中国文化英语教程Unit 3
中国文化英语教程文本
Part I Wisdom and BeliefsUnit 1 Confucian thought on heaven and humanityConfucius (551-479 BC), known in China as Kongzi, given name Qiu and alias Zhongni, was a native of Zouyi (present-day Qufu in Shandong Province) of the State of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC). A great thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism, Confucius is an ancient sage to the Chinese people. His words and life story were recorded by his disciples and their students in The Analects (Lunyu).Confucius on Heaven: the source of EverythingIn the Shang (1600-1046 BC) and Zhou (1046-256 BC) dynasties, the prevalent concept of “Heaven”was that of a personified god, which influenced Confucius. Generally, however, Confucius regarded “Heaven”as nature. He said, “Heaven does not speak in words. It speaks through the rotation of the four seasons and the growth of all living things.”Obviously, heaven equaled nature, in the eyes of Confucius. Moreover, nature was not a lifeless mechanism separate from humans; instead, it was the great world of life and the process of creation of life. Human life was part and parcel of nature as a whole.Confucius on People: ren and liRen and Li are the two core concepts of Confucius's doctrine about people.When his students Fan Chi asked him about ren, Confucius replied, “love people”. This is Confucius' most important interpretation of ren. Love for the people is universal love. Confucius further emphasized that this kind of love should “begin with the love for one's parents”. He believed no one could love people in general if they did not even love their own parents. Confucius regarded “filial piety and fraternal duty”as the essence of ren. The Doctrine of the Mean (Zhongyong) quotes Confucius as saying, “The greatest love for people is the love for one's parents.”He also said, “Children should not travel far while their parents are alive. If they have no choice but to do so, they must retain some restraint.”He did not mean that children should not leave their parents at all. What he meant was that children should not make the parents anxious about them while away from home. Confucius said again, “Children should think often of the age of their parents. They should feel happy for the health and longevity of their parents. They should also feel concern for the aging of their parents.”By ren, Confucius meant universal love based on love for one's parents. How should peoplelove one another then Confucius said, “One should be aware that other people may have similar desires as oneself. While fulfilling one's desires, allow others to fulfill their desires as well.”He further said, “Do not do toward others anything you would not want to be done to you.”Thus from oneself to one's family, from family to society, one should extend love to all people. Mencius (c. 372-289 BC), a great Confucian scholar, best summarized ren as, “loving one's parents, loving the people, loving everything in the world.”Li refers to rituals, traditions and norms in social life. Of these, Confucius regarded burial ritualsand ancestral worship rituals as the most important, because they rose from human feelings. He said, “A child should not leave his parents' bosom until he is three years old.”He naturally love his parents. The ritual of wearing mourning for a deceased parent for three years was an expression of thechild's love and remembrance.Confucius on the State of lifeBefore Confucius, only the nobility had the right to education. He was the first figure in Chinese history to initiate private education. According to historical records, Confucius taught for many years and trained 3,000 disciples. A total of 72 of them excelled in the “six arts”, ., ritual, music, archery, (carriage)driving, calligraphy, and mathematics. A great educator, Confucius has been admired by later generations as the “sage of sages”.Confucius believed the basic goal of education was to cultivate “persons of virtue”, whoshould have sound character and uplifted minds. Such people should be able to shoulder important social responsibilities and to make contributions to society. Confucius regarded lofty ideals, great virtue, love of people, and the “six arts”as the general principles of education. Of these, virtue was the most important. His students were involved in a variety of professions, including politics, trade, education, diplomacy, ritual ceremony, and classifying ancient books. Whatever they did, they all wanted to improve their learning of the humanities and to enhance their virtue.Unit 2 Laozi's philosophy of Non-actionThe book Laozi was written around the sixth century BC. The author is generally believed to beLao Dan, or Laozi –a recluse who lived during the Spring and Autumn Period. Few records have survived about Lao Dan, who was said to have once held a low civil position in the royal court, in chare of the archival records of the Zhou Dynasty. Yet, due to his great learning, even Confucius was said to have traveled miles to consult him.Laozi, also known as Classic of the Way and Virtue (Dao De Jing), consists of just over 5,000 Chinese characters. Its 81 chapters are divided into two parts, Dao (the Way) and De (Virtue). Short as it is, the book has played a tremendous role in the development of Chinese culture. It became the basis of Daoism, the school of philosophy parallel to Confucianism in ancient China. The thought of Laozi formed the foundation of Daoism, the most influential indigenous school of religion in China. It has also exerted a direct impact on the characteristics, trends of thought and aesthetic sensibilitiesof the Chinese nation. Today Laozi still plays a role in the development of Chinese thinking. Naturalness and Non-action“Naturalness”is an important concept of Laozi's philosophy. It refers to a natural state of being, an attitude of following the way of nature. Laozi emphasized that everything in the world has its own way of being and development: birds fly in the sky, fish swim in the water, clouds float in the sky, flowers bloom and flowers fall. All these phenomena occur independently and naturally without following any human will, and humans should not try to change anything natural. Laozi admonished people to give up on any desire to control the world. Following the way of nature is the way to resolving conflicts between humans and the world.“Non-action”is another important concept of Laozi's philosophy. It is the guarantee of “Naturalness”. Laozi said, “(Dao or the Way) acts through non-action,”by which he did no mean that one should do nothing and passively wait for something to be achieved. Neither did he deny human creativity. What he meant is that human enterprises should be built on the basis of naturalness, not on many attempts to interrupt the rhythm of nature. Human creativity should be in compliance with the ways of nature.The philosophy of Non-contentionOn the basis of “naturalness”and “non-action”, Laozi proposed the view of“overcoming the strong by being weak”. The era Laozi lived in was replete with endless wars. Therefore, war was an important treme for philosophers, and ant-war thinking was the norm. Even the great strategist Sunzi advocated “winning a war without fighting it”, not to mention the great thinker Confucius, who strongly championed a government based on love. Their contemporary Mozi (c. 468-376 BC), founder of Mohism, also condemned wars while calling for “love for all”.According to Laozi, war springs from humanity's bloated desires. Conflict arises out ofpeople's struggles to satisfy their desires, and conflict escalates into war. Therefore, Laozi's philosophy is based on “non-contention”. To him, human striving and competitive strife is the root cause of decline; desiring nothing is the natural way of life.Laozi said, “The greatest virtue is like water.”He compared his philosophy of“non-contention”to water, to distinguish it from the law of the jungle. He said, “Water nourishes everything but contends for nothing.”To Laozi, humans tend to seek higher positions while water always flows to lower places. Driven by desire, humans like whatever they think is superior while despising whatever they think is inferior. Yet water always flows downward. As the source of life, water nourishes all living things on Earth. No life can exist without water. Water contributes to the world without regard for gain or loss. Remaining low, level and tranquil, water embraces and reflects everything under heaven. The way of water is completely different from the way of people with avid desires.But the philosophy of Laozi is by no means weak. On the contrary, it is full of strength.According to Laozi, water accumulates great strength in its weakness and quietude. Its strength can break down all barriers in the world. He said, “Nothing in the world is weaker than water. Yet nothing is stronger than water when it comes to breaking something strong.”Water is a typical example of the weak winning over the strong. Water is invincible because it desires nothing and contends for nothing.Unit 3 Chinese Buddhist CultureWho am I Where am I from Where am I goingMen are mortal. But death is not an once-and-for-all thing. They enter the rotating Wheel of Six Realms:Heaven, Human, Asura, Animal, Hungry Ghost, Hell.Documents stored in computer can be canceled at will, but what we have done in our life, and actually in our innumerable lives, cannot. What has been done has been done. The information is stored in your true “self”, not the physical one, and will accompany you life after life, and determines which Realm you enter.Only when we are completely free from lust, hatred, and folly, can we manage to break away from the capture of the rotating Wheel, and achieve perpetual enlightenment, discovering your true “self”.In Buddhism there isn't any dominating god who controls your destiny. We are the maker of our own fate. What we are at present is a result of what we have done in the past; and what we will be in the future is decided by what we are doing at present. What we have done form the “karma”, which, like a gene, decides on your future story. But this “gene”can of course be modified, by doing good deeds and obtaining healthy biological and spiritual energy, so as to change our future course of career. We are, therefore, our own master. What are the basic requirements for a BuddhistFive Prohibitions for the laymen:1) Don't kill;2) Don't steal;3) Don't seek aberrant sensual pleasures;4) Don't talk irresponsibly;5) Don't drink alcohol.Part II Creativity and ExchangeUnit 4 The Silk RoadThe silk road refers to a transport route connecting ancient China with Central Asia, West Asia, Africa, and the European continent. It appeared as early as the second century BC and was traveled mainly by silk merchants. The term “Silk Road”, or “die Seidenstrasse”in German, was first noted down by the German geographer Ferdinand Von Richthofen at the end of the 19th century.The silk road began in Chang'an (present-day Xi'an, capital of Shaanxi Province), passingthrough Gansu and Xinjiang to Central Asia, West Asia, and to lands by the Mediterranean. Therewere no signs of communication between ancient Chinese civilization and Mediterranean civilizationin earlier history. In about the seventh century BC, the ancient Greeks began to learn about an ancient civilization to the east, yet knew little about it. Before the Silk Road, according to archeological findings, there had already existed an intermittent trade route on the grasslands from the Yellow River and the Indus River drainage areas to the Euphrates and the Tigris, and the Nile drainage areas. Yetreal communication between China, Central and West Asian countries, Africa and the European continent did not develop until the opening of the Silk Road.Zhang Qian, Trail BlazerThe pioneer who blazed the trail of the Silk Road was Zhang Qian (c. 164-114 BC). In ZhangQian's time, the Chinese has little knowledge about Central and West Asian countries, Africa or Europe, although they were aware of the existence of many different countries and cultures in faraway places to the west.During the reign of Emperor Wu (r. 140-135 BC), there were 36 small kingdoms in the Western Regions (present-day Xinjiang and parts of Central Asia). All of them were later conquered by the Huns, who then posed a direct threat to the Western Han and blocked the dynasty's path west.Under these circumstances, Emperor Wu appointed Zhang Qian to lead a team of more than 100 envoys to the Western Regions.The mission was to unite the Indo-Scythic people against the Huns, who once killed theirchieftain. Zhang Qian's team set out in 138 BC. No sooner had they entered the Hexi Corridor (northwest of present-day Gansu Province), than they were captured by the Huns. After being held under house arrest for over ten years, Zhang Qian and only one other remaining envoy managed to escape and return to Chang'an in 126 BC. Their accounts about the Western Regions were arevelation to Hun emperor and his ministers.In the next two decades, Emperor Wu launched three major campaigns against the Huns,forcing them to retreat from the Western Regions. In 119 BC, the emperor sent Zhang Qian on a second mission to the Western Regions. This time Zhang Qian went further west, while his deputies reached more than a dozen countries in South and West Asia, and the Mediterranean.Zhang Qian's two missions to the Western Regions opened up the road to the west. EmperorWu adopted a series of measures to strengthen ties with the Western Regions, including encouragingHan People to trade there.Soon the route was bustling with caravans of camels carrying goods of all types andreverberating with the tinkling of their bells. Through the Silk Road, trade flourished between China and Central, South and West Asian countries, Africa and Europe. In 166, envoys from Rome arrived via the Silk Road in Chang'an, were they set up an embassy.Part III Art and AestheticsUnit 5 Music: Govern the Country, Nourish the MindThe tradition of Chinese music dates back to remote antiquity. Governing the country and nourishing the mind through music are two of the main functions of this tradition.Governance Through MusicAccording to ancient Chinese culture, rituals provided the norms of conduct of people. The goalwas to maintain social order.Music was for the mind's cultivation and expression. Its purpose was to enhance people'soutlook on life and imbue them with energy and creativity, such that they could enjoy a more harmonious and happier spiritual life. Individual contentment would then lead to social harmony, as well as to a more harmonious relationship between people and nature. The highest level of ancient Chinese music was to represent spiritual with nature.The prominent stature of music in ancient China explains the emergence of sophisticated instruments from early times. Chime bells were one example. First used in the Shang Dynasty, they became quite popular during the Western Zhou Dynasty (1046-771 BC). In 1978, a fine set of chime bells was unearthed in Hubei Province, from the tomb of Marquis Yi, a local lord in a small state called Zeng during the Warring States Period.The Marquis Yi chime bells consist of 65 bells arranged in three rows. The first row includes 19niu bells, and the second and third rows include 45 yong bells. The bells in each row differ from one another in shape and size, emanating(发出) different tones. In addition, there is a separate and much larger bell used to adjust pitch. Like the bells, the from is made of bronze, weighing as much as five tons or more. The total weight of the bells is more than 440 kilograms. While the bells bear inscriptions totaling more than 2,800 Chinese characters relating to music and the making of the instrument, the frame is carved with exquisite patterns in relief (浮雕) and fretwork(回纹细工). Instruments of such a scale and such fine craftsmanship were quite rate in the world at the time. Five musicians were needed to play the instrument. Each bell produces two tones when struck at the respective sound points as marked. The entire set of chime bells is able to produce all the tones of a modern piano.Consoling the Mind with MusicWild Geese Landing on the The Chinese zither tends to create a tranquil air. The composition Shallow Shore is such an example. With a relaxed rhythm, the first part of the piece depicts a calm Yangtze River under a clear autumn sky. The second part progresses into livelier rhythms to imitatethe chirping of many birds. The third part presents a thematic scene of wild geese leisurely landing on the shallow shores of the Yangtze, as a gentle breeze makes the water ripple. To Chinese musicians and music lovers, the contentment of the wild geese represents the human heart.The zither was also instrumental in communication between ancient scholars and artist. The Three Stanzas of Plum Blossoms, was based on an Eastern Jin Dynasty famous zither composition,One ) (-383).