欧文简介
Rip_Van_Winkle_原文
作者简介：华盛顿欧文(Washington Irving ) (1789-1895),美国浪漫主义作家，也是一个纯文学作家，他的写作态度是"writing for pleasure and to produce pleasure" 。
欧文的代表作有《见闻札记》(Sketch Book)，这是第一部伟大的青少年读物，也是美国本土作家第一部成功的小说。
由于欧文对美国文学的伟大贡献，他获得了“美国文学之父”的光荣称号。
这篇短篇小说，《瑞普凡温克尔》便是摘自《见闻札记》。
Rip Van WinkleA Posthumous Writing of Diedrich KnickerbockerBy Washington Irving(T HE FOLLOWING tale was found among the papers of the late Diedrich Knickerbocker, an old gentleman of New York, who was very curious in the Dutch history of the province, and the manners of the descendants from its primitive settlers. His historical researches, however, did not lie so much among books as among men; for the former are lamentably scanty on his favorite topics; whereas he found the old burghers, and still more their wives, rich in that legendary lore so invaluable to true history. Whenever, therefore, he happened upon a genuine Dutch family, snugly shut up in its low-roofed farmhouse, under a spreading sycamore, he looked upon it as a little clasped volume of black-letter, and studied it with the zeal of a bookworm.The result of all these researches wasa history of the province during the reign of the Dutch governors, which he published some years since. There have been various opinions as to the literary character of his work, and, to tell the truth, it is not a whit better than it should be. Its chief merit is its scrupulous accuracy, which indeed was a little questioned on its first appearance, but has since been completely established; and it is how admitted into all historical collections as a book of unquestionable authority.The old gentleman died shortly after the publication of his work, and now that he is dead and gone it cannot do much harm to his memory to say that his time might have been much better employed in weightier labors. He, however, was apt to ride his hobby in his own way; and though it did now and then kick up the dust a little in the eyes of his neighbors and grieve the spirit of some friends, for whom he felt the truest deference and affection, yet his errors and follies are remembered“more in sorrow than in anger ”; and it begins to be suspected that he never intended to injure or offend. But however his memory may be appreciated by critics, it is still held dear among many folk whose good opinion is well worth having; particularly by certain biscuit bakers, who have gone so far as to imprint his likeness on their New Year cakes, and have thus given him a chance for immortality almost equal to the being stamped on a Waterloomedal or a Queen Anne 's farth ing.)By Woden, God of Saxons, From whence comes Wensday, that isWodensday, Truth is a thing that ever I will keep Unto thylke day inwhich I creep into My sepulchre —C ARTWRIGHT.Whoever has made a voyage up the Hudson must remember the Catskill Mountains. They are a dismembered branch of the great Appalachian family, and are seen away to the west of the river, swelling up to a noble height, and lording it over the surrounding country. Every change of season, every change of weather, indeed, every hour of the day, produces some change in the magical hues and shapes of these mountains, and they are regarded by all the good wives, far and near, as perfect barometers. When the weather is fair and settled, they are clothed in blue and purple, and print their bold outlines on the clear evening sky; but sometimes, whenthe rest of the landscape is cloudless, they will gather a hood of gray vapors about their summits, which, in the last rays of the setting sun, will glow and light up like a crown of glory.At the foot of these fairy mountains the voyager may have descried the light smoke curling up from a village whose shingle roofs gleam among the trees, just where the blue tints of the upland melt away into the fresh green of the nearer landscape. It is a little village of great antiquity, having been founded by some of the Dutch colonists, in the early times of the province, just about the beginning of the government of the good Peter Stuyvesant (may he rest in peace!), and there were someof the houses of the original settlers standing within a few years, with lattice windows, gable fronts surmounted with weathercocks, and built of small yellow bricks brought from Holland.In that samevillage, and in one of these very houses (which, to tell the precise truth, was sadly time-worn and weather-beaten), there lived many years since, while the country was yet a province of Great Britain, a simple, good-natured fellow, of the name of Rip Van Winkle. He was a descendant of the Van Winkles who figured so gallantly in the chivalrous days of Peter Stuyvesant, and accompanied him to the siege of Fort Christina. He inherited, however, but little of the martial character of his ancestors. I have observed that he was a simple, good-natured man; he was, moreover, a kind neighbor and an obedient, henpecked husband. Indeed, to the latter circumstance might be owing that meeknessof spirit which gained him such universal popularity; for those men are most apt to be obsequious and conciliating abroad who are under the discipline of shrews at home. Their tempers, doubtless, are rendered pliant and malleable in the fiery furnace of domestic tribulation, and a curtain lecture is worth all the sermons in the world for teaching the virtuesof patience and long-suffering. A termagant wife may, therefore, in some respects, be considered a tolerable blessing; and if so, Rip Van Winkle was thrice blessed.Certain it is that he was a great favorite among all the good wives of the village, who, as usual with the amiable sex, took his part in all family squabbles, and never failed, whenever they talked those matters over in their evening gossipings, to lay all the blame on DameVan Winkle. The children of the village, too, would shout with joy whenever he approached. He assisted at their sports, made their playthings, taught them to fly kites and shoot marbles, and told them long stories of ghosts, witches, and Indians. Whenever he went dodging about the village, he was surrounded by a troop of them, hanging on his skirts, clambering on his back, and playing a thousand tricks on him with impunity; and not a dog would bark at him throughout the neighborhood.The great error in Rip's composition was an insuperable aversion to all kinds ofprofitable labor. It could not be from the want of assiduity or perseverance; for he would sit on a wet rock, with a rod as long and heavy as a Tartar 's lance, and fish all day without a murmur, even though he should not be encouraged by a single nibble. He would carry a fowling piece on his shoulder, for hours together, trudging through woods and swamps,and up hill and downdale, to shoot a few squirrels or wild pigeons. He would never even refuse to assist a neighbor in the roughest toil, and was a foremost man at all country frolics for husking Indian corn, or building stone fences. The women of the village, too, used to employ him to run their errands, and to do such little odd jobs as their less obliging husbands would not do for them; in a word, Rip was ready to attend to anybody's business but his own; but as to doing family duty, and keeping his farm in order, it was impossible.In fact, he declared it was of no use to work on his farm; it was the most pestilent little piece of ground in the whole country; everything about it went wrong, and would go wrong, in spite of him. His fences were continually falling to pieces; his cow would either go astray or get among the cabbages; weeds were sure to grow quicker in his fields than anywhere else; the rain always madea point of setting in just as he had someoutdoor work to do; so that though his patrimonial estate had dwindled away under his management, acre by acre, until there was little more left than a mere patch of Indian corn and potatoes, yet it was the worst-conditioned farm in the neighborhood.His children, too, were as ragged and wild as if they belonged to nobody. His son Rip, an urchin begotten in his own likeness, promised to inherit the habits, with the old clothes of his father. He was generallyseen trooping like a colt at his mother 's heels, equipped in a pair ofhis father ' s cast -off galligaskins, which he had muchado to hold up with one hand, as a fine lady does her train in bad weather.Rip Van Winkle, however, was one of those happy mortals, of foolish, well-oiled dispositions, whotake the world easy, eat white bread or brown, whichever can be got with least thought or trouble, and would rather starve on a penny than work for a pound. If left to himself, he would have whistled life away, in perfect contentment; but his wife kept continually dinning in his ears about his idleness, his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family. Morning, noon, and night, her tongue was incessantly going, and everything he said or did was sure to produce a torrent of household eloquence. Rip had but one way of replying to all lectures of the kind, and that, by frequent use, had grown into a habit. He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing. This, however, always provoked a fresh volley from his wife, so that he was fain to draw off his forces, and take to the outside of the house—the only side which, in truth, belongs to a henpecked husband. Rip's sole domestic adherent was his dog Wolf, who was as much henpecked as his master; for DameVan Winkle regarded them as companions in idleness, and even looked upon Wolf with an evil eye, as the cause of his master 's so often going astray. True it is, in all points of spirit befitting an honorable dog, he was as courageous an animal as ever scoured the woods—but what courage can withstand the ever-during and all-besetting terrors of a woman' s tongue? The momentWolf entered the househis crest fell, his tail drooped to the ground, or curled between his legs; he sneaked about with a gallows air, casting many a sidelong glance at Dame Van Winkle, and at the least flourish of a broomstick or ladle would fly to the door with yelping precipitation.Times grew worse and worse with Rip Van Winkle as years of matrimony rolled on; a tart temper never mellows with age, and a sharp tongue is the only edged tool that grows keener by constant use. For a long while he used to console himself, when driven from home, by frequenting a kind of perpetual club of the sages, philosophers, and other idle personages of the village, which held its sessions on a bench before a small inn, designated by a rubicund portrait of his majesty George the Third. Here they used to sit in the shade, of a long lazy summer 's day, talking listlessly over village gossip, or telling endless sleepy stories about nothing. But it would have been worth any statesman 's moneyto have heard the profound discussions which sometimes took place, when by chance an old newspaper fell into their hands, from some passing traveler. How solemnly they would listen to the contents, as drawled out by Derrick Van Bummel, the schoolmaster, a dapper, learned little man, who was not to be daunted by the most gigantic word in the dictionary; and how sagely they would deliberate upon public events somemonths after they had taken place.The opinions of this junto were completely controlled by Nicholas Vedder, a patriarch of the village, and landlord of the inn, at the doorof which he took his seat from morning till night, just moving sufficiently to avoid the sun, and keep in the shade of a large tree; so that the neighbors could tell the hour by his movements as accurately as by a sun-dial. It is true, he was rarely heard to speak, but smoked his pipe incessantly. His adherents, however (for every great man has his adherents), perfectly understood him, and knew howto gather his opinions. When anything that was read or related displeased him, he was observed to smoke his pipe vehemently, and send forth short, frequent, and angry puffs; but when pleased, he would inhale the smoke slowly and tranquilly, and emit it in light and placid clouds, and sometimes taking