks trademarks trademarks patens, patens, copyrights, copyrights, or other expertise under or other expertise under contract contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising. 15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers‟ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J 2.A 3.E 4.B 5.C 6.D 7.I 8.G 9.F 10.H III Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力11经济复苏；恢复2潜在销售量12 经济衰退3加价，涨价13间接投资4国内市场14有形货物5制成品15有形进出口6边际利润边际利润 16收入及支出；岁入及岁出收入及支出；岁入及岁出7市场占有率市场占有率 17超额能力超额能力 8贸易歧视贸易歧视 18贸易中间人（商）；经纪人；经纪人9时机选择时机选择 19全部包建的工程承包方式全部包建的工程承包方式10经销周期经销周期 20许可证协定许可证协定IV Case Study 1 [Answer]：Batteries Batteries called called called "white "white "white elephant" elephant" elephant" exported exported exported from from from China China China were were were very very very popular popular popular in in in Southeast Southeast Southeast Asia, Asia, because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the the battery battery battery or or or the the the price price price of of of reasons, reasons, reasons, so so so he he he asked asked asked his his his staff staff staff to to to investigate. investigate. investigate. Finally Finally Finally he he he found found found that that that is is is the the brand "white elephant" to be blame. The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which which meant meant meant something something something were were were no no no use use use but but but cumbersome cumbersome cumbersome in in in Western Western Western countries. countries. countries. It It It was was was really really really a a a bad bad translation from culture information perspective. The meaning derived from a legend. According to the legend, legend, there there there was was was a a a king king king who who who hated hated hated a a a minister, minister, minister, so so so he he he gave gave gave a a a white white white elephant elephant elephant to to to the the the minister minister minister for for punishment. The minister has to take care of the white elephant, he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However, the appetite of the white elephant was so great, and the minister became poorer. So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome. V . OpenVI.Translate the following into English 1. Trade is often the …engine‟ of growth. However oversimplified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many many ways. ways. ways. Among Among Among them them them are are are the the the benefits benefits benefits of of of specialization; specialization; specialization; the the the favorable favorable favorable effects effects effects of of of international international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment. 2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between between nations. nations. nations. Nations Nations Nations such such such as as as Greece Greece Greece and and and Norway Norway Norway have have have large large large maritime maritime maritime fleets fleets fleets and and and provide provide transportation transportation service. service. service. This This This is is is a kind a kind of invisible trade. I nvisible trade Invisible trade can be as important to to some some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities. 3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area. 4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs. Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy buy goods goods goods and and and services services services from from from abroad abroad abroad on on on a a a barter barter barter basis. basis. basis. Barter Barter Barter means means means doing doing doing business business business by by by exchanging exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a cou n try‟s import needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing ntry‟s import needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade. Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import TransactionI. Answer the following questions(Omited) II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying; 2.agent, foreign/overseas; mission; 4.own; 5.setting; 6.patent; 7.profits; 8.outlets; 9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiary III. J udge the following statement, mark True (T) or False(F)1F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10. T IV . Explain the meaning of the words or phrases below as requested 1. Offer: An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract. 2. 