英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结

英语语言学

一、名词解释

第一课

1.Synchronic共时性: S aid of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” in time.\ A kind of description

which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of

this kind.

ngue语言: The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.

nguage: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication.

4.Arbitrariness任意性: One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic

signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.

第二课

1.Phoneme音位: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.

2.Allophone音位变体: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are

called the allophones of that phoneme.

3.Minimal pair最小对立体: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment

which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.

第三课

1.Morphology形态学: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.

2.Derivational morphemes派生词素: Some morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words

are called…

3.Inflectional morphemes曲折词素: Some bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on.

第四课

1.Syntax语法句法: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that

govern the formation of sentences.

2.Syntactic categories句法范畴: Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic categories.

3.Deep structure 深层结构: Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties, is

called deep structure or D- structure.

4.Surface structure 表层结构: Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure.

第五课

1.Reference指称: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.

2.Homonymy同音异义: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same

form, i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.

3.Hyponymy 上下义关系: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and

a more specific word.

第六课

1.Pragmatics语用学: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.

2.Utterance话语: a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication.

3.Utterance meaning话语意义: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.