桓伊王子猷story of the poet Wang Ziyou () (c. 338-386) and the flute player Huan Yi (day the poet was taking a boat trip when he overheard someone on the riverbank say Huan Yi waspassing by. Although the two had never met before, they admired each other as poet and flute player. Despite his lower rank of office, Ziyou sent a family member to request Huan Yi to play the flute. Three Stanzas of Plum played and Yi dismounted from his carriage Without hesitation, Huan Blossoms, while Ziyou listened from his boat. After finishing, Huan Yi mounted his carriage and drove on. Ziyou, too, continued with his boat journey. The two of them exchanged not a single word, s three 'yet both were content with the communication of their hearts through the music.The flutestanzas were later converted into a composition for the Chinese zither, which has become one of thethe of its eulogy expression of otherworldly feelings through best-known musical works –as ans purity, fragrance and resistance to the cold.'plum flower Unit 6 Flying strokes of CalligraphyThe evolution of Chinese characters font甲骨文the Oracle bone script→金文Jinwen (Inscriptions on bronze )→篆书Seal script→隶书Official script→楷书Regular script→草书Cursive script→行书running scriptWang Xizhi and Preface to the Lanting Pavilion CollectionIn the Hall for Cultivation of Mind of the Palace Museum, there is a Three-treasurer Study,which derives its name for the three most valuable calligraphic works housed here. These three treasures, most valued and adored by Emperor Qianling (r. 1736-1795) of the Qing Dynasty, were A Sunny Scene after a Quick Snow by Wang Xizhi, Mid-Autumn by Wang Xianzhi and Boyuan byWang Xun (349-400). As father and son, Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi hae been known as the“Two Wangs”, their works universally recognized as the peak of Chinese calligraphy.Unit 7 Porcelain –Calling Card of Chinese CultureIn English, the country and “porcelain”share the same name –“China”. This proves that Europeans have long known of China's relationship to porcelain. Porcelain found its way to Europein the 15th century, occupying an important position in the exchanges between China and other countries. The Keisel Randy Museum in Germany houses a blue-and-white bowl dating back to the Ming Dynasty. Throughout history, China, along with other Asian countries, and Europe maintaineda busy and vast trade in porcelain. From 1602 to 1682, the Dutch East India Company transported more than 16 million articles of porcelain to Europe. Porcelain garnered a good reputation for Chinafor its sophistication and elegance, and played an important role in the wave of the European idealization of China during the 17th and 18th centuries. In the rococo style popular in Europe of that time, one could sense, from time to time, the influence of “Chinese vogue”represented by China's styles of porcelain and gardens.Porcelain is of great significance in the history of Chinese civilization. Pottery was thepredecessor of porcelain, while glazed pottery was the basis for the emergence of porcelain. Aroundthe first century, porcelain production first emerged in China, and by The Song Dynasty it had become mature. Song-Dynasty porcelain represented the acme of Chinese porcelain technique. Fivefamous kilns, the Jun, Ding, Guan, Ge, and Ru, were all creative and original in their respective products, and their porcelain ware has been imitated by later generations throughout the ages. In the Yuan Dynasty, Jingdezhen became the center of the Chinese Porcelain industry.Pure Blue-and-White PorcelainPure and elegant beauty is the goal that porcelain pursues, and this ideal is best explained in the production of blue-and-white porcelain.Blue-and-white porcelain is a typical artifact of porcelain in China. Among the porcelainexported during the Ming and Qing dynasties, 80 percent was blue-and-white. Chinese-madeblue-and-white porcelain ware emerged long before the founding of the Tang Dynasty, but it was not until the Yuan Dynasty that this type of porcelain came to be produced in quantity, with the attendant masterpieces. The Ming Dynasty witnessed the maturity of the art, and a large number of valuable pieces were produced in this period. Jingdezhen, a small town that created the enchantingblue-and-white porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty, became its porcelain-producing center; and in the subsequent Ming Dynasty, the imperial kilns were established here. Blue-and-white porcelain is now the most representative of Chinese porcelain.To produce blue-and-white porcelain, cobalt oxide is requisite. It is employed to draw on thewhite roughcast before glaze is applied. After kilning at a high temperature, the roughcast turns into blue-and-white porcelain, since cobalt oxide turns blue with heat. The white surface with blue patterns and a shiny sheen of glaze produces a pure, elegant and transparent effect.Unit 8 Peking Opera: Artistry of PerformersThe Delights of Peking Opera MasksChina's Peking Opera radiates with the beauty of resplendent color –vivid, intense and glamorous. This artistic beauty comes not only from the costumes but also from the masks of exaggerated, dazzling designs, gleaming with red, purples, whites, yellows, blacks, blues, greens, every diverse color imaginable.Masks, applied to the two roles of the “jing”or “painted-face role”and the “chou”or “clown”, serve two purposes. One is to indicate the identity and character of the role. For example, a “red face”means the person is loyal and brave; a “black face”signifies the person is straightforward; and “a white face”identifies the person as crafty and evil. The other purpose is to express people's appraisal of the roles from a moral and aesthetic point of view, such as respectable, hateful, noble, ridiculous, etc.Peking Opera Performance: Sing, Speak, Act, and FightThe performance of a Peking Opera actor can be summarized into four basic aspects, of singing, speaking, acting, and fighting, the core of which is a combination of song and choreography. Singing is of utmost importance in the performance of Peking Opera, because first of all, Peking Opera is a singing art. Any famous Peking Opera boasts several wonderful arias that are well-known and popular with audiences. The charm of the melodies usually embodies the sublime realm of the art of Peking Opera. Unable to appreciate the magic of Peking Opera arias, one would fail to enjoy the profound beauty of the art itself.Speaking refers to character monologs and dialogs, which serve to propel the development ofthe story. Speaking, like singing, needs to be executed in an appealing way.Acting and fighting mean that actors employ physical movements to express the emotions of the characters and the circumstances. Acting includes body movements and eye movements, solo dancingor group dancing, etc. Most of the dancing is choreographed movements from everyday life. Fighting Pekingof art the As scenes. battle or fight depict to acrobatics and arts martial choreographed isOpera depends on movement to depict events, actors are given much room to perform on the the Picking up the Jade Bracelet, the young woman Sun Yujiao and the young scholar fall in love operawith each other, their eyes affixed on each other as if a thread connected them. Then, as MatchmakerLiu uses her pipe to pull the “virtual”line up and down, the young couple's eyes accordingly the significance to and add much and down. These actions produce great humor move up“world of images”, but at the or the ”“play performance.Acting and fighting serve the wholeKing Chu Bids same time they are themselves a beautiful art in both form and skill. For example, in Farewell to His Concubine, artist Mei Lanfang performed a sword dance in a miraculously skillful way, which became very popular with audiences. This is a type of beauty in form. As for the beauty of skill,.”this usually includes some very difficult acrobatic movements, often referred to as “superb skillsspeaking, singing, fact that the Peking Opera lies in the of The uniqueness performances inacting, and fighting, all focus on one or two actors in the play.“mingjue”was used to refer to famous , hence er”jueThese performers used to be called “'actors or actresses. In this sense, the world of imagery created in Peking Opera mainly relies on thesinging, speaking, acting, and fighting of actors, especially in the performance of the famous plays.This is the biggest difference between Peking Opera and other forms of performing arts in terms ofwell –art of performers”“And the remark –Peking Opera is the aesthetic appreciation. describes its quintessence.Visual World“”The Beauty of ais a distinctive feature of Peking Opera. Its virtually consists of two ”Depicting a “visual worldaspects: one is virtual movements, and the other virtual settings. Virtual movement refers to imitatingactions onstage. For example, riding a horse. Onstage, an actor cannot ride a real horse, but can onlyhold a whip and imitate the movement of galloping by walking around the stage, turning the body, wielding the whip, and pulling the reins. A virtual setting means creating an imagined environment onstage. For example, rowing a boat. As there is no water or boat on the stage, an actor usually takesthe rowing of a boat on water.”an oar and, through actions, makes the audience “see At the Crossroad. This opera describes the story of two yamen runners escorting Jiao One isZan to prison. On the way they stay at an inn for the night. Ren Tanghui, whose task is to protect Jiao Zan, checks in at the same time. The owner of the inn, however, suspects Ren Tanghui is planning tos room at night. Thus a fight starts. What is special murder Jiao Zan, so he gropes his way into Ren'the yet is brightly lit; fight happens about the performance is that, although the at night, the stagefeature which performances, from the actors' pitch-dark audience is able to sense it is a nights sword swishes down, only 'stealthy movements typical of people in darkness. Sometimes, one man s face, yet the latter feels nothing, thus producing a breathtaking 'a few inches away from the otheryet meaningful and humorous effect.RiverAutumn story Opera. This transplanted from The other example is Sichuan , a playdescribes a young nun, Chen Miaochang who leaves the nunnery to pursue her lover Pan Bizheng. Onstage, there is neither water nor boat, but through the performance of the young woman and thethat the stage is a river. The boat sways forward; “see”old boatman, the audience is able to obviously。
《中国文化》英语教程复习题及答案
I. Chinese Cultural Terms :1.绿茶green tea2.红茶black tea3.乌龙茶oolong tea4.黑茶dark tea5.花茶scented tea6.茉莉花茶jasmine tea7.八大菜系eight major schools of cuisine /8 Regional Chinese Cuisines8.茶道tea ceremony9.茶具tea set10.紫砂壶boccaro teapot11.北京烤鸭Beijing roast duck12.清蒸鱼steamed fish13.狗不理包子Goubili steamed buns14. 佛跳墙Buddha Jumping the Wall15. 《论语》The Analects16. 《诗经》The Book ofSongs17. 《道德经》Classic of the Way and Virtue18.道家Daoism19.汉字Chinese character20.象形文字pictograph21.甲骨文oracle-bone inscription/ oracle-bone script22.篆文seal character/ seal script23.文房四宝four treasures of study24.丝绸之路the Silk Road25. 海上丝绸之路the Maritime silk road26.一带一路倡议The Belt and Road Initiative27.西域the Western regions28.敦煌石窟the Dunhuang Grottoes29.春秋时期the Spring and Autumn Period30. 方块象形文字the square-shaped pictographic character31. 颜(真卿)体the Yan style32. 民间艺术folk arts33.年画New Year pictures34.剪纸paper cutting /papercuts35.皮影戏shadow play36.苏绣Suhou Embroidery37.造纸术paper making38.印刷术printing39.佛经Buddhist scripture40.行书running script /semi-cursive script41.草书cursive script42.楷书regular script/standard script43.隶书official script/ clerical script44.砚the ink slab/ the ink stone; 墨ink stick45.六艺：礼乐射御书数“six arts” : ritual,music,archery, carriage driving , calligraphy , and mathematics46.毛笔the writing brush47.宣纸xuan paper/ rice paper48.中国书法Chinese calligraphy49.简体字：simplified characters50. 繁体字complex characters/ traditional characters51.中国结Chinese knots52.佛教Buddhism53.国徽national emblem54. 国旗national flag55. 国歌national anthemII. Multiple choices (每题三个选项中选一个最佳答案)1)Which of the following is irrelevant to the pictographic symbols of Chinese characters? (下列哪项与汉字的象形符号无关？)Aspiration. 吸Imagination.想象Creativity.创造力Allusion.典故2) Which of the following statements is true of the name of Fudan Universit(y关于复旦大学的名称，下列哪个陈述是正确的？)The characters both stand for "the sun rising on the horizon"这.些字符都代表着“太阳在地平线上升起”The name is taken from a Chinese classical poem.这个名字取自中国古典诗歌The name encourages the students to get up early in the morning.这个名字鼓励学生早上早起The characters are intended to tell the students to make progress day by day.这些字旨在让学生们一天天地进步3) Which of the following languages mostly consists of language pictures(下列语言中哪一种主要由语言图片组成？) ? B___Mandarin Chinese. 普通话Hieroglyphs of ancient Egypt.古埃及的象形文字Oracle-bone inscription. 甲骨文Seal characters.篆书4) The symbol for “swimming” is closest to (“游泳”的符号最接近的是)oracle-bone inscription 甲骨文Mandarin Chinese 普通话seal characters 篆书none of the above 没有选项5)The symbol for “athletics” contains the ingredients of (“运动”的符号包含了)dancing and running 跳舞、跑步running and swinging 跑步和摆动dancing and swinging 跳舞和摆动triathlon and football 铁人三项和足球6)All the following are the titles of Confucius excep(t以下孔子的头衔除了) ___.Ban educator 一个教育家A biologist 一个生物学家A scholar 有识之士A philosopher 一个哲学家7)The expression “filial piety” most probably means being (“孝”的意思很可能是指) ___.DLoyal to the state 忠于国家Obedient to sister(s) 听姐姐的话Responsible for the family 对家庭负责Dutiful to parents 孝顺父母8)Which of following can best describe Confucius’ view on the relationship between man and nature (下面哪一个最能说明孔子对人与自然关系的看法？) ___.D Brothers 兄弟Husband and wife 夫妇Doctor and patient 医生和病人Mother and son 母子9)Through burial and ancestral worship rituals,people can learn that (通过丧葬和祭祖仪式，人们可以了解到。
中国文化概论英文版Unit3答案
Unit 3 Harmony----The Fundamental Spirit of Chinese Culture Warm-up Activity1)Haibao.2)Better City, Better Life. Created from the Chinese character " 人," which meanspeople, the mascot manifests the concept that a good life should be created by all the people. The world should be supported by "people," and people should have harmonious relationships with nature and society, so that the life in cities would be better.3)The audio tapescript:Haibao: Mascot of Shanghai EXPOLike the mascots for huge worldwide events such as Olympics and World Cup, Haibao, the mascot of World Expo is very important for interpreting the theme and expressing the culture.Created from the Chinese character " 人," which means people, the mascot embodies the character of Chinese culture and echoes with theme of World Expo Shanghai "Better City,Better Life."The structure of Chinese character , in which two strokes support each other, manifests the concept that a good life should be created by all the people, the core to push the city development as well as the most creative part in the urbanization. The world should be supported by "people," and people should have harmonious relationships with nature and society, so that the life in cities would be better.Hair: the hair of the mascot is like the wave of the sea, which represents its open character and stated the character of its birth place Shanghai.Face: its cartoon expression shows its confidence and friendly character.Eye: big, round eyes show his anticipation of the city.Blue: the color shows its latitude and imagination, which represents the rising and potential China.Body: its round body represents a well-off life, which is also lovely and cute.Fist: he thumbs up to show the appreciation and warm welcome to the friends from all over the world.Big feet: he stands steadily on the big feet and embraces the world with big arms, which shows China have the ability and faith to host a successful Expo.Section A. Cultural TreasuresTask. Answer the following quesations based on the passage below. Reference for the discussion questions:1.退避三舍。
英语国家文化与社会文化入门Unit3
16th century BC
settled in north Egypt. entered Canaan Saul became the first king of Israel
12th century BC
1040 BC – 1012 BC
Text Study
Main Ideas
Main Ideas
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formal documents as classics, such as the Old Testament, the Torah, the Mishna and Talmud, etc. Therefore, Jewish culture could be well preserved and widely disseminated all over the world. Meanwhile, through its historical development, the Jewish culture has significantly influenced other cultures, from the ancient Babylonian and Egyptian down to Western Christendom and modern European society.