the pipe from his mouth, and letting the fragrant vapor curl about his nose, would gravely nod his head in token of perfect approbation.From even this stronghold the unlucky Rip was at length routed by his termagant wife, who would suddenly break in upon the tranquillity of the assemblage, and call the members all to nought; nor was that august personage, Nicholas Vedder himself, sacred from the daring tongue of this terrible virago, who charged him outright with encouraging her husband in habits of idleness.Poor Rip was at last reduced almost to despair; and his only alternative, to escape from the labor of the farm and clamor of his wife, was to take gun in hand and stroll away into the woods. Here he would sometimes seat himself at the foot of a tree, and share the contents of his wallet with Wolf, with whom he sympathized as a fellow-sufferer in persecution. “Poor Wolf, ” he would say, “thy mistress leads thee a dog's life of it; but never mind, my lad, while I live thou shalt neverwant a friend to stand by thee! ” Wolf would wag his tail, look wistfully in his master 's face, and if dogs can feel pity, I verily believe he reciprocated the sentiment with allhis heart.In a long ramble of the kind on a fine autumnal day, Rip had unconsciously scrambled to one of the highest parts of the Catskill Mountains. He was after his favorite sport of squirrel shooting, and the still solitudes had echoed and re?choed with the reports of his gun. Panting and fatigued, he threw himself, late in the afternoon, on a green knoll, covered with mountain herbage, that crowned the brow of a precipice. From an opening between the trees he could overlook all the lower country for manya mile of rich woodland. He saw at a distance the lordly Hudson, far, far below him, moving on its silent but majestic course, the reflection of a purple cloud, or the sail of a lagging bark, here and there sleeping on its glassy bosom, and at last losing itself in the blue highlands.On the other side he looked down into a deep mountain glen, wild, lonely, and shagged, the bottom filled with fragments from the impending cliffs, and scarcely lighted by the reflected rays of the setting sun.For sometime Rip lay musing on this scene; evening was gradually advancing; the mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valleys; he saw that it would be dark long before he could reach the village, and he heaved a heavy sigh when he thought of encountering the terrors of Dame Van Winkle.As he was about to descend, he heard a voice from a distance, hallooing, “Rip Van Winkle! Rip Van Winkle! ” Helooked around, but could see nothing but a crow winging its solitary flight across the mountain. He thought his fancy must have deceived him, and turned again to descend, when he heard the same cry ring through the still evening air: “Rip Van Winkle! Rip Van Winkle! ”—at the same time Wolf bristled up his back, and giving a low growl, skulked to his master 's side, looking fearfully down intothe glen. Rip now felt a vague apprehension stealing over him; he looked anxiously in the same direction, and perceived a strange figure slowly toiling up the rocks, and bending under the weight of something he carried on his back. He was surprised to see any human being in this lonely and unfrequented place, but supposing it to be some one of the neighborhood in need of assistance, he hastened down to yield it.On nearer approach, he was still more surprised at the singularity of the stranger 's appearance. He was a short, square-built old fellow, with thick bushy hair, and a grizzled beard. His dress was of the antique Dutch fashion —a cloth jerkin strapped around the waist —several pair of breeches, the outer one of ample volume, decorated with rows of buttons downthe sides, and bunches at the knees. He bore on his shoulders a stout keg, that seemed full of liquor, and made signs for Rip to approach and assist him with the load. Though rather shy and distrustful of this new acquaintance, Rip complied with his usual alacrity, and mutually relieving one another, they clambered up a narrow gully, apparently the dry bed of a mountain torrent. As they ascended, Rip every now and then heard long rolling peals, like distant thunder, that seemedto issue out of a deep ravine, or rather cleft between lofty rocks, toward which their rugged path conducted. He paused for an instant, but supposing it to bethe muttering of one of those transient thunder showers which often take place in mountain heights, he proceeded. Passing through the ravine, they cameto a hollow, like a small amphitheater, surrounded by perpendicular precipices, over the brinks of which impending trees shot their branches, so that you only caught glimpses of the azure sky and the bright evening cloud. During the whole time, Rip and his companion had labored on in silence; for though the former marveled greatly what could be the object of carrying a keg of liquor up this wild mountain, yet there was something strange and incomprehensible about the unknown that inspired awe and checked familiarity.On entering the amphitheater, new objects of wonder presented themselves. On a level spot in the center was a company of odd-looking personages playing at ninepins. They were dressed in a quaint, outlandishfashion: some wore short doublets, others jerkins, with long knives in their belts, and most had enormous breeches, of similar style with that of the guide 's. Their visages, too, were peculiar: one had a large head, broad face, and small, piggish eyes; the face of another seemedto consist entirely of nose, and was surmounted by a white sugar-loaf hat set off with a little red cock 's tail. They all had beards, of various shapesand colors. There was one who seemed to be the commander. He was a stout old gentleman, with a weather-beaten countenance; he wore a laced doublet, broad belt and hanger, high-crowned hat and feather, red stockings, and high-heeled shoes, with roses in them. The whole group reminded Rip of the figures in an old Flemish painting, in the parlor of Dominie Van Schaick, the village parson, and which had been brought over from Holland at the time of the settlement.What seemedparticularly odd to Rip, was that though these folks were evidently amusing themselves, yet they maintained the gravest faces, the most mysterious silence, and were, withal, the most melancholy party of pleasure he had ever witnessed. Nothing interrupted the stillness of the scene but the noise of the balls, which, whenever they were rolled, echoed along the mountains like rumbling peals of thunder.As Rip and his companion approached them, they suddenly desisted from their play, and stared at him with such fixed statue-like gaze, and suchstrange, uncouth, lack-luster countenances, that his heart turned within him, and his knees smote together. His companion now emptied the contents of the keg into large flagons, and made signs to him to wait upon the company. He obeyed with fear and trembling; they quaffed the liquor in profound silence, and then returned to their game.By degrees, Rip's aweand apprehension subsided. He even ventured, when no eye was fixed upon him, to taste the beverage, which he found had much of the flavor of excellent Hollands. He was naturally a thirsty soul, and was soon tempted to repeat the draught. One taste provoked another, and he reiterated his visits to the flagon so often, that at length his senses were overpowered, his eyes swamin his head, his head gradually declined, and he fell into a deep sleep.On awaking, he found himself on the green knoll from whence he had first seen the old man of the glen. He rubbed his eyes —it was a brightsunny morning. The birds were hopping and twittering among the bushes, and the eagle was wheeling aloft and breasting the pure mountain breeze. “Surely, ” thought Rip, “I have not slept here all night. ” He recalled the occurrences before he fell asleep. The strange man with a keg of liquor —the mountain ravine —the wild retreat among the rocks —the woe-begone party at ninepins —the flagon —“Oh! that flagon! that wicked flagon! ” thought Rip —“ what excuse shall I make to Dame Van Winkle? ”He looked round for his gun, but in place of the clean, well-oiled fowling piece, he found an old firelock lying by him, the barrel incrusted withrust, the lock falling off, and the stock worm-eaten. He now suspected that the grave roysters of the mountain had put a trick upon him, and having dosed him with liquor, had robbed him of his gun. Wolf, too, had disappeared, but he might have strayed away after a squirrel or partridge. He whistled after him, shouted his name, but all in vain; the echoes repeated his whistle and shout, but no dog was to be seen.He determined to revisit the scene of the last evening 's gambol, and if he met with any of the party, to demand his dog and gun. As he rose to walk, he found himself stiff in the joints, and wanting in his usual activity. “These mountain beds do not agree with me,” thought Rip, “and if this frolic should lay meup with a fit of the rheumatism, I shall have a blessed time with D ame Van Winkle. ” With some difficulty he got down into the glen; he found the gully up which he and his companion had ascended the preceding evening; but to his astonishment a mountain stream was now foaming down it, leaping from rock to rock, and filling the glen with babbling murmurs. He, however, made shift to scramble up its sides, working his toilsome way through thickets of birch, sassafras, and witch-hazel, and sometimes tripped up or entangled by the wild grape vines that twisted their coils and tendrils from tree to tree, and spread a kind of network in his path.At length he reached to where the ravine had opened through the cliffs to the amphitheater; but no traces of such opening remained. The rocks presented a high, impenetrable wall, over which the torrent cametumbling in a sheet of feathery foam, and fell into a broad, deep basin, black from the shadows of the surrounding forest. Here, then, poor Rip was brought to a stand. Heagain called and whistled after his dog; he was only answered by the cawing of a flock of idle crows, sporting high in air about a dry tree that overhung a sunny precipice; and who, secure in their elevation, seemed to look down and scoff at the poor man 's perplexities. What wasto be done? the morning was passing away, and Rip felt famished for want of his breakfast. He grieved to give up his dog and gun; he dreaded to meet his wife; but it would not do to starve amongthe mountains. He shook his head, shouldered the rusty firelock, and, with a heart full of trouble and anxiety, turned his steps homeward.As he approached the village, he met a number of people, but none whom he knew, which somewhat surprised him, for he had thought himself acquainted with every one in the country round. Their dress, too, was of a different fashion from that to which he was accustomed. They all stared at him with equal marks of surprise, and whenever they cast their eyes upon him, invariably stroked their chins. The constant recurrence of this gesture induced Rip, involuntarily, to do the same, when, to hisastonishment, he found his beard had grown a foot long!He had now entered the skirts of the village. A troop of strange children ran at his heels, hooting after him, and pointing at his graybeard. The dogs, too, none of which he recognized for his old acquaintances, barked at him as he passed. The very village was altered: it was larger and more populous. There were rows of houses which he had never seen before, and those which had been his familiar haunts had disappeared. Strange names were over the doors —strange faces at the windows —everything was strange. His mind now began to misgive him; he doubted whether both he and the world around him were not bewitched. Surely this was his native village, which he had left but the day before. There stood the Catskill Mountains —there ran the silver Hudsonat a distance —there was every hill and dale precisely as it had