中国文化英语教程Unit 20
中国文化英语教程文本
Part I Wisdom and BeliefsUnit 1 Confucian thought on heaven and humanityConfucius (551-479 BC), known in China as Kongzi, given name Qiu and alias Zhongni, was a native of Zouyi (present-day Qufu in Shandong Province) of the State of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC). A great thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism, Confucius is an ancient sage to the Chinese people. His words and life story were recorded by his disciples and their students in The Analects (Lunyu).Confucius on Heaven: the source of EverythingIn the Shang (1600-1046 BC) and Zhou (1046-256 BC) dynasties, the prevalent concept of “Heaven”was that of a personified god, which influenced Confucius. Generally, however, Confucius regarded “Heaven”as nature. He said, “Heaven does not speak in words. It speaks through the rotation of the four seasons and the growth of all living things.”Obviously, heaven equaled nature, in the eyes of Confucius. Moreover, nature was not a lifeless mechanism separate from humans; instead, it was the great world of life and the process of creation of life. Human life was part and parcel of nature as a whole.Confucius on People: ren and liRen and Li are the two core concepts of Confucius's doctrine about people.When his students Fan Chi asked him about ren, Confucius replied, “love people”. This is Confucius' most important interpretation of ren. Love for the people is universal love. Confucius further emphasized that this kind of love should “begin with the love for one's parents”. He believed no one could love people in general if they did not even love their own parents. Confucius regarded “filial piety and fraternal duty”as the essence of ren. The Doctrine of the Mean (Zhongyong) quotes Confucius as saying, “The greatest love for people is the love for one's parents.”He also said, “Children should not travel far while their parents are alive. If they have no choice but to do so, they must retain some restraint.”He did not mean that children should not leave their parents at all. What he meant was that children should not make the parents anxious about them while away from home. Confucius said again, “Children should think often of the age of their parents. They should feel happy for the health and longevity of their parents. They should also feel concern for the aging of their parents.”By ren, Confucius meant universal love based on love for one's parents. How should peoplelove one another then Confucius said, “One should be aware that other people may have similar desires as oneself. While fulfilling one's desires, allow others to fulfill their desires as well.”He further said, “Do not do toward others anything you would not want to be done to you.”Thus from oneself to one's family, from family to society, one should extend love to all people. Mencius (c. 372-289 BC), a great Confucian scholar, best summarized ren as, “loving one's parents, loving the people, loving everything in the world.”Li refers to rituals, traditions and norms in social life. Of these, Confucius regarded burial ritualsand ancestral worship rituals as the most important, because they rose from human feelings. He said, “A child should not leave his parents' bosom until he is three years old.”He naturally love his parents. The ritual of wearing mourning for a deceased parent for three years was an expression of thechild's love and remembrance.Confucius on the State of lifeBefore Confucius, only the nobility had the right to education. He was the first figure in Chinese history to initiate private education. According to historical records, Confucius taught for many years and trained 3,000 disciples. A total of 72 of them excelled in the “six arts”, ., ritual, music, archery, (carriage)driving, calligraphy, and mathematics. A great educator, Confucius has been admired by later generations as the “sage of sages”.Confucius believed the basic goal of education was to cultivate “persons of virtue”, whoshould have sound character and uplifted minds. Such people should be able to shoulder important social responsibilities and to make contributions to society. Confucius regarded lofty ideals, great virtue, love of people, and the “six arts”as the general principles of education. Of these, virtue was the most important. His students were involved in a variety of professions, including politics, trade, education, diplomacy, ritual ceremony, and classifying ancient books. Whatever they did, they all wanted to improve their learning of the humanities and to enhance their virtue.Unit 2 Laozi's philosophy of Non-actionThe book Laozi was written around the sixth century BC. The author is generally believed to beLao Dan, or Laozi –a recluse who lived during the Spring and Autumn Period. Few records have survived about Lao Dan, who was said to have once held a low civil position in the royal court, in chare of the archival records of the Zhou Dynasty. Yet, due to his great learning, even Confucius was said to have traveled miles to consult him.Laozi, also known as Classic of the Way and Virtue (Dao De Jing), consists of just over 5,000 Chinese characters. Its 81 chapters are divided into two parts, Dao (the Way) and De (Virtue). Short as it is, the book has played a tremendous role in the development of Chinese culture. It became the basis of Daoism, the school of philosophy parallel to Confucianism in ancient China. The thought of Laozi formed the foundation of Daoism, the most influential indigenous school of religion in China. It has also exerted a direct impact on the characteristics, trends of thought and aesthetic sensibilitiesof the Chinese nation. Today Laozi still plays a role in the development of Chinese thinking. Naturalness and Non-action“Naturalness”is an important concept of Laozi's philosophy. It refers to a natural state of being, an attitude of following the way of nature. Laozi emphasized that everything in the world has its own way of being and development: birds fly in the sky, fish swim in the water, clouds float in the sky, flowers bloom and flowers fall. All these phenomena occur independently and naturally without following any human will, and humans should not try to change anything natural. Laozi admonished people to give up on any desire to control the world. Following the way of nature is the way to resolving conflicts between humans and the world.“Non-action”is another important concept of Laozi's philosophy. It is the guarantee of “Naturalness”. Laozi said, “(Dao or the Way) acts through non-action,”by which he did no mean that one should do nothing and passively wait for something to be achieved. Neither did he deny human creativity. What he meant is that human enterprises should be built on the basis of naturalness, not on many attempts to interrupt the rhythm of nature. Human creativity should be in compliance with the ways of nature.The philosophy of Non-contentionOn the basis of “naturalness”and “non-action”, Laozi proposed the view of“overcoming the strong by being weak”. The era Laozi lived in was replete with endless wars. Therefore, war was an important treme for philosophers, and ant-war thinking was the norm. Even the great strategist Sunzi advocated “winning a war without fighting it”, not to mention the great thinker Confucius, who strongly championed a government based on love. Their contemporary Mozi (c. 468-376 BC), founder of Mohism, also condemned wars while calling for “love for all”.According to Laozi, war springs from humanity's bloated desires. Conflict arises out ofpeople's struggles to satisfy their desires, and conflict escalates into war. Therefore, Laozi's philosophy is based on “non-contention”. To him, human striving and competitive strife is the root cause of decline; desiring nothing is the natural way of life.Laozi said, “The greatest virtue is like water.”He compared his philosophy of“non-contention”to water, to distinguish it from the law of the jungle. He said, “Water nourishes everything but contends for nothing.”To Laozi, humans tend to seek higher positions while water always flows to lower places. Driven by desire, humans like whatever they think is superior while despising whatever they think is inferior. Yet water always flows downward. As the source of life, water nourishes all living things on Earth. No life can exist without water. Water contributes to the world without regard for gain or loss. Remaining low, level and tranquil, water embraces and reflects everything under heaven. The way of water is completely different from the way of people with avid desires.But the philosophy of Laozi is by no means weak. On the contrary, it is full of strength.According to Laozi, water accumulates great strength in its weakness and quietude. Its strength can break down all barriers in the world. He said, “Nothing in the world is weaker than water. Yet nothing is stronger than water when it comes to breaking something strong.”Water is a typical example of the weak winning over the strong. Water is invincible because it desires nothing and contends for nothing.Unit 3 Chinese Buddhist CultureWho am I Where am I from Where am I goingMen are mortal. But death is not an once-and-for-all thing. They enter the rotating Wheel of Six Realms:Heaven, Human, Asura, Animal, Hungry Ghost, Hell.Documents stored in computer can be canceled at will, but what we have done in our life, and actually in our innumerable lives, cannot. What has been done has been done. The information is stored in your true “self”, not the physical one, and will accompany you life after life, and determines which Realm you enter.Only when we are completely free from lust, hatred, and folly, can we manage to break away from the capture of the rotating Wheel, and achieve perpetual enlightenment, discovering your true “self”.In Buddhism there isn't any dominating god who controls your destiny. We are the maker of our own fate. What we are at present is a result of what we have done in the past; and what we will be in the future is decided by what we are doing at present. What we have done form the “karma”, which, like a gene, decides on your future story. But this “gene”can of course be modified, by doing good deeds and obtaining healthy biological and spiritual energy, so as to change our future course of career. We are, therefore, our own master. What are the basic requirements for a BuddhistFive Prohibitions for the laymen:1) Don't kill;2) Don't steal;3) Don't seek aberrant sensual pleasures;4) Don't talk irresponsibly;5) Don't drink alcohol.Part II Creativity and ExchangeUnit 4 The Silk RoadThe silk road refers to a transport route connecting ancient China with Central Asia, West Asia, Africa, and the European continent. It appeared as early as the second century BC and was traveled mainly by silk merchants. The term “Silk Road”, or “die Seidenstrasse”in German, was first noted down by the German geographer Ferdinand Von Richthofen at the end of the 19th century.The silk road began in Chang'an (present-day Xi'an, capital of Shaanxi Province), passingthrough Gansu and Xinjiang to Central Asia, West Asia, and to lands by the Mediterranean. Therewere no signs of communication between ancient Chinese civilization and Mediterranean civilizationin earlier history. In about the seventh century BC, the ancient Greeks began to learn about an ancient civilization to the east, yet knew little about it. Before the Silk Road, according to archeological findings, there had already existed an intermittent trade route on the grasslands from the Yellow River and the Indus River drainage areas to the Euphrates and the Tigris, and the Nile drainage areas. Yetreal communication between China, Central and West Asian countries, Africa and the European continent did not develop until the opening of the Silk Road.Zhang Qian, Trail BlazerThe pioneer who blazed the trail of the Silk Road was Zhang Qian (c. 164-114 BC). In ZhangQian's time, the Chinese has little knowledge about Central and West Asian countries, Africa or Europe, although they were aware of the existence of many different countries and cultures in faraway places to the west.During the reign of Emperor Wu (r. 140-135 BC), there were 36 small kingdoms in the Western Regions (present-day Xinjiang and parts of Central Asia). All of them were later conquered by the Huns, who then posed a direct threat to the Western Han and blocked the dynasty's path west.Under these circumstances, Emperor Wu appointed Zhang Qian to lead a team of more than 100 envoys to the Western Regions.The mission was to unite the Indo-Scythic people against the Huns, who once killed theirchieftain. Zhang Qian's team set out in 138 BC. No sooner had they entered the Hexi Corridor (northwest of present-day Gansu Province), than they were captured by the Huns. After being held under house arrest for over ten years, Zhang Qian and only one other remaining envoy managed to escape and return to Chang'an in 126 BC. Their accounts about the Western Regions were arevelation to Hun emperor and his ministers.In the next two decades, Emperor Wu launched three major campaigns against the Huns,forcing them to retreat from the Western Regions. In 119 BC, the emperor sent Zhang Qian on a second mission to the Western Regions. This time Zhang Qian went further west, while his deputies reached more than a dozen countries in South and West Asia, and the Mediterranean.Zhang Qian's two missions to the Western Regions opened up the road to the west. EmperorWu adopted a series of measures to strengthen ties with the Western Regions, including encouragingHan People to trade there.Soon the route was bustling with caravans of camels carrying goods of all types andreverberating with the tinkling of their bells. Through the Silk Road, trade flourished between China and Central, South and West Asian countries, Africa and Europe. In 166, envoys from Rome arrived via the Silk Road in Chang'an, were they set up an embassy.Part III Art and