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to another in Europe and elsewhere in the world. However, with approximately five millennia of historical development, the Jewish people and their culture have embodied both an extraordinary temperament of firmness, adaptability to hardship as with a strong sense of religious belief and spiritual support which pervaded all stages of their history and which has continued generations upon generations. In encountering other great cultures, the Jews have actively assimilated the beneficial elements and integrated them into their own, as an unbroken part of cultural tradition. During the long persistence of Diaspora in their history, they collected and preserved the scattered pieces of material and stories of their national and religious histories before composing or writing them into some
中国文化英语教程unit3原文翻译(束定芳版)
中国文化英语教程unit3原文翻译(束定芳版)
摘要：
1.中国文化英语教程unit3 的内容概述
2.束定芳版的特点和优势
3.原文翻译的注意事项
4.翻译实例分析
5.总结与展望
正文：
【1】中国文化英语教程unit3 的内容概述
中国文化英语教程unit3 主要介绍了中国传统文化中的一些核心概念和价值观，包括儒家思想、道家思想、佛教思想等。
通过学习这些内容，可以让学生更好地理解和欣赏中国文化的深度和广度。
【2】束定芳版的特点和优势
束定芳版的中国文化英语教程，以其严谨的学术态度、深入浅出的语言表达和丰富的文化内涵，深受广大学习者的喜爱。
其主要特点和优势在于，它能够将复杂的文化概念用简单的语言表达出来，使得学习者更容易理解和接受。
【3】原文翻译的注意事项
原文翻译是一项重要的任务，需要注意以下几点：首先，要保持原文的准确性，不能随意篡改原文的意思；其次，要注意语言的通顺和表达的清晰，使得翻译出来的英文能够让人理解和接受；最后，要注意文化的传递，尽可能地将原文中的文化信息传递给读者。
【4】翻译实例分析
例如，原文中的“仁者爱人”，可以翻译为“A person of 仁loves others”；“道可道，非常道”，可以翻译为“The way that can be spoken is not the eternal way”；“般若波罗蜜多”，可以翻译为“Prajnaparamita”。
【5】总结与展望
中国文化英语教程unit3 的束定芳版，为我们提供了一个学习中国文化的重要途径。
在原文翻译的过程中，我们需要注意保持原文的准确性、语言的通顺和表达的清晰，以及文化的传递。
中国文化英语教程unit3原文翻译(束定芳版)
中国文化英语教程unit3原文翻译(束定芳版)（原创实用版）目录1.介绍中国文化英语教程 Unit 3 的内容2.翻译束定芳版的 Unit 3 原文3.对原文进行详细解读正文中国文化英语教程是一本面向英语学习者的教材，旨在通过教授中国文化的知识，帮助学习者更好地理解和掌握英语。
本教程的 Unit 3 主题为“中国传统文化”，内容包括中国古代哲学、文学、艺术等方面。
本文将对束定芳版的 Unit 3 原文进行翻译，并详细解读原文内容。
【原文翻译】Unit 3: Chinese Traditional CultureLesson 1: Confucianism1.1 Confucius and His Ideas1.2 The Five Constant Virtues1.3 The Four Noble TruthsLesson 2: Taoism2.1 Lao Tzu and His Thoughts2.2 The Yin and Yang2.3 The Tao Te ChingLesson 3: Chinese Literature3.1 The Analects3.2 The I Ching3.3 Tang PoetryLesson 4: Chinese Art4.1 Calligraphy4.2 Painting4.3 SculptureLesson 5: Chinese Traditional Music5.1 The Qin5.2 The Erhu5.3 The Guqin【原文解读】本单元的主题是中国传统文化，共分为五个小节，分别是儒家、道家、中国文学、中国艺术和中国传统音乐。
第一节课是儒家，主要介绍了儒家学派的创始人孔子及其思想，以及儒家五常：仁、义、礼、智、信。
同时，还介绍了佛教的四谛：苦、集、灭、道。
第二节课是道家，讲述了道家学派的老子及其思想，包括道家的阴阳学说和《道德经》。
第三节课是中国文学，本节课选编了《论语》、《易经》和唐诗作为学习材料，以展示中国古代文学的魅力。
unit 3中国文化英语阅读
emotional health?
Tui Na and Your Emotional Health
Vocabulary about body: Bladder Liver Meridian Gall Kidney
Spleen
囊；膀胱 肝脏 经脉 胆汁 肾脏 脾脏
Tui Na and Your Emotional Health
Positive Emotions ?
Negative Emotions ?
Positive Emotions
Top 10 positive emotions
Joy Gratitude Serenity Interest Hope Pride Amusement Inspiration Awe Love
connected with ? 3. What are liver and gall bladder linked to? 4. When there is a history of depression, what would the therapist look to?
Tui Na and Your Emotional Health
Guasha
刮痧是以中医经络腧穴理论为指
导， 通过特制的刮痧器具和相应的手 法，蘸取一定的介质， 在体表进行反复刮动、摩擦，使 皮肤局部出现红色粟粒状(millet grain)，或暗红色出血点等“出 痧”变化， 从而达到活血透痧的作用。
Cupping
Through either heat or suction,
the skin is gently drawn upwards by creating a vacuum in a cup over the target area of the skin. The cup stays in place for five to fifteen minutes. It is believed by some to help treat pain, deep scar tissues in the muscles and connective tissue, muscle knots, and swelling;
英语畅谈中国文化unit3答案
英语畅谈中国文化unit3答案1、Julia’s on holiday in Shanghai _______. [单选题] *A. in a momentB. after a momentC. at the moment(正确答案)D. at any moment2、A survey of the opinions of students（）that they admit several hours of sitting in front of the computer harmful to health. [单选题] *A. show；areB. shows ；is(正确答案)C.show；isD.shows ；are3、Sam is going to have the party ______ Saturday evening. （）[单选题] *A. inB. on(正确答案)C. atD. to4、He held his（）when the results were read out. [单选题] *A. breath(正确答案)B. voiceC. soundD. thought5、( ) --------Please take my seat here.-------- __________________________. [单选题]*A. That is nice of you(正确答案)B. I think it is my seatC. No, you sit hereD. I don’t think it’s a good seat.6、Every means _____ but it's not so effective. [单选题] *A. have been triedB. has been tried(正确答案)C. have triedD. has tried7、The reason why I didn't attend the lecture was simply（）I got a bad cold that day. [单选题] *A. becauseB. asC. that(正确答案)D. for8、I usually do some ____ on Sundays. [单选题] *A. cleaningsB. cleaning(正确答案)C. cleansD. clean9、—Judging from ____ number of bikes, there are not many people in the party.—I think so. People would rather stay at home in such _____ weather. [单选题] *A. the, aB. a, /C. the, /(正确答案)D. a, a10、89．The blackboard is ________ the classroom. [单选题] *A．nextB．betweenC．in front ofD．in the front of(正确答案)11、19．_______ will the film Country Road last? [单选题] *A．How farB．How oftenC．How soonD．How long(正确答案)12、He always found it hard to satisfy himself. [单选题] *A. 控制B. 满足(正确答案)C. 了解D. 批评13、77．–Hey! Any idea about learning abroad? --You （)google the College Board to learn the names of college you ____ be interested in [单选题] *A. may;needB. can; might (正确答案)C. will; shouldD. shall; must14、I like this house with a beautiful garden in front, but I don't have enough money to buy _____. [单选题] *A. it(正确答案)B. oneC. thisD. that15、The strawberries ______ fresh. Can I taste (品尝) one?（）[单选题] *A. watchB. tasteC. soundD. look(正确答案)16、—John, How is it going? —______.（）[单选题] *A. It’s sunnyB. Thank youC. Well doneD. Not bad(正确答案)17、Words are windows（）you can look into the past. [单选题] *A. through which(正确答案)B. through thatC. whichD. whose18、Experts are making an investigation on the spot. They want to find a way to（）the tower. [单选题] *A. Restore(正确答案)B. resumeC. recoverD. reunite19、_____ is not known yet. [单选题] *A. Although he is serious about itB. No matter how we will do the taskC. Whether we will go outing or not(正确答案)D. Unless they come to see us20、6．—How can we get to the school?—________ bus. [单选题] *A．ToB．OnC．By(正确答案)D．At21、When you’ve finished with that book, don’t forget to put it back one the shelf, ____? [单选题] *A. do youB. don’t youC. will you(正确答案)D. won’t you22、—Excuse me, how long does it ______ to walk to the library? —About 15 minutes, I’m afraid.（）[单选题] *A. take(正确答案)B. spendC. costD. pay23、My brother is too shy. He _______ speaks in front of lots of people. [单选题] *A. alwaysB. usuallyC. seldom(正确答案)D. sometimes24、I like the food very much.It is _______. [单选题] *A. terribleB. expensiveC. delicious(正确答案)D. friendly25、A brown bear escaped from the zoo, which was a（）to everyone in the town. [单选题] *A. HarmB. violenceC. hurtD. threat(正确答案)26、I didn't hear _____ because there was too much noise where I was sitting. [单选题] *A. what did he sayB. what he had said(正确答案)C. what he was sayingD. what to say27、Leave your key with a neighbor ___ you lock yourself out one day [单选题] *A. ever sinceB. even ifC. soon afterD. in case(正确答案)28、When you are tired, listen to music and try to _______ yourself. [单选题] *A. supportB. showC. playD. relax(正确答案)29、We need some green paint badly, but there' s _____ at hand. [单选题] *A. notB. nothingC. little(正确答案)D. none30、I'm sorry I cannot see you immediately. But if you wait, I'll see you_____. [单选题] *A. for a momentB. in a moment(正确答案)C. for the momentD. at the moment。
中国文化英语教程文本
Part I Wisdom and BeliefsUnit 1 Confucian thought on heaven and humanityConfucius (551-479 BC), known in China as Kongzi, given name Qiu and alias Zhongni, was a native of Zouyi (present-day Qufu in Shandong Province) of the State of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC). A great thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism, Confucius is an ancient sage to the Chinese people. His words and life story were recorded by his disciples and their students in The Analects (Lunyu).Confucius on Heaven: the source of EverythingIn the Shang (1600-1046 BC) and Zhou (1046-256 BC) dynasties, the prevalent concept of “Heaven”was that of a personified god, which influenced Confucius. Generally, however, Confucius regarded “Heaven”as nature. He said, “Heaven does not speak in words. It speaks through the rotation of the four seasons and the growth of all living things.” Obviously, heaven equaled nature, in the eyes of Confucius. Moreover, nature was not a lifeless mechanism separate from humans; instead, it was the great world of life and the process of creation of life. Human life was part and parcel of nature as a whole.Confucius on People: ren and liRen and Li are the two core concepts of Confucius’s doctrine about people.When his students Fan Chi asked him about ren, Confucius replied, “love people”. This is Confucius’ most important interpretation of ren. Love for the people is universal love. Confucius further emphasized that this kind of love should “begin with the love for one’s parents”. He believed no one could love people in general if they did not even love their own parents. Confucius regarded “filial piety and fraternal duty”as the essence of ren. The Doctrine of the Mean (Zhongyong) quotes Confucius as saying, “ The greatest love for people is the love for one’s parents.” He also said, “Children should not travel far while their parents are alive. If they have no choice but to do so, they must retain some restraint.” He did not mean that children should not leave their parents at all. What he meant was that children should not make the parents anxious about them while away from home. Confucius said again, “Children should think often of the age of their parents. They should feel happy for the health and longevity of their parents. They should also feel concern for the aging of their parents.”By ren, Confucius meant universal love based on love for one’s parents. How should people love one another then? Confucius said, “One should be aware that other people may have similar desires as oneself. While fulfilling one’s desires, allow others to fulfill their desires as well.” He further said, “Do not do toward others anything you would not want to be done to you.” Thus from oneself to one’s family, from family to society, one should extend love to all people. Mencius (c. 372-289 BC), a great Confucian scholar, best summarized ren as, “loving one’s parents, loving the people, loving everything in the world.”Li refers to rituals, traditions and norms in social life. Of these, Confucius regarded burial rituals and ancestral worship rituals as the most important, because they rose from human feelings. He said, “A child should not leave his parents’ bosom until he is three years old.” He naturally love his parents. The ritual of wearing mourning for a deceased parent for three years was an expression of the child’s love and remembrance.Confucius on the State of lifeBefore Confucius, only the nobility had the right to education. He was the first figure in Chinese history to initiate private education. According to historical records, Confucius taught for many years and trained 3,000 disciples. A total of 72 of them excelled in the “six arts”, i.e., ritual, music, archery, (carriage)driving, calligraphy, and mathematics. A great educator, Confucius has been admired by later generations as the “sage of sages”.Confucius believed the basic goal of education was to cultivate “persons of virtue”, who should have sound character and uplifted minds. Such people should be able to shoulder important social responsibilities and to make contributions to society. Confucius regarded lofty ideals, great virtue, love of people, and the “six arts” as the general principles of education. Of these, virtue was the most important. His students were involved in a variety of professions, including politics, trade, education, diplomacy, ritual ceremony, and classifying ancient books. Whatever they did, they all wanted to improve their learning of the humanities and to enhance their virtue.Unit 2 Laozi’s philosophy of Non-actionThe book Laozi was written around the sixth century BC. The author is generally believed to be Lao Dan, or Laozi – a recluse who lived during the Spring and Autumn Period. Few records have survived about Lao Dan, who was said to have once held a low civil position in the royal court, in chare of the archival records of the Zhou Dynasty. Yet, due to his great learning, even Confucius was said to have traveled miles to consult him.Laozi, also known as Classic of the Way and Virtue (Dao De Jing), consists of just over 5,000 Chinese characters. Its 81 chapters are divided into two parts, Dao (the Way) and De (Virtue). Short as it is, the book has played a tremendous role in the development of Chinese culture. It became the basis of Daoism, the school of philosophy parallel to Confucianism in ancient China. The thought of Laozi formed the foundation of Daoism, the most influential indigenous school of religion in China. It has also exerted a direct impact on the characteristics, trends of thought and aesthetic sensibilities of the Chinese nation. Today Laozi still plays a role in the development of Chinese thinking.Naturalness and Non-action“Naturalness” is an important concept of Laozi’s philosophy. It refers to a natural state of being, an attitude of following the way of nature. Laozi emphasized that everything in the world has its own way of being and development: birds fly in the sky, fish swim in the water, clouds float in the sky, flowers bloom and flowers fall. All these phenomena occur independently and naturally without following any human will, and humans should not try to change anything natural. Laozi admonished people to give up on any desire to control the world. Following the way of nature is the way to resolving conflicts between humans and the world.