2. Withdrawal: Withdrawal: It It means means means an an an offer offer offer by by by the the the offerer offerer offerer has has has been been been withdrawn withdrawn withdrawn before before before it it it is is is reached reached reached to to to the the offeree in order to prevent its entry into force. 3. Enquiry: An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details of the goods or trade terms. It can be made either by the importer or the exporter. 4. Acceptance: Acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent to an offer. 5. Shipping agent: Shipping agent(船代）is a ship owner's representative whose job is to find the ships to carry.V . Compose a letter of enquiry with the following particulars:KeysMessrs. Arthur Grey & Son, 19 Cheapside, London, E.C.2 Dear Sirs, We have obtained y our name and address from China Council for Promotion of International Trade your name and address from China Council for Promotion of International Trade and learned that you are one of the leading exporters of Ice Box in your district. We are now interested in 100 sets of the said article and should be pleased if you would let us know whether you can supply us with the quantity and quality we desire. Please quote us your best price on CIF Guangzhou basis. When offering, please state clearly terms of payment, time of delivery, packing conditions together with illustrated catalogue for our consideration. We are looking forward to your early reply. Yours faithfully, VI. Please make your offer according to the following particulars: KeyDear Sirs, Thank you for your letter of 5th May. We are glad to learn of the inquiries you have had from your your customers customers customers for for for our our our raincoats. raincoats. raincoats. Our Our Our "D.D." "D.D." "D.D." range range range is is is particularly particularly particularly suitable suitable suitable for for for warm warm warm climates, climates, climates, and and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries, from many of whom we have already had repeated orders. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight, but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface. For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows: "D.D." Raincoats 100 men's medium @ US$14.50 US$ 1,450 100 men's small 14.0 1,400 100 women's medium 13.2 1,320 100 women's small 12.7 1,270 US$ 5,440 Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sight Shipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four weeks after receiving the L/C. This This offer offer offer is is is subject subject subject to to to our our our final final final confirmation. confirmation. confirmation. We We We feel feel feel you you you may may may be be be interested interested interested in in in our our our other other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference. We are awaiting your early orders. Yours sincerely, VII. Write a counter-offer according to the following particulars:Keys: Dear Sirs, We thank you for your quotation May 10 for 1,000 sets of Hair IceBox. We find your price as well as delivery date satisfactory, however, we would give our suggestions of an alternation of your payment terms. Our past purchase of other household electrical appliances from you has been paid as a rule by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit at sight. On the basis, it has indeed cost us a great deal. From the moment to open credit till the time our buyers pay us, the tie-up of our funds lasts about four months. Under the present circumstances, this question is particular taxing owing to the tight money condition and unprecedentedly high bank interests. In view of our long business relations and our amicable cooperation prospects, we suggest that you accept either “cash against documents on arrival of goods ” or “drawing on us at 60 day ‟s sight ”. Your first priority to the consideration of the above request and an early favorable reply will be highly appreciated. Yours sincerely,VIII. Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically self-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet. In today‟s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self -sufficient nations are self-sufficient. self-sufficient. Nations Nations Nations have have have utilized utilized utilized different different different economic economic economic resources; resources; resources; people people people have have have developed developed developed different different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities. Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned mentioned above, above, above, is is is that that that no no no nation nation nation has has has all all all of of of the the the commodities commodities commodities than than than it it it needs. needs. needs. Raw Raw Raw materials materials materials are are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar. Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other other countries. countries. countries. It It It is is is cheaper cheaper cheaper for for for the the the United United United States States States to to to buy buy buy these these these from from from Japan Japan Japan than than than to to to produce produce produce them them domestically. Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces produces more more more automobiles automobiles automobiles than than than any any any other other other country, country, country, it it it still still still imports imports imports large large large quantities quantities quantities of of of autos autos autos from from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want. A nation‟s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to to combine combine combine the the the income income income it it it receives, receives, receives, for for for example, example, example, from from from exports, exports, exports, tourists tourists tourists expenditures, expenditures, expenditures, and and and immigrant immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is t hen spent then spent on such items as manufactured goods from o ther other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers. IX. Case Study [Answer]: A 公司与B 公司的第一封信函可视为发盘，在该发盘中A 公司对包装做出了要求。
国际贸易 第二章课后习题答案
Answer: For England, PW / PC ϭ MPLC / MPLW ϭ 10 / 8. 3 ϭ 1. 2, which is the no-trade relative price of wine (equal to the opportunity cost of producing wine). For Portugal, P*W / P*C ϭ MPL*C / MPL*W ϭ 11. 1 / 12. 5 ϭ 0. 9, which is
Answer: Foreign has a comparative advantage in producing televisions because it has a lower opportunity cost than Home in the production of televisions.
2. Suppose that each worker in the home country can produce three cars or two televisions. Assume that Home has four workers.
a. Graph the production possibilities frontier for the home country.
S-10 Solutions ■ Chapter 2 Trade and Technology: The Ricardian Model
2021年国开电大《国际贸易原理》形考任务2第二次考核答案
第二次考核学习完教材1—6章以后完成本次任务。
中国商务部公平贸易局负责人2009年6月29日发表谈话表示，今年以来，美国贸易救济调查机关已对中国出口产品发起4起反倾销反补贴合并调查，均针对钢铁产品，且近10日内连续发起3起反倾销反补贴合并调查，立案频率之高，针对性之强，令中方震惊，中国业界对此强烈不满，中国政府对此严重关注。
该负责人表示，金融危机以来，美国内贸易保护主义势力不断抬头。
6月26日，美国商务部宣布决定对中国金属丝网托盘产品启动反倾销反补贴合并调查，这是美商务部继6月17日和19日对中国钢铰线和钢格栅板立案调查以来近10日内对中国钢铁产品发起的第3起反倾销反补贴合并调查。
该做法向美国内及国际社会发出错误的贸易保护主义信号，将严重影响美国钢铁产业下游用户的利益，损害中美钢铁产品及制品的正常贸易。
该负责人指出，美国贸易救济调查机关应恪守20国集团领导人伦敦金融峰会的共识，在采取贸易救济措施方面保持谨慎克制的态度。
中方将密切关注美国贸易救济调查机关开展的反倾销、反补贴调查情况，并保留诉诸世贸组织争端解决机制的权利。
据中国商务部统计，2008年美对中国的不锈钢压力管、管线管、柠檬酸、后拖式草地维护设备、厨房器具置物架和挂物架等产品发起5起反倾销反补贴合并调查；涉案金额5.1亿美元。
同时，美对中国的床用内置弹簧组等产品发起5起反倾销调查，涉案金额2.8亿美元。
另外，美还对中国的定尺碳素钢板发起1起反规避调查。
此外，美还在2008年就此前对中国发起的7起双反案和6起反倾销案做出终裁。
其中，标准钢管案等7起双反案件的平均反补贴税率从5.62%至226.85%不等，平均反倾销税率从9.48%至249.12%不等。
除非公路用轮胎案外，其他案件两税叠加的税率偏高。
在6起反倾销案终裁中，除钢钉案和聚酯薄膜案中个别企业税率较为理想外，其他案件均以高于50%的税率结案。
（来源：新华网）针对上述讨论，结合学习的相关理论回答以下问题。
国际贸易英文版答案Unit2
