托福入门阅读Lesson 4
托福阅读真题第4套
第4套Models of Egg DevelopmentParagraph1:Several different theories have been put forward to explain how the hard-shelled eggs of land-dwelling reptiles(e.g.lizards)evolved from the soft eggs that amphibians(e.g.frogs and toads)lay in water.The Romer model of egg development is named after the late Alfred Romer,a paleontologist who also became director of the Harvard University Museum of Comparative Zoology.His specialty was early reptiles because,he felt,they were the key to understanding the great reptile diversification seen in the Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic Eras(around230million years ago).Romer's hypothesis was that some aquatic amphibians--that is,amphibians living in water--called anthracosaurs began to lay their eggs on land at about the time that they were evolving reptile-like skeletal features.Indeed,some of these early amphibians and earliest reptiles are so similar in their skeletons that the exact transition point from one to the other is still difficult to determine.Eventually,though, the transition was made,but these early reptiles remained aquatic.The advantage for laying eggs on land was primarily to avoid the aquatic larval(pre-adult)stage during which immature amphibians live exclusively in water with its inherent risk of predators and drying of ponds.However,the land has its own set of dangers,not least of which is the drying effect of the atmosphere.To cope with these problems,a series of protective membranes developed around the egg,including a hard shell.Only later did the reptiles completely abandon an aquatic lifestyle.1..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○During the period that early amphibians changed into reptiles,their skeletons were exactly the same.○It is difficult to identify the time that early amphibians changed to reptiles because their skeletons look so much alike.○The skeletons of some early amphibians and reptiles are so similar that it is difficult to say which are amphibians and which are reptiles.○Early amphibians and reptiles had the same kind of skeleton at the same point in time.2..The word exclusively in the passage is closest in meaning to○only○initially○primarily○temporarily3..According to paragraph1,aquatic amphibians laid their eggs on land in order to○enable young amphibians to benefit from a dry atmosphere○ensure the rapid development of a hard shell○enable young amphibians to evolve features necessary for living on land○protect young amphibians from the dangers associated with life in the water Paragraph2:Another hypothesis was proposed by German paleontologist Rolf Kohring,whose specialty is fossil eggs.In Kohring's model,amphibians during the Mississippian epoch(360¨C320million years ago)spread into nutrient-poor or cooler water.Because of the harsher conditions,eggs were produced with larger yolks,that is, more nutrients for the embryo.█With larger yolks,the eggs were bigger,and fewer of them could be produced by the female--hundreds rather than thousands.█To keep the larger egg intact,one or more membranes were developed,including one that surrounded and protected the egg.█This outer membrane provided a place to safely store calcium ions,which are poisonous.█Accumulating the calcium in a hard shell then made it possible for the egg to be laid on land(it was pre-adapted to be laid there.)4..The word Accumulating in the passage is closest in meaning to○Forcing○Collecting○Distributing○Isolating5..In paragraph2,why does the author mention the information about calcium ions○To explain Koherig's theory that amphibian eggs developed at least two protective outer membranes○To explain that the calcium in a hard shell is not poisonous when the egg is laid on land○To explain why,according to Kohring,a hard shell evolved○To explain why only the outer membrane stored calcium6..Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph2about the relationship between eggs and water temperature○Eggs needed adaptations to survive in cold water.○Eggs needed warm water to survive.○Smaller eggs were produced in cold water.○Fewer eggs were produced in warm water.7..According to paragraph2,all of the following are true of the eggs of amphibians during the Mississippian epoch EXCEPT:○They had hard shells made from calcium ions.○They had larger yolks than previously.○They had protective membranes.○They were produced in larger quantities than previously.Paragraph3:One other model we should consider is the anti-predator hypothesis proposed by Gary and Mary Packard to explain the evolution of the hard-shelled egg. Their model was not concerned with the development of membranes surrounding the egg but continues the story after these membranes appeared.The Packards assume that the earliest reptiles laid leathery shelled eggs on very wet ground where they could absorb water during the embryos'growth.But life on the ground is not without hazards,based on studies of modern reptiles with leathery shelled eggs.Predatory insects and microbes can be a major cause of egg mortality.To counter this loss of eggs,some of the early reptiles began secreting a thin calcareous(containing calcium carbonate)layer.This hard layer gave the embryos a better chance of surviving until hatching.And these survivors in turn would probably leave more progeny once a few of them reached reproductive age.In time,a thicker,more resistant shell developed. However,a thicker eggshell meant that less water could be absorbed for the needs of the embryo.To compensate,larger eggs were produced,containing a great deal more albumen(egg white,a water-soluble protein).At this point,the rigid eggshell had reached the bird egg level of complexity.8..The word counter in the passage is closest in meaning to○escape○stop○combat○delay9..According to paragraph3,early reptiles began to develop a thin calcareous layer around the egg so that○the embryo could survive attacks from predatory insects and microbes○the embryo could absorb sufficient water during its growth○the surviving embryo could reach reproductive age○the egg could be laid on land10..Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph3as a disadvantage of the hard eggshell○It increased the hatching period.○It prevented the development of large-size eggs.