AestheticsUnit 5 Music: Govern the Country, Nourish the MindThe tradition of Chinese music dates back to remote antiquity. Governing the country and nourishing the mind through music are two of the main functions of this tradition.Governance Through MusicAccording to ancient Chinese culture, rituals provided the norms of conduct of people. The goalwas to maintain social order.Music was for the mind's cultivation and expression. Its purpose was to enhance people'soutlook on life and imbue them with energy and creativity, such that they could enjoy a more harmonious and happier spiritual life. Individual contentment would then lead to social harmony, as well as to a more harmonious relationship between people and nature. The highest level of ancient Chinese music was to represent spiritual with nature.The prominent stature of music in ancient China explains the emergence of sophisticated instruments from early times. Chime bells were one example. First used in the Shang Dynasty, they became quite popular during the Western Zhou Dynasty (1046-771 BC). In 1978, a fine set of chime bells was unearthed in Hubei Province, from the tomb of Marquis Yi, a local lord in a small state called Zeng during the Warring States Period.The Marquis Yi chime bells consist of 65 bells arranged in three rows. The first row includes 19niu bells, and the second and third rows include 45 yong bells. The bells in each row differ from one another in shape and size, emanating(发出) different tones. In addition, there is a separate and much larger bell used to adjust pitch. Like the bells, the from is made of bronze, weighing as much as five tons or more. The total weight of the bells is more than 440 kilograms. While the bells bear inscriptions totaling more than 2,800 Chinese characters relating to music and the making of the instrument, the frame is carved with exquisite patterns in relief (浮雕) and fretwork(回纹细工). Instruments of such a scale and such fine craftsmanship were quite rate in the world at the time. Five musicians were needed to play the instrument. Each bell produces two tones when struck at the respective sound points as marked. The entire set of chime bells is able to produce all the tones of a modern piano.Consoling the Mind with MusicWild Geese Landing on the The Chinese zither tends to create a tranquil air. The composition Shallow Shore is such an example. With a relaxed rhythm, the first part of the piece depicts a calm Yangtze River under a clear autumn sky. The second part progresses into livelier rhythms to imitatethe chirping of many birds. The third part presents a thematic scene of wild geese leisurely landing on the shallow shores of the Yangtze, as a gentle breeze makes the water ripple. To Chinese musicians and music lovers, the contentment of the wild geese represents the human heart.The zither was also instrumental in communication between ancient scholars and artist. The Three Stanzas of Plum Blossoms, was based on an Eastern Jin Dynasty famous zither composition,One ) (-383).桓伊王子猷story of the poet Wang Ziyou () (c. 338-386) and the flute player Huan Yi (day the poet was taking a boat trip when he overheard someone on the riverbank say Huan Yi waspassing by. Although the two had never met before, they admired each other as poet and flute player. Despite his lower rank of office, Ziyou sent a family member to request Huan Yi to play the flute. Three Stanzas of Plum played and Yi dismounted from his carriage Without hesitation, Huan Blossoms, while Ziyou listened from his boat. After finishing, Huan Yi mounted his carriage and drove on. Ziyou, too, continued with his boat journey. The two of them exchanged not a single word, s three 'yet both were content with the communication of their hearts through the music.The flutestanzas were later converted into a composition for the Chinese zither, which has become one of thethe of its eulogy expression of otherworldly feelings through best-known musical works –as ans purity, fragrance and resistance to the cold.'plum flower Unit 6 Flying strokes of CalligraphyThe evolution of Chinese characters font甲骨文the Oracle bone script→金文Jinwen (Inscriptions on bronze )→篆书Seal script→隶书Official script→楷书Regular script→草书Cursive script→行书running scriptWang Xizhi and Preface to the Lanting Pavilion CollectionIn the Hall for Cultivation of Mind of the Palace Museum, there is a Three-treasurer Study,which derives its name for the three most valuable calligraphic works housed here. These three treasures, most valued and adored by Emperor Qianling (r. 1736-1795) of the Qing Dynasty, were A Sunny Scene after a Quick Snow by Wang Xizhi, Mid-Autumn by Wang Xianzhi and Boyuan byWang Xun (349-400). As father and son, Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi hae been known as the“Two Wangs”, their works universally recognized as the peak of Chinese calligraphy.Unit 7 Porcelain –Calling Card of Chinese CultureIn English, the country and “porcelain”share the same name –“China”. This proves that Europeans have long known of China's relationship to porcelain. Porcelain found its way to Europein the 15th century, occupying an important position in the exchanges between China and other countries. The Keisel Randy Museum in Germany houses a blue-and-white bowl dating back to the Ming Dynasty. Throughout history, China, along with other Asian countries, and Europe maintaineda busy and vast trade in porcelain. From 1602 to 1682, the Dutch East India Company transported more than 16 million articles of porcelain to Europe. Porcelain garnered a good reputation for Chinafor its sophistication and elegance, and played an important role in the wave of the European idealization of China during the 17th and 18th centuries. In the rococo style popular in Europe of that time, one could sense, from time to time, the influence of “Chinese vogue”represented by China's styles of porcelain and gardens.Porcelain is of great significance in the history of Chinese civilization. Pottery was thepredecessor of porcelain, while glazed pottery was the basis for the emergence of porcelain. Aroundthe first century, porcelain production first emerged in China, and by The Song Dynasty it had become mature. Song-Dynasty porcelain represented the acme of Chinese porcelain technique. Fivefamous kilns, the Jun, Ding, Guan, Ge, and Ru, were all creative and original in their respective products, and their porcelain ware has been imitated by later generations throughout the ages. In the Yuan Dynasty, Jingdezhen became the center of the Chinese Porcelain industry.Pure Blue-and-White PorcelainPure and elegant beauty is the goal that porcelain pursues, and this ideal is best explained in the production of blue-and-white porcelain.Blue-and-white porcelain is a typical artifact of porcelain in China. Among the porcelainexported during the Ming and Qing dynasties, 80 percent was blue-and-white. Chinese-madeblue-and-white porcelain ware emerged long before the founding of the Tang Dynasty, but it was not until the Yuan Dynasty that this type of porcelain came to be produced in quantity, with the attendant masterpieces. The Ming Dynasty witnessed the maturity of the art, and a large number of valuable pieces were produced in this period. Jingdezhen, a small town that created the enchantingblue-and-white porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty, became its porcelain-producing center; and in the subsequent Ming Dynasty, the imperial kilns were established here. Blue-and-white porcelain is now the most representative of Chinese porcelain.To produce blue-and-white porcelain, cobalt oxide is requisite. It is employed to draw on thewhite roughcast before glaze is applied. After kilning at a high temperature, the roughcast turns into blue-and-white porcelain, since cobalt oxide turns blue with heat. The white surface with blue patterns and a shiny sheen of glaze produces a pure, elegant and transparent effect.Unit 8 Peking Opera: Artistry of PerformersThe Delights of Peking Opera MasksChina's Peking Opera radiates with the beauty of resplendent color –vivid, intense and glamorous. This artistic beauty comes not only from the costumes but also from the masks of exaggerated, dazzling designs, gleaming with red, purples, whites, yellows, blacks, blues, greens, every diverse color imaginable.Masks, applied to the two roles of the “jing”or “painted-face role”and the “chou”or “clown”, serve two purposes. One is to indicate the identity and character of the role. For example, a “red face”means the person is loyal and brave; a “black face”signifies the person is straightforward; and “a white face”identifies the person as crafty and evil. The other purpose is to express people's appraisal of the roles from a moral and aesthetic point of view, such as respectable, hateful, noble, ridiculous, etc.Peking Opera Performance: Sing, Speak, Act, and FightThe performance of a Peking Opera actor can be summarized into four basic aspects, of singing, speaking, acting, and fighting, the core of which is a combination of song and choreography. Singing is of utmost importance in the performance of Peking Opera, because first of all, Peking Opera is a singing art. Any famous Peking Opera boasts several wonderful arias that are well-known and popular with audiences. The charm of the melodies usually embodies the sublime realm of the art of Peking Opera. Unable to appreciate the magic of Peking Opera arias, one would fail to enjoy the profound beauty of the art itself.Speaking refers to character monologs and dialogs, which serve to propel the development ofthe story. Speaking, like singing, needs to be executed in an appealing way.Acting and fighting mean that actors employ physical movements to express the emotions of the characters and the circumstances. Acting includes body movements and eye movements, solo dancingor group dancing, etc. Most of the dancing is choreographed movements from everyday life. Fighting Pekingof art the As scenes. battle or fight depict to acrobatics and arts martial choreographed isOpera depends on movement to depict events, actors are given much room to perform on the the Picking up the Jade Bracelet, the young woman Sun Yujiao and the young scholar fall in love operawith each other, their eyes affixed on each other as if a thread connected them. Then, as MatchmakerLiu uses her pipe to pull the “virtual”line up and down, the young couple's eyes accordingly the significance to and add much and down. These actions produce great humor move up“world of images”, but at the or the ”“play performance.Acting and fighting serve the wholeKing Chu Bids same time they are themselves a beautiful art in both form and skill. For example, in Farewell to His Concubine, artist Mei Lanfang performed a sword dance in a miraculously skillful way, which became very popular with audiences. This is a type of beauty in form. As for the beauty of skill,.”this usually includes some very difficult acrobatic movements, often referred to as “superb skillsspeaking, singing, fact that the Peking Opera lies in the of The uniqueness performances inacting, and fighting, all focus on one or two actors in the play.“mingjue”was used to refer to famous , hence er”jueThese performers used to be called “'actors or actresses. In this sense, the world of imagery created in Peking Opera mainly relies on thesinging, speaking, acting, and fighting of actors, especially in the performance of the famous plays.This is the biggest difference between Peking Opera and other forms of performing arts in terms ofwell –art of performers”“And the remark –Peking Opera is the aesthetic appreciation. describes its quintessence.Visual World“”The Beauty of ais a distinctive feature of Peking Opera. Its virtually consists of two ”Depicting a “visual worldaspects: one is virtual movements, and the other virtual settings. Virtual movement refers to imitatingactions onstage. For example, riding a horse. Onstage, an actor cannot ride a real horse, but can onlyhold a whip and imitate the movement of galloping by walking around the stage, turning the body, wielding the whip, and pulling the reins. A virtual setting means creating an imagined environment onstage. For example, rowing a boat. As there is no water or boat on the stage, an actor usually takesthe rowing of a boat on water.”an oar and, through actions, makes the audience “see At the Crossroad. This opera describes the story of two yamen runners escorting Jiao One isZan to prison. On the way they stay at an inn for the night. Ren Tanghui, whose task is to protect Jiao Zan, checks in at the same time. The owner of the inn, however, suspects Ren Tanghui is planning tos room at night. Thus a fight starts. What is special murder Jiao Zan, so he gropes his way into Ren'the yet is brightly lit; fight happens about the performance is that, although the at night, the stagefeature which performances, from the actors' pitch-dark audience is able to sense it is a nights sword swishes down, only 'stealthy movements typical of people in darkness. Sometimes, one man s face, yet the latter feels nothing, thus producing a breathtaking 'a few inches away from the otheryet meaningful and humorous effect.RiverAutumn story Opera. This transplanted from The other example is Sichuan , a playdescribes a young nun, Chen Miaochang who leaves the nunnery to pursue her lover Pan Bizheng. Onstage, there is neither water nor boat, but through the performance of the young woman and thethat the stage is a river. The boat sways forward; “see”old boatman, the audience is able to obviously。
高二英语Unit20 Integrating Skills (Roots of Chinese Culture课件 新课标 人教版
4. This text suggests that ____. A. Jinsha Relics and Sanxingdui Relics were found by chance B. archaeologists knew there were a lot of treasures there long ago C. Yan Kaizong is not a patriot (爱国者) D. archaeologists will never find other relics again
A peasant named Yan Daocheng did and 24 years later they gave the relics to the state.