国际贸易英文版答案Unit2第一篇：国际贸易英文版答案Unit 2Unit 2ExercisesI.Answer the following questions1.Why should we specify name of commodities in sales contract? What details should be mind when we stipulate the clauses of name?2.What should we watch when we follow “sale by sample”? Can we follow both “sale by sample” and sale by description” in one contract?3.Why is “more or less” clause in that important? What should we watch when we stipulate “more or less” clause?4.How packing is roughly classified? What are the functions of packing?5.What marks are usually used in transportation of goods? What should we watch when those marks are made and printed?II.Decide the following statement whether it is true or not.If not, correct the wrong statement.1.If a set of mechanical and electrical equipment is going be imported, “sale by specification” is a better method to be used to specify the quality.(√)2.When clause of quality is stipulated in the contra ct, it’d better not use both “sale by sample” and “sale by specification”.(×)sometimes both can be used.3.All products can be traded by merely their marks and/or brands if their quality is stable, reputation is sound and with which the consumers or custome rs are familiar.(√)4.In international trade, calculating by weight is the most commonly used method to decide quantity of trade goods.(√)5.Clause of quantity mainly deals with the quantity of the trade goods.(×)as well as the system of weight and ways to measure the goods.6.In international selling and buying, only the International System is allowed to indicate quality of the trade goods.(×)Not only.Other systems can be used.7.Besides raw silk, wool and cotton, conditioned weight is commonly used to indi cate quality of many other products.(×)Net weightually we don’t accept neutral packing and OEM in our export trade.(×)Sometimes we do accept the practice.9.Gross weight is the most widely used methods to calculate weight.According to international rules and practices, weight is calculated by gross weight unless otherwise stated in the contract.(×)Net weight10.The system we follow to create our own product code is Asian Article Number Association.(×)European Article Number III.Case studyCase 1Chinese company signed a contract with an Australian buyer.T otal amount of the sale is 200,000 Australian dollars.According to the contract, each piece of the trade goods should bepacked in a plastic bag with both English and French instructions.When the goods reach Australia, the buyer found that goods are not packed in plastic bag.And there is only English instruction.Can the buyer lodge a claim and ask for compensation? Why?Case 2A contract was signed between Chinese company YS and an American buyer NT for writing paper.In the contract under “Name of Commodity” “Hand-made Writing Paper wasspecified as name of the trade product, and the name was used in all documents and invoices.When NT received the paper, after re-inspecting, NT found that part of the production process was in fact finished by machine.NT claimed for compensation.YS refused, claiming that main processing stages of the paper were finished as the stipulation by hand.Besides, when the contract was signed, the agent of NT has examined the sample on the spot.(But “sale by sample” was not stipulated in the contract).Since the actual quality of the sent paper is in accordance with the sample, YS believes the contract was fulfilled as required by the contract.Who, do you believe, should be responsible? And how should the dispute be handled?Keys:I.Answer the following questions1.a.1.In practical sense, name or description of commodity is the substantial foundation and premise 1ofa single transaction.Therefore, while the seller and the buyer negotiate, conclude the transaction and sign the contract, name of commodity or further essential description must be clearly laid down.b.In legal sense, description of the commodity is the key component of the contract by course of law.It constructs the basis of the transaction and touches on the rights and obligations of both the seller and the buyer.If the goods delivered by the seller are not in accordance with the agreed name of commodity and/or other description, the buyer reserves the right to lodge a claim, reject the goods or even cancel the contract.2.When we trade following “sale by sample”, two basic principles must be followed.Firstly, the sample provided is the mere basis while commodities are delivered and accepted;secondly, the quality of the commodities must be in conformity with the sampleprovided.Both “sale by sample” and sale by description” can be used in one contract.3.Owing to