always been—Rip was sorely perplexed —“ That flagon last night, ” thought he, “has addled my poor head sadly! ”It was with some difficulty he found the way to his own house, which he approached with silent awe, expecting every momentto hear the shrill voice of DameVan Winkle. He found the house gone to decay—the roof fallen in, the windows shattered, and the doors off the hinges. A half-starved dog, that looked like Wolf, was skulking about it. Rip called him by name, but the cur snarled, showed his teeth, and passed on. This was an unkind cut indeed —“ My very dog, ” sighed poor Rip,“has forgotten me! ”He entered the house, which, to tell the truth, Dame Van Winkle had always kept in neat order. It was empty, forlorn, and apparently abandoned. This desolateness overcame all his connubial fears —he called loudly for his wife and children —the lonely chambers rung for a momentwith his voice, and then all again was silence.He now hurried forth, and hastened to his old resort, the little village inn —but it too was gone. A large rickety wooden building stood in its place, with great gaping windows, some of them broken, and mendedwith old hats a nd petticoats, and over the door was painted, “The Union Hotel, by Jonathan Doolittle. ” Instead of the great tree which used toshelter the quiet little Dutch inn of yore, there now was reared a tall naked pole, with something on the top that looked like a red nightcap, and from it was fluttering a flag, on which was a singular assemblage of stars and stripes —all this was strange and incomprehensible. He recognized on the sign, however, the ruby face of King George, under which he had smoked so many a peaceful pipe, but even this was singularly metamorphosed. The red coat was changed for one of blue and buff, a sword was stuck in the hand instead of a scepter, the head was decorated with a cocked hat, and underneath was painted in large characters, G ENERALW ASHINGTON.There was, as usual, a crowd of folk about the door, but none whom Rip recollected. The very character of the people seemed changed. There was a busy, bustling, disputatious tone about it, instead of the accustomed phlegm and drowsy tranquillity. He looked in vain for the sage Nicholas Vedder, with his broad face, double chin, and fair long pipe, uttering cloudsof tobacco smoke instead of idle speeches; or Van Bummel,the schoolmaster, doling forth the contents of an ancient newspaper. In place of these, a lean, bilious-looking fellow, with his pockets full of handbills, was haranguing vehemently about rights of citizens —election —members of Congress—liberty —Bunker'sHill —heroes of '76—and other words, that were a perfect Babylonish jargon to the bewildered Van Winkle.The appearance of Rip, with his long grizzled beard, his rusty fowling piece, his uncouth dress, and the army of women and children that had gathered at his heels, soon attracted the attention of the tavern politicians. They crowded around him, eying him from head to foot, with great curiosity. The orator bustled up to him, and drawing him partly aside, inquired “on which side he voted? ” Rip stared in vacant stupidity. Another short but busy little fellow pulled him by the arm, and raising on tiptoe, inquired in his ear, “whether he was Federal or Democrat. ”Rip was equally at a loss to comprehend the question; when a knowing, self-important old gentleman, in a sharp cocked hat, madehis way through the crowd, putting them to the right and left with his elbows as he passed, and planting himself before Van Winkle, with one arm akimbo, the other resting on his cane, his keen eyes and sharp hat penetrating, as it were, into his very soul, demanded, in an austere tone, “what brought him tothe election with a gun on his shoulder, and a mobat his heels, and whether he meant to breed a riot in the village? ” “Alas! gentlemen, ” cried Rip, somewhat dismayed, “I am a poor quiet man, a native of the place, and a loyal subject of the king, God bless him! ”Here a general shout burst from the bystanders —“A Tory! a Tory! aspy! a refugee! hustle him! away with him!” It was with great difficulty that the self-important manin the cocked hat restored order; and having assumeda tenfold austerity of brow, demandedagain of the unknown culprit, what he camethere for, and whomhe was seeking. The poor manhumbly assured him that he meant no harm; but merely came there in search of some of his neighbors, who used to keep about the tavern.“Well —who are they? —name them.”Rip bethought himself a moment, and then inquired, “Where's Nicholas Vedder? ”There was silence for a little while, when an old man replied in a thin, piping voice, “Nicholas Vedder? why, he is dead and gone theseeighteen years! There was a wooden tombstone in the churchyard that used to tell all about him, but that 's rotted and gone, too. ”“Where's Brom Dutcher? ”“Oh, he went off to the army in the beginning of the war; some say he was killed at the battle of Stony Point —others say he was drowned ina squall, at the foot of Antony's Nose. I don't know—he never cameback・” again. ”“Where's Van Bummel, the schoolmaster? ”“He went off to the wars, too, was a great militia general, and is now in。
罗伯特欧文
生平简介
• • • • • 欧文小时候酷爱读书童年的欧文通读了所有他能找到的感兴趣的书籍。小时候的欧文非常活 跃，各类比赛都名列前茅，而且爱好广泛，喜欢广交好友。从小开始的“家庭童工”经历， 使他过早地步入社会。 十岁时，欧文离开了家。他尝试过多种职业，积累了丰富的经验。 18岁那年，欧文拿着借来的100英镑，在曼彻斯特创办了自己的工厂。工厂管理的实践，使 欧文觉察到环境对自己和别人所产生的影响，并着力改善工人的工作环境。在这里积累的经 验，为欧文以后在新拉纳克工厂的实验打下了基础。 1812年，欧文为宣传自己的改革成就，发表了《关于新拉纳克工厂的报告》，引起欧洲社会 的广泛关注。此后，欧文为了争取议会制定工厂法和限制工作日的立法进行了大量的工作。 1815年他在《论工业制度的影响》一书中，呼吁制定改善工人劳动条件的议会法案。 经过不断努力，议会终于在1819年第一次通过了限制工厂中女工和童工劳动日的法案。 1824年，欧文在美国印第安纳州买下1214公顷土地，开始新和谐移民区试验，但实验以失 败告终。欧文在历史上第一次揭示了无产阶级贫困的原因，并从生产力的角度提出公有制与 大生产的紧密联系。 晚年还提出过共产主义主张。最著名的著作为《新社会观》《新道德世 界书》。 1823年，他以全部财产在美国印第安纳建立了一所"新和谐村"，进行共产主"劳动公社"的实 验。教育与生产劳动砸结合，是欧文对人类教育理论宝库的巨大贡献。他认为，要培养智育、 德育体育全面发展的一代新人，必须把教蠲与生产劳动结合起来。
欧文的一生是一个伟大改革者和空想家的一生， 他尖锐地批判资本主义的制度，被称为“现代 人事管理之父”指出劳动人民的贫困是资本主 义社会的必然产物，他幻想建立完美的社会主 义制度，但反对通过暴力对社会关系进行社会 主义的改造。他同情工人阶级的处境，但不了 解这个阶级的伟大历史作用，反对无产阶级的 革命斗争。尽管如此，欧文的思想在许多方面 都具有伟大的历史意义瑛喆 • 组员：王伟 • 张月 • 刘宗瑞 • 韩晓沛 • 宋延玲
华盛顿欧文英文简介
• 1828 The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus
• He was the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame
• He was the father of American literature for his first book The History of New York acclaiming the begin of American Romanticism
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About Irving
Brief introduction of Irving
Works of Irving
Position in American Literature
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Introduction of W.Irving
• Born:3,April,1783 Died:28 November,1859 • He was an American author ,essayist,
le but also inevitable in the period
immediately following t
he nation’s political independence. Yet,
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管理史上巨匠：罗伯特-欧文
管理史上巨匠：罗伯特-欧文————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：罗伯特·欧文罗伯特·欧文（Robert Owen）罗伯特·欧文（Robert Owen，1771－1858）:现代人事管理之父，人本管理的先驱目录[隐藏]• 1 罗伯特·欧文生平简介• 2 欧文的管理思想• 3 欧文的著作• 4 欧文对管理学的贡献罗伯特·欧文生平简介罗伯特·欧文是19世纪初最有成就的实业家之一，是一位杰出的管理先驱者。
欧文于1800～1828年间在苏格兰自己的几个纺织厂内进行了空前的试验。
人们有充分理由把他称为“现代人事管理之父”。
欧文于1771年5月14日出生于北威尔士蒙哥马利郡的牛顿城，是全家七个孩子中的第六个。
他的父亲是位马具师和小五金商，母亲是女邮政员。
因为这七个孩子中有两个早夭，年少时的欧文很受父母的疼爱。
欧文小时候酷爱读书，他们住的小镇上，有学问者的书房基本上都向他开放。
童年的欧文通读了所有他能找到的感兴趣的书籍。
小时候的欧文多灾多难，几次差点都搭上性命，当然这些差点使他送命的事情对他的影响也很大。
例如，在他四五岁时一次喝粥被烫伤了胃，导致他后来只能吃比较清淡的食物，而且要对不同食物仔细观察，日复一日，养成了欧文注意细节的习惯。
小时候的欧文非常活跃，各类比赛都名列前茅，而且爱好广泛，喜欢广交好友。
九岁时的欧文已经读了很多书籍，且对外面的世界憧憬不已。
家庭的贫穷，从小开始的“家庭童工”经历，使他过早地步入社会。
十岁时，欧文离开了家，只身前往伦敦的哥哥那里去谋生。
几个星期后，欧文又被送到斯坦福德的一家服装厂去做缝衣工学徒。
三年的时光使他学会了很多东西。
后来他又尝试过多种职业，积累了丰富的经验。
18岁那年，欧文拿着借来的100英镑，在曼彻斯特创办了自己的工厂。
nba欧文简介
nba欧文简介
欧文（Kyrie Irving），1992年3月23日出生于美国马萨诸塞州墨西哥湾，美国职业篮球运动员。
现效力于布鲁克林篮网队，场上司职控球后卫。
欧文在2011年NBA选秀中，以第一轮第一顺位被克利夫兰骑士队选中，开始了自己的NBA生涯。
欧文的运动天赋早在高中时期即已显露出来，他曾获得McDonald’s All-American选手、美国男子青年篮球队成员等多项荣誉。
在大学时期，欧文进入杜克大学体育项目，代表校队出战一年，获得全美大学生橙球冠军，并入选全美大学生一队。
在NBA职业联赛中，欧文是一位出色的得分手，他拥有出色的控球和突破技巧，能够轻松突破对手防线，完成多种得分动作。
欧文还是一位富有表现力的球员，他经常在比赛中上演各种精彩的犹抱琵琶半遮面。
欧文入选NBA全明星阵容，并获得了NBA总冠军、全明星技巧挑战赛冠军、全明星三分球大赛冠军等多项殊荣。
除了篮球运动，欧文还积极参与全球慈善活动，为需要帮助的人们提供帮助和支持。
欧文还是一位对文化和时尚有着浓厚兴趣的运动员，他的个人风格和穿衣风格备受关注。
欧文是NBA现役最具实力和影响力的球员之一，也是全球篮球迷心目中的明星球员。
篮球巨星欧文的简介
篮球巨星欧文的简介欧文是篮球运动员。
2011年新秀赛季当选最佳新秀。
2014年当选最有价值球员;同年参加男篮世界杯，获得冠军并当选MVP。
2016年6月20日，赢得队史第一座NBA总冠军奖杯。
下面是搜集整理的篮球巨星欧文的简介，希望对你有帮助。
凯里;欧文(Kyrie Irving)，1992年3月23日出生于澳大利亚墨尔本，拥有美国/澳大利亚双重国籍，职业篮球运动员，后卫，效力于NBA克里夫兰骑士队。
2011年以NBA选秀状元身份进入NBA，新秀赛季当选最佳新秀。
2014年全明星正赛首次入选先发阵容，当选最有价值球员(MVP);同年代表美国队参加男篮世界杯，获得冠军并当选MVP。
2016年6月20日，为克利夫兰骑士队赢得队史第一座NBA总冠军奖杯。
欧文的技术特点优点6尺2的身高，一名纯粹的控球后卫。
欧文具备了场上的指挥力和控制运转球队的素质。
他速度极快，这使防守他的对手不可能在一对一的情况下完全限制住他。
他的突破能力可以搅得对手三秒区一片混乱，制造出传球机会。
他有非凡的运球变向能力，基本上不可防守，尤其是在空位的情况下。
欧文左右手均具备攻击能力，欧文在新秀年的外线能力在一般后卫平均水准之上，因为作为控卫具有大部分的持球权，所以欧文经常选择急停干拔跳投，这是他高效的攻击武器之一，这点基本说明了欧文的脚步灵活，出手流畅。
欧文具有三分射程，控卫视野，擅长快攻，无论是自己投篮还是选择在正确的时间传给队友。
他的挡拆配合潜力将成为他变得更强的一大武器，他能及时传出球或者依靠速度在挡拆的掩护下突破至篮下得分。
当他和更高的对手在行进间，腾空直接对抗时欧文展现出了优秀的身体控制力。
防守方面，欧文对球的防守非常积极，脚步迅速，积极的场上投入使他能紧贴对手。
非常冷静，无论场上场外都是个成熟的年轻人。
弱点凯里;欧文倾向于更多的持球，有时这会造成过于粘球，球队丧失一些得分机会。
由于欧文速度快，运球难以捉摸，对手几乎每次都在防守他时漏人，这对控卫并不是一件好事。
瑞普·凡·温克尔Rip_Van_Winkle中英文对照与summary
作者简介：华盛顿·欧文（Washington Irving）（1789-1895）, 美国浪漫主义作家，也是一个纯文学作家，他的写作态度是"writing for pleasure and to produce pleasure"。
欧文的代表作有《见闻札记》（Sketch Book），这是第一部伟大的青少年读物，也是美国本土作家第一部成功的小说。
由于欧文对美国文学的伟大贡献，他获得了“美国文学之父”的光荣称号。
这篇短篇小说，《瑞普·凡·温克尔》便是摘自《见闻札记》。
Rip Van WinkleA Posthumous Writing of Diedrich KnickerbockerBy Washington Irving(T HE FOLLOWING tale was found among the papers of the late Diedrich Knickerbocker, an old gentleman of New York, who was very curious in the Dutch history of the province, and the manners of the descendants from its primitive settlers. His historical researches, however, did not lie so much among books as among men; for the former are lamentably scanty on his favorite topics; whereas he found the old burghers, and still more their wives, rich in that legendary lore so invaluable to true history. Whenever, therefore, he happened upon a genuine Dutch family, snugly shut up in its low-roofed farmhouse, under a spreading sycamore, he looked upon it as a little clasped volume of black-letter, and studied it with the zeal of a bookworm.The result of all these researches was a history of the province duringthe reign of the Dutch governors, which he published some years since. There have been various opinions as to the literary character of his work, and, to tell the truth, it is not a whit better than it should be. Its chief merit is its scrupulous accuracy, which indeed was a little questioned on its first appearance, but has since been completely established; and it is how admitted into all historical collections as a book of unquestionable authority.The old gentleman died shortly after the publication of his work, and now that he is dead and gone it cannot do much harm to his memory to say that his time might have been much better employed in weightier labors. He, however, was apt to ride his hobby in his own way; and though it did now and then kick up the dust a little in the eyes of his neighbors and grieve the spirit of some friends, for whom he felt the truest deference and affection, yet his errors and follies are remembered “more in sorrow than in anger”; and it begins to be suspected that he never intended to injure or offend. But however his memory may be appreciated by critics, it is still held dear among many folk whose good opinion is well worth having; particularly by certain biscuit bakers, who have gone so far as to imprint his likeness on their New Year cakes, and have thus given him a chance for immortality almost equal to the being stamped on a Waterloo medal or a Queen Anne’s farthing.)By Woden, God of Saxons,From whence comes Wensday, that isWodensday,Truth is a thing that ever I will keepUnto thylke day in which I creep intoMy sepulchre—C ARTWRIGHT.Whoever has made a voyage up the Hudson must remember the Catskill Mountains. They are a dismembered branch of the great Appalachian family, and are seen away to the west of the river, swelling up to a noble height, and lording it over the surrounding country. Every change of season, every change