What been unearthedhope from Whathave do archaeologists
to discover? Sanxingdui?
Unit
20
What have been discovered
from Jinsha Village?
gold; jade; bronze; stone; ivory …
More than 500 pairs of ivory Stone figures
Bronze Beast
Jade Cong Gold Mask
What do you know about Sanxingdui?
Sanxingdui Museum
When was Sanxingdui first discov 1929.
Who first discovered the relics from the ruins and what did they do with them?
《中国文化》英语教程复习题及答案
I. Chinese Cultural Terms :1.绿茶green tea2.红茶black tea3.乌龙茶oolong tea4.黑茶dark tea5.花茶scented tea6.茉莉花茶jasmine tea7.八大菜系eight major schools of cuisine /8 Regional Chinese Cuisines8.茶道tea ceremony9.茶具tea set10.紫砂壶boccaro teapot11.北京烤鸭Beijing roast duck12.清蒸鱼steamed fish13.狗不理包子Goubili steamed buns14. 佛跳墙Buddha Jumping the Wall15. 《论语》The Analects16. 《诗经》The Book ofSongs17. 《道德经》Classic of the Way and Virtue18.道家Daoism19.汉字Chinese character20.象形文字pictograph21.甲骨文oracle-bone inscription/ oracle-bone script22.篆文seal character/ seal script23.文房四宝four treasures of study24.丝绸之路the Silk Road25. 海上丝绸之路the Maritime silk road26.一带一路倡议The Belt and Road Initiative27.西域the Western regions28.敦煌石窟the Dunhuang Grottoes29.春秋时期the Spring and Autumn Period30. 方块象形文字the square-shaped pictographic character31. 颜(真卿)体the Yan style32. 民间艺术folk arts33.年画New Year pictures34.剪纸paper cutting /papercuts35.皮影戏shadow play36.苏绣Suhou Embroidery37.造纸术paper making38.印刷术printing39.佛经Buddhist scripture40.行书running script /semi-cursive script41.草书cursive script42.楷书regular script/standard script43.隶书official script/ clerical script44.砚the ink slab/ the ink stone; 墨ink stick45.六艺：礼乐射御书数“six arts” : ritual,music,archery, carriage driving , calligraphy , and mathematics46.毛笔the writing brush47.宣纸xuan paper/ rice paper48.中国书法Chinese calligraphy49.简体字：simplified characters50. 繁体字complex characters/ traditional characters51.中国结Chinese knots52.佛教Buddhism53.国徽national emblem54. 国旗national flag55. 国歌national anthemII. Multiple choices (每题三个选项中选一个最佳答案)1)Which of the following is irrelevant to the pictographic symbols of Chinese characters? (下列哪项与汉字的象形符号无关？)Aspiration. 吸Imagination.想象Creativity.创造力Allusion.典故2) Which of the following statements is true of the name of Fudan Universit(y关于复旦大学的名称，下列哪个陈述是正确的？)The characters both stand for "the sun rising on the horizon"这.些字符都代表着“太阳在地平线上升起”The name is taken from a Chinese classical poem.这个名字取自中国古典诗歌The name encourages the students to get up early in the morning.这个名字鼓励学生早上早起The characters are intended to tell the students to make progress day by day.这些字旨在让学生们一天天地进步3) Which of the following languages mostly consists of language pictures(下列语言中哪一种主要由语言图片组成？) ? B___Mandarin Chinese. 普通话Hieroglyphs of ancient Egypt.古埃及的象形文字Oracle-bone inscription. 甲骨文Seal characters.篆书4) The symbol for “swimming” is closest to (“游泳”的符号最接近的是)oracle-bone inscription 甲骨文Mandarin Chinese 普通话seal characters 篆书none of the above 没有选项5)The symbol for “athletics” contains the ingredients of (“运动”的符号包含了)dancing and running 跳舞、跑步running and swinging 跑步和摆动dancing and swinging 跳舞和摆动triathlon and football 铁人三项和足球6)All the following are the titles of Confucius excep(t以下孔子的头衔除了) ___.Ban educator 一个教育家A biologist 一个生物学家A scholar 有识之士A philosopher 一个哲学家7)The expression “filial piety” most probably means being (“孝”的意思很可能是指) ___.DLoyal to the state 忠于国家Obedient to sister(s) 听姐姐的话Responsible for the family 对家庭负责Dutiful to parents 孝顺父母8)Which of following can best describe Confucius’ view on the relationship between man and nature (下面哪一个最能说明孔子对人与自然关系的看法？) ___.D Brothers 兄弟Husband and wife 夫妇Doctor and patient 医生和病人Mother and son 母子9)Through burial and ancestral worship rituals,people can learn that (通过丧葬和祭祖仪式，人们可以了解到。
中国文化英语教程Unit_
“筑长城，自代并阴山下，至高阙为塞”
——《史记·匈奴列传》
Aspiration for Peace
Protection for the southerners from being attacked by the northerners
• The Great Wall prevented northern peoples on horseback from attacking people in the south who were mostly engaged in farming.
Unit 10 The Great Wall
Content
Lead-in Text study Exercises
Lead-in
Do you know the New Seven Wonders of the World? What are they?
Lead-in
The Great Wall of China（长城）
Introduction
• Three major renovations (修复) of the Great Wall took place in the Qin (221-206 BC), Han (206 BCAD 220), and Ming dynasties.
• The Great Wall of today is mainly the legacy of the Ming-dynasty renovations.
“Seen from today, if it had not been for the protection of the Great Wall, Chinese civilization would have been interrupted by the northern peoples in the late Qin or early Han dynasties, long before the Song and Ming dynasties. In that case, there would not have been the prosperity of the Han and Tang dynasties, or the integration of southern and northern peoples.”