the influence of natural conditions, packing requirements, transportation conditions or limitations of measurement tools, the actual quantity may be somehow more or less than the contracted quantity when delivery is taken.So flexibility2 is specified in the contract.The specification of the flexibility is in fact the “more or less” clause.If there is a “more or less” claus e in the contract, it is necessary to state clearly who has the option to decide the quantity latitude, the buyer or the seller and the specific latitude.4.Many different types of packing are adopted in international trade.According to the role第二篇：国际贸易英文自我介绍国际贸易英文自我介绍as an international trade specialized student, i know the importance of english in english learning, so i have been high-standard requirements themselves.through their own efforts, to xx passed cet band 4 and again to xx points passed cet6.in spoken english i have been in the exercise myself, and reached a certain level.in addition, i also laid a japanese primary basic.not only in english, as the rest of course also study hard.in six semester four times won the scholarship, and once passed the national computer rank examination(level 2).moreover i took an active part in social practice activities, and to exercise their professional skills,increase their professional knowledge, and has achieved good results.through a series of stratified activities, i also gradually grasp the people contacts and communication skills, learning how to make ourselves in a harmonious interpersonal relationships.throughstudies i deeply realize the theory instruction practicemeaning, and really in the code yourself.in learning and activities of remaining i also actively enrich himself, reading, rich knowledge, and grasped certain of the computer application skills enough to handle the job requirement.believe after three years study the lives of hone, already will i hammer become a moral decently, strong-willed, high ideals and soaring aspirations, has the enterprising spirit and team cooperation spirit of excellent college students.believe i have knowledge and competence can completely fit for any difficult work, environment of hard did not prevent completed i finish work.if i am lucky to become a member of your company, i will put all the youth and enthusiasm exert into work, obtain due grades for the development of the company, and contribute their efforts.第三篇：国际贸易英文术语商检费 commodity inspection fee海运费 ocean freight集卡运费、短驳费 Drayage订舱费 booking charge转运费 transportation charge污箱费 container dirtyness change坏箱费用 container damage charge清洁箱费 container clearance charge分拨费 dispatch charge报关费 customs clearance fee操作劳务费 labour fee or handling charge商检换单费 exchange fee for CIP换单费 D/O fee拆箱费 De-vanning charge港杂费 port sur-charge电放费 B/L surrender fee冲关费emergent declearation change 海关查验费customs inspection fee 提箱费 container stuffing charge 滞期费 demurrage charge 滞箱费 container detention charge 卡车运费 cartage fee 车上交货 FOT(free on track)电汇手续费 T/T fee转境费/过境费 I/E bonded charge待时费 waiting charge仓储费 storage fee改单费 amendment charge拼箱服务费 LCL service charge动、植检疫费 animal & plant quarantine fee移动式其重机费 mobile crane charge进出库费 warehouse in/out chargePRICE 价格FOB Liner Terms FOB 班轮条款FOB under tackle FOB吊钩下交货FOB stowed(FOBS)船上交货并理舱FOB trimmed(FOBT)船上交货并平舱FOB stowed and trimmed(FOBST)船上交货并理舱和平舱CFR Liner Terms 贸易术语款CFR Landed CFR 卸到岸上CFR EX Tackle CFR吊钩下交货CFR EX Ship’s Hold CFR舱底交货Documents against acceptance(D/A)承兑交单Documents against payment(D/P)付款交单Documents against payment after sight(date)远期付款交单PAYMENT 支付Draft 汇票Draft(bill of exchange)汇票Trade bill 商业汇票Banker’s draft 银行汇票Clean bill(of exchange)光票Documentary bill(of exchange)跟单汇票Draft with(without)recourse 有(无)追索权的汇票Sight draft 即期汇票Time draft(usance draft)远期汇票To order 空白抬头Blank endorsement 空白背书Discount 贴现Remittance 汇付方式M/T(Mail transfer)信汇T/T(telegraphic transfer)电汇D/D(demand draft，remittance by ban k’s demand draft)票汇Check(cheque)支票Promissory note 本票International postal money order 国际邮政汇票Payment 支付方式Cash payment(cash against documents)现付Cash on delivery(C.O.D.)交货付现Cash with order(C.W.O.)随订单付现Deferred(delayed)payment 延付Dishonour 拒付，退票Payment by installments 分期支付Open account trade(O.A.T.)