“Non-action”is another important concept of Laozi’s philosophy. It is the guarantee of “Naturalness”. Laozi said, “(Dao or the Way) acts through non-action,” by which he did no mean that one should do nothing and passively wait for something to be achieved. Neither did he deny human creativity. What he meant is that human enterprises should be built on the basis of naturalness, not on many attempts to interrupt the rhythm of nature. Human creativity should be in compliance with the ways of nature.The philosophy of Non-contentionOn the basis of “naturalness” and “non-action”, Laozi proposed the view of “overcoming the strong by being weak”. The era Laozi lived in was replete with endless wars. Therefore, war wasan important treme for philosophers, and ant-war thinking was the norm. Even the great strategist Sunzi advocated “winning a war without fighting it”, not to mention the great thinker Confucius, who strongly championed a government based on love. Their contemporary Mozi (c. 468-376 BC), founder of Mohism, also condemned wars while calling for “love for all”.According to Laozi, war springs from humanity’s bloated desires. Conflict arises out of people’s struggles to satisfy their desires, and conflict escalates into war. Therefore, Laozi’s philosophy is based on “non-contention”. To him, human striving and competitive strife is the root cause of decline; desiring nothing is the natural way of life.Laozi said, “The greatest virtue is like water.”He compared his philosophy of “non-contention” to water, to distinguish it from the law of the jungle. He said, “Water nourishes everything but contends for nothing.” To Laozi, humans tend to seek higher positions while water always flows to lower places. Driven by desire, humans like whatever they think is superior while despising whatever they think is inferior. Yet water always flows downward. As the source of life, water nourishes all living things on Earth. No life can exist without water. Water contributes to the world without regard for gain or loss. Remaining low, level and tranquil, water embraces and reflects everything under heaven. The way of water is completely different from the way of people with avid desires.But the philosophy of Laozi is by no means weak. On the contrary, it is full of strength. According to Laozi, water accumulates great strength in its weakness and quietude. Its strength can break down all barriers in the world. He said, “Nothing in the world is weaker than water. Yet nothing is stronger than water when it comes to breaking something strong.” Water is a typical example of the weak winning over the strong. Water is invincible because it desires nothing and contends for nothing.Unit 3 Chinese Buddhist CultureWho am I? Where am I from? Where am I going?Men are mortal. But death is not an once-and-for-all thing. They enter the rotating Wheel of Six Realms:Heaven, Human, Asura, Animal, Hungry Ghost, Hell.Documents stored in computer can be canceled at will, but what we have done in our life, and actually in our innumerable lives, cannot. What has been done has been done. The information is stored in your true “self”, not the physical one, and will accompany you life after life, and determines which Realm you enter.Only when we are completely free from lust, hatred, and folly, can we manage to break away from the capture of the rotating Wheel, and achieve perpetual enlightenment, discovering your true “self”.In Buddhism there isn’t any dominating god who controls your destiny. We are the maker of our own fate. What we are at present is a result of what we have done in the past; and what we will be in the future is decided by what we are doing at present. What we have done form the “karma”, which, like a gene, decides on your future story. But this “gene” can of c ourse be modified, by doing good deeds and obtaining healthy biological and spiritual energy, so as to change our future course of career. We are, therefore, our own master. What are the basic requirements for a Buddhist?Five Prohibitions for the laymen:1) Don’t kill;2) Don’t steal;3) Don’t seek aberrant sensual pleasures;4) Don’t talk irresponsibly;5) Don’t drink alcohol.Part II Creativity and ExchangeUnit 4 The Silk RoadThe silk road refers to a transport route connecting ancient China with Central Asia, West Asia, Africa, and the European continent. It appeared as early as the second century BC and was traveled mainly by silk merchants. The term “Silk Road”, or “die Seidenstrasse”in German, was first noted down by the German geographer Ferdinand V on Richthofen at the end of the 19th century.The silk road began in Chang’an (present-day Xi’an, capital of Shaanxi Province), passing through Gansu and Xinjiang to Central Asia, West Asia, and to lands by the Mediterranean. There were no signs of communication between ancient Chinese civilization and Mediterranean civilization in earlier history. In about the seventh century BC, the ancient Greeks began to learn about an ancient civilization to the east, yet knew little about it. Before the Silk Road, according to archeological findings, there had already existed an intermittent trade route on the grasslands from the Yellow River and the Indus River drainage areas to the Euphrates and the Tigris, and the Nile drainage areas. Yet real communication between China, Central and West Asian countries, Africa and the European continent did not develop until the opening of the Silk Road.Zhang Qian, Trail BlazerThe pioneer who blazed the trail of the Silk Road was Zhang Qian (c. 164-114 BC). In Zhang Qian’s time, the Chinese has little knowledge about Central and West Asian countries, Africa or Europe, although they were aware of the existence of many different countries and cultures in faraway places to the west.During the reign of Emperor Wu (r. 140-135 BC), there were 36 small kingdoms in the Western Regions (present-day Xinjiang and parts of Central Asia). All of them were later conquered by the Huns, who then posed a direct threat to the Western Han and blocked the dynasty’s path west. Under these circumstances, Emperor Wu appointed Zhang Qian to lead a team of more than 100 envoys to the Western Regions.The mission was to unite the Indo-Scythic people against the Huns, who once killed their chieftain. Zhang Qian’s team set out in 138 BC. No sooner had they entered the Hexi Corridor (northwest of present-day Gansu Province), than they were captured by the Huns. After being held under house arrest for over ten years, Zhang Qian and only one other remaining envoy managed to escape and return to Chang’an in 126 BC. Their accounts about the Western Regions were a revelation to Hun emperor and his ministers.In the next two decades, Emperor Wu launched three major campaigns against the Huns, forcing them to retreat from the Western Regions. In 119 BC, the emperor sent Zhang Qian on a second mission to the Western Regions. This time Zhang Qian went further west, while his deputies reached more than a dozen countries in South and West Asia, and the Mediterranean.Zhang Qian’s two missions to the Western Regions opened up the road to the west. Emperor Wu adopted a series of measures to strengthen ties with the Western Regions, includingencouraging Han People to trade there.Soon the route was bustling with caravans of camels carrying goods of all types and reverberating with the tinkling of their bells. Through the Silk Road, trade flourished between China and Central, South and West Asian countries, Africa and Europe. In 166, envoys from Rome arrived via the Silk Road in Chang’an, were they set up an embassy.Part III Art and AestheticsUnit 5 Music: Govern the Country, Nourish the MindThe tradition of Chinese music dates back to remote antiquity. Governing the country and nourishing the mind through music are two of the main functions of this tradition.Governance Through MusicAccording to ancient Chinese culture, rituals provided the norms of conduct of people. The goal was to maintain social order.Music was for the mind’s cultivation and expression. Its purpose was to enhance people’s outlook on life and imbue them with energy and creativity, such that they could enjoy a more harmonious and happier spiritual life. Individual contentment would then lead to social harmony, as well as to a more harmonious relationship between people and nature. The highest level of ancient Chinese music was to represent spiritual with nature.The prominent stature of music in ancient China explains the emergence of sophisticated instruments from early times. Chime bells were one example. First used in the Shang Dynasty, they became quite popular during the Western Zhou Dynasty (1046-771 BC). In 1978, a fine set of chime bells was unearthed in Hubei Province, from the tomb of Marquis Yi, a local lord in a small state called Zeng during the Warring States Period.The Marquis Yi chime bells consist of 65 bells arranged in three rows. The first row includes 19 niu bells, and the second and third rows include 45 yong bells. The bells in each row differ from one another in shape and size, emanating(发出) different tones. In addition, there is a separate and much larger bell used to adjust pitch. Like the bells, the from is made of bronze, weighing as much as five tons or more. The total weight of the bells is more than 440 kilograms. While the bells bear inscriptions totaling more than 2,800 Chinese characters relating to music and the making of the instrument, the frame is carved with exquisite patterns in relief (浮雕) and fretwork(回纹细工). Instruments of such a scale and such fine craftsmanship were quite rate in the world at the time. Five musicians were needed to play the instrument. Each bell produces two tones when struck at the respective sound points as marked. The entire set of chime bells is able to produce all the tones of a modern piano.Consoling the Mind with MusicThe Chinese zither tends to create a tranquil air. The composition Wild Geese Landing on the Shallow Shore is such an example. With a relaxed rhythm, the first part of the piece depicts a calm Yangtze River under a clear autumn sky. The second part progresses into livelier rhythms to imitate the chirping of many birds. The third part presents a thematic scene of wild geese leisurely landing on the shallow shores of the Yangtze, as a gentle breeze makes the water ripple. To Chinese musicians and music lovers, the contentment of the wild geese represents the humanheart.The zither was also instrumental in communication between ancient scholars and artist. The famous zither composition, Three Stanzas of Plum Blossoms, was based on an Eastern Jin Dynasty story of the poet Wang Ziyou (王子猷) (c. 338-386) and the flute player Huan Yi (桓伊) (?-383). One day the poet was taking a boat trip when he overheard someone on the riverbank say Huan Yi was passing by. Although the two had never met before, they admired each other as poet and flute player. Despite his lower rank of office, Ziyou sent a family member to request Huan Yi to play the flute. Without hesitation, Huan Yi dismounted from his carriage and played Three Stanzas of Plum Blossoms, while Ziyou listened from his boat. After finishing, Huan Yi mounted his carriage and drove on. Ziyou, too, continued with his boat journey. The two of them exchanged not a single word, yet both were content with the communication of their hearts through the music.The flute’s three stanzas were later converted into a composition for the Chinese zither, which has become one of the best-known musical works –as an expression of otherworldly feelings through its eulogy of the plum flower’s purity, fragrance and resistance to the cold.Unit 6 Flying strokes of CalligraphyThe evolution of Chinese characters font甲骨文the Oracle bone script→金文Jinwen (Inscriptions on bronze )→篆书Seal script→隶书Official script→楷书Regular script→草书Cursive script→行书running scriptWang Xizhi and Preface to the Lanting Pavilion CollectionIn the Hall for Cultivation of Mind of the Palace Museum, there is a Three-treasurer Study, which derives its name for the three most valuable calligraphic works housed here. These three treasures, most valued and adored by Emperor Qianling (r. 1736-1795) of the Qing Dynasty, were A Sunny Scene after a Quick Snow by Wang Xizhi, Mid-Autumn by Wang Xianzhi and Boyuan by Wang Xun (349-400). As father and son, Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi hae been known as the “Two Wangs”, their works universally recognized as the peak of Chinese calligraphy.Unit 7 Porcelain – Calling Card of Chinese CultureIn English, the country and “porcelain”share the same name –“China”. This proves that Europeans have long known of China’s relationship to porcelain. Porcelain found its way to Europe in the 15th century, occupying an important position in the exchanges between China and other countries. The Keisel Randy Museum in Germany houses a blue-and-white bowl dating back to the Ming Dynasty. Throughout history, China, along with other Asian countries, and Europe maintained a busy and vast trade in porcelain. From 1602 to 1682, the Dutch East India Company transported more than 16 million articles of porcelain to Europe. Porcelain garnered a good reputation for China for its sophistication and elegance, and played an important role in the wave of the European idealization of China during the 17th and 18th centuries. In the rococo stylepopular in Europe of that time, one could sense, from time to time, the influence of “Chinese vogue”represented by China’s styles of porcelain and gardens.Porcelain is of great significance in the history of Chinese civilization. Pottery was the predecessor of porcelain, while glazed pottery was the basis for the emergence of porcelain. Around the first century, porcelain production first emerged in China, and by The Song Dynasty it had become mature. Song-Dynasty porcelain represented the acme of Chinese porcelain technique. Five famous kilns, the Jun, Ding, Guan, Ge, and Ru, were all creative and original in their respective