中国文化英语教程答案
中国文化英语教程-答案Uni 1Lead-inPhoenix one of four Chinese auspicious and mythical beasts, along with the Chinese dragon, tortoise and Qilin (kylin)Pangu a god who broke through the chaos and created the worldSui a god who drilled wood to make a fireNüwa a goddess who mended the sky and created humansChang’e Wife of the legendary hero Houyi and later inhabited the Moon Palace with the Jade Rabbit and the woodcutter Wu GangKuafu a god who chased the sunThe Eight Immortals a group of legendary Taoist immortalsHouyi a great archer who shot down nine extra sunsReading A1.1)The recently uncovered “Suigongxu” is an ancient vessel which records the historical myths ofthe great hero Da Yu who controlled the flood. (Para.2)2)Chinese myths are a vital part of Chinese culture. (Para. 5)3)Unlike Western myths, myths in ancient China were usually spread in scattered forms invarious written materials. (Para.4)4)Chinese mythology refers to myths transmitted by people of all fifty-six ethnic groups living inChina. (Para.1)5)Shanhaijing, Chuci, and Huainanzi are important sources of ancient Chinese myths. (Para.4)6)The system of Chinese mythology is not integrated and homogeneous. (Para.1)2.people who collected and compiled mythologye.g.: the great Greek writers Homer and Hesiodbooks with miscellaneous subjects but containing many mythse.g.: Shanhaijing (The Classic of Mountains and Seas), Chuci (The Songs of Chu), and Huainanzi1. Correct order: D G B A E H F C2.1) She took river mud and shaped the first people by hand. Later, she dipped a reed into the mud and flicked blobs of mud onto the ground. When she breathed on the mud creatures, they sprang to life.2) She did not want to stay on the earth to watch over them, nor did she want to return to make or repair them. She wanted the humans to learn to live on their own without the help of gods.3) Because by doing so she could recognize her creations.3. animals with fins e.g shark, dolphin, whale, fish, etc.animals with feathers e.g. duck, hawk, etc.animals with scales e.g. fish, crocodile, lizard, snake, turtle, etc.animals with hooves e.g. horse, ox, donkey, deer, sheep, cow, etc.animals with stinger(s) e.g. bee, scorpion, wasp, stingray, etc.Reading C1. 1) avaricious and blood-thirsty 2) auspicious, wisdom 3) a future emperor 4) dragon-king temple 5) zodiac animals 6) charismatic, innovative2. 1）双龙戏珠two dragons playing with a pearl2) 大水冲了龙王庙not recognize one’s kinsman3）龙颜大怒The Emperor is flying into a rage and bristling with anger4）神龙见首不见尾someone who has no fixed whereabouts and is difficult for others to trace5）龙飞凤舞cursive and elegant handwriting6）望子成龙parents having high expectations of their childrenSelf-check1) geographic boundaries 2) be traced back to/ trace back to3) the major repositories of Chinese ancient myths 4) mythological stories5) mending the sky/repairing the heavens6) cruel, evil and earthly, auspicious, powerful and heavenlyLead-in1. D2. C3. BReading A1. 1) 47 2) landscape garden design 3) Library Cave 4) Japan and Korea5) Tibetan architecture 6) Han citiesReading B1. 1) the Celestial Capital Peak 2) the Lotus Peak 3) the Cloud Gate Peak 4)the Heavenly Gate 5) the Sky-high Stone Ridge 6) the Gate of Three Seas 7) the Lion Forest Temple 8) the Usher Cliff 9) the Stalagmite Stone Ridge 10) the pine treesReading C1. 1) 3) 4) 5) 6)2.Pros . Symbol of Beijing;. More convenient to go outside;. Home place in childhood memory;. Close relationship between neighbors;. Demonstration of Chinese national culture.Cons . Old and aging facilities;. Sanitation condition;. No heating system;. No toilet;. Water system.Self-checkUpon their arrival, Xi Jinping and his wife Peng Liyuan were warmly greeted by the Belgian King Philippe, Queen Mathilde and Prime Minister Elio Di Rupo. The state leaders of the two countries walked into the Chinese Garden together. It was like walking in a quiet, peaceful and harmonious Chinese painting of freehand brushwork, with the delicately painted and decorated pavilions, carved beams and painted rafters along the way, with birds twittering and flowers blooming with fragrance. The two heads of state and their wives walked along the winding corridor and path, through thegreen and luxuriant bamboo grove to the panda garden. They walked and talked on their way about the friendly exchanges between China and Belgium.Unit 3Lead-in1. C3. 1) c 2) a 3) d 4) bReading A1. 1) E 2) B 3) A 4) D 5) C2. A U A UReading B1. B C D A2. 1) BGI 2) H 3) EL 4) ADJ 5) CFK3.1) boil 2) clean 3) roast 4) scramble 5) steam 6) sauté 7) fry 8) roll 9) stew 10) broil 11) blend 12) pickleReading C1. T T F T F TSelf-check1) Noodles are the symbol of longevity in Chinese culture, so Chinese people will have a bowl of noodles on their birthday, and the noodle strands should not be cut up.2) Chinese cuisine involves eight major branches. Influenced by the geography, climate, local product and eating habit, each of the eight regional cuisines has its own distinctive features.3) Chinese people stress filial piety all the time. The practice of presenting the best or fine food first to the senior members of the family has been observed for countless generations.4) In many parts of China, particularly northern China, wheat-based products including noodles and steamed buns predominate, in contrast to southern China, where rice is dominant.Unit 4Lead-in1. T2.FReading A1. A. Longjing, Biluochun, Huangshan Maofeng, Junshan SilverB. Qi Hong, Dian Hong, Ying HongC. Tieguanyin, Dahongpao (Big Red Robe)D. Pu-erhE. Jasmine tea, Orchid tea, Plum tea, Gardenia tea, Rose tea, Osmanthus tea2. 1) Parking in this street is the privilege of the residents here.2) There is no agreement on who should pay the costs imposed by new environmental standards.3) The exhibition features paintings by a couple of contemporary artists.4) In that country, the production of raw materials accounts for a considerable proportion of the national economy.3. F C D A B G EReading B1. 1) rocks; purple; curled; cultivated tiny sprouts2) frying and steaming; pounding and grinding; bamboo sieves; apparatus3) April, and May; beginning to unfold; a rainy day4) spring water; swift, clear currents; close human habitation; constantly5) singing noise; water forms billows2. 1) The best kind of tea grows wild on rocks; those cultivated in plantations are second in quality.2) Tea is picked in the second, third and fourth months of the lunar calendar. After picking, the buds/sprouts are steamed, pounded (ground), roasted, then pierced through and packaged.Reading C1. 3 6 4 11 7 10 8 5Self-check1) Ever since, tea has become an integral thread in the social and cultural fabric of China.2) Europeans had become fascinated/infatuated by this Eastern/Oriental drink.3) tea is consumed all day long both for its ceremonial and cultural significance, and for its taste.4) Green tea, particularly, is considered to be a classic beauty aid and a diet tea.Unit 5Lead-in1. 1) C 2) A 3) E 4) B 5) D2. BReading A1. F F T T T2. 3 6 11 1 7Reading B1. 1) C 2) E 3) A 4) B 5) D2. F T F T F3. 1) February 2) May 3) OctoberReading C1. 1) health and longevity; 2) clear and intelligible 3) herbal medicine4) therapeutic benefits2. 1) external pathogen 2) imbalances and deficiencies 3) invader 4) detoxify 5) eliminateSelf-check1) Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) 2) Western medicine3) The Unity of Heaven and Humanity 4) eliminating fire5) expelling dampness 6) closely connected and mutually interacting7) Yin-Yang Theory and Five Elements Theory 8) Yin and Yang are out of balanceUnit 6Lead-in1. C2. DReading A1. 21 17 4 12 192. F T F T F TReading B1. 1）C-e 2) A-c 3) B-a 4) E-b 5) D-d2. 1) Spring 2) Month Ten 3) Month Twelve4) The farmers worked intensively and arduously throughout the year; however, they and theirfamily lived a miserable life of poverty. They presented delicate food and clothes to their lord, whose life was luxurious and comfortable.Reading C1. 1) The website examined the link between personal saving habits and the Chinese zodiac.2) The snake is a bit of a risk-taker.3) In order to celebrate and inspire visitors to spend.2. associate Finance showcase adorn compete forSelf-check1. lunisolar astronomical observations the Jewish calendar a leap year2. 1) the Chinese zodiac 2) is associated with 3) the Gregorian calendar 4) Chinese communitiesUnit 7Lead-in1. 1）C 2) E 3) A 4) B 5) D2. CReding A1. T T F T T F T F T2. A（3,4）B(10) C(8) D(9) E(6)Reading B1. Wife: Yuji Rival: Liu Bang Subordinate: Senior eunych Advisors: Hanxin; Li Zuoche2. D F A C B G E3. 1) I could pull down mountains with might and main; but my good fortune wanes, and my steed won't fight.2) Wait a minute. Songs of Chu Kingdom are being sung everywhere here. Is it because Liu Bang has occupied the territories of the Chu Kingdom?3) Now the separatist warlords will vie for the throne. It is nothing unusual to be in an adverse position occasionally.4) Eight thousand soldiers have been lost already. In the future how can I face the parents of the fallen living on the east side of the river.5) For decades, we have loved and depended on each other. But now the moment has come thatwe must part from each other.Reading C1. 1) positive 2) Negative 3) Positive2. 1) C 2) E 3) A 4) B 5) DSelf-check1) The origin of Chinese opera can be traced back to the singing and dancing and religious rituals in primitive times. Through a very long period of development and reform, in the late Song Dynasty and the early Yuan Dynasty, Chinese Opera formed a mature and complete artistic system.2) The music of Peking opera mainly combines the Xi Pi tune, the Er Huang tune, and the melodies of Kunqu. Typical Chinese musical instruments are used in a Peking opera orchestra, such as Jing Hu (two-string fiddle), Pi Pa (Chinese lute), Sheng (reed pipes), drums and gongs.3) Among the hundreds of forms of opera throughout China, Peking opera had the greatest influence and is therefore regarded as a national opera.4) Facial painting is a prominent feature of Peking opera. It shows the character's age, profession and personality by using different patterns and colors. Each color symbolizes a certain characteristic.5) According to partial statistics, there are over 360 regional opera styles in China, among which Kunqu is one of the oldest extant forms of Chinese opera. Kunqu, which evolved from the Kunshan melody in the Yuan Dynasty, boasts a 600-year history.Unit 8Lead-in1. 1) brush 2) ink stick 3) paper 4) ink stone/slab2. D C CReading A1. 1) board games 2) unified and standardized 3) square; architectural4) grinding or rubbing 5) seal-cutting; sculpture; handicrafts2. 1) official script(li shu) 2) running script (xing shu) 3) cursive script (cao shu)4) sticks 5) stones/slabs 6) functions 7) bamboo 8) porcelain 9) jade10) pines that grow on Huangshan Mountain in Anhui Province 3. 11) Xuan paper12) fine textured 13) Tao yan 14) slippery3. 1) 书法表现的是线条与节奏的抽象之美，它能够反映出人的情感态度、操守品格、个性特点、文化水平、个人修养、知识品位以及人生态度。
中国文化英语教程课后答案张桂萍
中国文化英语教程课后答案张桂萍1、Every morning John takes a（）to his office. [单选题] *A. 20-minutes' walkB. 20 minute ' walkC. 20-minutes walkD. 20-minute walk(正确答案)2、What lovely weather,（）? [单选题] *A.is itB. isnt it(正确答案)C. does itD.doesn’t it3、John suggest _____ anything about it until they found out more facts. [单选题] *A not to sayB. not sayC to say notD not saying(正确答案)4、Though my best friend Jack doesn’t get（）education, he is knowledgeable. [单选题] *A. ManyB. littleC. fewD. much(正确答案)5、You should stick to your（）and tell him you won' t do the thing. [单选题] *A. principle(正确答案)B. qualityC. contactD. influence6、It’s raining outside. Take an _______ with you. [单选题] *A. cashB. life ringC. cameraD. umbrella(正确答案)7、The Yangtze River is one of （）the in the world. [单选题] *A. longest riverB. longest rivers(正确答案)C. longer riverD. longer rivers8、The students _____ outdoors when the visitors arrived. [单选题] *A. were playing(正确答案)B. have playedC. would playD. could play9、What do you think of the idea that _____ honest man who married and brought up a large family did more service than he who continued single and only talked of _____ population. [单选题] *A. a, /B. an, /C. a, theD. an, the(正确答案)10、The students in that university are not fewer than（）in our university. [单选题] *A. the oneB. thatC. themD. those(正确答案)11、Don’t play games on the computer all day. It’s ______ for your eyes. [单选题] *A. bad(正确答案)B. usefulC. helpfulD. thankful12、( )He killed the enemy guard and made away _________the villagers. [单选题] *A. with the helpB. with helpC. with help ofD. with the help of(正确答案)13、Last year Polly _______ an English club and has improved her English a lot. [单选题] *A. leftB. sawC. joined(正确答案)D. heard14、English is very important in our daily life. Never _______. [单选题] *A. give up itB. give it up(正确答案)C. give away itD. give it away15、We sent our children to school to prepare them for the time _____ they will have to work for themselves. [单选题] *A. thatB. when(正确答案)C. whileD. as16、A brown bear escaped from the zoo, which was a（）to everyone in the town. [单选题] *A. HarmB. violenceC. hurtD. threat(正确答案)17、I _______ play the game well. [单选题] *A. mustB. can(正确答案)C. wouldD. will18、31．A key ring is used __________ holding the keys. [单选题] *A．toB．inC．for (正确答案)D．with19、_______ your parents at home last week? [单选题] *A. IsB. WasC. AreD. Were(正确答案)20、5．Shanghais is known ________ “the Oriental Pearl”, so many foreigners come to visit Shanghai very year. [单选题] *A．forB．as (正确答案)C．withD．about21、82．—Is there a bookshop near here?—Yes. Walk ________ the road for five minutes and you'll see one near a big tree. [单选题] *A．toB．along(正确答案)C．ofD．about22、Alice is fond of playing ____ piano while Henry is interested in listening to ___ music. [单选题] *A. the, /(正确答案)B. the, theC. the, aD. /, the23、Before you quit your job, （）how your family will feel about your decision. [单选题] *A. consider(正确答案)B. consideringC. to considerD. considered24、10．Mum, let me help you with your housework, so you ________ do it yourself. [单选题] * A．don’t need to(正确答案)B．need toC．don’t needD．need25、She’s _______ with her present _______ job. [单选题] *A. boring; boringB. bored; boredC. boring; boredD. bored; boring(正确答案)26、61．How is online shopping changing our way? ? ? ? ? ? life? [单选题] *A．of(正确答案)B．inC．onD．for27、- I haven't been to Guilin yet.- I haven t been there, ______. [单选题] *A. tooB. alsoC. either(正确答案)D. neither28、He can’t meet his friends tonight because he _______ do homework. [单选题] *A. has to(正确答案)B. needC. have toD. don’t have to29、Chinese is one of ____ most widely used languages in ____ world. [单选题] *A. a, theB. /, theC. the, the(正确答案)D. a, /30、What’s the price and what sort of _______ do you offer? [单选题] *A. advantageB. accountC. displayD. discount(正确答案)。