记账交易Collection 托收Clean collection(collection on clean bill)光票托收Documentary collection(collection on documents)跟单托收Documents against payment(D/P)付款交单D/P at sight 即期付款交单D/P after sight 远期付款交单D/A(Documents against acceptance)承兑交单L/G(letter of guarantee)银行保证书Payment by banker’s letter of guarantee(payment by banker’s L/G)凭银行保证书支付L/C(letter of credit)Payment by letter of credit(payment by L/C)凭信用证支付信用证L/C(letter of credit)信用证信用证Irrevocable credit 不可撤销信用证Revocable credit 可撤销信用证Confirmed credit 保兑信用证Unconfirmed credit 未加保兑信用证Documentary credit 跟单信用证Clean credit 光票信用证Acceptance credit 承兑信用证Sight credit 即期信用证Usance(time)credit 远期信用证Transferable credit 可转让信用证Non-transferable credit 不可转让信用证Divisible credit 可分刈信用证Anticipatory credit 预支信用证Red clause credit 红条款，预支信用证Back to back credit 背对背信用证Revolving credit 循环信用证Unrevolving credit 非循环信用证Reciprocal credit 对开信用证Stand-by credit(commercial paper credit，guarantee credit，performance credit)备用信用证CONTRACT 合同Sales contract(confirmation)销货合同(确认书)Purchasecontract(confirmation)购货合同(确认书)Confirmation of order 订单确认书Distributorship contract(agreement)经销合同(协议)Sole distributorship contract(agreement)独家经销合同(协议) Exclusive(sole)sales contract(agreement)包销合同(协议)Consignment contract(agreement)寄售合同(协议)Agency contract(agreement)代理合同(协议)Time to volume 及时大量生产Time to money 及时大量交货FOUR CONTROL YSTEM 四大管制系统Engineering control system 工程管制系统Quality control system质量管理系统Manufacturing control system生产管制系统Management control system经营管制系统Classification整理(sorting, organization)-seiriRegulation整顿(arrangement, tidiness)-seitonCleanliness清扫(sweeping, purity)-seisoConservation清洁(cleaning, cleanliness)-seiktsuCulture教养(discipline)-shitsukeSave 节约Safety安全质量人员名称类QC quality control 品质管理人员FQC final quality control 终点质量管理人员IPQC in process quality control 制程中的质量管理人员OQC output quality control 最终出货质量管理人员IQC incoming quality control 进料质量管理人员TQC total quality control 全面质量管理POC passage quality control 段检人员QA quality assurance 质量保证人员OQA output quality assurance 出货质量保证人员QE quality engineering 质量工程人员质量保证类FAI first article inspection 新品首件检查FAA first article assurance 首件确认CP capability index 能力指数CPK capability process index 模具制程能力参数SSQA standardized supplier quality audit 合格供货商质量评估FMEA failure model effectiveness analysis 失效模式分析FQC运作类AQL Acceptable Quality Level 运作类允收质量水平S/S Sample size 抽样检验样本大小ACC Accept 允收REE Reject 拒收CR Critical 极严重的MAJ Major 主要的MIN Minor 轻微的Q/R/S Quality/Reliability/Service 质量/可靠度/服务P/N Part Number 料号L/N Lot Number 批号AOD Accept On Deviation 特采UAI Use As It 特采FPIR First Piece Inspection Report 首件检查报告PPM Percent Per Million 百万分之一制程统计品管专类SPC Statistical Process Control 统计制程管制SQC Statistical Quality Control 统计质量管理GRR Gauge Reproductiveness & Repeatability 量具之再制性及重测性判断量可靠与否DIM Dimension 尺寸DIA Diameter 直径N Number 样品数其它质量术语类QIT Quality Improvement Team 质量改善小组ZD Zero Defect 零缺点QI Quality Improvement 质量改善QP Quality Policy 目标方针TQM T otal Quality Management 全面质量管理RMA Return Material Audit 退料认可7QCT ools 7 Quality Control T ools 品管七大手法通用之件类ECN Engineering Change Notice 工程变更通知(供货商) ECO Engineering Change Order 工程改动要求(客户) PCN Process Change Notice 工序改动通知PMP Product Management Plan 生产管制计划SIP Standard Inspection Procedure 制程检验标准程序SOP Standard Operation Procedure 制造作业规范IS Inspection Specification 成品检验规范BOM Bill Of Material 物料清单PS Package Specification 包装规范SPEC Specification 规格DWG Drawing 图面系统文件类ES Engineering Standard 工程标准CGOO China General PCE龙华厂文件IWS International Workman Standard 工艺标准ISO International Standard Organization 国际标准化组织GS General Specification 一般规格部门类PMC Production & Material Control 生产和物料控制PCC Product control center 生产管制中心PPC Production Plan Control 生产计划控制MC Material Control 物料控制DC Document Center 资料中心QE Quality Engineering 质量工程(部)QA Quality Assurance 质量保证(处)QC Quality Control 质量管理(课)PD Product Department 生产部LAB Laboratory 实验室IE Industrial Engineering 工业工程R&D Research & Design 设计开发部第四篇：国际贸易英文求职信国际贸易英文求职信范文Dear leaders:Hello!First of all, your hard work to extend our deep respect!At the same time, also thank you for your busy schedule in my recommended reading materials.I was in Xi'an Translation College of Foreign Languages Institute for English Majors, a 04 session students will be faced with graduation.Experienced a three-year teacher education and colleges of high life, in the face of new opportunities and challenges, I am more