products, and their porcelain ware has been imitated by later generations throughout the ages. In the Yuan Dynasty, Jingdezhen became the center of the Chinese Porcelain industry.Pure Blue-and-White PorcelainPure and elegant beauty is the goal that porcelain pursues, and this ideal is best explained in the production of blue-and-white porcelain.Blue-and-white porcelain is a typical artifact of porcelain in China. Among the porcelain exported during the Ming and Qing dynasties, 80 percent was blue-and-white. Chinese-made blue-and-white porcelain ware emerged long before the founding of the Tang Dynasty, but it was not until the Yuan Dynasty that this type of porcelain came to be produced in quantity, with the attendant masterpieces. The Ming Dynasty witnessed the maturity of the art, and a large number of valuable pieces were produced in this period. Jingdezhen, a small town that created the enchanting blue-and-white porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty, became its porcelain-producing center; and in the subsequent Ming Dynasty, the imperial kilns were established here. Blue-and-white porcelain is now the most representative of Chinese porcelain.To produce blue-and-white porcelain, cobalt oxide is requisite. It is employed to draw on the white roughcast before glaze is applied. After kilning at a high temperature, the roughcast turns into blue-and-white porcelain, since cobalt oxide turns blue with heat. The white surface with blue patterns and a shiny sheen of glaze produces a pure, elegant and transparent effect.Unit 8 Peking Opera: Artistry of PerformersThe Delights of Peking Opera MasksChina’s Peking Opera radiates with the beauty of resplendent color –vivid, intense and glamorous. This artistic beauty comes not only from the costumes but also from the masks of exaggerated, dazzling designs, gleaming with red, purples, whites, yellows, blacks, blues, greens, every diverse color imaginable.Masks, applied to the two roles of the “jing”or “painted-face role”and the “chou”or “clown”, serve two purposes. One is to indicate the identity and character of the role. For example, a “red face”means the person is loyal and brave; a “black face”signifies the person is straightforward; and “a white face”identifies the person as crafty and evil. The other purpose is to express people’s appraisal of the roles from a moral and aesthetic point of view, such as respectable, hateful, noble, ridiculous, etc.Peking Opera Performance: Sing, Speak, Act, and FightThe performance of a Peking Opera actor can be summarized into four basic aspects, of singing, speaking, acting, and fighting, the core of which is a combination of song and choreography.Singing is of utmost importance in the performance of Peking Opera, because first of all, Peking Opera is a singing art. Any famous Peking Opera boasts several wonderful arias that are well-known and popular with audiences. The charm of the melodies usually embodies the sublime realm of the art of Peking Opera. Unable to appreciate the magic of Peking Opera arias, one would fail to enjoy the profound beauty of the art itself.Speaking refers to character monologs and dialogs, which serve to propel the development of the story. Speaking, like singing, needs to be executed in an appealing way.Acting and fighting mean that actors employ physical movements to express the emotions of the characters and the circumstances. Acting includes body movements and eye movements, solo dancing or group dancing, etc. Most of the dancing is choreographed movements from everyday life. Fighting is choreographed martial arts and acrobatics to depict fight or battle scenes. As the art of Peking Opera depends on movement to depict events, actors are given much room to perform on the stage.In the opera Picking up the Jade Bracelet, the young woman Sun Yujiao and the young scholar fall in love with each other, their eyes affixed on each other as if a thread connected them. Then, as Matchmaker Liu uses her pipe to pull the “virtual” line up and down, the young couple’s eyes accordingly move up and down. These actions produce great humor and add much significance to the performance.Acting and fighting serve the whole “play”or the “world of images”, but at the same time they are themselves a beautiful art in both form and skill. For example, in King Chu Bids Farewell to His Concubine, artist Mei Lanfang performed a sword dance in a miraculously skillful way, which became very popular with audiences. This is a type of beauty in form. As for the beauty of skill, this usually includes some very difficult acrobatic movements, often referred to as “superb skills”.The uniqueness of performances in Peking Opera lies in the fact that the singing, speaking, acting, and fighting, all focus on one or two actors in the play.These performers used to be called “jue’er”, hence “mingjue” was used to refer to famous actors or actresses. In this sense, the world of imagery created in Peking Opera mainly relies on the singing, speaking, acting, and fighting of actors, especially in the performance of the famous plays. This is the biggest difference between Peking Opera and other forms of performing arts in terms of aesthetic appreciation. And the remark –“Peking Opera is the art of performers”–well describes its quintessence.The Beauty of a “Visual World”Depicting a “visual world”is a distinctive feature of Peking Opera. Its virtually consists of two aspects: one is virtual movements, and the other virtual settings. Virtual movement refers to imitating actions onstage. For example, riding a horse. Onstage, an actor cannot ride a real horse, but can only hold a whip and imitate the movement of galloping by walking around the stage, turning the body, wielding the whip, and pulling the reins. A virtual setting means creating an imagined environment onstage. For example, rowing a boat. As there is no water or boat on the stage, an actor usually takes an oar and, through actions, makes the audience “see”the rowing of a boat on water.One is At the Crossroad. This opera describes the story of two yamen runners escorting Jiao Zan to prison. On the way they stay at an inn for the night. Ren Tanghui, whose task is to protect Jiao Zan, checks in at the same time. The owner of the inn, however, suspects Ren Tanghui is planning to murder Jiao Zan, so he gropes his way into Ren’s room at night. Thus a fight starts. What is special about the performance is that, although the fight happens at night, the stage isbrightly lit; yet the audience is able to sense it is a pitch-dark night from the actors’performances, which feature stealthy movements typical of people in darkness. Sometimes, one man’ s sword swishes down, only a few inches away from the other’ s face, yet the latter feels nothing, thus producing a breathtaking yet meaningful and humorous effect.The other example is Autumn River, a play transplanted from Sichuan Opera. This story describes a young nun, Chen Miaochang who leaves the nunnery to pursue her lover Pan Bizheng. Onstage, there is neither water nor boat, but through the performance of the young woman and the old boatman, the audience is able to obviously “see”that the stage is a river. The boat sways forward; all the way there the girl complains about the boat for being slow, while the old boatman keeps teasing her about her anxiety to see her lover. The performance is full of wit and humor.These examples describe the function of the “virtual world” in the art of Peking Opera, which provides limitless room for the performances of actors; and in return, performers present the audience with a world of images full of appealing wit. If in fact the stage of At the Crossroad was really all black to represent the dark night, and there was a real boat on the stage of Autumn River, what could the actors do? And what we still find as much wit and meaning in the performances? We doubt it.Part IV Folk CustomsUnit 9 Life with Fragrant TeaTea is a wonderful beverage originally produced in China about 4,000 years ago. During the Tang Dynasty, Japanese monks introduced tea seeds to Japan, and by combining tea with Zen Buddhism, created the world-famous Japanese tea ceremony. In the 17th century, the Dutch took to Europe the Chinese habit of tea drinking, which then became a tradition of the Europeans. In England in particular, people developed the custom of afternoon tea. Prior to the 19th century, all the tea in the world was grown in China, and even the English word “tea”was a transliteration of the pronunciation of “tea”in the Fujian dialect of China. Tea is an important contribution of the Chinese people to the world.Ways of Savoring TeaThe Chinese people look to tea drinking as an art, which incorporates a wide range of knowledge; the taste of tea might be light, yet the meaning is rich and deep.The Chinese attach great importance to the water, tea leaves, tea set, and fire, when making and drinking tea.Water is an element of priority in the making of tea. To make a good cup of tea, quality water is a must. The ancient Chinese commented on tea making thus: the tea must be new, and water must be live, or flowing. Lu Yu(陆羽) (733-804), the Saint of the Tang Dynasty, pointed out that, to make fine, water from high mountains is the best, followed by water from rivers and wells. In the cloud-enveloped high mountains, crystal clear spring water is the best for making tea; water in the brooks though also good, is not pure because it smells of the earth, therefore is only second best. Considered third is water from wells, as artificial springs from underground are often stagnant and tinted with the flavor of salt. It is thus no match at all for uncontaminated mountain spring water. Unluckily for us today, we do not even have the third type of water to make tea; we use either tap water or artificially purified water – a true pity indeed!。
中国文化英语教程 答案
中国文化英语教程答案中国文化英语教程答案不要标题1. Introduction to Chinese CultureChina, with its rich history and diverse culture, has long been a fascinating subject for people around the world. This English tutorial aims to provide an overview of Chinese culture, shedding light on its traditions, values, and customs.2. The Great Wall of ChinaThe Great Wall of China is a symbol of the country's ancient civilization. This architectural marvel spans thousands of kilometers and is a testament to the incredible engineering skills of the Chinese people. It stands as a reminder of China's historical achievements and the resilience of its people.3. Chinese Festivals and TraditionsChinese festivals are vibrant and colorful, reflecting the country's deep-rooted traditions and customs. From the lively celebrations of the Chinese New Year to the solemn rituals of the Qingming Festival, each festival has its own unique significance and offers a glimpse into China's rich cultural heritage.4. Traditional Chinese MedicineTraditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has a history dating back thousands of years. It encompasses various holistic practices, suchas acupuncture, herbal medicine, and tai chi, to promote wellness and balance in the body. TCM reflects the Chinese philosophy of yin and yang and the belief in Qi, the vital life force.5. Chinese CuisineChinese cuisine is renowned worldwide for its diverse flavors and cooking techniques. From the spicy Sichuan cuisine to the delicate flavors of Cantonese cuisine, each region in China has its own culinary specialties. Chinese food also emphasizes the importance of balance and harmony in ingredients and cooking methods.6. Chinese Arts and CraftsChinese arts and crafts encompass a wide range of disciplines, including calligraphy, painting, ceramics, and silk weaving. These artistic traditions have been honed over centuries, with each art form embodying the ideals of beauty, harmony, and balance. Chinese arts and crafts showcase the country's creativity and deep appreciation for aesthetics.7. Confucianism and DaoismConfucianism and Daoism are two prominent philosophical traditions in China. Confucianism emphasizes the importance of moral values, social order, and filial piety, while Daoism seeks harmony with nature and the pursuit of a simple and balanced way of life. These philosophies have greatly influenced Chinese culture, ethics, and governance.8. Chinese CalligraphyChinese calligraphy is considered not only a form of artistic expression but also a means of cultivating one's character and inner self. Each brushstroke carries symbolic meaning and reflects the calligrapher's state of mind. Chinese calligraphy is highly regarded as one of the highest forms of visual art in Chinese culture.9. Traditional Chinese ClothingTraditional Chinese clothing, such as the qipao and hanfu, is known for its elegant and ornate designs. These garments reflect the country's historical fashion trends and cultural values. Traditional Chinese clothing often showcases intricate embroidery and vibrant colors, highlighting the importance of aesthetics in Chinese culture.10. Chinese Etiquette and CustomsChinese etiquette plays a significant role in everyday life, whether it's in social interactions or business settings. Customs such as greeting with a bow, respecting elders, and exchanging gifts are deeply ingrained in Chinese culture. Understanding and practicing these customs is essential for building positive relationships with Chinese people.Remember, this is just a brief overview of Chinese culture. Exploring further and engaging in meaningful conversations with Chinese people is the best way to truly appreciate and understand the richness and complexity of Chinese culture.。
中国文化英语教程Unit-3
Introduction
• Of the more than 3,000 books on war from the pre-Qin (before 221 BC) period to the Qing Dynasty (1616-1911), Sunzi’s Art of War stands out as the greatest classic.