中国文化英语教程翻译
中国文化英语教程翻译Chinese Culture English TutorialIntroductionChinese culture is one of the oldest and most diverse in the world. With a recorded history of over 5,000 years, it has greatly influenced the development of numerous aspects of human civilization. In this English tutorial, we will explore various aspects of Chinese culture, ranging from its traditional customs and beliefs to its modern contributions in technology and arts. Traditional Customs and Beliefs1. Confucianism: Confucianism, founded by Confucius in the 5th century BC, has had a profound impact on Chinese society. Its teachings emphasize the importance of filial piety, respect for elders, and the pursuit of moral perfection.2. Taoism: Taoism, originating from Laozi in the 6th century BC, focuses on living in harmony with nature and seeking balance inall aspects of life. It advocates for simplicity, self-reflection, and detachment from material desires.3. Buddhism: Buddhism, introduced to China in the 1st century AD, emphasizes the pursuit of enlightenment and liberation from suffering. Throughout history, it has greatly influenced Chinese art, literature, and philosophy.4. Lunar New Year: The Lunar New Year, also known as Spring Festival, is the most important traditional holiday in China. It is celebrated with various rituals and customs, including theexchange of red envelopes containing money, family gatherings, and firecracker displays.Modern Contributions1. Chinese Cuisine: Chinese cuisine is known for its diverse flavors, cooking techniques, and regional specialties. Popular dishes include Peking duck, dim sum, and kung pao chicken. It has gained worldwide popularity and has become an important aspect of Chinese culture.2. Traditional Chinese Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has a history of over 2,000 years and includes practices such as acupuncture, herbal medicine, and tai chi. It is based on the belief in maintaining balance and harmony within the body to achieve overall health.3. Martial Arts: Chinese martial arts, such as Kung Fu and Tai Chi, have gained international recognition for their unique movements and philosophy. They promote physical fitness, self-discipline, and spiritual growth.4. Chinese Festivals: Apart from the Lunar New Year, China celebrates various cultural festivals throughout the year, such as the Lantern Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, and Mid-Autumn Festival. These festivals showcase traditional performances, food, and customs.ConclusionChinese culture is a rich tapestry of ancient traditions and modern contributions. Its influence extends beyond its borders andcontinues to captivate people worldwide. By understanding and appreciating Chinese culture, we can foster greater cross-cultural understanding and harmony in our globalized world.。
中国文化英语教程翻译
中国文化英语教程翻译Chinese Culture English Course TranslationIntroduction:Chinese culture is one of the oldest and richest cultures in the world, with a history of over 5,000 years. It includes a diverse range of traditions and customs that have evolved throughout the years. The aim of this course is to provide a brief overview of Chinese culture, including its history, language, cuisine, arts, and customs.History:Language:Chinese language is the most widely spoken language in the world, with over 1.2 billion speakers in both China and abroad. The Chinese language is a tonal language, with each syllable having a tone that gives meaning to the word. Chinese characters are abstract and difficult to learn, but they are essential to understanding Chinese culture.Cuisine:Chinese cuisine is renowned for its variety and delicious flavors. Chinese food is bold, flavorful, and diverse with eight main regional culinary traditions including Cantonese, Sichuan, Hunan, Shandong, Fujian, Huaiyang, Zhejiang, and Anhui cuisine.Chinese cuisine is often characterized by its use of herbs and spices, soy sauce, and vegetables.Arts:Chinese arts are diverse, including traditional painting, calligraphy, sculpture, and architecture. Chinese painting often depicts landscapes, flowers and birds, and mythical creatures. Calligraphy is considered the highest art form in China, with the structure and beauty of the characters praised over the content. Traditional Chinese architecture is characterized byits intricate detailing, including roofs with curved edges and dragon patterns.Customs:Conclusion:Overall, Chinese culture boasts a rich history, language, cuisine, arts, and customs. This course has provided an overview of some of these aspects, but there is still much to learn about this fascinating culture.。
中国文化英语教程文本
Part I Wisdom and BeliefsUnit 1 Confucian thought on heaven and humanityConfucius (551-479 BC), known in China as Kongzi, given name Qiu and alias Zhongni, was a native of Zouyi (present-day Qufu in Shandong Province) of the State of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC). A great thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism, Confucius is an ancient sage to the Chinese people. His words and life story were recorded by his disciples and their students in The Analects (Lunyu).Confucius on Heaven: the source of EverythingIn the Shang (1600-1046 BC) and Zhou (1046-256 BC) dynasties, the prevalent concept of “Heaven”was that of a personified god, which influenced Confucius. Generally, however, Confucius regarded “Heaven”as nature. He said, “Heaven does not speak in words. It speaks through the rotation of the four seasons and the growth of all living things.” Obviously, heaven equaled nature, in the eyes of Confucius. Moreover, nature was not a lifeless mechanism separate from humans; instead, it was the great world of life and the process of creation of life. Human life was part and parcel of nature as a whole.Confucius on People: ren and liRen and Li are the two core concepts of Confucius’s doctrine about people.When his students Fan Chi asked him about ren, Confucius replied, “love people”. This is Confucius’ most important interpretation of ren. Love for the people is universal love. Confucius further emphasized that this kind of love should “begin with the love for one’s parents”. He believed no one could love people in general if they did not even love their own parents. Confucius regarded “filial piety and fraternal duty”as the essence of ren. The Doctrine of the Mean (Zhongyong) quotes Confucius as saying, “ The greatest love for people is the love for one’s parents.” He also said, “Children should not travel far while their parents are alive. If they have no choice but to do so, they must retain some restraint.” He did not mean that children should not leave their parents at all. What he meant was that children should not make the parents anxious about them while away from home. Confucius said again, “Children should think often of the age of their parents. They should feel happy for the health and longevity of their parents. They should also feel concern for the aging of their parents.”By ren, Confucius meant universal love based on love for one’s parents. How should people love one another then? Confucius said, “One should be aware that other people may have similar desires as oneself. While fulfilling one’s desires, allow others to fulfill their desires as well.” He further said, “Do not do toward others anything you would not want to be done to you.” Thus from oneself to one’s family, from family to society, one should extend love to all people. Mencius (c. 372-289 BC), a great Confucian scholar, best summarized ren as, “loving one’s parents, loving the people, loving everything in the world.”Li refers to rituals, traditions and norms in social life. Of these, Confucius regarded burial rituals and ancestral worship rituals as the most important, because they rose from human feelings. He said, “A child should not leave his parents’ bosom until he is three years old.” He naturally love his parents. The ritual of wearing mourning for a deceased parent for three years was an expression of the child’s love and remembrance.Confucius on the State of lifeBefore Confucius, only the nobility had the right to education. He was the first figure in Chinese history to initiate private education. According to historical records, Confucius taught for many years and trained 3,000 disciples. A total of 72 of them excelled in the “six arts”, i.e., ritual, music, archery, (carriage)driving, calligraphy, and mathematics. A great educator, Confucius has been admired by later generations as the “sage of sages”.Confucius believed the basic goal of education was to cultivate “persons of virtue”, who should have sound character and uplifted minds. Such people should be able to shoulder important social responsibilities and to make contributions to society. Confucius regarded lofty ideals, great virtue, love of people, and the “six arts” as the general principles of education. Of these, virtue was the most important. His students were involved in a variety of professions, including politics, trade, education, diplomacy, ritual ceremony, and classifying ancient books. Whatever they did, they all wanted to improve their learning of the humanities and to enhance their virtue.Unit 2 Laozi’s philosophy of Non-actionThe book Laozi was written around the sixth century BC. The author is generally believed to be Lao Dan, or Laozi – a recluse who lived during the Spring and Autumn Period. Few records have survived about Lao Dan, who was said to have once held a low civil position in the royal court, in chare of the archival records of the Zhou Dynasty. Yet, due to his great learning, even Confucius was said to have traveled miles to consult him.Laozi, also known as Classic of the Way and Virtue (Dao De Jing), consists of just over 5,000 Chinese characters. Its 81 chapters are divided into two parts, Dao (the Way) and De (Virtue). Short as it is, the book has played a tremendous role in the development of Chinese culture. It became the basis of Daoism, the school of philosophy parallel to Confucianism in ancient China. The thought of Laozi formed the foundation of Daoism, the most influential indigenous school of religion in China. It has also exerted a direct impact on the characteristics, trends of thought and aesthetic sensibilities of the Chinese nation. Today Laozi still plays a role in the development of Chinese thinking.Naturalness and Non-action“Naturalness” is an important concept of Laozi’s philosophy. It refers to a natural state of being, an attitude of following the way of nature. Laozi emphasized that everything in the world has its own way of being and development: birds fly in the sky, fish swim in the water, clouds float in the sky, flowers bloom and flowers fall. All these phenomena occur independently and naturally without following any human will, and humans should not try to change anything natural. Laozi admonished people to give up on any desire to control the world. Following the way of nature is the way to resolving conflicts between humans and the world.