of weather, indeed, every hour of the day, produces some change in the magical hues and shapes of these mountains, and they are regarded by all the good wives, far and near, as perfect barometers. When the weather is fair and settled, they are clothed in blue and purple, and print their bold outlines on the clear evening sky; but sometimes, when the rest of the landscape is cloudless, they will gather a hood of gray vapors about their summits, which, in the last rays of the setting sun, will glow and light up like a crown of glory.At the foot of these fairy mountains the voyager may have descried the light smoke curling up from a village whose shingle roofs gleamamong the trees, just where the blue tints of the upland melt away into the fresh green of the nearer landscape. It is a little village of great antiquity, having been founded by some of the Dutch colonists, in the early times of the province, just about the beginning of the government of the good Peter Stuyvesant (may he rest in peace!), and there were some of the houses of the original settlers standing within a few years, with lattice windows, gable fronts surmounted with weathercocks, and built of small yellow bricks brought from Holland.In that same village, and in one of these very houses (which, to tell the precise truth, was sadly time-worn and weather-beaten), there lived many years since, while the country was yet a province of Great Britain, a simple, good-natured fellow, of the name of Rip Van Winkle. He was a descendant of the Van Winkles who figured so gallantly in the chivalrous days of Peter Stuyvesant, and accompanied him to the siege of Fort Christina. He inherited, however, but little of the martial character of his ancestors. I have observed that he was a simple, good-natured man; he was, moreover, a kind neighbor and an obedient, henpecked husband. Indeed, to the latter circumstance might be owing that meekness of spirit which gained him such universal popularity; for those men are most apt to be obsequious and conciliating abroad who are under the discipline of shrews at home. Their tempers, doubtless, are rendered pliant and malleable in the fiery furnace of domestic tribulation, and acurtain lecture is worth all the sermons in the world for teaching the virtues of patience and long-suffering. A termagant wife may, therefore, in some respects, be considered a tolerable blessing; and if so, Rip Van Winkle was thrice blessed.Certain it is that he was a great favorite among all the good wives of the village, who, as usual with the amiable sex, took his part in all family squabbles, and never failed, whenever they talked those matters over in their evening gossipings, to lay all the blame on Dame Van Winkle. The children of the village, too, would shout with joy whenever he approached. He assisted at their sports, made their playthings, taught them to fly kites and shoot marbles, and told them long stories of ghosts, witches, and Indians. Whenever he went dodging about the village, he was surrounded by a troop of them, hanging on his skirts, clambering on his back, and playing a thousand tricks on him with impunity; and not a dog would bark at him throughout the neighborhood.The great error in Rip’s composition was an insuperable aversion to all kinds of profitable labor. It could not be from the want of assiduity or perseverance; for he would sit on a wet rock, with a rod as long and heavy as a Tartar’s lance, and fish all day without a murmur, even though he should not be encouraged by a single nibble. He would carry a fowling piece on his shoulder, for hours together, trudging through woods and swamps, and up hill and down dale, to shoot a few squirrelsor wild pigeons. He would never even refuse to assist a neighbor in the roughest toil, and was a foremost man at all country frolics for husking Indian corn, or building stone fences. The women of the village, too, used to employ him to run their errands, and to do such little odd jobs as their less obliging husbands would not do for them; in a word, Rip was ready to attend to anybody’s business but his own; but as to doing family duty, and keeping his farm in order, it was impossible.In fact, he declared it was of no use to work on his farm; it was the most pestilent little piece of ground in the whole country; everything about it went wrong, and would go wrong, in spite of him. His fences were continually falling to pieces; his cow would either go astray or get among the cabbages; weeds were sure to grow quicker in his fields than anywhere else; the rain always made a point of setting in just as he had some outdoor work to do; so that though his patrimonial estate had dwindled away under his management, acre by acre, until there was little more left than a mere patch of Indian corn and potatoes, yet it was the worst-conditioned farm in the neighborhood.His children, too, were as ragged and wild as if they belonged to nobody. His son Rip, an urchin begotten in his own likeness, promised to inherit the habits, with the old clothes of his father. He was generally seen trooping like a colt at his mother’s heels, equipped in a pair of his father’s cast-off galligaskins, which he had much ado to hold up withone hand, as a fine lady does her train in bad weather.Rip Van Winkle, however, was one of those happy mortals, of foolish, well-oiled dispositions, who take the world easy, eat white bread or brown, whichever can be got with least thought or trouble, and would rather starve on a penny than work for a pound. If left to himself, he would have whistled life away, in perfect contentment; but his wife kept continually dinning in his ears about his idleness, his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family. Morning, noon, and night, her tongue was incessantly going, and everything he said or did was sure to produce a torrent of household eloquence. Rip had but one way of replying to all lectures of the kind, and that, by frequent use, had grown into a habit. He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing. This, however, always provoked a fresh volley from his wife, so that he was fain to draw off his forces, and take to the outside of the house—the only side which, in truth, belongs to a henpecked husband.Rip’s sole domestic adherent was his dog Wolf, who was as much henpecked as his master; for Dame Van Winkle regarded them as companions in idleness, and even looked upon Wolf with an evil eye, as the cause of his master’s so often going astray. True it is, in all points of spirit befitting an honorable dog, he was as courageous an animal as ever scoured the woods—but what courage can withstand theever-during and all-besetting terrors of a woman’s tongue? The moment Wolf entered the house his crest fell, his tail drooped to the ground, or curled between his legs; he sneaked about with a gallows air, casting many a sidelong glance at Dame Van Winkle, and at the least flourish of a broomstick or ladle would fly to the door with yelping precipitation.Times grew worse and worse with Rip Van Winkle as years of matrimony rolled on; a tart temper never mellows with age, and a sharp tongue is the only edged tool that grows keener by constant use. For a long while he used to console himself, when driven from home, by frequenting a kind of perpetual club of the sages, philosophers, and other idle personages of the village, which held its sessions on a bench before a small inn, designated by a rubicund portrait of his majesty George the Third. Here they used to sit in the shade, of a long lazy summer’s day, talking listlessly over village gossip, or telling endless sleepy stories about nothing. But it would have been worth any statesman’s money to have heard the profound discussions which sometimes took place, when by chance an old newspaper fell into their hands, from some passing traveler. How solemnly they would listen to the contents, as drawled out by Derrick Van Bummel, the schoolmaster, a dapper, learned little man, who was not to be daunted by the most gigantic word in the dictionary; and how sagely they would deliberateupon public events some months after they had taken place.The opinions of this junto were completely controlled by Nicholas Vedder, a patriarch of the village, and landlord of the inn, at the door of which he took his seat from morning till night, just moving sufficiently to avoid the sun, and keep in the shade of a large tree; so that the neighbors could tell the hour by his movements as accurately as by a sun-dial. It is true, he was rarely heard to speak, but smoked his pipe incessantly. His adherents, however (for every great man has his adherents), perfectly understood him, and knew how to gather his opinions. When anything that was read or related displeased him, he was observed to smoke his pipe vehemently, and send forth short, frequent, and angry puffs; but when pleased, he would inhale the smoke slowly and tranquilly, and emit it in light and placid clouds, and sometimes taking the pipe from his mouth, and letting the fragrant vapor curl about his nose, would gravely nod his head in token of perfect approbation.From even this stronghold the unlucky Rip was at length routed by his termagant wife, who would suddenly break in upon the tranquillity of the assemblage, and call the members all to nought; nor was that august personage, Nicholas Vedder himself, sacred from the daring tongue of this terrible virago, who charged him outright with encouraging her husband in habits of idleness.Poor Rip was at last reduced almost to despair; and his onlyalternative, to escape from the labor of the farm and clamor of his wife, was to take gun in hand and stroll away into the woods. Here he would sometimes seat himself at the foot of a tree, and share the contents of his wallet with Wolf, with whom he sympathized as a fellow-sufferer in persecution. “Poor Wolf,”he would say, “thy mistress leads thee a dog’s life of it; but never mind, my lad, while I live thou shalt never want a friend to stand by thee!”Wolf would wag his tail, look wistfully in his master’s face, and if dogs can feel pity, I verily believe he reciprocated the sentiment with all his heart.In a long ramble of the kind on a fine autumnal day, Rip had unconsciously scrambled to one of the highest parts of the Catskill Mountains. He was after his favorite sport of squirrel shooting, and the still solitudes had echoed and reëchoed with the reports of his gun. Panting and fatigued, he threw himself, late in the afternoon, on a green knoll, covered with mountain herbage, that crowned the brow of a precipice. From an opening between the trees he could overlook all the lower country for many a mile of rich woodland. He saw at a distance the lordly Hudson, far, far below him, moving on its silent but majestic course, the reflection of a purple cloud, or the sail of a lagging bark, here and there sleeping on its glassy bosom, and at last losing itself in the blue highlands.On the other side he looked down into a deep mountain glen, wild,lonely, and shagged, the bottom filled with fragments from the impending cliffs, and scarcely lighted by the reflected rays of the setting sun. For some time Rip lay musing on this scene; evening was gradually advancing; the mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valleys; he saw that it would be dark long before he could reach the village, and he heaved a heavy sigh when he thought of encountering the terrors of Dame Van Winkle.As he was about to descend, he heard a voice from a distance, hallooing, “Rip Van Winkle! Rip Van Winkle!”He looked around, but could see nothing but a crow winging its solitary flight across the mountain. He thought his fancy must have deceived him, and turned again to descend, when he heard the same cry ring through the still evening air: “Rip Van Winkle! Rip Van Winkle!”