What’s the Chinese version of these lines? Where are they selected from? Whose words are they?
Lead-in
Text study
Introduction The Strategic Thought of Sunzi The Dialectical Thinking of Sunzi Sunzi’s Caution Against War Sunzi’s Wisdom Beyond the Military
Introduction
• Sunzi’s Art of War (Sunzi Bingfa), is an ancient classic of war, consisting of 13 chapters in about 6,000 characters.
• As many of the book’s contents bear features of the Warring States Period (475-221 BC), some scholars believe the book was probably written in the middle of that period.
中国文化英语教程unit
The Temple of Heaven: Reverence with Awe and Gratitude
Content
Lead-in Text study Exercises
Lead-in
Watch a video clip of The Temple of Heaven, and try to take down some words that used to describe it,.
Ceremonial Offerings of the Emperor
Note:
祈年殿是皇帝每年正月上辛日举行祈谷礼的地方，据说设计时以圆形平面象 征天，以四龙井柱象征四季，以十二根金柱和檐柱分别象征十二月和十二时 辰。
Ceremonial Offerings of the Emperor
• On the Winter Solstice (冬至), they would make offerings at the Circular Mound Altar (圜丘坛), to show their gratitude for the great compassion (同情) of Heaven toward the human world.
Introduction
• The Temple of Heaven was constructed during the reign of Emperor Yongle (r.1403-1424) of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), and completed in 1420, about the same time as the Forbidden City.
• The colors used invoke a strong sense of purity and sublimity (祟高)—qualities the Chinese attribute to Heaven.
《中国文化英语教程》各单元useful expression合辑
珠江夜游 Pearl River Night Cruise
五岳 the five great mountains
飞来峰 the Floating Peak
四合院 siheyuan/quadrangle
天下第一关 the First Pass under Heaven
九曲桥 the Bridge of Nine Turnings
点心 dim sum 粥 congee/ porridge/gruel 肠粉 rice noodle roll 小笼包 small steamed bun 煎饺 fried dumpling 虾饺 shrimp dumpling 萝卜糕 turnip cake 蛋挞 egg custard tart 花卷 flower scallion roll 馒头 mantou/ plain steamed bun 奶黄包 sweet cream bun 麻球 sesame seed ball
fuzz tip 碧螺春 green spiral
茶花 茶树 采青 杀青 饮茶 品茶 泡茶 茶道 茶馆 茶几 茶具 茶盘
camellia tea bush tea harvesting tea heating tea drinking tea tasting tea brewing; infusing tea ceremony tea house tea table tea wares; utensils tea tray
采菊东篱下，悠然见南山 For I pick chrysanthemums under the eastern hedge, and far away to the south I can see the mountains.
远上寒山石径斜，白云深处有人家 A flag-stone path winds up into the chilly hills, where houses are just discernible amid the thick white cloud.
《中国文化》英语教程复习题及答案
I. Chinese Cultural Terms :1.绿茶green tea2.红茶black tea3.乌龙茶oolong tea4.黑茶dark tea5.花茶scented tea6.茉莉花茶jasmine tea7.八大菜系eight major schools of cuisine /8 Regional Chinese Cuisines8.茶道tea ceremony9.茶具tea set10.紫砂壶boccaro teapot11.北京烤鸭Beijing roast duck12.清蒸鱼steamed fish13.狗不理包子Goubili steamed buns14.佛跳墙Buddha Jumping the Wall15.《论语》The Analects16.《诗经》The Book of Songs17.《道德经》Classic of the Way and Virtue18.道家Daoism19.汉字Chinese character20.象形文字pictograph21.甲骨文oracle-bone inscription/ oracle-bone script22.篆文seal character/ seal script23.文房四宝four treasures of study24.丝绸之路the Silk Road25.海上丝绸之路the Maritime silk road26.一带一路倡议The Belt and Road Initiative27.西域the Western regions28.敦煌石窟the Dunhuang Grottoes29.春秋时期the Spring and Autumn Period30.方块象形文字the square-shaped pictographic character31.颜(真卿）体the Yan style32.民间艺术folk arts33.年画New Year pictures34.剪纸paper cutting /papercuts35.皮影戏shadow play36.苏绣Suhou Embroidery37.造纸术paper making38.印刷术printing39.佛经Buddhist scripture40.行书running script /semi-cursive script41.草书cursive script42.楷书regular script/standard script43.隶书official script/ clerical script44.砚the ink slab/ the ink stone; 墨ink stick45.六艺：礼乐射御书数“six arts” : ritual,music,archery, carriage driving , calligraphy , and mathematics46.毛笔the writing brush47.宣纸xuan paper/ rice paper48.中国书法Chinese calligraphy49.简体字：simplified characters50.繁体字complex characters/ traditional characters51.中国结Chinese knots52.佛教Buddhism53.国徽national emblem54.国旗national flag55.国歌national anthemII. Multiple choices （每题三个选项中选一个最佳答案）1)Which of the following is irrelevant to the pictographic symbols of Chinese characters? （下列哪项与汉字的象形符号无关？）___A●Aspiration. 吸●Imagination.想象●Creativity.创造力●Allusion.典故2) Which of the following statements is true of the name of Fudan University（关于复旦大学的名称，下列哪个陈述是正确的？）___D●The characters both stand for "the sun rising on the horizon".这些字符都代表着“太阳在地平线上升起”●The name is taken from a Chinese classical poem.这个名字取自中国古典诗歌●The name encourages the students to get up early in the morning.这个名字鼓励学生早上早起●The characters are intended to tell the students to make progress dayby day.这些字旨在让学生们一天天地进步3) Which of the following languages mostly consists of language pictures（下列语言中哪一种主要由语言图片组成？）? B___●Mandarin Chinese. 普通话●Hieroglyphs of ancient Egypt.古埃及的象形文字●Oracle-bone inscription. 甲骨文●Seal characters.篆书4) The symbol for “swimming”is closest to（“游泳”的符号最接近的是）___.C●oracle-bone inscription甲骨文●Mandarin Chinese普通话●seal characters 篆书●none of the above没有选项5)The symbol for “athletics”contains the ingredients of （“运动”的符号包含了）___.A●dancing and running跳舞、跑步●running and swinging 跑步和摆动●dancing and swinging 跳舞和摆动●triathlon and football铁人三项和足球6)All the following are the titles of Confucius except（以下孔子的头衔除了）___.B●an educator一个教育家● A biologist 一个生物学家● A scholar 有识之士● A philosopher一个哲学家7)The expression “filial piety” most probably means being （“孝”的意思很可能是指）___.D●Loyal to the state忠于国家●Obedient to sister(s) 听姐姐的话●Responsible for the family 对家庭负责●Dutiful to parents孝顺父母8)Which of following can best describe Confucius’ view on the relationship between man and nature （下面哪一个最能说明孔子对人与自然关系的看法？）___.D●Brothers兄弟●Husband and wife 夫妇●Doctor and patient 医生和病人●Mother and son母子9)Through burial and ancestral worship rituals,people can learn that （通过丧葬和祭祖仪式，人们可以了解到。
中国文化英语教程unit3原文翻译程筱棠
中国文化英语教程unit3原文翻译程筱棠中国文化英语教程Unit 3原文翻译Unit 3: The Chinese LanguageIntroduction:China is a vast country with a long history and a rich cultural heritage. One of the most significant aspects of Chinese culture is the Chinese language. In this unit, wewill explore the Chinese language and its unique features.Chinese Characters:The Chinese language is written using Chinese characters. Each character represents a distinct concept or idea, and there are over 50,000 characters in total. Learning Chinese characters is a challenging task, but it is essential to understanding and reading Chinese texts.Pinyin:Pinyin is a Romanized phonetic system used to represent the pronunciation of Chinese characters. It was created in the 1950s to help foreigners learn and pronounce Chinese words. Pinyin uses the Roman alphabet and tone marks to indicate the tones of each syllable.Tones:Chinese is a tonal language, which means that the tone or pitch of a word can change its meaning. There are four main tones in Mandarin Chinese: the first tone (high and level), the second tone (rising), the third tone (low and falling-rising), and the fourth tone (falling).Radicals:Radicals are the building blocks of Chinese characters. They are character components that contribute to both the meaning and pronunciation of a character. Understanding radicals can help learners guess the meanings of unfamiliar characters.Grammar:Chinese grammar is relatively simple compared to Western languages. Chinese sentences follow a subject-verb-object word order, and there are no grammatical gender or articles. Verbs do not conjugate based on tense or person, but time expressions or context help clarify the time or person.Idioms:Chinese idioms, also known as chengyu, are a group of commonly used four-character expressions. Idioms often have a unique historical or cultural background and convey profound meanings. Learning idioms is an effective way to deepen one's understanding of Chinese culture and language.Characters in Action:Characters in Chinese culture often convey deeper meanings and symbolize various concepts. For example, the character for "love" (爱) represents two people, showing theconcept of affection between individuals. Understanding the cultural connotations of characters can enhance one's comprehension of Chinese language and culture.Cultural Notes:Learning the Chinese language involves more than just vocabulary and grammar. It is also important to be aware of cultural nuances and customs. For example, addressing someone by their full name is considered polite in China, and using their given name alone can be disrespectful.双语例句：1. Chinese characters are the building blocks of the Chinese language. （汉字是汉语的基石。
中国文化英语教程Unit-3
第十四页，共59页。
The Strategic Thoughts of Sunzi
• Treachery is meant to entice (诱使) the enemy to
make all sorts of mistakes, defeating them after they all into a state of chaos. • It also means “attacking the enemy at an unexpected time and place”. • It is by using treachery that an expert of war devises strategies at headquarters while directing his army a thousand miles away to victory.
• These ideas of Sunzi reflect his deep understanding of what we today call “holistic war (整体战争)”.
第十七页，共59页。
The Dialectical Thinking of Sunzi
• The rich philosophical thought in Sunzi’s Art of War has aroused greater and greater attention from
知彼知己，百战不殆；
——《孙子兵法 谋攻第三》
• The purpose of considering the above five aspects, is to know the real situation on both sides.