“Non-action”is another important concept of Laozi’s philosophy. It is the guarantee of “Naturalness”. Laozi said, “(Dao or the Way) acts through non-action,” by which he did no mean that one should do nothing and passively wait for something to be achieved. Neither did he deny human creativity. What he meant is that human enterprises should be built on the basis of naturalness, not on many attempts to interrupt the rhythm of nature. Human creativity should be in compliance with the ways of nature.The philosophy of Non-contentionOn the basis of “naturalness” and “non-action”, Laozi proposed the view of “overcoming the strong by being weak”. The era Laozi lived in was replete with endless wars. Therefore, war wasan important treme for philosophers, and ant-war thinking was the norm. Even the great strategist Sunzi advocated “winning a war without fighting it”, not to mention the great thinker Confucius, who strongly championed a government based on love. Their contemporary Mozi (c. 468-376 BC), founder of Mohism, also condemned wars while calling for “love for all”.According to Laozi, war springs from humanity’s bloated desires. Conflict arises out of people’s struggles to satisfy their desires, and conflict escalates into war. Therefore, Laozi’s philosophy is based on “non-contention”. To him, human striving and competitive strife is the root cause of decline; desiring nothing is the natural way of life.Laozi said, “The greatest virtue is like water.”He compared his philosophy of “non-contention” to water, to distinguish it from the law of the jungle. He said, “Water nourishes everything but contends for nothing.” To Laozi, humans tend to seek higher positions while water always flows to lower places. Driven by desire, humans like whatever they think is superior while despising whatever they think is inferior. Yet water always flows downward. As the source of life, water nourishes all living things on Earth. No life can exist without water. Water contributes to the world without regard for gain or loss. Remaining low, level and tranquil, water embraces and reflects everything under heaven. The way of water is completely different from the way of people with avid desires.But the philosophy of Laozi is by no means weak. On the contrary, it is full of strength. According to Laozi, water accumulates great strength in its weakness and quietude. Its strength can break down all barriers in the world. He said, “Nothing in the world is weaker than water. Yet nothing is stronger than water when it comes to breaking something strong.” Water is a typical example of the weak winning over the strong. Water is invincible because it desires nothing and contends for nothing.Unit 3 Chinese Buddhist CultureWho am I? Where am I from? Where am I going?Men are mortal. But death is not an once-and-for-all thing. They enter the rotating Wheel of Six Realms:Heaven, Human, Asura, Animal, Hungry Ghost, Hell.Documents stored in computer can be canceled at will, but what we have done in our life, and actually in our innumerable lives, cannot. What has been done has been done. The information is stored in your true “self”, not the physical one, and will accompany you life after life, and determines which Realm you enter.Only when we are completely free from lust, hatred, and folly, can we manage to break away from the capture of the rotating Wheel, and achieve perpetual enlightenment, discovering your true “self”.In Buddhism there isn’t any dominating god who controls your destiny. We are the maker of our own fate. What we are at present is a result of what we have done in the past; and what we will be in the future is decided by what we are doing at present. What we have done form the “karma”, which, like a gene, decides on your future story. But this “gene” can of c ourse be modified, by doing good deeds and obtaining healthy biological and spiritual energy, so as to change our future course of career. We are, therefore, our own master. What are the basic requirements for a Buddhist?Five Prohibitions for the laymen:1) Don’t kill;2) Don’t steal;3) Don’t seek aberrant sensual pleasures;4) Don’t talk irresponsibly;5) Don’t drink alcohol.Part II Creativity and ExchangeUnit 4 The Silk RoadThe silk road refers to a transport route connecting ancient China with Central Asia, West Asia, Africa, and the European continent. It appeared as early as the second century BC and was traveled mainly by silk merchants. The term “Silk Road”, or “die Seidenstrasse”in German, was first noted down by the German geographer Ferdinand V on Richthofen at the end of the 19th century.The silk road began in Chang’an (present-day Xi’an, capital of Shaanxi Province), passing through Gansu and Xinjiang to Central Asia, West Asia, and to lands by the Mediterranean. There were no signs of communication between ancient Chinese civilization and Mediterranean civilization in earlier history. In about the seventh century BC, the ancient Greeks began to learn about an ancient civilization to the east, yet knew little about it. Before the Silk Road, according to archeological findings, there had already existed an intermittent trade route on the grasslands from the Yellow River and the Indus River drainage areas to the Euphrates and the Tigris, and the Nile drainage areas. Yet real communication between China, Central and West Asian countries, Africa and the European continent did not develop until the opening of the Silk Road.Zhang Qian, Trail BlazerThe pioneer who blazed the trail of the Silk Road was Zhang Qian (c. 164-114 BC). In Zhang Qian’s time, the Chinese has little knowledge about Central and West Asian countries, Africa or Europe, although they were aware of the existence of many different countries and cultures in faraway places to the west.During the reign of Emperor Wu (r. 140-135 BC), there were 36 small kingdoms in the Western Regions (present-day Xinjiang and parts of Central Asia). All of them were later conquered by the Huns, who then posed a direct threat to the Western Han and blocked the dynasty’s path west. Under these circumstances, Emperor Wu appointed Zhang Qian to lead a team of more than 100 envoys to the Western Regions.The mission was to unite the Indo-Scythic people against the Huns, who once killed their chieftain. Zhang Qian’s team set out in 138 BC. No sooner had they entered the Hexi Corridor (northwest of present-day Gansu Province), than they were captured by the Huns. After being held under house arrest for over ten years, Zhang Qian and only one other remaining envoy managed to escape and return to Chang’an in 126 BC. Their accounts about the Western Regions were a revelation to Hun emperor and his ministers.In the next two decades, Emperor Wu launched three major campaigns against the Huns, forcing them to retreat from the Western Regions. In 119 BC, the emperor sent Zhang Qian on a second mission to the Western Regions. This time Zhang Qian went further west, while his deputies reached more than a dozen countries in South and West Asia, and the Mediterranean.Zhang Qian’s two missions to the Western Regions opened up the road to the west. Emperor Wu adopted a series of measures to strengthen ties with the Western Regions, includingencouraging Han People to trade there.Soon the route was bustling with caravans of camels carrying goods of all types and reverberating with the tinkling of their bells. Through the Silk Road, trade flourished between China and Central, South and West Asian countries, Africa and Europe. In 166, envoys from Rome arrived via the Silk Road in Chang’an, were they set up an embassy.Part III Art and AestheticsUnit 5 Music: Govern the Country, Nourish the MindThe tradition of Chinese music dates back to remote antiquity. Governing the country and nourishing the mind through music are two of the main functions of this tradition.Governance Through MusicAccording to ancient Chinese culture, rituals provided the norms of conduct of people. The goal was to maintain social order.Music was for the mind’s cultivation and expression. Its purpose was to enhance people’s outlook on life and imbue them with energy and creativity, such that they could enjoy a more harmonious and happier spiritual life. Individual contentment would then lead to social harmony, as well as to a more harmonious relationship between people and nature. The highest level of ancient Chinese music was to represent spiritual with nature.The prominent stature of music in ancient China explains the emergence of sophisticated instruments from early times. Chime bells were one example. First used in the Shang Dynasty, they became quite popular during the Western Zhou Dynasty (1046-771 BC). In 1978, a fine set of chime bells was unearthed in Hubei Province, from the tomb of Marquis Yi, a local lord in a small state called Zeng during the Warring States Period.The Marquis Yi chime bells consist of 65 bells arranged in three rows. The first row includes 19 niu bells, and the second and third rows include 45 yong bells. The bells in each row differ from one another in shape and size, emanating(发出) different tones. In addition, there is a separate and much larger bell used to adjust pitch. Like the bells, the from is made of bronze, weighing as much as five tons or more. The total weight of the bells is more than 440 kilograms. While the bells bear inscriptions totaling more than 2,800 Chinese characters relating to music and the making of the instrument, the frame is carved with exquisite patterns in relief (浮雕) and fretwork(回纹细工). Instruments of such a scale and such fine craftsmanship were quite rate in the world at the time. Five musicians were needed to play the instrument. Each bell produces two tones when struck at the respective sound points as marked. The entire set of chime bells is able to produce all the tones of a modern piano.Consoling the Mind with MusicThe Chinese zither tends to create a tranquil air. The composition Wild Geese Landing on the Shallow Shore is such an example. With a relaxed rhythm, the first part of the piece depicts a calm Yangtze River under a clear autumn sky. The second part progresses into livelier rhythms to imitate the chirping of many birds. The third part presents a thematic scene of wild geese leisurely landing on the shallow shores of the Yangtze, as a gentle breeze makes the water ripple. To Chinese musicians and music lovers, the contentment of the wild geese represents the humanheart.The zither was also instrumental in communication between ancient scholars and artist. The famous zither composition, Three Stanzas of Plum Blossoms, was based on an Eastern Jin Dynasty story of the poet Wang Ziyou (王子猷) (c. 338-386) and the flute player Huan Yi (桓伊) (?-383). One day the poet was taking a boat trip when he overheard someone on the riverbank say Huan Yi was passing by. Although the two had never met before, they admired each other as poet and flute player. Despite his lower rank of office, Ziyou sent a family member to request Huan Yi to play the flute. Without hesitation, Huan Yi dismounted from his carriage and played Three Stanzas of Plum Blossoms, while Ziyou listened from his boat. After finishing, Huan Yi mounted his carriage and drove on. Ziyou, too, continued with his boat journey. The two of them exchanged not a single word, yet both were content with the communication of their hearts through the music.The flute’s three stanzas were later converted into a composition for the Chinese zither, which has become one of the best-known musical works –as an expression of otherworldly feelings through its eulogy of the plum flower’s purity, fragrance and resistance to the cold.Unit 6 Flying strokes of CalligraphyThe evolution of Chinese characters font甲骨文the Oracle bone script→金文Jinwen (Inscriptions on bronze )→篆书Seal script→隶书Official script→楷书Regular script→草书Cursive script→行书running scriptWang Xizhi and Preface to the Lanting Pavilion CollectionIn the Hall for Cultivation of Mind of the Palace Museum, there is a Three-treasurer Study, which derives its name for the three most valuable calligraphic works housed here. These three treasures, most valued and adored by Emperor Qianling (r. 1736-1795) of the Qing Dynasty, were A Sunny Scene after a Quick Snow by Wang Xizhi, Mid-Autumn by Wang Xianzhi and Boyuan by Wang Xun (349-400). As father and son, Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi hae been known as the “Two Wangs”, their works universally recognized as the peak of Chinese calligraphy.Unit 7 Porcelain – Calling Card of Chinese CultureIn English, the country and “porcelain”share the same name –“China”. This proves that Europeans have long known of China’s relationship to porcelain. Porcelain found its way to Europe in the 15th century, occupying an important position in the exchanges between China and other countries. The Keisel Randy Museum in Germany houses a blue-and-white bowl dating back to the Ming Dynasty. Throughout history, China, along with other Asian countries, and Europe maintained a busy and vast trade in porcelain. From 1602 to 1682, the Dutch East India Company transported more than 16 million