—at the same time Wolf bristled up his back, and giving a low growl, skulked to his master’s side, looking fearfully down into the glen. Rip now felt a vague apprehension stealing over him; he looked anxiously in the same direction, and perceived a strange figure slowly toiling up the rocks, and bending under the weight of something he carried on his back. He was surprised to see any human being in this lonely and unfrequented place, but supposing it to be some one of the neighborhood in need of assistance, he hastened down to yield it.On nearer approach, he was still more surprised at the singularity ofthe stranger’s appearance. He was a short, square-built old fellow, with thick bushy hair, and a grizzled beard. His dress was of the antique Dutch fashion—a cloth jerkin strapped around the waist—several pair of breeches, the outer one of ample volume, decorated with rows of buttons down the sides, and bunches at the knees. He bore on his shoulders a stout keg, that seemed full of liquor, and made signs for Rip to approach and assist him with the load. Though rather shy and distrustful of this new acquaintance, Rip complied with his usual alacrity, and mutually relieving one another, they clambered up a narrow gully, apparently the dry bed of a mountain torrent. As they ascended, Rip every now and then heard long rolling peals, like distant thunder, that seemed to issue out of a deep ravine, or rather cleft between lofty rocks, toward which their rugged path conducted. He paused for an instant, but supposing it to be the muttering of one of those transient thunder showers which often take place in mountain heights, he proceeded. Passing through the ravine, they came to a hollow, like a small amphitheater, surrounded by perpendicular precipices, over the brinks of which impending trees shot their branches, so that you only caught glimpses of the azure sky and the bright evening cloud. During the whole time, Rip and his companion had labored on in silence; for though the former marveled greatly what could be the object of carrying a keg of liquor up this wild mountain, yet there was something strange andincomprehensible about the unknown that inspired awe and checked familiarity.On entering the amphitheater, new objects of wonder presented themselves. On a level spot in the center was a company of odd-looking personages playing at ninepins. They were dressed in a quaint, outlandish fashion: some wore short doublets, others jerkins, with long knives in their belts, and most had enormous breeches, of similar style with that of the guide’s. Their visages, too, were peculiar: one had a large head, broad face, and small, piggish eyes; the face of another seemed to consist entirely of nose, and was surmounted by a white sugar-loaf hat set off with a little red cock’s tail. They all had beards, of various shapes and colors. There was one who seemed to be the commander. He was a stout old gentleman, with a weather-beaten countenance; he wore a laced doublet, broad belt and hanger, high-crowned hat and feather, red stockings, and high-heeled shoes, with roses in them. The whole group reminded Rip of the figures in an old Flemish painting, in the parlor of Dominie Van Schaick, the village parson, and which had been brought over from Holland at the time of the settlement.What seemed particularly odd to Rip, was that though these folks were evidently amusing themselves, yet they maintained the gravest faces, the most mysterious silence, and were, withal, the mostmelancholy party of pleasure he had ever witnessed. Nothing interrupted the stillness of the scene but the noise of the balls, which, whenever they were rolled, echoed along the mountains like rumbling peals of thunder.As Rip and his companion approached them, they suddenly desisted from their play, and stared at him with such fixed statue-like gaze, and such strange, uncouth, lack-luster countenances, that his heart turned within him, and his knees smote together. His companion now emptied the contents of the keg into large flagons, and made signs to him to wait upon the company. He obeyed with fear and trembling; they quaffed the liquor in profound silence, and then returned to their game.By degrees, Rip’s awe and apprehension subsided. He even ventured, when no eye was fixed upon him, to taste the beverage, which he found had much of the flavor of excellent Hollands. He was naturally a thirsty soul, and was soon tempted to repeat the draught. One taste provoked another, and he reiterated his visits to the flagon so often, that at length his senses were overpowered, his eyes swam in his head, his head gradually declined, and he fell into a deep sleep.On awaking, he found himself on the green knoll from whence he had first seen the old man of the glen. He rubbed his eyes—it was a bright sunny morning. The birds were hopping and twittering among the bushes, and the eagle was wheeling aloft and breasting the puremountain breeze. “Surely,”thought Rip, “I have not slept here all night.”He recalled the occurrences before he fell asleep. The strange man with a keg of liquor—the mountain ravine—the wild retreat among the rocks—the woe-begone party at ninepins—the flagon—“Oh! that flagon! that wicked flagon!”thought Rip—“what excuse shall I make to Dame Van Winkle?”He looked round for his gun, but in place of the clean, well-oiled fowling piece, he found an old firelock lying by him, the barrel incrusted with rust, the lock falling off, and the stock worm-eaten. He now suspected that the grave roysters of the mountain had put a trick upon him, and having dosed him with liquor, had robbed him of his gun. Wolf, too, had disappeared, but he might have strayed away after a squirrel or partridge. He whistled after him, shouted his name, but all in vain; the echoes repeated his whistle and shout, but no dog was to be seen.He determined to revisit the scene of the last evening’s gambol, and if he met with any of the party, to demand his dog and gun. As he rose to walk, he found himself stiff in the joints, and wanting in his usual activity. “These mountain beds do not agree with me,”thought Rip, “and if this frolic should lay me up with a fit of the rheumatism, I shall have a blessed time with Dame Van Winkle.”With some difficulty he got down into the glen; he found the gully up which he and his companion had ascended the preceding evening; but to his astonishment a mountain stream wasnow foaming down it, leaping from rock to rock, and filling the glen with babbling murmurs. He, however, made shift to scramble up its sides, working his toilsome way through thickets of birch, sassafras, and witch-hazel, and sometimes tripped up or entangled by the wild grape vines that twisted their coils and tendrils from tree to tree, and spread a kind of network in his path.At length he reached to where the ravine had opened through the cliffs to the amphitheater; but no traces of such opening remained. The rocks presented a high, impenetrable wall, over which the torrent came tumbling in a sheet of feathery foam, and fell into a broad, deep basin, black from the shadows of the surrounding forest. Here, then, poor Rip was brought to a stand. He again called and whistled after his dog; he was only answered by the cawing of a flock of idle crows, sporting high in air about a dry tree that overhung a sunny precipice; and who, secure in their elevation, seemed to look down and scoff at the poor man’s perplexities. What was to be done? the morning was passing away, and Rip felt famished for want of his breakfast. He grieved to give up his dog and gun; he dreaded to meet his wife; but it would not do to starve among the mountains. He shook his head, shouldered the rusty firelock, and, with a heart full of trouble and anxiety, turned his steps homeward.As he approached the village, he met a number of people, but none whom he knew, which somewhat surprised him, for he had thoughthimself acquainted with every one in the country round. Their dress, too, was of a different fashion from that to which he was accustomed. They all stared at him with equal marks of surprise, and whenever they cast their eyes upon him, invariably stroked their chins. The constant recurrence of this gesture induced Rip, involuntarily, to do the same, when, to his astonishment, he found his beard had grown a foot long!He had now entered the skirts of the village. A troop of strange children ran at his heels, hooting after him, and pointing at his gray beard. The dogs, too, none of which he recognized for his old acquaintances, barked at him as he passed. The very village was altered: it was larger and more populous. There were rows of houses which he had never seen before, and those which had been his familiar haunts had disappeared. Strange names were over the doors—strange faces at the windows—everything was strange. His mind now began to misgive him; he doubted whether both he and the world around him were not bewitched. Surely this was his native village, which he had left but the day before. There stood the Catskill Mountains—there ran the silver Hudson at a distance—there was every hill and dale precisely as it had always been—Rip was sorely perplexed—“That flagon last night,”thought he, “has addled my poor head sadly!”It was with some difficulty he found the way to his own house, which he approached with silent awe, expecting every moment to hear theshrill voice of Dame Van Winkle. He found the house gone to decay—the roof fallen in, the windows shattered, and the doors off the hinges. A half-starved dog, that looked like Wolf, was skulking about it. Rip called him by name, but the cur snarled, showed his teeth, and passed on. This was an unkind cut indeed—“My very dog,”sighed poor Rip, “has forgotten me!”He entered the house, which, to tell the truth, Dame Van Winkle had always kept in neat order. It was empty, forlorn, and apparently abandoned. This desolateness overcame all his connubial fears—he called loudly for his wife and children—the lonely chambers rung for a moment with his voice, and then all again was silence.He now hurried forth, and hastened to his old resort, the little village inn—but it too was gone. A large rickety wooden building stood in its place, with great gaping windows, some of them broken, and mended with old hats and petticoats, and over the door was painted, “The Union Hotel, by Jonathan Doolittle.”Instead of the great tree which used to shelter the quiet little Dutch inn of yore, there now was reared a tall naked pole, with something on the top that looked like a red nightcap, and from it was fluttering a flag, on which was a singular assemblage of stars and stripes—all this was strange and incomprehensible. He recognized on the sign, however, the ruby face of King George, under which he had smoked so many a peaceful pipe, but even this wassingularly metamorphosed. The red coat was changed for one of blue and buff, a sword was stuck in the hand instead of a scepter, the head was decorated with a cocked hat, and underneath was painted in large characters, G ENERAL W ASHINGTON.There was, as usual, a crowd of folk about the door, but none whom Rip recollected. The very character of the people seemed changed. There was a busy, bustling, disputatious tone about it, instead of the accustomed phlegm and drowsy tranquillity. He looked in vain for the sage Nicholas Vedder, with his broad face, double chin, and fair long pipe, uttering clouds of tobacco smoke instead of idle speeches; or Van Bummel, the schoolmaster, doling forth the contents of an ancient newspaper. In place of these, a lean, bilious-looking fellow, with his pockets full of handbills, was haranguing vehemently about rights of citizens—election—members of Congress—liberty—Bunker’s Hill—heroes of ’76—and other words, that were a perfect Babylonish jargon to the bewildered Van Winkle.The appearance of Rip, with his long grizzled beard, his rusty fowling piece, his uncouth dress, and the army of women and children that had gathered at his heels, soon attracted the attention of the tavern politicians. They crowded around him, eying him from head to foot, with great curiosity. The orator bustled up to him, and drawing him partly aside, inquired “on which side he voted?”Rip stared in vacant stupidity.Another short but busy little fellow pulled him by the arm, and raising on tiptoe, inquired in his ear, “whether he was Federal or Democrat.”Rip was equally at a loss to comprehend the question; when a knowing, self-important old gentleman, in a sharp cocked hat, made his way through the crowd, putting them to the right and left with his elbows as he passed, and planting himself before Van Winkle, with one arm akimbo, the other resting on his cane, his keen eyes and sharp hat penetrating, as it were, into his very soul, demanded, in an austere tone, “what brought him to the election with a gun on his shoulder, and a mob at his heels, and whether he meant to breed a riot in the village?”“Alas! gentlemen,”cried Rip, somewhat dismayed, “I am a poor quiet man, a native of the place, and a loyal subject of the king, God bless him!”Here a general shout burst from the bystanders—“A Tory! a Tory! a spy! a refugee! hustle him! away with him!”It was with great difficulty that the self-important man in the cocked hat restored order; and having assumed a tenfold austerity of brow, demanded again of the unknown culprit, what he came there for, and whom he was seeking. The poor man humbly assured him that he meant no harm; but merely came there in search of some of his neighbors, who used to keep about the tavern.“Well—who are they?—name them.”Rip bethought himself a moment, and then inquired, “Where’s Nicholas Vedder?”。