中国文化教程unit3课文翻译
中国文化教程unit3课文翻译
摘要：
1.介绍中国文化教程Unit3 的内容
2.概述课文的翻译过程
3.分析课文中的重要概念和知识点
4.总结Unit3 的学习收获
正文：
中国文化教程Unit3 主要介绍了中国传统文化的一些核心概念和价值观，包括孝道、礼仪、仁爱等。
在这个单元中，我们通过学习这些概念和价值观，深入了解了中国传统文化的特点和魅力。
在课文翻译过程中，我们首先需要理解原文的含义，然后准确地表达在英文中。
在这个过程中，我们遇到了一些困难，比如一些词汇和语法结构的处理，但通过查阅资料和讨论，我们最终完成了翻译任务。
课文中涉及到的一些重要概念和知识点包括：孝道，即对父母的尊敬和照顾；礼仪，即在日常生活中的行为规范和礼仪；仁爱，即对他人的关心和爱护。
这些概念和知识点都是中国传统文化的重要组成部分，对于理解中国文化有着重要的作用。
通过学习Unit3 的内容，我们不仅提高了语言表达能力，也深入了解了中国传统文化。
我们认识到，中国传统文化是博大精深的，值得我们深入学习和探索。
同时，我们也意识到，语言学习和文化理解是相互关联的，只有通过语言学习，才能更好地理解文化。
总的来说，中国文化教程Unit3 的学习收获是丰富的。
我们不仅提高了语言能力，也加深了对中国传统文化的理解。
中国文化unit3
Unit Three Culture Elements & CustomKong FuKong Fu is a Chineseterm referring to any study, learning, or practice that requires patience, energy, and time to complete, often used in the West to refer to Chinese martial arts. It is only in the late twentieth century, that this term was used in relation to Chinese Martial Arts by the Chinese community. The Oxford English Dictionary defines the term "Kung-fu" as "a primarily unarmed Chinese martial art resembling karate." This illustrates how the meaning of this term has been changed in English. The origin of this change can be attributed to the misunderstanding or mistranslation of the term through movie subtitles or dubbing.In Chinese, Gōngfu (功夫) is a compound of two words, combining 功(gōng) meaning "work", "achievement", or "merit", and 夫(fū) which is alternately treated as being a word for "man" or as a particle or nominal suffix with diverse meanings (the same character is used to write both). A literal rendering of the first interpretation would be "achievement of man", while the second is often described as "work and time/effort". Its connotation is that of an accomplishment arrived at by great effort of time and energy. In Mandarin, when two "first tone" words such as gōng and fū are combined, the second word often takes a neutral tone, in this case forming gōngfu. The word is also sometimes written as 工夫, this version often being used for more general, non-martial arts usages of the term.DragonDeeply rooted in Chinese culture, dragon and phoenix were regarded as the most scared animals and used to be emblems of emperor and empress. The Chinese dragon is traditionally the embodiment of the concept of yang (male), while phoenix was paired (yin, female) with dragon. They were used as decorative signs on the buildings, clothing and other daily uses articles of imperial palace to highly show off that the emperor as real dragon and son of heaven. Even the bed he sleep on was called "dragon bed", while throne be the "dragon seat", other Chinese vocabularies like "phoenix carriage" and so on were common to show their heaven-sent status.Lung or Chinese Dragon is unlike the evil dragon in the west; it was a gracious creature that able to do almost everything, flying into the sky and live in the deep ocean or lake. For ancient Chinese people, Lung is an ideal animal that was worshiped as the ruler of river, lake and sea, bringing rain and water to the earth. He is friendly and wise and honored in the temple being built. Lung gradually adopted the meaning of power and boldness, intelligent and ambitious, heroism and nobility, and then referred to the authority and power of imperial house.Chinese MedicineTraditional Chinese Medicine has a long history in China. It is practical and effective to cure many kinds of diseases. That is why traditional Chinese medicine expediences so many setbacks and lives through til now.In China, whenever you enter a clinic, the doctor first takes four steps to learn about your condition. Firstly, observation (to observe the facial condition, such as the tongue, face etc.) Secondly, listening (to listen to the pattern of heart beat and sound from body) Thirdly, inquiry (to ask detailed questions about such issues as quality of sleep, mood, preferred food, dream, appetite and stress) Fourthly, pulse-taking (to feel the pulse pattern in the wrist to know internal body condition such as the blood circulation) After the four steps, the doctor can almost know your condition and make a diagnosis about the patient’s condition and what the problem is. As for foreigners who do not know much about Traditional Chinese Medicine, they will feel surprised and doubted if they come across this case. However, it is the way how Traditional Chinese Medicine works exactly in a very small aspect.Chinese TeaBeing a vivid Chinese cultural specialty as well as Kungfu and traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese tea has been being developed in China for a long time accompanied with which a series of tea culture took shape. Widely known in Chinese history as a fortuitous discovery of Shennong (神农), a renowned Chinese legendary chieftain and respected physician in the far ancient times, tea had been mentioned in the old Chinese medical work "Herbal Classic (本草经)", which was written in the 1st century."Tea Classic", the first work about tea in the world written by Lu Yu (733-804, the "Chinese Tea Saint" living in Tang Dynasty), represents that not only did Chinese tea play an essential part in diet but also tea culture seeped into all aspects of people's daily life, e.g. poetry, painting, calligraphy, religion, medicine. Nowadays in China a great deal of knowledge about tea is still treated as invaluable patrimony, tea is still a common drink on the table and it has even become an ideal present when people host or visit others.Used as medicine at the very beginning and then cooked with other food as diet, tea was not made by soaking tea-leaves with hot water until Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), which is the most common way of making tea in China today. However, there are still some differences in making teas due to the varieties of the tea-leaves. It is a common sense to make a cup of tea by filling hot water into the cup with instant or small-bag tea-leaves, but it is widely considered to be a better way to make mellow tea by soaking tea-leaves with hot water in a teapot for some time (5-10 minutes or longer, depending on personal preference). Tea-leaves are usually discarded after being soaked once or twice.Based on the color, the tea can be classified : Green Tea, Yellow Tea, White Tea Qing Cha, Black Tea (HongCha), Dark Tea (HeiCha)Eight steps of brewing tea:1.Wash the cups 2. Put the tea in the teapot3.Pour boiling water4. Shave the foam5. Put the tea into the cups6. Finally pour some tea7. Enjoy the tea8.DrinkingIn China nowadays, tea still plays an important role in people's daily life especially at home, restaurants and teahouses. Generally, elders are fond of the traditional tea-making for leisure and the original taste, while the youth prefer bottled tea drinks because of its convenience and various flavors.Beijing OperaBeijing Opera is a form of traditional Chinese theatre which combines music, vocal performance, mime, dance, and acrobatics. It arose in the late 18th century and became fully developed and recognized by the mid-19th century. The form was extremely popular in the Qing dynasty court and has come to be regarded as one ofthe cultural treasures of China. Major performance troupes are based in Beijing and Tianjin in the north, and Shanghai in the south. The art form is also preserved in Taiwan, where it is known as Guoju (国剧). It has also spread to other countries such as the United States and Japan.Classification of rolesThe role on the Peking Opera stage fall into four major roles-Sheng (生), Dan (旦), Jing (净), Chou (丑).[42]Sheng (生): refer to men, divided into Laosheng (老生)，Xiaosheng (小生)，Wusheng (武生)Dan (旦): refer to women, divided into Zhengdan (正旦), Laodan (老旦), Huadan (花旦), Wudan (武旦), Daomadan (刀马旦)Jing (净): refer to painted-face role, know popularly as Hualian, divided into Zhengjing (正净), Fujing (副净), Wujing (武净), Maojing (毛净)Chou (丑): refer to painted-face role, know popularly as Xiao hualian, divided into Wenchou (文丑), Wuchou (武丑), Nüchou (女丑)Chinese FoodChinese food owning a long history has varieties of genres and featured styles. Exquisite and complex skills are needed, if one wants to cook Chinese food. Chinese Cuisine Culture is an important component of Chinese culture, which makes Chinese Cuisine one of the world three main cuisines: Chinese Cuisine, French Cuisine and Turkish Cuisine.In China, cultures in different regions are respectively distinctive. So are the food cultures. It gives rise to the different styles of food. There are eight main regional cuisines, Eight Great Cuisines (八大菜系): Anhui(徽菜), Guangdong(粤菜）, Fujian （闽菜）, Hunan（湘菜）, Jiangsu（苏菜）, Shandong（鲁菜）, Sichuan（川菜）, Zhejiang（浙菜）. Except the Eight Great Cuisines, Beijing Cuisine and Shanghai Cuisine are also famouse from China and abroad.The Chinese gastronomy is characterized by the multiplicity of its ingredients, the complexity of its methods of cutting, the sophistication in the use of condiments and spices, its methods of cooking and finally the incredible variety of its dishes.According to a statistical study published in China in 1983, there more than 60,000 different Chinese dishes.Chinese MusicAccording to the archaeological discovery of the bone-flute unearthed in Wuyang County, Henan Province, Chinese music can be traced back to 8000 years ago. Over a long history, Chinese nation created a marvelous culture of music which also has a far-reaching influence to the country’s neighboring areas.China is known as a country of music in the far ancient times; the Chinese ancient music is of great importance in the culture and etiquette of the country. With a longstanding tradition of musical education as early as the Warring State Period (475 BC - 221 BC), Confucius had set the study procedures from poems to etiquette and then the last important, to music. Developed from the primitive music created in collective labouring, Chinese music has expanded into a huge system for a long-term creation with rich instruments and forms, and a large number of excellent musicians and pieces. Talk about Chinese music, the unique folk music and the "essence" of China culture, the Chinese operas, can not be missed, while talk about folk songs, we have to mention The Jasmine Flowers, which is a world-renowned song and identified as the premier representative of the Chinese folk music.The Chinese national musical instrument is the key part in Chinese music. With a long history standing, there are a series of national instruments developed in China. In terms of material, there are Ba Yin (Chinese:八音), that is, the eight categories of musical instrument in ancient orchestra, namely, metal, stone, string, bamboo, gourd, clay, leather and wood. In terms of playing skills, there are generally four kinds, percussion instruments (bells, drums, and gongs), wind instruments (flutes, Suona and Xiao), bowed string instruments (Banhu and Erhu) and plucked string instruments (Guzheng, Pipa and Sanxuan).DressingClothing is the basic requirement for human subsistence, as well as a sign of civilization. It not only satisfies people's need for materials, but also represents cultures at all stages of Chinese history. Politics, economy, culture, religion and customs deeply influence the development of Chinese dress.Clothing, food, housing and transport make up the basic needs of all people. Inancient society, people lived naked in caves. During the New Stone Age people invented the bone needle and began to sew simple winter dress using leaves and animal skins. With the development of society, people engaged in agriculture and began spinning and weaving, even sewing coats with linen. Our ancestors were also engaged in embroidery and made clothing using silk cocoons.As the living standard increased with the development of economy and culture, the requirements for dress and adornment became more demanding. In the class-structured society, dress became the token of social status. It was from the Xia (21st-17th century BC) and Shang (17th-11th century BC) Dynasties that the dress system came into being in China. In the Zhou Dynasty (11th century-256BC), the system was perfected. From then on distinctions regarding color, design and adornment of dress were made strictly among the emperor, officials and the common people.China is a multi-national country where each nation has a traditional culture of its own. The mutual support and inspiration among the different nationals made Chinese dress more plentiful and glorious.During the Sui (581-618) and Tang (618-907) Dynasties, the economy boomed and the people led a quiet life. The feudal culture of the Central Plains was in a period of great prosperity and people from different countries gathered in Chang'an and Luoyang to promote the international cultural exchange. The culture of middle Asia deeply influences the Chinese dress system.The advance of the society brought about the development of Chinese dress and adornment. Each dynasty had a special dress design of its own. For instance, during the Republic of China (1912-1949), the clothes of Manchu women were modified to cheongsams, which were in vogue at that time.On the other hand, ideology also greatly influenced dress and adornment. During the Warring States Period (475-221BC), when many little kingdoms were competing with each other, the patterns of dress and adornment became plentiful. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the unity of a country and prosperous economy brought aboutnew thoughts, making dress more splendid, particularly the d茅colletage, which also appeared at this time. Because of the intensity of feudal ideology, the patterns of dress and adornment gradually became more conservative in the Song (960-1279) and Ming (1368-1644) Dynasties. Influenced by western cultures, the designs, as well as shoe adornments -- including leather-shoes, heeled shoes and shoes decorated with foreign characters -- were more fitting and tasteful from late Ming.The patterns of ancient dress were classified into two groups: "coat-and-shirt" and the "one-piece." "Coat-and-skirts" were mainly worn by women and the "one-piece" by men.Stringent rules were imposed for the color of ancient dress and adornment. Yellow is the most valuable color, symbolizing the center. Green, red, white and black symbolize the East, South, West and North respectively. Green, red, black, white and yellow are pure colors worn only by emperors and officials. Common people were only permitted to wear secondary colors. With the development of society, dress colors, which are more harmonious and form a partial contrast, replaced that of remote ages, which was very simple. The changes make dress and adornment splendid.Geometrical patterns and pictures of animals and plants were widely adopted on ancient dress and adornments. Before the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the patterns were primitive, succinct and abstract. After the Zhou Dynasty, the patterns became much neater. The compositions were balanced and symmetric. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, more attention was paid to composition. From the Ming and Qing Dynasties, most of the patterns were realistic, and the flowers, animals and mountains and waters were all very true to life.The articles of clothing of past Dynasties are one chapter of China's long history and culture. They are not only the reflection of the politics and economy of a given society, but also great contributions to world civilization.CalligraphyCalligraphy is the writing art of Chinese characters , It is not only a treasure ofChinese culture , and the treasure house of culture and art in the world, releasing extraordinary radiance alone .As the art of writing Chinese characters (hàn zì汉字), Chinese calligraphy, or shufa, is boasting as long a history as that of China itself. It is one of the highest forms of Chinese art, serving the purpose of conveying thoughts while also showcasing abstract beauty of lines. Calligraphy is one of the four basic skills and disciplines of the Chinese literati, together with painting (huà画), stringed musical instruments (qín 琴) and board games (qí棋). However, rhythm, lines, and structure are more perfectly embodied in calligraphy than in the other three skills.Calligraphy (shūfǎ书法) has traditionally been regarded as China's highest form of visual art - to the point that a person's character was judged by the elegance of their handwriting! Decorative calligraphy is found all over China, in temples and adorning the walls of caves and the sides of mountains and monuments. The basic tools of calligraphy - brush and ink - are also the tools of Chinese painting, with linework and tone the all-important components.Despite the ravages of time, war and ideology, there's still a lot to see architecturally. Traces of the past include the imperial structures of Beijing, the colonial buildings of Shanghai, the occasional rural village and Buddhist, Confucian and Taoist temples. Funerary art was already a feature of Chinese culture in Neolithic (xīn shíqìshídài 新石器时代) times (9000-6000 BC), ranging from ritual vessels and weapons to pottery figures, jade and sacrificial vessels made of bronze. Earthenware production is almost as ancient, with the world's first proto-porcelain being produced in China in the 6th century AD, reaching its artistic peak under the Song rulers.Chinese BuildingChinese architecture refers to a style of architecture that has taken shape in East Asia over many centuries. The structural principles of Chinese architecture have remained largely unchanged, the main changes being only the decorative details. Since the Tang Dynasty, Chinese architecture has had a major influence on the architectural styles of Korea, Vietnam, and Japan.China (pottery)China is the hometown of porcelain and the invention of porcelain was China's great contribution to the world civilization. The word china when capitalized is recognized as the name of the country. Around 16th century BC in the middle of the Shang Dynasty (17th - 11thcentury BC), the early-stage porcelain appeared in China. The firing techniques were rough in both the bodies and the glazes and the firing temperature was comparatively low, so porcelain of that time is called primitive porcelain for its primitive and transitional nature.Porcelain derived from pottery. The ancient Chinese ancestors invented porcelain, drawing on the experience of firing the white pottery and the hard stamped pottery. Firing porcelain requires the following three conditions: first, porcelain materials must be porcelain stone, porcelain clay or kaolin, containing rich sericite elements; second, the temperature of kiln stove must be up to 1200℃; third, surface of the vessels must be coated with glaze fired in high temperature.This primitive celadon is a typical representative of the primitive porcelain. The vessel has a bell-shaped mouth, long belly and thin waist, with a curl foot and without shoulder. The body of the vessel is solid, regular designed with even thickness. Blackish yellow glaze coated the vessel both inside and outside. The glaze is closely connected with the roughcast of the vessel. Light gray roughcast can be seen at the bottom of the vessel, for no glaze coated there. The decoration lines on the outer surface of the vessel are plain but elegant. This celadon vessel is collected by the Shanghai Museum.Compared with other pottery, the primitive porcelain, with its transitional nature, is durable, easy to rinse, delicately decorated with fine roughcast, thus it has a good prospect of development. The improvement of the firing techniques and the increase of production promoted the development of porcelain. Porcelain finally replaced pottery and became major vessels for people's daily use.Chinese PaintingChinese traditional painting dates back to the Neolithic Age about 6,000 years ago. The excavated colored pottery with painted human faces, fish, deer and frogs indicates that the Chinese began painting as far back as the Neolithic Age. Over thecenturies, the growth of Chinese painting inevitably reflected the change of time and social conditions.Traditional Chinese painting has its special materials and tools, consisting of brushes, ink and pigments, xuan paper, silk and various kinds of ink slabs. Based on different classification standards, Chinese traditional painting can be divided into several groups, as follows:1. TechniquesAccording to painting techniques, Chinese painting can be divided into two styles: xieyi style and gongbi style. Xieyi, or freehand, is marked by exaggerated forms and freehand brushwork. Gongbi, or meticulous, is characterized by close attention to detail and fine brushwork. Freehand painting generalizes shapes and displays rich brushwork and ink techniques.2. FormsThe principal forms of traditional Chinese painting are the hanging scroll, album of paintings, fan surface and long horizontal scroll. Hanging scrolls are both horizontal and vertical, usually mounted and hung on the wall. In an album of paintings the artist paints on a certain size of xuan paper and then binds a number of paintings into an album, which is convenient for storage. Folding fans and round fans made of bamboo strips with painted paper or silk pasted on the frame. The long, horizontal scroll is also called a hand scroll and is usually less than 50 centimeters high but maybe up to 100 meters long.3. SubjectsTraditional Chinese paintings can be classified as figure paintings, landscapes and flower-and-bird paintings. Landscapes represent a major category in traditional Chinese painting, mainly depicting the natural scenery of mountains and rivers.The range of subject matter in figure painting was extended far beyond religious themes during the Song Dynasty (960-1127). Landscape painting had already established itself as an independent form of expression by the fourth century and gradually branched out into the two separate styles: blue-and-green landscapes using bright blue, green and red pigments; and ink-and-wash landscapes relied on vividbrushwork and inks. Flower-and-bird painting deviated from decorative art to form its own independent genre around the ninth century.Traditional Chinese painting, poetry, calligraphy, painting and seal engraving are necessary components that supplement and enrich one another. "Painting in poetry and poetry in painting" has been a criterion for excellent works. Inscriptions and seal impressions help explain the painter's ideas and sentiments and also add beauty to the painting.Spring FestivalChinese New Year, also called Spring Festival, has more than 4,000 years of history. Being one of the traditional Chinese festivals, it is the grandest and the most important festival for Chinese people. It is also the time for the whole families to get together, which is similar with Christmas Day to the westerners. Originating during the Shang Dynasty (about 17th - 11th century BC), it celebrates family reunion and hopes the advent of spring and flowers blossomingrich with full of colorful activities. People from different regions and different ethnic groups celebrate it in their unique ways.FoodFood during this happy event has its characteristics, which is the representative of Chinese festival food culture. Dumplings and the reunion dinner are indispensable at this time. Cold and hot dishes are all served. Fish is always an important dish then, which expresses people’s hope of having a wealthy year.FireworksThe firecracker is a unique product in China. In ancient China, the sound of burning bamboo tubes was used to scare away wild animals and evil spirits. With the invention of the gunpowder, “firecracker”is also called “鞭炮biānpào”(“炮”in Chinese means gun) and used to foster a joyful atmosphere. The first thing every Chinese household does is to set off firecrackers and fireworks, which are meant to bid farewell to the old year and usher in the new. In the past few years, such an activity was completely or partially forbidden in big cities including Beijing due to fire and personal casualty caused by burning firecrackers. However, some Chinesethought that a Spring Festival without firecrackers was not lively enough and they burned firecrackers by stealth. So in recent years, the ban was canceled again. This shows that burning firecrackers is a very important activity during the Spring Festival. Pasting Spring Couplets“The Spring Couplet”, also called “couplet”and “a pair of antithetical phrases”, is a special form of literature in China. The Spring Couplet is composed of two antithetical sentences on both sides of the door and a horizontal scroll bearing an inscription, usually an auspicious phrase, above the gate. The sentence pasting on the right side of the door is called the first line of the couplet and the one on the left the second line. On the eve of the Spring Festival, every household will paste on doors a spring couplet written on red paper to give a happy and prosperous atmosphere of the Festival. In the past, the Chinese usually wrote their own spring couplet with a brush or asked others to do for them, while nowadays, it is common for people to buy the printed spring couplet in the market.New Year's Visit and Gift MoneyOn the first day of the Chinese lunar year, everybody puts on their best clothes and pays ceremonial calls on their relatives and friends, wishing them all the luck in the coming year. Juniors will greet seniors, wishing them health and longevity, while seniors will give juniors some gift money as a wish for their safety in the coming year. When friends meet, they will wish each other happiness and prosperity with a big smile. With the development of the new technology, there is a change on the way of giving New Years greetings. In recent year, it is common to send New Years greetings by such modern means of communication as telephones, emails and text messages.Lateran FestivalThe Lantern Festival is celebrated on the 15th day of the first Chinese lunar month, and traditionally ends the Chinese New Year period. In 2015 it falls on March 5. There is no public holiday for this festival.According to China's various folk customs, people get together on the night of the Lantern Festival to celebrate with different activities.As China is a vast country with a long history and diverse cultures, Lantern Festival customs and activities vary regionally, including lighting and enjoying (floating, fixed, held, and flying) lanterns, appreciating the bright full moon, setting off fireworks, guessing riddles written on lanterns, eating tangyuan, lion dances, dragon dances, and walking on stilts.The most important and prevalent customs are enjoying lanterns, guessing lantern riddles, eating tangyuan, and lion dances.Lighting and Watching LanternsLighting and appreciating lanterns is the main activity of the festival. When the festival comes, lanterns of various shapes and sizes (traditional globes, fish, dragons, goats! —in 2015, up to stories high!) are seen everywhere including households, shopping malls, parks, and streets, attracting numerous viewers. Children may hold small lanterns while walking the streets.The lanterns' artwork vividly demonstrates traditional Chinese images, such as fruits, flowers, birds, animals, people, and buildings.In the Taiwanese dialect, the Chinese word for lantern (灯dēng)is pronounced similarly to (丁dīng), which means 'a new-born baby boy'. Therefore lighting lanterns means illuminating the future and giving birth.Lighting lanterns is a way for people to pray that they will have smooth futures and express their best wishes for their families. Women who want to be pregnant would walk under a hanging lantern praying for a child.Guessing Lantern RiddlesGuessing (solving) lantern riddles, starting in the Song Dynasty (960–1279), is one of the most important and popular activities of the Lantern Festival. Lantern。
英语“话”中国文化 Unit 3 Chinese Folk Arts
Dialogue 1
Li Bin, a Chinese tour guide, is talking to a British tourist, Mike, who has no knowledge of Chinese at all.
M = Mike L = Li Bin
L: There are four main roles in Peking Opera: sheng, dan, jing and chou. Sheng is the leading male actor. Dan is the female role. Jing, mostly male, is the facepainted role and chou is the comedy actor or the clown.
M: Li Bin, I’m very interested in today’s Peking Opera. Can you tell me something about it?
L: Of course. It dates back to the 18th century. Peking Opera is a national treasure with as.
M: Yes, I’ve heard of him. He was the Peking Opera master. L: Yeah, he was a well-known Peking Opera master, and his performance
brought him international attention. M: Thank you. I have learned about the Peking Opera a lot. L: My pleasure.
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The Strategic Thoughts of Sunzi
• Treachery is meant to entice (诱使) the enemy to make all sorts of mistakes, defeating them after they all into a state of chaos.
• This is the principle of a “decent victory”.
The Strategic Thoughts of Sunzi
• It is not plausible to fight and win wars. • It‟s ideal to achieve victory through means other than war, such as politics, diplomacy, and other deterrent (威慑的) measures. • These ideas of Sunzi reflect his deep understanding of what we today call “holistic war (整体战争)”.
• Such holistic (全面的) thinking is a special feature of Sunzi’s Art of War.
The Strategic Thoughts of Sunzi
“One can fight and win a hundred wars if one knows both oneself and the enemy.”
The Strategic Thoughts of Sunzi
“Planning before going to war.” • Before entering a war, one must compare and analyze all factors of both sides, which mainly include: morale (士气), climate, terrain, commanders, and rules.
The Strategic Thoughts of Sunzi
• Of the rich strategic thoughts of Sunzi, the following are four aspects selected for illustration: “Planning before going to war (先计而后战).” “One can fight and win a hundred wars if one knows both oneself and the enemy (知 彼知己，百战不殆).” “The army survives by treachery (兵以诈立).” “Winning a war without fighting it (不战而屈 人之兵).”
The Strategic Thoughts of Sunzi
• The odds for winning are half and half if one knows oneself but not the enemy. And one is bound to fail if one knows neither oneself nor the enemy.
孙子曰：兵者，国之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。 故经之以五事，校之以计，而索其情：一曰道，二曰天，三曰地， 四曰将，五曰法。 ——《孙子兵法 始计第一》
The Strategic Thoughts of Sunzi
• The five aspects for consideration during war were echoed by Carl von Clausewitz (1780-1831), a German war expert, as “strategic factors”. • One or two of these factors are insufficient for one to judge the feasibility and consequences of a war. Consideration must be given to all these factors and their combinations.
知彼知己，百战不殆； ——《孙子兵法 谋攻第三》
• The purpose of considering the above five aspects, is to know the real situation on both sides. • It is not easy to get to know the enemy, because they do their best to keep their secrets and resortion.
The Dialectical Thinking of Sunzi
• The rich philosophical thought in Sunzi’s Art of War has aroused greater and greater attention from scholars of ancient Chinese philosophy.
• It also means “attacking the enemy at an unexpected time and place”.
• It is by using treachery that an expert of war devises strategies at headquarters while directing his army a thousand miles away to victory.
The Dialectical Thinking of Sunzi
Changeability • Situations of war are changeable at every moment, perhaps the most changeable of all things in the world. • To win a war, the commander must be able to keep abreast of and adapt to such changes.
The Dialectical Thinking of Sunzi Sunzi‟s Caution Against War Sunzi‟s Wisdom Beyond the Military
Introduction
• Sun Wu, respectfully called Sunzi, was born sometime between 550 and 540 BC, or toward the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. • He was a native of the State of Qi but later moved to the State of Wu, where he became the king‟s trusted strategist.
The Dialectical Thinking of Sunzi
• Sunzi said, “there is no fixed way of using force, just as there is no fixed form to water. He who can win a victory by adapting to changes in enemy forces is a master of the art of war.”
• It represents the theories of war of the Sunzi School originated by Sun Wu.
Introduction
• Of the more than 3,000 books on war from the pre-Qin (before 221 BC) period to the Qing Dynasty (1616-1911), Sunzi’s Art of War stands out as the greatest classic. • It excels over the other books in terms of strategy design, philosophical grounding and in tactical application. • Over the centuries it has been respected as “the source for all books on war (百代谈兵之祖).”
Unit 3
Sunzi’s Art of War:
Source for All Books on War
Content
Lead-in
Text study
Exercises
Lead-in
“The art of war is of vital importance to the state. It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be neglected.”
Introduction
• Sunzi’s Art of War (Sunzi Bingfa), is an ancient classic of war, consisting of 13 chapters in about 6,000 characters. • As many of the book‟s contents bear features of the Warring States Period (475-221 BC), some scholars believe the book was probably written in the middle of that period.