articles of porcelain to Europe. Porcelain garnered a good reputation for China for its sophistication and elegance, and played an important role in the wave of the European idealization of China during the 17th and 18th centuries. In the rococo stylepopular in Europe of that time, one could sense, from time to time, the influence of “Chinese vogue”represented by China’s styles of porcelain and gardens.Porcelain is of great significance in the history of Chinese civilization. Pottery was the predecessor of porcelain, while glazed pottery was the basis for the emergence of porcelain. Around the first century, porcelain production first emerged in China, and by The Song Dynasty it had become mature. Song-Dynasty porcelain represented the acme of Chinese porcelain technique. Five famous kilns, the Jun, Ding, Guan, Ge, and Ru, were all creative and original in their respective products, and their porcelain ware has been imitated by later generations throughout the ages. In the Yuan Dynasty, Jingdezhen became the center of the Chinese Porcelain industry.Pure Blue-and-White PorcelainPure and elegant beauty is the goal that porcelain pursues, and this ideal is best explained in the production of blue-and-white porcelain.Blue-and-white porcelain is a typical artifact of porcelain in China. Among the porcelain exported during the Ming and Qing dynasties, 80 percent was blue-and-white. Chinese-made blue-and-white porcelain ware emerged long before the founding of the Tang Dynasty, but it was not until the Yuan Dynasty that this type of porcelain came to be produced in quantity, with the attendant masterpieces. The Ming Dynasty witnessed the maturity of the art, and a large number of valuable pieces were produced in this period. Jingdezhen, a small town that created the enchanting blue-and-white porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty, became its porcelain-producing center; and in the subsequent Ming Dynasty, the imperial kilns were established here. Blue-and-white porcelain is now the most representative of Chinese porcelain.To produce blue-and-white porcelain, cobalt oxide is requisite. It is employed to draw on the white roughcast before glaze is applied. After kilning at a high temperature, the roughcast turns into blue-and-white porcelain, since cobalt oxide turns blue with heat. The white surface with blue patterns and a shiny sheen of glaze produces a pure, elegant and transparent effect.Unit 8 Peking Opera: Artistry of PerformersThe Delights of Peking Opera MasksChina’s Peking Opera radiates with the beauty of resplendent color –vivid, intense and glamorous. This artistic beauty comes not only from the costumes but also from the masks of exaggerated, dazzling designs, gleaming with red, purples, whites, yellows, blacks, blues, greens, every diverse color imaginable.Masks, applied to the two roles of the “jing”or “painted-face role”and the “chou”or “clown”, serve two purposes. One is to indicate the identity and character of the role. For example, a “red face”means the person is loyal and brave; a “black face”signifies the person is straightforward; and “a white face”identifies the person as crafty and evil. The other purpose is to express people’s appraisal of the roles from a moral and aesthetic point of view, such as respectable, hateful, noble, ridiculous, etc.Peking Opera Performance: Sing, Speak, Act, and FightThe performance of a Peking Opera actor can be summarized into four basic aspects, of singing, speaking, acting, and fighting, the core of which is a combination of song and choreography.Singing is of utmost importance in the performance of Peking Opera, because first of all, Peking Opera is a singing art. Any famous Peking Opera boasts several wonderful arias that are well-known and popular with audiences. The charm of the melodies usually embodies the sublime realm of the art of Peking Opera. Unable to appreciate the magic of Peking Opera arias, one would fail to enjoy the profound beauty of the art itself.Speaking refers to character monologs and dialogs, which serve to propel the development of the story. Speaking, like singing, needs to be executed in an appealing way.Acting and fighting mean that actors employ physical movements to express the emotions of the characters and the circumstances. Acting includes body movements and eye movements, solo dancing or group dancing, etc. Most of the dancing is choreographed movements from everyday life. Fighting is choreographed martial arts and acrobatics to depict fight or battle scenes. As the art of Peking Opera depends on movement to depict events, actors are given much room to perform on the stage.In the opera Picking up the Jade Bracelet, the young woman Sun Yujiao and the young scholar fall in love with each other, their eyes affixed on each other as if a thread connected them. Then, as Matchmaker Liu uses her pipe to pull the “virtual” line up and down, the young couple’s eyes accordingly move up and down. These actions produce great humor and add much significance to the performance.Acting and fighting serve the whole “play”or the “world of images”, but at the same time they are themselves a beautiful art in both form and skill. For example, in King Chu Bids Farewell to His Concubine, artist Mei Lanfang performed a sword dance in a miraculously skillful way, which became very popular with audiences. This is a type of beauty in form. As for the beauty of skill, this usually includes some very difficult acrobatic movements, often referred to as “superb skills”.The uniqueness of performances in Peking Opera lies in the fact that the singing, speaking, acting, and fighting, all focus on one or two actors in the play.These performers used to be called “jue’er”, hence “mingjue” was used to refer to famous actors or actresses. In this sense, the world of imagery created in Peking Opera mainly relies on the singing, speaking, acting, and fighting of actors, especially in the performance of the famous plays. This is the biggest difference between Peking Opera and other forms of performing arts in terms of aesthetic appreciation. And the remark –“Peking Opera is the art of performers”–well describes its quintessence.The Beauty of a “Visual World”Depicting a “visual world”is a distinctive feature of Peking Opera. Its virtually consists of two aspects: one is virtual movements, and the other virtual settings. Virtual movement refers to imitating actions onstage. For example, riding a horse. Onstage, an actor cannot ride a real horse, but can only hold a whip and imitate the movement of galloping by walking around the stage, turning the body, wielding the whip, and pulling the reins. A virtual setting means creating an imagined environment onstage. For example, rowing a boat. As there is no water or boat on the stage, an actor usually takes an oar and, through actions, makes the audience “see”the rowing of a boat on water.One is At the Crossroad. This opera describes the story of two yamen runners escorting Jiao Zan to prison. On the way they stay at an inn for the night. Ren Tanghui, whose task is to protect Jiao Zan, checks in at the same time. The owner of the inn, however, suspects Ren Tanghui is planning to murder Jiao Zan, so he gropes his way into Ren’s room at night. Thus a fight starts. What is special about the performance is that, although the fight happens at night, the stage isbrightly lit; yet the audience is able to sense it is a pitch-dark night from the actors’performances, which feature stealthy movements typical of people in darkness. Sometimes, one man’ s sword swishes down, only a few inches away from the other’ s face, yet the latter feels nothing, thus producing a breathtaking yet meaningful and humorous effect.The other example is Autumn River, a play transplanted from Sichuan Opera. This story describes a young nun, Chen Miaochang who leaves the nunnery to pursue her lover Pan Bizheng. Onstage, there is neither water nor boat, but through the performance of the young woman and the old boatman, the audience is able to obviously “see”that the stage is a river. The boat sways forward; all the way there the girl complains about the boat for being slow, while the old boatman keeps teasing her about her anxiety to see her lover. The performance is full of wit and humor.These examples describe the function of the “virtual world” in the art of Peking Opera, which provides limitless room for the performances of actors; and in return, performers present the audience with a world of images full of appealing wit. If in fact the stage of At the Crossroad was really all black to represent the dark night, and there was a real boat on the stage of Autumn River, what could the actors do? And what we still find as much wit and meaning in the performances? We doubt it.Part IV Folk CustomsUnit 9 Life with Fragrant TeaTea is a wonderful beverage originally produced in China about 4,000 years ago. During the Tang Dynasty, Japanese monks introduced tea seeds to Japan, and by combining tea with Zen Buddhism, created the world-famous Japanese tea ceremony. In the 17th century, the Dutch took to Europe the Chinese habit of tea drinking, which then became a tradition of the Europeans. In England in particular, people developed the custom of afternoon tea. Prior to the 19th century, all the tea in the world was grown in China, and even the English word “tea”was a transliteration of the pronunciation of “tea”in the Fujian dialect of China. Tea is an important contribution of the Chinese people to the world.Ways of Savoring TeaThe Chinese people look to tea drinking as an art, which incorporates a wide range of knowledge; the taste of tea might be light, yet the meaning is rich and deep.The Chinese attach great importance to the water, tea leaves, tea set, and fire, when making and drinking tea.Water is an element of priority in the making of tea. To make a good cup of tea, quality water is a must. The ancient Chinese commented on tea making thus: the tea must be new, and water must be live, or flowing. Lu Yu(陆羽) (733-804), the Saint of the Tang Dynasty, pointed out that, to make fine, water from high mountains is the best, followed by water from rivers and wells. In the cloud-enveloped high mountains, crystal clear spring water is the best for making tea; water in the brooks though also good, is not pure because it smells of the earth, therefore is only second best. Considered third is water from wells, as artificial springs from underground are often stagnant and tinted with the flavor of salt. It is thus no match at all for uncontaminated mountain spring water. Unluckily for us today, we do not even have the third type of water to make tea; we use either tap water or artificially purified water – a true pity indeed!。
中国人话英语教程中第20单元课文翻译
中国人话英语教程中第20单元课文翻译After dinner, the fire clouds came up, and the glow blushed the child.The big white dog has turned to red.The red cock has turned into gold.The black hen has turned into red sandalwood.The old man feeding the pigs leaned against the wall and smiled at his two little white pigs turning into little golden pigs.He just wanted to say, "You have changed, too...," said a cool man who came next to him, " You need to live long enough. You are always with a golden beard.”The clouds in the sky burned from the west to the east, red, as if the sky was on fire.The fire clouds in this place have changed a lot, while red, while golden, while half purple and half yellow, while half gray and half lily color.Grape ash, pear yellow, eggplant purple, these colors are available in the sky.Still some say also can not say out, see also have not seen the color.After a while, a horse appeared in the sky, the horse head south and the ponytail west.The horse was a kneeling `, rising like a man riding on his back.After two or three seconds, the horse grew big, its legs were stretched out, its neck grew long, and its tail was gone.The viewer was looking for the horse's tail, and the horse was blurred.Suddenly another big dog came in.The dog was so fierce that he was running forward, seemingly going along with several small dogs.Running ran, the dog did not know where to go, the big dog also disappeared.Then came a big lion, just like the stone lion in front of the temple door, also so big, also so squatting, very powerful and calm squatting.But in a flash, it was changed.Never find it anymore. For a moment, in a trance, the sky is like this and like that, in fact, nothing is like, what also can not see clearly, he must lower his head, rub his eyes, calm down for a while to see again.But the sky does not wait for those children who love it.In a while, the fire went down.。
中国文化英语教程U ppt课件
Lead-in
Zhuozheng garden:
Text study
2.1 Introduction 2.2 A Winding Path to Places of Interest 2.3 Fascinating Stones 2.4 A Sense of Space
• Rock formations are as important to a Chinesestyle garden as sculptures are to a Europeanstyle garden, and may signify even more.