determined the “self-confidence, self-reliance, diligence, modesty,” the doctrine of life.Xi'an Translation College of Education of China's well-known talent training base, renowned for their rigorous scholarship, well known for educating people.In such a learning environment, I appreciate the vital to the fun of learning English.Whether in the intellectual capacity or the quality of self-cultivation, I have benefited from.Three years, the Friends of the division in good faith and personal efforts to help, I have a solid foundation of professional knowledge, a systematic grasp of the English literature, linguistics and education, such as the theory ofexit examinations in all subjects, the results outstanding.At the same time, I also have excellent English listening, speaking, reading, writing, translation, such as capacity and be good at innovation in the study.At the same time, after school hours, I covered a lot of extensive books, skillfully mastered the basic knowledge of computer and operating system used, not only enrich their own, but also cultivate their abilities in various In addition, I also actively participate in various social activities, and grasp every opportunity to exercise their own.University for three years, I deeply feel and talents to work, so I benefit from the competition;practical difficulties to the challenge, let me grow up in frustration;Xi'an Translation College, I developed a practical and realistic style of hard work and innovation.I love to engage in the cause of your organization, eager to look forward to your leadership, for the glorious cause of building blocks.If your organization can provide a copy of my employment, I will be very grateful, and take concrete actions to prove that they live up to your choice.A time when the pen collection, solemnly raised a small request: Regardless of whether you choose me, and respect the leadership, I hope you will accept my sincere thanks!Your organization wishes to the cause of success!People put themselves forward: xxx第五篇：国际贸易英文缩写国际贸易、海运单证的缩写主要贸易术语：(1)FCA(Free Carrier)货交承运人(2)FAS(Free Alongside Ship)装运港船边交货(3)FOB(Free on Board)装运港船上交货(4)CFR(Cost and Freight)成本加运费(5)CIF(Cost,Insurance and Freight)成本、保险费加运费(6)CPT(Carriage Paid To)运费付至目的地(7)CIP(Carriage and Insurance Paid T o)运费、保险费付至目的地(8)DAF(Delivered At Frontier)边境交货(9)DES(Delivered Ex Ship)目的港船上交货(10)DEQ(Delivered Ex Quay)目的港码头交货(11)DDU(Delivered Duty Unpaid)未完税交货(12)DDP(Delivered Duty Paid)完税后交货主要船务术语简写：(1)ORC(Origen Recevie Charges)本地收货费用（广东省收取）(2)THC(Terminal Handling Charges)码头操作费（香港收取）(3)BAF(Bunker Adjustment Factor)燃油附加费(4)CAF(Currency Adjustment Factor)货币贬值附加费(5)YAS(Yard Surcharges)码头附加费(6)EPS(Equipment Position Surcharges)设备位置附加费(7)DDC(Destination Delivery Charges)目的港交货费(8)PSS(Peak Season Sucharges)旺季附加费(9)PCS(Port Congestion Surcharge)港口拥挤附加费(10)DOC(DOcument charges)文件费(11)O/F(Ocean Freight)海运费(12)B/L(Bill of Lading)海运提单(13)MB/L(Master Bill of Lading)船东单（或OCEAN BILL OF LADING）(14)MTD(Multimodal Transport Document)多式联运单据(15)L/C(Letter of Credit)信用证(16)C/O(Certificate of Origin)产地证(17)S/C(Sales Confirmation)销售确认书（Sales Contract)销售合同(18)S/O(Shipping Order)装货指示书(19)W/T(Weight Ton)重量吨（即货物收费以重量计费）(20)M/T(Measurement T on)尺码吨（即货物收费以尺码计费）(21)W/M(Weight or Measurement ton)即以重量吨或者尺码吨中从高收费(22)CY(Container Yard)集装箱（货柜）堆场(23)FCL(Full Container Load)整箱货(24)LCL(Less than Container Load)拼箱货（散货）(25)CFS(Container Freight Station)集装箱货运站(26)TEU(Twenty-feet Equivalent Units)20英尺换算单位（用来计算货柜量的多少）(27)A/W(All Water)全水路（主要指由美国西岸中转至东岸或内陆点的货物的运输方式）(28)MLB(Mini Land Bridge)小陆桥（主要指由美国西岸中转至东岸或内陆点的货物的运输方式）(29)NVOCC(Non-Vessel Operating Common Carrier)无船承运人TEUTWENTY FOOT EQUIVALENT UNITS 20'柜FEUFORTY FOOT EQUIVALENT UNITS 40'柜SHUT OUT退关CUT OFF CLOSING DATE/CUT OFF DATE 结关日O/F(Ocean Freight)海运费BAF(Bunker Adjustment Factor)燃油附加费CAF(Currency Adjustment Factor)货币贬值附加费BOOKING FEE订舱费DOC(DOcument charges)文件费THCTERMINAL HANDLING CHARGE 码头作业费V.V.D: Vessel voyage directionETD : Eistimated time of departureETA: Eistimated time of arrivalT/TIME : TRANSE TIMET/S : transshipment port主要贸易术语：(1)FCA(Free Carrier)货交承运人(2)FAS(Free Alongside Ship)装运港船边交货(3)FOB(Free on Board)装运港船上交货(4)CFR(Cost and Freight)成本加运费(5)CIF(Cost,Insurance and Freight)成本、保险费加运费(6)CPT(Carriage Paid To)运费付至目的地(7)CIP(Carriage