华盛顿欧文简介
方案一：浅析华盛顿欧文作品奇幻色彩的渲染浅析欧文作品中的哥特风一、华盛顿生平1，家庭生活的影响2，早期学习经历的影响（喜爱的作家对其的影响、文学的影响）二、其写作风格、特点（独特的哥特风写作风格）哥特风里夹杂着讽刺幽默元素，不至于使这种哥特风格单一凝重。
一、华盛顿欧文简介1、生平及作品欧文幼年体弱多病，16岁辍学，先后在几个律师事务所学法律，但对法律并没有兴趣，从小喜爱文学，爱看《鲁滨逊漂流记》、《格列佛游记》这种历险故事，还常常钻到剧院里去看戏。
欧文年轻时曾在《早晨纪事报》上发表了几篇书信体散文，崭露头角。
21岁时因病赴欧洲休养，到过法国、意大利和英国，作了大量旅途笔记，为以后的创作积累了丰富的素材，一度想成为画家。
二、主要作品两年后回国，在弗吉尼亚州任律师，后帮助他的两个哥哥经营进口生意。
他对法律和经商之道都不甚精通。
1807年，他和哥哥威廉等人共同创办一种不定期刊物《杂拌》，沿袭18世纪英国作家乔纳森·斯威夫特、亨利·菲尔丁以及约瑟夫·艾迪生和理查德·斯梯尔的《旁观者》的传统，开始了他的文学创作活动，显露出他的幽默、风趣和含蓄的讽刺才能。
Salmagundi was a moderate success, spreading Irving's name and reputation beyond New York.In its seventeenth issue, dated November 11, 1807, Irving affixed the nickname "Gotham"—an Anglo-Saxon word meaning "Goat's Town"—to New York City.[18]In late 1809, while mourning the death of his seventeen-year-old fiancée Matilda Hoffman, Irving completed work on his first major book, A History of New-York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty, by Diedrich Knickerbocker (1809), a satire onself-important local history and contemporary politics.Prior to its publication, Irving started a hoax akin to today's viral marketing campaigns; he placed a series of missing person adverts in New York newspapers seeking informationon Diedrich Knickerbocker, a crusty Dutch historian who had allegedly gone missing from his hotel in New York City. As part of the ruse, Irving placed a notice—allegedly from the hotel'sproprietor—informing readers that if Mr. Knickerbocker failed to return to the hotel to pay his bill, he would publish a manuscript Knickerbocker had left behind.[19]欧文的第一部重要作品是化名狄德里希·尼克尔包克尔所写《纽约外史》(A History of New York，1809年)，作者自称它的主要目的在于“以逗趣的形式体现我们这个城市的传统；阐述本地人的脾性、风俗和特色；给本地的风光与场所以及熟悉的人物披上一层唤起想象力的怪念丛生的联想”。
Rip_Van_Winkle_原文
Rip_Van_Winkle_原⽂作者简介：华盛顿欧⽂(Washington Irving ) (1789-1895),美国浪漫主义作家，也是⼀个纯⽂学作家，他的写作态度是"writing for pleasure and to produce pleasure" 。
欧⽂的代表作有《见闻札记》(Sketch Book)，这是第⼀部伟⼤的青少年读物，也是美国本⼟作家第⼀部成功的⼩说。
由于欧⽂对美国⽂学的伟⼤贡献，他获得了“美国⽂学之⽗”的光荣称号。
这篇短篇⼩说，《瑞普凡温克尔》便是摘⾃《见闻札记》。
Rip Van WinkleA Posthumous Writing of Diedrich KnickerbockerBy Washington Irving(T HE FOLLOWING tale was found among the papers of the late Diedrich Knickerbocker, an old gentleman of New York, who was very curious in the Dutch history of the province, and the manners of the descendants from its primitive settlers. His historical researches, however, did not lie so much among books as among men; for the former are lamentably scanty on his favorite topics; whereas he found the old burghers, and still more their wives, rich in that legendary lore so invaluable to true history. Whenever, therefore, he happened upon a genuine Dutch family, snugly shut up in its low-roofed farmhouse, under a spreading sycamore, he looked upon it as a little clasped volume of black-letter, and studied it with the zeal of a bookworm. The result of all these researches wasa history of the province during the reign of the Dutch governors, which he published some years since. There have been various opinions as to the literary character of his work, and, to tell the truth, it is not a whit better than it should be. Its chief merit is its scrupulous accuracy, which indeed was a little questioned on its first appearance, but has since been completely established; and it is how admitted into all historical collections as a book of unquestionable authority.The old gentleman died shortly after the publication of his work, and now that he is dead and gone it cannot do much harm to his memory to say that his time might have been much better employed in weightier labors. He, however, was apt to ride his hobby in his own way; and though it did now and then kick up the dust a little in the eyes of his neighbors and grieve the spirit of some friends, for whom he felt the truest deference and affection, yet his errors and follies are remembered“more in sorrow than in anger ”; and it begins to be suspected that he never intended to injure or offend. But however his memory may be appreciated by critics, it is still held dear among many folk whose good opinion is well worth having; particularly by certain biscuit bakers, who have gone so far as to imprint his likeness on their New Year cakes, and have thus given him a chance for immortality almost equal to the being stamped on a Waterloomedal or a Queen Anne 's farth ing.)By Woden, God of Saxons, From whence comes Wensday, that isWodensday, Truth is a thing that ever I will keep Unto thylke day inwhich I creep into My sepulchre —C ARTWRIGHT.Whoever has made a voyage up the Hudson must remember the Catskill Mountains. They are a dismembered branch of the great Appalachian family, and are seen away to the west of the river, swelling up to a noble height, and lording it over the surrounding country. Every change of season, every change of weather, indeed, every hour of the day, produces some change in the magical hues and shapes of these mountains, and they are regarded by all the good wives, far and near, as perfect barometers. When the weather is fair and settled, they are clothed in blue and purple, and print their bold outlines on the clear evening sky; but sometimes, whenthe rest of the landscape is cloudless, they will gather a hood of gray vapors about their summits, which, in the last rays of the setting sun, will glow and light up like a crown of glory.At the foot of these fairy mountains the voyager may have descried the light smoke curling up from a village whose shingle roofs gleam among the trees, just where the blue tints of the upland melt away into the fresh green of the nearer landscape. It is a little village of great antiquity, having been founded by some of the Dutch colonists, in the early times of the province, just about the beginning of the government of the good Peter Stuyvesant (may he rest in peace!), and there were someof the houses of the original settlers standing within a few years, with lattice windows, gable fronts surmounted with weathercocks, and built of small yellow bricks brought from Holland.In that samevillage, and in one of these very houses (which, to tell the precise truth, was sadly time-worn and weather-beaten), there lived many years since, while the country was yet a province of Great Britain, a simple, good-natured fellow, ofthe name of Rip Van Winkle. He was a descendant of the Van Winkles who figured so gallantly in the chivalrous days of Peter Stuyvesant, and accompanied him to the siege of Fort Christina. He inherited, however, but little of the martial character of his ancestors. I have observed that he was a simple, good-natured man; he was, moreover, a kind neighbor and an obedient, henpecked husband. Indeed, to the latter circumstance might be owing that meeknessof spirit which gained him such universal popularity; for those men are most apt to be obsequious and conciliating abroad who are under the discipline of shrews at home. Their tempers, doubtless, are rendered pliant and malleable in the fiery furnace of domestic tribulation, and a curtain lecture is worth all the sermons in the world for teaching the virtuesof patience and long-suffering. A termagant wife may, therefore, in some respects, be considered a tolerable blessing; and if so, Rip Van Winkle was thrice blessed.Certain it is that he was a great favorite among all the good wives of the village, who, as usual with the amiable sex, took his part in all family squabbles, and never failed, whenever they talked those matters over in their evening gossipings, to lay all the blame on DameVan Winkle. The children of the village, too, would shout with joy whenever he approached. He assisted at their sports, made their playthings, taught them to fly kites and shoot marbles, and told them long stories of ghosts, witches, and Indians. Whenever he went dodging about the village, he was surrounded by a troop of them, hanging on his skirts, clambering on his back, and playing a thousand tricks on him with impunity; and not a dog would bark at him throughout the neighborhood.The great error in Rip's composition was an insuperable aversion to all kinds ofprofitable labor. It could not be from the want of assiduity or perseverance; for he would sit on a wet rock, with a rod as long and heavy as a Tartar 's lance, and fish all day without a murmur, even though he should not be encouraged by a single nibble. He would carry a fowling piece on his shoulder, for hours together, trudging through woods and swamps,and up hill and downdale, to shoot a few squirrels or wild pigeons. He would never even refuse to assist a neighbor in the roughest toil, and was a foremost man at all country frolics for husking Indian corn, or building stone fences. The women of the village, too, used to employ him to run their errands, and to do such little odd jobs as their less obliging husbands would not do for them; in a word, Rip was ready to attend to anybody's business but his own; but as to doing family duty, and keeping his farm in order, it was impossible.In fact, he declared it was of no use to work on his farm; it was the most pestilent little piece of ground in the whole country; everything about it went wrong, and would go wrong, in spite of him. His fences were continually falling to pieces; his cow would either go astray or get among the cabbages; weeds were sure to grow quicker in his fields than anywhere else; the rain always madea point of setting in just as he had someoutdoor work to do; so that though his patrimonial estate had dwindled away under his management, acre by acre, until there was little more left than a mere patch of Indian corn and potatoes, yet it was the worst-conditioned farm in the neighborhood.His children, too, were as ragged and wild as if they belonged to nobody. His son Rip, an urchin begotten in his own likeness, promised to inherit the habits, with the old clothes of his father. He was generallyseen trooping like a colt at his mother 's heels, equipped in a pair ofhis father ' s cast -off galligaskins, which he had muchado to hold up with one hand, as a fine lady does her train in bad weather.Rip Van Winkle, however, was one of those happy mortals, of foolish, well-oiled dispositions, whotake the world easy, eat white bread or brown, whichever can be got with least thought or trouble, and would rather starve on a penny than work for a pound. If left to himself, he would have whistled life away, in perfect contentment; but his wife kept continually dinning in his ears about his idleness, his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family. Morning, noon, and night, her tongue