Fascinating Stones
Fascinating Stones
• Thinness represents unearthliness and aloofness. • Porosity signifies openness and flexibility. • Exquisiteness describes the characteristics of
being fine and delicate in texture. • Wrinkles are the curving forms and ripple-like
lines nurtured by water.
A Sense of Space
• Gardens in the south are mostly small in size. To evoke a sense of space, the use of “borrowing a distant view” is of special significance.
• More interestingly, through the windows, visitors may see different views at different angles, and thus the composition of the garden becomes infinitely enlarged.
中国文化英语教程unit
The Temple of Heaven: Reverence with Awe and Gratitude
Content
Lead-in Text study Exercises
Lead-in
Watch a video clip of The Temple of Heaven, and try to take down some words that used to describe it,.
Ceremonial Offerings of the Emperor
Note:
祈年殿是皇帝每年正月上辛日举行祈谷礼的地方，据说设计时以圆形平面象 征天，以四龙井柱象征四季，以十二根金柱和檐柱分别象征十二月和十二时 辰。
Ceremonial Offerings of the Emperor
• On the Winter Solstice (冬至), they would make offerings at the Circular Mound Altar (圜丘坛), to show their gratitude for the great compassion (同情) of Heaven toward the human world.
Introduction
• The Temple of Heaven was constructed during the reign of Emperor Yongle (r.1403-1424) of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), and completed in 1420, about the same time as the Forbidden City.
• The colors used invoke a strong sense of purity and sublimity (祟高)—qualities the Chinese attribute to Heaven.
中国文化英语教程Unit
The Strategic Thoughts of Sunzi
• Treachery is meant to entice (诱使) the enemy to make all sorts of mistakes, defeating them after they all into a state of chaos.
The Dialectical Thinking of Sunzi
Changeability • Situations of war are changeable at every
moment, perhaps the most changeable of all things in the world. • To win a war, the commander must be able to keep abreast of and adapt to such changes.
Unit 3
Sunzi’s Art of War:
Source for All Books on War
Content
Lead-in Text study Exercises
Lead-in
“The art of war is of vital importance to the state. It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be neglected.”
What’s the Chinese version of these lines? Where are they selected from? Whose words are they?
中国文化英语教程-unit-9-reading-A全文
Unit 1 Myths and Legends Text reading Tasks Mini-pedia
Unit 1 Myths and Legends
A General Introduction to Chinese Mythology
Yang Lihui, An Deming
Para.1 By Chinese mythology, we mean the body of myths historically recorded and currently transmitted within the present geographic boundaries of China. It should include not only myths transmitted by people of the Han ethnic group but also those by the other fifty-five ethnic groups living in this broad area. Since almost every ethnic group has its own mythical gods and stories about their creative actions, there is not a systematic, integrated, and homogeneous “Chinese mythology” held and transmitted by all the Chinese people. Even among Han people, there is not an integrated system of myths.
《中国文化英语教程》各单元useful expression合辑
珠江夜游 Pearl River Night Cruise
五岳 the five great mountains
飞来峰 the Floating Peak
四合院 siheyuan/quadrangle
天下第一关 the First Pass under Heaven
九曲桥 the Bridge of Nine Turnings
点心 dim sum 粥 congee/ porridge/gruel 肠粉 rice noodle roll 小笼包 small steamed bun 煎饺 fried dumpling 虾饺 shrimp dumpling 萝卜糕 turnip cake 蛋挞 egg custard tart 花卷 flower scallion roll 馒头 mantou/ plain steamed bun 奶黄包 sweet cream bun 麻球 sesame seed ball
fuzz tip 碧螺春 green spiral
茶花 茶树 采青 杀青 饮茶 品茶 泡茶 茶道 茶馆 茶几 茶具 茶盘
camellia tea bush tea harvesting tea heating tea drinking tea tasting tea brewing; infusing tea ceremony tea house tea table tea wares; utensils tea tray
采菊东篱下，悠然见南山 For I pick chrysanthemums under the eastern hedge, and far away to the south I can see the mountains.
远上寒山石径斜，白云深处有人家 A flag-stone path winds up into the chilly hills, where houses are just discernible amid the thick white cloud.
中国文化概况英语教程
March of the Volunteers 义勇军进行曲the Grand Canal between Beijing and Hangzhou 京杭descendants of Yan and Huang 炎黄子孙special administrative region 特别行政区one country , two systems 一国两制banning all schools of thought except Confucianism 罢黜Buddhist scriptures 佛经three obediences and four virtues 三从四德the Koran 古兰经When the Eight Immortals cross the sea ,each demonstrates their divine power .八仙过海philosophical prose 诸子散文literary criticism 文学评论Soft and Tuneful School 婉约派Four Great Classical Novels 四大名著the Nobel Price for Literature 诺贝尔文学奖regular script 楷书Four Treasures of the Study 文房四宝crosstalk 相声shadow play 皮影戏plucked instrument 弦乐器Preliminary Eve 小年Golden Week 黄金周Spring Festival Gala 春节联欢晚会Double Seventh Festival 七夕节autonomous prefecture 自治州eight regional cuisines 八大菜系double-stewed soup 老火靓汤oolong tea 乌龙茶arm-crossed wine 交杯酒A Bite of China 舌尖上的中国Silk Road 丝绸之路paddy-field costume 稻田装batik or wax painting 蜡染Chinese tunic suit 中山装betrothal gift 订婚礼物中国位于亚洲东部，太平洋西岸。
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The 3D animated version of A Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival at Shanghai Expo 2010
Lead-in
A Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival
• 《清明上河图》，中国十大传世名画之一，为北宋风俗画。 • 在五米多长的画卷里，共绘了五百五十多个各色人物，牛、 骡、驴等牲畜五、六十匹，车、轿二十多辆，大小船只二十 多艘。房屋、桥梁、城楼等各有特色。它不仅仅是现实主义 绘画艺术珍品也为我们提供了北宋大都市的商业、手工业、 民俗、建筑、交通工具等详实形象的第一手资料。具有很高 的历史价值和艺术价值。
A Horizontal Scroll of the Scenery along the Bianhe River
《二十四节气歌》 春雨惊春清谷天，夏满芒夏暑相连， 秋处露秋寒霜降，冬雪雪冬小大寒。 立春花开 雨水来淋 惊蛰春雷 蛙叫春分 清明[犁田] 谷雨春茶 立夏耕田 小满灌水 芒种看果 夏至看禾 小暑谷熟 大暑忙收 立秋之前 种完[番豆] 处暑[拭田] 白露[匀田] 秋分看禾 寒露前结 霜降一冷 立冬[打禾] 小大雪闲 等过冬年 小寒一年 大寒团圆
A Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival
A painting, created by the court artist Zhang Zeduan, depicts the hustle and bustle along the banks of the Bianhe River during the Qingming Festival at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty.
A Horizontal Scroll of the Scenery along the Bianhe River As the scroll unrolls, we come to the second section of detailed features. The Bianhe River begins to come into view. It is a river connecting south and north, on which boats busily come and go, effectively reflecting the prosperity of the time. At the start, there are only a couple of boats moored (停泊) along the bank, but as the river flows leftward, it becomes wider, the water becomes swifter, and many boats are seen sailing quickly in both directions.
Unit 20
Urban Customs in A Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival
Content
Lead-in
Text study
Exercises
Lead-in
Guess what these people are looking at?
A Horizontal Scroll of the Scenery along the Bianhe River • Underneath, a big boat is trying to pass under the bridge, its bow (船头) lower than its stem (船 尾). On the bow stands a man, frantically waving his arms, his mouth wide open as if giving orders; someone is trying to correct the direction of the boat by propping his pole against the base of the bridge; some boatmen are trying hard to work on the oars, while others standing on the awning (雨篷) quickly bring down the sail.
A Horizontal Scroll of the Scenery along the Bianhe River The scroll unveils further to the main scene in the second section, and also the focal point of the whole painting. This depicts a scene in the center of Bianliang — the Rainbow Bridge area.
A Horizontal Scroll of the Scenery along the Bianhe River The painting starts from the right with a depiction of spring in the outskirts of the city of Bianliang: brooks (溪) gurgling (潺潺地流) in the wilderness, with cottages tucked away among trees and roads crisscrossing into the far distance.
Scene at the Rainbow Bridge, in A Riverside Scene of Qingming Festival
A Horizontal Scroll of the Scenery along the Bianhe River A magnificent-looking wooden bridge arches over the Bianhe River, with people coming and going: merchants, travelers and sightseers. Many are holding onto the railings of the bridge, looking down at the river. Some are making animated gestures, appearing to be speaking, or shouting in surprise, while others appear astounded (震惊) in fright.
A Horizontal Scroll of the Scenery along the Bianhe River The boat is going forward, leaving whirls in its wake (船迹). At that critical moment as the boat has yet to pass, people on and under the bridge are all intensely absorbed in this singular event, with the rapid, whirling currents adding further tension to the scene of onlookers and boatmen.
清代 郎世宁《百骏图》
局部：
Text study
Introduction A Horizontal Scroll of the Scenery along the Bianhe River Urban civilization of the Northern Song Dynasty
Introduction
Scene in the outskirt, in A Riverside Scene of Qingming Festival
A Horizontal Scroll of the Scenery along the Bianhe River Old trees greet the breeze. their branches and twigs already tinged (清淡地染色) with light green. In the distance are boundless fields enveloped in hazy mist. Suddenly, a group of people appear, leading several donkeys, on their way to the city. To the left, there are lines of travelers, who are either on their way to graves to make offerings or are sightseers just back from the city. Donkeys and horses are seen neighing (嘶鸣), and people talking and laughing.
A Horizontal Scroll of the Scenery along the Bianhe River
The 24 solar terms (24节气) • It objectively reflects the changes in climate, rainfall, and phenology (物 候现象) over the course of a year. Therefore ancient Chinese arrange agricultural activities according to solar terms.