and Insurance Paid T o)运费、保险费付至目的地(8)DAF(Delivered At Frontier)边境交货(9)DES(Delivered Ex Ship)目的港船上交货(10)DEQ(Delivered Ex Quay)目的港码头交货(11)DDU(Delivered Duty Unpaid)未完税交货(12)DDP(Delivered Duty Paid)完税后交货L/C(Letter of Credit)信用证S/C(Sales Confirmation)销售确认书（Sales Contract)销售合同A/W(All Water)全水路（主要指由美国西岸中转至东岸或内陆点的货物的运输方式）MLB(Mini Land Bridge)迷你大陆桥（主要指由美国西岸中转至东岸或内陆点的货物的运输方式）货运代理人a freight forwarder货运代理业务freight forwarding承运人 carrier货物① goods ② freight ③ cargo运输① transportation ② transit ③ conveyance运输业① transportation business ② forwarding business ③ carrying trade陆上运输 transportation by land海上运输 transportation by sea货物运输① goods traffic ② freight traffic ③ carriage of freights ④ carriage of goods滞期费 demurrage滞期日数 demurrage days速遣费 despatch money/dispatch空舱费 dead freight装载 loading卸货①unloading ②discharging ③landing舱单 manifest集装箱箱型container type也有人用container size活用一下：我要改箱型，从1X20GP改到1X40GPI want to change the container type from 1X20GP to 1X40GP改箱型也可以这么表示Pls help me to revise the container size from 1x20GP to 1x40GP做货代的免不了要值班值班 on duty值班表 on duty list值班人员 on duty personattachment附件attached附上CC抄送FYI for your information,for you reference 供参考BLOCK CODE 中转港代码IMP(import)进口EXP（export）出口MAX(maximum)最大的、最大限度的MIN(minimum)最小的，最低限度update这个词蛮常用的报关 customs brokerC/D(customs declaration)报关单报关行 customs broker报关员customs declarer海关退税 customs drawback海关查验 customs examination仓库 warehousefumigation 熏蒸MSDS maritime shipping document of safety危险货物安全资料卡D/R docks of receipt场站收据B/N booking note托书（有时看到的是SI shipping instruction)EIR(E/R）equipment interchange receipt设备交接单LOI letter of indemnity 保函，也称损害赔偿保证书quantity-数量packing-包装cubic meter 立方米包装种类：carton 纸箱（最常见的喽）package 包bag, sack 袋case, chest 箱packet 小包drum 圆桶case, chest 箱box盒wooden case 木箱rate 板条箱bale 包bundle 捆PALLET : 托盘commission-佣金vessel schedule 船期表Booking 订舱Booking Note 订舱单Booking Number 订舱号Container Number 箱号Container Seal 集装箱箱封Lorry with IC Card 有白卡的集卡Cable/Telex Release 电放Missed Voyage Container 漏装箱Cancellation 退关箱tri-axle chassis 三轮车价Ｏ．Ｗ．Ｃ＝＝ＯＶＥＲＷＥＩＧＨＴＣＨＡＲＧＥ如果是海运费用项目的话．有时也表示为Ｏ．Ｗ．Ｓ．ＯＶＥＲＷＥＩＧＨＴＳＵＲＣＨＡＲＧＥ超重附加费void sailing 也就是没有船的意思取消订舱Booking cancelledweight limitations 限重。
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1． （H-O 模型）世界由米国和面国组成，他们相互贸易，只有小麦和布匹两个部门，没有
贸易成本，厂商都面临完全竞争的市场。
下式中的数字代表生产单位产品（小麦和布匹）所需要的各种投入品的数量，C 即单位成本：
C 小麦＝60w ＋40r
C 布匹＝75w ＋25r
（1） 如果小麦和布匹的市场价格为100，工资率w 和地租率r 各为多少？生产每一单位
的小麦和布匹的地租成本各是多少？
完全竞争市场，P=C ，故：
10060401007525w r w r =+⎧⎨=+⎩11w r =⎧⇒⎨=⎩
从而生产每一单位的小麦和布匹地租成本分别是40、25。
（2） 现在，布匹的价格上升至120，新的w 和r 值是多少（长期均衡水平）？ 10060401207525w r w r =+⎧⎨=+⎩ 1.530.2w r =⎧⇒⎨=⎩
（3） 相对于各种商品的实际工资（劳动者收入对该商品购买力）会何种变化？ 工资率的上升幅度（53%）比价格的上升幅度（最多20%）大，故实际工资上升了。
（4） 将你对（3）的答案与Stolper-Samuelson Theorem 相联系？
布匹的L/K 较高，为劳动密集型产品，其价格上涨导致劳工受益，这正是SS 定理的内容。
（5） 仍假设小麦和布匹的市场价格为100，面国现有3300单位劳动力，1700单位土地，
小麦和布匹的产量分别是多少？
设小麦产量为x ，布匹产量为y ，有：
3300607517004025x y x y =+⎧⎨=+⎩3020x y =⎧⇒⎨=⎩
（6） 由于鼓励生育，面国劳动力现在增加到了4050单位，土地规模不变，市场价格不变，
小麦和布匹的产量分别是多少？如果人口继续增加会怎么样？
4050607517004025x y x y =+⎧⎨=+⎩17.540x y =⎧⇒⎨=⎩
，根据Rybczynski Theorem ，人口继续增加会使劳动密集型产品产量增加，故y 继续变大，x 继续变小。
（7） 将你对（6）的答案与Rybczynski Theorem 相联系？请作图（如ppt lecture3 p.94）说
明人口增加带来的变化。
由（6），这正是Rybczynski Theorem的内容，如下图：
（8）米国只有1500单位劳动力，但有1600单位土地，某甲据此表示由于劳动/土地比偏低，米国工资会比面国高，你有何评论？
题目假设满足要素价格均等化的条件，故（1）、（2）解出的是两国共同的工资。
2．考虑一个特定要素模型，3种要素：劳动力、资本以及土地。
其中，生产商品1（食品）使用劳动力以及土地，而生产商品2（衣服）使用劳动力以及资本。
技术规模报酬不变，市场完全竞争。
劳动力可以跨部门流动，假设市场已经达到了均衡。
（1）考虑一个食品生产的技术冲击，使得土地投入不变的情况下，劳动力的边际产出提高了，这对均衡有何影响？请作图说明。
劳动力的边际产出提高了，工资曲线向外平移，因劳动可以跨部门流动，高的工资吸引了更多了劳动力到食品部门，这样市场的均衡工资提高了，食品部门的产量变大了。
如图：
（2）考虑一个食品生产的技术冲击，使得劳动的边际产出不变，土地的边际产出提高了，这对均衡有何影响？
劳动的边际产出不变，则工资曲线的位置不变，这样劳动力不会流动，劳动市场均衡不变。
但由于土地的边际产出上升了，从而使食品部门的总产量变大了。
（3）与修改版的Rybczynski Theorem相比，特定要素的变化（无论是存量还是边际产出）是否导致的市场均衡变化？共用要素的变化呢？你如何解释这种不同？
在以上技术变化的情况中，特定要素的边际产出变化不影响劳动市场均衡，但共用要素的边际产出变化会影响，特别的，共用要素边际产出上升，本部门使用的该要素比例上升，产量增加。
修改版的Rybczynski Theorem中，特定要素禀赋的增加使得使用此特定要素的部门产量增加，而另一部门产量减少。
共用要素禀赋的增加使得两个部门产出都增加，部门之间不存在此消彼长的关系。
比较而言，特定要素或共用要素增加在以上两种情况中正好相反。
这种不同在于冲击是不是影响了劳动的边际产出。
如果没有影响，则本部门产出受到影响的同时，不会影响两部门在劳动市场上的均衡。
反之，只要劳动的边际产出发生变化，两部门在劳动市场上的均衡必然变化。
3有人说，世界上最贫穷的国家不能出口任何商品，因为它们没有丰富的要素，
无论是资本、土地、还是人口在该国都很稀少，请对这种说法进行评论。
答：这种说法是不对的，因为一国的何种要素丰富，是由其要素的相对比例来决定，而不是由要素的绝对规模大小来决定。
比如说如果A国的资本、劳动力都小于B国，A国的资本/劳动小于B国的资本/劳动，则A国是劳动密集型，B国是资本密集型。
现实中，比如说韩国的资本和劳动力都小于美国，但是韩国和美国之间还是存在贸易。
因为要素的相对比例不同，所以贸易的基础就存在。