was incessantly going, and everything he said or did was sure to produce a torrent of household eloquence. Rip had but one way of replying to all lectures of the kind, and that, by frequent use, had grown into a habit. He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing. This, however, always provoked a fresh volley from his wife, so that he was fain to draw off his forces, and take to the outside of the house—the only side which, in truth, belongs to a henpecked husband. Rip's sole domestic adherent was his dog Wolf, who was as much henpecked as his master; for DameVan Winkle regarded them as companions in idleness, and even looked upon Wolf with an evil eye, as the cause of his master 's so often going astray. True it is, in all points of spirit befitting an honorable dog, he was as courageous an animal as ever scoured the woods—but what courage can withstand the ever-during and all-besetting terrors of a woman' s tongue? The momentWolf entered the househis crest fell, his tail drooped to the ground, or curled between his legs; he sneaked about with a gallows air, casting many a sidelong glance at Dame Van Winkle, and at the least flourish of a broomstick or ladle would fly to the door with yelping precipitation.Times grew worse and worse with Rip Van Winkle as years of matrimony rolled on; a tart temper never mellows with age,and a sharp tongue is the only edged tool that grows keener by constant use. For a long while he used to console himself, when driven from home, by frequenting a kind of perpetual club of the sages, philosophers, and other idle personages of the village, which held its sessions on a bench before a small inn, designated by a rubicund portrait of his majesty George the Third. Here they used to sit in the shade, of a long lazy summer 's day, talking listlessly over village gossip, or telling endless sleepy stories about nothing. But it would have been worth any statesman 's moneyto have heard the profound discussions which sometimes took place, when by chance an old newspaper fell into their hands, from some passing traveler. How solemnly they would listen to the contents, as drawled out by Derrick Van Bummel, the schoolmaster, a dapper, learned little man, who was not to be daunted by the most gigantic word in the dictionary; and how sagely they would deliberate upon public events somemonths after they had taken place.The opinions of this junto were completely controlled by Nicholas Vedder, a patriarch of the village, and landlord of the inn, at the doorof which he took his seat from morning till night, just moving sufficiently to avoid the sun, and keep in the shade of a large tree; so that the neighbors could tell the hour by his movements as accurately as by a sun-dial. It is true, he was rarely heard to speak, but smoked his pipe incessantly. His adherents, however (for every great man has his adherents), perfectly understood him, and knew howto gather his opinions. When anything that was read or related displeased him, he was observed to smoke his pipe vehemently, and send forth short, frequent, and angry puffs; but when pleased, he would inhale the smoke slowly and tranquilly, and emit it in light and placid clouds, and sometimes taking the pipe from his mouth, and letting the fragrant vapor curl about his nose, would gravely nod his head in token of perfect approbation.From even this stronghold the unlucky Rip was at length routed by his termagant wife, who would suddenly break in upon the tranquillity of the assemblage, and call the members all to nought; nor was that august personage, Nicholas Vedder himself, sacred from the daring tongue of this terrible virago, who charged him outright with encouraging her husband in habits of idleness.Poor Rip was at last reduced almost to despair; and his only alternative, to escape from the labor of the farm and clamor of his wife, was to take gun in hand and stroll away into the woods. Here he would sometimes seat himself at the foot of a tree, and share the contents of his wallet with Wolf, with whom he sympathized as a fellow-sufferer in persecution. “Poor Wolf, ” he would say, “thy mistress leads thee a dog's life of it; but never mind, my lad, while I live thou shalt neverwant a friend to stand by thee! ” Wolf would wag his tail, look wistfully in his master 's face, and if dogs can feel pity, I verily believe he reciprocated the sentiment with allhis heart.In a long ramble of the kind on a fine autumnal day, Rip had unconsciously scrambled to one of the highest parts of the Catskill Mountains. He was after his favorite sport of squirrel shooting, and the still solitudes had echoed and re?choed with the reports of his gun. Panting and fatigued, he threw himself, late in the afternoon, on a green knoll, covered with mountain herbage, that crowned the brow of a precipice. From an opening between the trees he could overlook all the lower country for manya mile of rich woodland. He saw at a distance the lordly Hudson, far, far below him, moving on its silent but majestic course, the reflection of a purple cloud, or the sail of a lagging bark, here and there sleeping on its glassy bosom, and at last losing itself in the blue highlands.On the other side he looked down into a deep mountain glen, wild, lonely, and shagged, the bottom filled with fragments from the impending cliffs, and scarcely lighted by the reflected rays of the setting sun.For sometime Rip lay musing on this scene; evening was gradually advancing; the mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valleys; he saw that it would be dark long before he could reach the village, and he heaved a heavy sigh when he thought of encountering the terrors of Dame Van Winkle.As he was about to descend, he heard a voice from a distance, hallooing, “Rip Van Winkle! Rip Van Winkle! ” Helooked around, but could see nothing but a crow winging its solitary flight across the mountain. He thought his fancy must have deceived him, and turned again to descend, when he heard the same cry ring through the still evening air: “Rip Van Winkle! Rip Van Winkle! ”—at the same time Wolf bristled up his back, and giving a low growl, skulked to his master 's side, looking fearfully down intothe glen. Rip now felt a vague apprehension stealing over him; he looked anxiously in the same direction, and perceived a strange figure slowly toiling up the rocks, and bending under the weight of something he carried on his back. He was surprised to see any human being in this lonely and unfrequented place, but supposing it to be some one of the neighborhood in need of assistance, he hastened down to yield it.On nearer approach, he was still more surprised at the singularity of the stranger 's appearance. He was a short, square-built old fellow, with thick bushy hair, and a grizzled beard. His dress was of the antique Dutch fashion —a cloth jerkin strapped around the waist —several pair of breeches, the outer one of ample volume, decorated with rows of buttons downthe sides,and bunches at the knees. He bore on his shoulders a stout keg, that seemed full of liquor, and made signs for Rip to approach and assist him with the load. Though rather shy and distrustful of this new acquaintance, Rip complied with his usual alacrity, and mutually relieving one another, they clambered up a narrow gully, apparently the dry bed of a mountain torrent. As they ascended, Rip every now and then heard long rolling peals, like distant thunder, that seemedto issue out of a deep ravine, or rather cleft between lofty rocks, toward which their rugged path conducted. He paused for an instant, but supposing it to bethe muttering of one of those transient thunder showers which often take place in mountain heights, he proceeded. Passing through the ravine, they cameto a hollow, like a small amphitheater, surrounded by perpendicular precipices, over the brinks of which impending trees shot their branches, so that you only caught glimpses of the azure sky and the bright evening cloud. During the whole time, Rip and his companion had labored on in silence; for though the former marveled greatly what could be the object of carrying a keg of liquor up this wild mountain, yet there was something strange and incomprehensible about the unknown that inspired awe and checked familiarity.On entering the amphitheater, new objects of wonder presented themselves. On a level spot in the center was a company of odd-looking personages playing at ninepins. They were dressed in a quaint, outlandishfashion: some wore short doublets, others jerkins, with long knives in their belts, and most had enormous breeches, of similar style with that of the guide 's. Their visages, too, were peculiar: one had a large head, broad face, and small, piggish eyes; the face of another seemedto consist entirely of nose, and was surmounted by a white sugar-loaf hat set off with a little red cock 's tail. They all had beards, of various shapesand colors. There was one who seemed to be the commander. He was a stout old gentleman, with a weather-beaten countenance; he wore a laced doublet, broad belt and hanger, high-crowned hat and feather, red stockings, and high-heeled shoes, with roses in them. The whole group reminded Rip of the figures in an old Flemish painting, in the parlor of Dominie Van Schaick, the village parson, and which had been brought over from Holland at the time of the settlement.What seemedparticularly odd to Rip, was that though these folks were evidently amusing themselves, yet they maintained the gravest faces, the most mysterious silence, and were, withal, the most melancholy party of pleasure he had ever witnessed. Nothing interrupted the stillness of the scene but the noise of the balls, which, whenever they were rolled, echoed along the mountains like rumbling peals of thunder.As Rip and his companion approached them, they suddenly desisted from their play, and stared at him with such fixed statue-like gaze, and suchstrange, uncouth, lack-luster countenances, that his heart turned within him, and his knees smote together. His companion now emptied the contents of the keg into large flagons, and made signs to him to wait upon the company. He obeyed with fear and trembling; they quaffed the liquor in profound silence, and then returned to their game.By degrees, Rip's aweand apprehension subsided. He even ventured, when no eye was fixed upon him, to taste the beverage, which he found had much of the flavor of excellent Hollands. He was naturally a thirsty soul, and was soon tempted to repeat the draught. One taste provoked another, and he reiterated his visits to the flagon so often, that at length his senses were overpowered, his eyes swamin his head, his head gradually declined, and he fell into a deep sleep.On awaking, he found himself on the green knoll from whence he had first seen the old man of the glen. He rubbed his eyes —it was a brightsunny morning. The birds were hopping and twittering among the bushes, and the eagle was wheeling aloft and breasting the pure mountain breeze. “Surely, ” thought Rip, “I have not slept here all night. ” He recalled the occurrences before he fell asleep. The strange man with a keg of liquor —the mountain ravine —the wild retreat among the rocks —the woe-begone party at ninepins —the flagon —“Oh! that flagon! that wicked flagon! ” thought Rip —“ what excuse shall I make to Dame Van Winkle? ”He looked round for his gun, but in place of the clean, well-oiled fowling piece, he found an old firelock lying by him, the barrel incrusted withrust, the lock falling off, and the stock worm-eaten. He now suspected that the grave roysters of the mountain had put a trick upon him, and having dosed him with liquor, had robbed him of his gun. Wolf, too, had disappeared, but he might have strayed away after a squirrel or partridge. He whistled after him, shouted his name, but all in vain; the echoes repeated his whistle and shout, but no dog was to be seen.He determined to revisit the scene of the last evening 's gambol, and if he met with any of the party, to demand his dog and gun. As he rose to walk, he found himself stiff in the joints, and wanting in his usual activity. “These mountain beds do not agree with me,” thought Rip, “and if this frolic should lay meup with a fit of the rheumatism, I shall have a blessed time with D ame Van Winkle. ” With some difficulty he got down into the glen; he found the gully up which he and his companion had ascended the preceding evening; but to his astonishment a mountain stream was now foaming down it, leaping from rock to rock, and filling the glen with babbling murmurs. He, however, made shift to scramble up its sides, working his toilsome waythrough thickets of birch, sassafras, and witch-hazel, and sometimes tripped up or entangled by the wild grape vines that twisted their coils and tendrils from tree to tree, and spread a kind of network in his path.At length he reached to where the ravine had opened through the cliffs to the amphitheater; but no traces of such opening remained. The rocks presented a high, impenetrable wall, over which the torrent cametumbling in a sheet of feathery foam, and fell into a broad, deep basin, black from the shadows of the surrounding forest. Here, then, poor Rip was brought to a stand. Heagain called and whistled after his dog; he was only answered by the cawing of a flock of idle crows, sporting high in air about a dry tree that overhung a sunny precipice; and who, secure in their elevation, seemed to look down and scoff at the poor man 's perplexities. What wasto be done? the morning was passing away, and Rip felt famished for want of his breakfast. He grieved to give up his dog and gun; he dreaded to meet his wife; but it would not do to starve amongthe mountains. He shook his head, shouldered the rusty firelock, and, with a heart full of trouble and anxiety, turned his steps homeward.As he approached the village, he met a number of people, but none whom he knew, which somewhat surprised him, for he had thought himself acquainted with every one in the country round. Their dress, too, was of a different fashion from that to which he was accustomed. They all stared at him with equal marks of surprise, and whenever they cast their eyes upon him, invariably stroked their chins. The constant recurrence of this gesture induced Rip, involuntarily, to do the same, when, to his。
华盛顿欧文的作品
华盛顿欧文的作品1. 简介华盛顿欧文（Washington Irving）（1783年4月3日-1859年11月28日），美国作家和外交家，被誉为美国文学的奠基人之一。
他的作品以浪漫主义风格为特点，融合了欧洲和美国的文化元素，对美国文学产生了深远影响。
2. 早期生活华盛顿欧文于1783年出生在美国纽约州。
他的家庭并不富裕，但他在家庭的支持下得以接受良好的教育。
他非常喜欢阅读，并受到了文学作品的启发。
在青少年时期，他开始写作，尝试各种不同的文体和风格。
3. 文学成就3.1 短篇小说集《睡谷物》华盛顿欧文的第一部重要作品是短篇小说集《睡谷物》（The Sketch Book），其中的故事《睡美人谷》（The Legend of Sleepy Hollow）和《里普·范·温克尔传》（Rip Van Winkle）至今仍被广泛阅读和赞赏。
这两个故事展现了欧文的幽默风格和对美国传统的批判精神。
3.2 《西班牙传奇》在华盛顿欧文的《西班牙传奇》（Tales of the Alhambra）中，他描述了他在西班牙格拉纳达的居住经历。
这本书描绘了阿尔罕布拉宫和西班牙文化的美丽和神秘。
欧文的写作风格生动活泼，读者能够感受到他对西班牙的热爱和敬意。
3.3 《寿默先生的野史》另一部重要作品是《寿默先生的野史》（A History of New York），这是一部讽刺性的历史小说，描述了纽约市的历史和社会。
欧文以幽默而夸张的方式揭示了政治和社会现象的荒谬之处，这使他成为美国文学中的一位重要人物。
4. 文化影响华盛顿欧文通过他的作品对美国文学产生了深远影响。
他的风格和主题在后来的作家中得到了广泛的传承和发展。
他的作品对美国的文化认同和国家形象的塑造有着重要意义。
5. 总结华盛顿欧文是美国文学的先驱和奠基人之一，他的作品以浪漫主义风格和幽默风格为特色。
他通过讽刺和揭示人类社会的荒谬性，展示了对美国文化和传统的深入理解。
中外学前教育史之欧文的学前教育思想课件 (一)
中外学前教育史之欧文的学前教育思想课件(一)近年来，中外学前教育一直备受追捧。
尤其是欧美国家的学前教育思想是引领世界教育的潮流。
其中，欧文的学前教育思想备受推崇。
本文将通过“中外学前教育史之欧文的学前教育思想课件”的探究，来了解其思想内涵。
一、欧文简介欧文（Froebel，1782-1852）是德国幼儿教育的奠基人，是幼儿教育史上的一位大师。
他提出了“按自由、活动而体验地发展人类最高的天生的生理和心理的力量”的教育信条。
欧文强调幼儿教育要照顾到儿童的整个人格发展而不是只关注单一方面。
二、欧文的教育思想1. “幼儿园”教育制度欧文提出“幼儿园”教育制度，通过团体游戏、自由活动、感性体验等多元化方式，促进幼儿全面的感性认知与社交和谐。
此制度直接影响了全球学前教育领域的发展。
2. “全面发展”欧文认为幼儿教育应该体现“全面发展”这一个理念。
他强调儿童的智力、情感、体能等能力的协同发展。
因此，教师需要创建多元的环境与经验，来满足儿童的多元化需求。
3. “从玩具到感受”欧文的教育方法是在一种以自由活动、玩具教育和实物教育为主的、非常开放的、因材施教、以个别发展为中心的教育原则的基础上，注重儿童的体验和心理活动转换，为儿童创造切合年龄特点的学习环境，鼓励儿童在社会经验的基础上培养自己的自我发展、自我探索的能力。
三、结论欧文的学前教育思想将人的自由、活动和体验作为教育过程三大原则，是典型的“从儿童出发”的教育方式。
欧文的教育思想在世界范围内广泛传播，直接影响了国际上学前教育的发展趋势。
研究欧文的教育思想有助于我们对学前教育提供更深入更全面的认识和理解，并对融汇国际先进经验的学前教育模式进行更加系统科学的整合与创新。
篮球巨星朱利叶斯·欧文介绍
篮球巨星朱利叶斯·欧文介绍篮球巨星朱利叶斯欧文简介朱利叶斯欧文(Julius Erving)，1950年2月22日出生于美国纽约州东梅多(East Meadow, NY)，前美国职业篮球运动员，司职小前锋，绰号“J博士”(Dr.J) ，开创了现代篮球在空中、篮筐之上表演的先河。
朱利叶斯欧文毕业于马萨诸塞大学。
于1971年加入美国篮球协会(ABA)，欧文帮助ABA联盟成为正规联盟。
当1976年ABA与NBA合并时期，欧文是ABA联盟中名气最大的球星。
欧文曾获得3次总冠军，4次MVP，在为ABA的弗吉尼亚绅士队、纽约篮网队和NBA的费城76人队效力时，他都拿过赛季得分王。
他是职业篮球史上生涯总得分历史第5位，共得到了30026分(ABA+NBA)。
他最著名的是在NBA全明星扣篮大赛中使用了罚球线起跳扣篮，同时他也是唯一一位在ABA和NBA中都获得过MVP的球员(1981年当选NBA常规赛MVP，1974-76年3次当选ABA常规赛MVP) 。
朱利叶斯欧文在1983年夺得NBA总冠军，1977-87年11次入选NBA全明星阵容，1977、1983年2次当选NBA全明星MVP ，1977、1980-83年5次入选NBA最佳阵容一阵，1977、1984年2次入选NBA 最佳阵容二阵。
1986-87赛季结束后，“J博士”朱利叶斯欧文正式宣布退役。
1993年，朱利叶斯欧文入选了篮球名人堂，1996年，入选了历史50大巨星。
许多人都把他奉为史上最令人惊叹的球员，是最伟大的扣篮手之一。
篮球巨星朱利叶斯欧文早年经历13岁之后，朱利叶斯欧文一直生活在Roosevelt。
高中时期他在Roosevelt高中就读并打球，当时就已经有了“博士”或者“J博士”的绰号了，这来自于他的一个朋友。
1968年，欧文上了马萨诸塞州大。
1986年，欧文通过马萨诸塞大学阿姆赫斯特分校的成人继续教育学院(the University Without Walls at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst)拿到了学士学位。
NBA篮球运动员凯里·欧文介绍
NBA篮球运动员凯里·欧文介绍NBA篮球运动员凯里欧文简介凯里欧文(Kyrie Irving)，1992年3月23日出生于澳大利亚墨尔本，拥有美国/澳大利亚双重国籍，职业篮球运动员，司职控球后卫，效力于NBA克里夫兰骑士队。
凯里欧文年以选秀状元身份进入NBA，新秀赛季当选最佳新秀;年首次入选全明星正赛先发阵容，并当选最有价值球员;同年代表美国队参加男篮世界杯，获得冠军并当选MVP;-15赛季入选最佳阵容第三阵容;-16赛季随骑士队获得NBA 总冠军。
NBA篮球运动员凯里欧文早年经历高中时期凯里欧文高一和高二就读于蒙特克莱尔金伯利私立高中，两个学年场均可得26.5分、10.3个篮板、4.8次助攻和3.6次抢断，成为校队历史上第一位个人得分超过1000分的球员。
之后欧文转学至圣帕特里克高中，高四学年场均可得24.5分、5.0个篮板、6.5次助攻和1.6个抢断。
凯里欧文参加了2010年麦当劳全明星赛，得到13分、2篮板、2助攻和3次抢断。
随后欧文又参加了2010年乔丹精英赛，得到全队最高的22分和7次助攻，此外还有3个篮板和1次抢断，欧文和哈里森巴恩斯共同当选乔丹精英赛最有价值球员。
大学时期2010年，凯里欧文进入杜克大学。
2010年11月23日，在杜克与堪萨斯州立大学野猫队的比赛中，欧文得到17分、6个篮板和5次助攻，并在防守端很好地限制了堪萨斯州大的第一得分手雅各布普伦，导致后者全场12投仅1中。
2010年12月1日，在NCAA焦点之战——杜克大学和密歇根州立大学斯巴达的比赛中，欧文12投8中，砍下全场最高的31分，带领球队战胜对手，这也是杜克校史上新人得分第二高，仅次于J.J.雷迪克在2003年得到的34分。
2010年12月10日，在杜克大学对阵巴特勒大学的比赛中，欧文右脚趾韧带受伤。
年2月4日，欧文受伤两个月后，脱掉了右脚保护靴。
年3月18日，凯里欧文火线复出，上场20分钟拿下14分4篮板，帮助球队以87-45击败汉普顿。
【优质】凯里·欧文个人资料-优秀word范文 (4页)
本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==凯里·欧文个人资料凯里·欧文出生于澳大利亚墨尔本，拥有美国和澳大利亚双重国籍，杜克大学201X届大一篮球运动员，司职控球后卫，201XNBA选秀状元。
下面是小编为大家搜集整理出来的有关于凯里·欧文个人资料，欢迎阅读!凯里·欧文 - 简介凯里·欧文，男，身高1.88米，杜克大学学生。
欧文幼年时居住在澳洲，直到一岁半时搬到了美国，所以现在具有澳大利亚和美国的双重国籍，但是他决定加入美国队。
凯里·欧文的父亲——Drederick Irving曾于1984-88年期间在波士顿大学打球，他的球衣在大学退役，四年生涯得分1,931分，校史榜上排在第二位，随后他前往澳大利亚联赛中的Bulleen Boomers队打球。
欧文身上有四处纹身，其中两处在胸部，一个纹身是为了纪念逝去的母亲Elizabeth，欧文四岁丧母，还有两处纹身分别在他两边手腕。
凯里·欧文有一个妹妹和一个姐姐。
热爱阅读，有写日记的习惯。
最喜欢的球员是克里斯·保罗(Chris Paul)。
作为201X届最优秀的球员之一，加盟豪门杜克的凯里·欧文有机会成为201X年最好的控球后卫，成为201X届参选球员中发展得最完善的组织者。
欧文不仅具备连续得分能力，成为跑轰的完美发起者，更为重要的他还是一个非常纯粹的组织者——纯控卫。
他有着天生的领导力，且他的大身板足以让他成为一个后卫位置的强力防守悍将。
欧文通往巨星道路的头一块敲门砖便是他超人的运动天赋，精英级别的运动力外加足够的敏捷力。
他将是那种场上的现象级球员，是布兰顿·奈特最大的挑战者。
201X年6月，凯里·欧文当选NBA选秀状元，成为过去4年内第3位控卫状元，同时也是去年奇才队选择约翰·沃尔之后，NBA连续两年出现控卫状元的情况。
《华盛顿·欧文》课件
欧文的文学作品
《自然史》
这部作品是欧文最重要的随笔 集之一，以幽默、讽刺的方式 描绘了当时的社会、文化和人 性。
《恶魔之子》
这本小说展示了欧文对人性黑 暗面的深入探索，以及对社会 伦理和道德观念的短篇 小说之一，讲述了一家人如何 面对生活中的挫折和困难。
《华盛顿·欧文》PPT课件
华盛顿·欧文是美国19世纪著名的作家和文化评论家。他的作品和思想对美国 文学和文化产生了深远的影响。
介绍华盛顿·欧文
生平简介
华盛顿·欧文（1783-1859）是美国文艺复兴时期最重要的作家之一。他是纽约文学界的重 要人物，也是美国第一批文学评论家之一。
主要成就
欧文是美国文学史上第一位获得国际声誉的作家，他的作品展示了美国人民的精神和价值观， 深受读者喜爱。
欧文的重要性和意义
欧文是美国文学史上的重要人物，他的作品和思想依然具有深远的现实意义。
2
欧文对现代文学和文化的影响
欧文的作品对现代文学和文化产生了巨大影响，激发了许多作家和艺术家的创作 灵感。
总结
华盛顿·欧文对美国文化的巨大贡献
欧文的作品塑造了美国的文化形象，成为美国文学史上的重要一环。
欧文的思想和作品对现代文化的影响
欧文的思想和作品影响了现代文化，促进了自由、平等和多样性的推进。
欧文对美国文化的影响
1 对美国文学的贡献
欧文的作品开创了美国独特的文学风格，影响了后来的作家和文化运动。
2 对美国文化认同的影响
欧文强调了美国文化的独特性和独立精神，促进了对美国国家认同感的形成。
欧文的现代意义
1
欧文思想的现代应用
欧文的思想和观点在现代社会仍然具有重要意义，如他对自由、平等和人权的追 求。
影响世界50位经济学家简介
影响世界的50位经济学家简介1.亚当·斯密(1723～1790年)出生于苏格兰伐夫郡。
号称古典经济学的始祖，主要研究领域包含政治哲学、伦理学、经济学，在古典经济学、现代自由市场、劳动分工等领域有重要学术贡献。
2.大卫.李嘉图(1772～1823年)英国古典政治经济学的代表。
生于犹太人家庭，父亲为证券交易所经纪人。
12岁到荷兰商业学校学习，14岁随父从事证券交易。
1793年独立展开证券交易活动，25岁时拥有200万英镑财产，随后研究数学、物理学。
1799年，读亚当·斯密《国富论》后开始研究经济问题，参加了当时对于黄金价钱和谷物法的议论，1817年发布《政治经济学及赋税原理》。
3.马尔萨斯(1766～1834年)出生于英格兰一个土地贵族家庭。
1784年，入剑桥大学；1798年，加入英国教会的僧籍，任牧师；1799年，到欧洲一些国家检查人口问题；1805年，任黑利伯里学院历史和政治经济学教授；1819年，入选为皇家学会会员；1798年，第一版了一本颇具影响的小书，题目是《人口原理》(PrincipleofPopulation)。
4.圣西门(1760～1825年)法国哲学家，经济学家，幻想社会主义者。
圣西门身世贵族，曾参加法国大革命，还参加过北美独立战争。
他抨击资本主义社会，致力于设计一种新的社会制度，并花掉了他的所有家产。
在他所假想的社会中，人人劳动，没有不劳而获，没有盘剥、没有压迫。
5.萨伊(1767～1832年)生于里昂一个商人家庭。
少年时代即开始经商。
曾在英国伦敦邻近一所商业学校学习，在此期间认识到英国工业革命进度并接触到斯密的学说。
1789年法国迸发大革命时，他正在一家人寿保险公司任职，拥戴当时大财产阶级的执政，踊跃参加政治活动并一度参军。
雅各宾派登台后转而反对革命。
1794～1799年任《哲学、文艺和政治旬刊》主编，于该刊发布经济文章，责备公民大会活动，后受拿破仑一世重视被任命为法官，又被派往财政委员会工作。
作家欧文的简介
作家欧文的简介华盛顿欧文是19世纪美国最著名的作家，欧文的第一部重要作品是《纽约外史》。
下面是店铺搜集整理的作家欧文的简介，希望对你有帮助。
作家欧文的简介华盛顿·欧文(Washington Irving, 1783 年4 月3 日– 1859年11月28日)美国作家。
出生于纽约。
他的父亲是纽约富有的五金商人，长老会执事，政治上反对英国殖民统治;他敬重华盛顿，因而给儿子取名为华盛顿。
欧文幼年体弱多病， 16岁辍学，先后在几个律师事务所学法律，但对法律并没有兴趣，喜爱文学，从小喜欢看《鲁滨逊漂流记》、《格列佛游记》这种历险故事，还常常钻到剧院里去看戏。
欧文后来最知名的作品是《见闻札记》，写的就是在外游历的故事，不能不说是幼时受到了读书的影响。
1802年，19岁的欧文在《早晨纪事报》上发表了几篇书信体散文，崭露头角。
1804年因病赴欧洲休养，到过法国、意大利和英国，作了大量旅途笔记，为以后的创作积累了丰富的素材，一度想成为画家。
1806年回国后在弗吉尼亚州任律师，后帮助他的两个哥哥经营进口生意。
他对法律和经商之道都不甚精通。
这时他与律师霍夫曼的女儿玛蒂尔达订婚，妻子早逝于1809年，后来他虽有过几次恋爱，却一直过着独身生活。
作家欧文的作品风格华盛顿·欧文向往田园生活和古代遗风，最爱写随笔和短篇小说，其主要作品的大部分题材都是欧洲的，极少描写美国的生活，作者尤其关注奇闻轶事和穷乡僻壤的风俗习惯。
他的作品大部分以英国为背景，有充满浪漫色彩的传说，也有对英国风俗习惯的描写及旅行随笔。
欧文的短篇小说，因为它们充满了奇幻色彩，大部分都取材于欧洲地区的古老传说，显得及其神秘离奇。
他的《鬼门关》，那是一个关于鬼魂、冒险、寻宝的故事，虽然情节没有那么的错综复杂，却也扣人心弦，引人入胜。
欧文叙述事情的口吻就像是一位慈祥的老者坐在篝火旁略带睡意地讲故事一样，有一种非同一般的魔力-读者在看《睡谷的传说》时仿佛也受到那个被施咒语的小镇的影响，变得头脑昏沉，相信起灵魂和索命的怪物来。
nba欧文简介
nba欧文简介
凯里-欧文(英文名:Kyrie lrving，1992年3月23日出生)家乡位于澳大利亚墨尔本，在2011年NBA选秀大会上以首轮第一顺位被克利夫兰骑士队选中，正式成为职业篮球运动员，现效力于布鲁克林篮网队，司职控球后卫。
2011年6月被骑士队选中后，正式开启NBA职业生涯。
欧文一位非常有天赋的球员，尤其是在控球方面，他能做到不减速变向过人，运球能力相当娴熟，可以说是观赏性最高的NBA球员之一。
2014年，欧文以31分14助攻的成绩当选全明旱寒MVP2015-16赛季，欧文与詹姆斯再次带领骑士进入总冠军赛，成功复仇勇士队，骑士队夺得队史第一座总冠军。
尤其是在最后时刻，欧文命中一记横撤步的三分，奠定比赛胜局，让人历历在目，这就是球星的大心脏能力。
欧文的好胜心非常强，夺得冠军后，他仍然想挑战自己，找到一支属于自己的球队并带领球队打出成绩。
2017年，转会到波士顿凯尔特人。
2019年7月，欧文与布鲁克林篮网正式签下4年1.41亿合同。
2020-21赛季，欧文正式复出。
2021 年10 月12日，篮网总经理肖恩·马克斯宣布，由于纽约市COVID-19 疫苗的规定，欧文将没有资格与球队一起比赛或训练，直到欧文接种疫苗。
管理系统史上100巨匠：罗伯特 欧文
罗伯特·欧文罗伯特·欧文（Robert Owen）罗伯特·欧文（Robert Owen，1771－1858）:现代人事管理之父，人本管理的先驱罗伯特·欧文生平简介罗伯特·欧文是19世纪初最有成就的实业家之一，是一位杰出的管理先驱者。
欧文于1800～1828年间在苏格兰自己的几个纺织厂内进行了空前的试验。
人们有充分理由把他称为“现代人事管理之父”。
欧文于1771年5月14日出生于北威尔士蒙哥马利郡的牛顿城，是全家七个孩子中的第六个。
他的父亲是位马具师和小五金商，母亲是女邮政员。
因为这七个孩子中有两个早夭，年少时的欧文很受父母的疼爱。
欧文小时候酷爱读书，他们住的小镇上，有学问者的书房基本上都向他开放。
童年的欧文通读了所有他能找到的感兴趣的书籍。
小时候的欧文多灾多难，几次差点都搭上性命，当然这些差点使他送命的事情对他的影响也很大。
例如，在他四五岁时一次喝粥被烫伤了胃，导致他后来只能吃比较清淡的食物，而且要对不同食物仔细观察，日复一日，养成了欧文注意细节的习惯。
小时候的欧文非常活跃，各类比赛都名列前茅，而且爱好广泛，喜欢广交好友。
九岁时的欧文已经读了很多书籍，且对外面的世界憧憬不已。
家庭的贫穷，从小开始的“家庭童工”经历，使他过早地步入社会。
十岁时，欧文离开了家，只身前往伦敦的哥哥那里去谋生。
几个星期后，欧文又被送到斯坦福德的一家服装厂去做缝衣工学徒。
三年的时光使他学会了很多东西。
后来他又尝试过多种职业，积累了丰富的经验。
18岁那年，欧文拿着借来的100英镑，在曼彻斯特创办了自己的工厂。
20岁的时候，他为了求得更好的发展，把他的小工厂卖给了一个叫德林科沃特的人，自己则受雇于他成为一个更大工厂的经理。
在这个工厂，欧文的细致观察起到了很大的作用，他先是花了六周的时间仔细地观察工人的各种活动，然后再推行自己的管理举措。
工厂管理的实践，使欧文觉察到环境对自己和别人所产生的影响，并着力改善工人的工作环境。
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罗伯特·欧文（Robert Owen，1771年5月14日- 1858年11月17日），英国空想社会主义者，也是一位企业家、慈善家。
现代人事管理之父，人本管理的先驱。
罗伯特·欧文是19世纪初最有成就的实业家之一，是一位杰出的管理先驱者。
欧文于1800～1828年间在苏格兰自己的几个纺织厂内进行了空前的试验。
人们有充分理由把他称为“现代人事管理之父”。
罗伯特·欧文是历史上第一个创立学前教育机关（托儿所、幼儿园）的教育理论家和实践者.
九岁时的欧文已经读了很多书籍，且对外面的世界憧憬不已。
十岁时，欧文离开了家,一家服装厂去做缝衣工学徒。
18岁那年，欧文拿着借来的100英镑，在曼彻斯特创办了自己的工厂。
20岁的时候，自己则受雇于他成为一个更大工厂的经理。
在这个工厂，欧文的细致观察起到了很大的作用，这样使他又成为股东。
在这里积累的经验，为欧文以后在新拉纳克工厂的实验打下了基础。
1812年，发表了《关于新拉纳克工厂的报告》，引起欧洲社会的广泛关注。
此后，欧文为了争取议会制定工厂法和限制工作日的立法进行了大量的工作。
1815年他在《论工业制度的影响》一书中，呼吁制定改善工人劳动条件的议会法案。
经过不断努力，议会终于在1819年第一次通过了限制工厂中女工和童工劳动日的法案。
1824年，欧文在美国印第安纳州买下1214公顷土地，开始新和谐移民区试验，但实验以失败告终。
欧文在历史上第一次揭示了无产阶级贫困的原因，并从生产力的角度提出公有制与大生产的紧密联系。
晚年还提出过共产主义主张。
最著名的著作为《新社会观》《新道德世界书》。
1825年，教育与生产劳动相结合，是欧文对人类教育理论宝库的巨大贡献。
欧文的管理思想基于“人是环境的产物”这一法国唯物主义学者的观点。
欧文认为，好的环境可以使人形成良好的品行，坏的环境则使人形成不好的品行。
欧文的管理思想中，教育制度占有很大比重。
1799年，欧文与他后来的岳父合伙购买了一家大企业，在此基础上办起了新拉纳克工厂，欧文任经理。
此时，英国正处于工业革命的鼎盛期，一方面是生产力的飞速发展，资产阶级财富的极度膨胀，另一方面是劳动人民惨遭剥削，工人和资本家之间的矛盾加剧。
欧文决心在自己的工厂进行改革社会不合理状况的试验。
他的改革原则是既有利于工厂主，又有利于工人。
他把工人的工作时间缩短为10小时，禁止不满九岁的童工劳动，提高工人工资，工厂暂时停止工资照付。
改善工人的生活和劳动条件，设立工厂商店向工人出售比普通市场价格便宜的消费品，开办工厂子弟小学、幼儿园和托儿所，建立工人互助储金会。
欧文的这些改革措施取得了明显的成效。
工厂增加了利润，工人生活得到改善。
空想社会主义者
1817年，欧文在《致工业和劳动贫民救济协会委员会报告》中提出建立合作社来解决失业问题的主张。
1820年，欧文在《致拉纳克郡报告》中提出消灭私有制，建立财产公有，权利平等和共同劳动的改革社会的理想主张，这标志着他的空想社会主义思想体系的形成。
为了用典型示范自己改造社会的计划是可行的，1824年欧文到美国创办了“新和谐”公社，公社实行生产资料公共占有，权利平等，民主管理等原则。
在资本主义制度下，欧文的这些想法只能是幻想，行动的结局也必然是失败。
1829年欧文回到英国，适值英国工人运动处于高涨时期。
他一方面在工人中宣传自己的主张，一方面投身于蓬勃的工会运动。
1833年10月和1834年2月，欧文主持了英国工会和合作社的代表会议，成立了英国工会运动史上第一个全国性的总工会——“全国大统一工会”，并任联盟主席。
但是后来由于欧文坚持自己的空想社会主义理论，反对无产阶级的政治斗争，他逐渐脱离了工会运动。
提出培养全面发展的人的学说他主张儿童应受到全面教育，在智、德、体、美、行方面都得到发展。
罗伯特·欧文不仅提出了具有创见性的教育理论，而且还提出了丰富的教学论思想。
他的教学论思想符合儿童的身心发展规律。
欧文的教学论思想是以儿童教育为对象的。