○It made it more difficult for the embryo to obtain water.○It made it harder for the embryo to survive until hatching.Paragraph4:Mary Packard presented yet another model with her colleague Roger Seymour.They note that amphibian eggs can never get very large because the gelatin coat surrounding the developing larva is not very good at transmitting oxygen. Because of this restriction,we will never see frog eggs the size of a chicken's.For Packard and Seymour,the major evolutionary breakthrough in reptile eggs was the elimination of the thick gelatin coat and replacing part of it with a fibrous membrane. This change allowed larger eggs to be developed.11..The word breakthrough in the passage is closest in meaning to○effect○development○requirement○goal12..Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph4about the fibrous membrane○It served the same function as the gelatin coat.○It was larger than the gelatin coat.○It allowed amphibians to produce eggs as large as those of reptiles.○It allowed for better transmission of oxygen.13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.And the relatively few that were produced had to be properly protected.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.Paragraph2:Another hypothesis was proposed by German paleontologist Rolf Kohring, whose specialty is fossil eggs.In Kohring's model,amphibians during the Mississippian epoch(360¨C320million years ago)spread into nutrient-poor or cooler water.Because of the harsher conditions,eggs were produced with larger yolks,that is,more nutrients for the embryo.█With larger yolks,the eggs were bigger,and fewer of them could be produced by the female--hundreds rather than thousands.█To keep the larger egg intact,one or more membranes were developed,including one that surrounded and protected the egg.█This outer membrane provided a place to safely store calcium ions, which are poisonous.█Accumulating the calcium in a hard shell then made it possible for the egg to be laid on land(it was pre-adapted to be laid there.)14..Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer Choices○Alfred Romer's hypothesis was that early amphibians started evolving reptilian skeletal features long before they started laying eggs on land.○Alfred Romer theorized that early reptiles developed protective membranes around the egg in response to the dangers to young amphibians in water and threats to the egg on land.○In Rolf Kohring's view,early reptiles developed protective membranes around the large eggs that were produced in harsh water conditions,making it possible for the egg to be laid on land.○Gary and Mary Packard claimed that reptiles developed the hard-shelled egg in order to reduce the rate at which eggs were destroyed by predatory insects andmicrobes.○Rolf Kohring argued that egg development was poor during the Mississippian epoch due to nutrient-poor waters.○According to Mary Packard and Roger Seymour,reptiles could not successively develop very large eggs because of the elimination of the gelatin coat.Population Revolution in Eighteenth-Century EuropeParagraph1：In late seventeenth-century Europe,what had been evolution in population followed by stabilization changed to population revolution.█Increasing contacts with the Americas brought more sophisticated knowledge of the advantages of new foods,particularly the potato.█Originally a cool-weather mountain crop in the Americas,potatoes did well in the Pyrenees,Alps,and Scottish Highlands.█They also grew well in the long,damp springtime of the northwest European plain.█Whatever hesitancy peasants may have felt about eating potatoes quickly passed when famine threatened;after all,people who in famines desperately consumed grass, weeds,and the bark of trees hardly would have hesitated to eat a potato.By the later eighteenth and the nineteenth century,American foods had become the principal foodstuffs of many rural folk.Various agricultural publicists promoted adoption of these foods,and peasants found that potatoes could allow subsistence on smaller plots of land.Fried potatoes soon began to be sold on the streets of Paris in the1680s the original French ernments,eager to promote population growth as a source of military and economic strength,also backed the potato.1..Paragraph1suggests that the European population before the late seventeenth century had been○growing slowly and then not at all○changing in distribution but not in the overall number of people○decreasing at a small but stable rate○alternating between periods of slow and fast growth2..The word sophisticated in the passage is closest in meaning to○quickly obtained○highly developed○widely distributed○easily understood3..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○The constant threat of famine caused peasants to become desperate and eat unusual foods like grass,weeds,and the bark of trees.○Because famine forces people to eat foods they normally would not want to eat, peasants were willing to eat potatoes.○Although some people ate foods like potatoes during famine,others preferred to eateasily accessible foods like grass,weeds,and the bark of trees.○Famine had the greatest impact on peasants,whose regular diet of potatoes expanded to include other vegetation.4..According to paragraph1,all of the following contributed to the widespread adoption of the potato in Europe EXCEPT:○Peasants growing potatoes for their own use could support themselves on smaller plots of land.○Potatoes grew well in a variety of locations in Europe.○Potatoes were the preferred food of European military forces.○Agricultural publicists encouraged the public to eat potatoes.Paragraph2：Along with new foods,some landowners began to introduce other innovations.The nutritional base for a population revolution combined regional changes with the use of American foods.Dutch and English farmers drained more swamps and so increased cultivable land.Agricultural reformers further promoted the use of crops such as the turnip that return valuable nitrogen to the soil.Improvements in available tools,such as growing use of the scythe instead of the sickle for harvesting,and better methods of raising livestock also spread.All this took shape from the late seventeenth century onward,building on earlier agricultural changes.At the same time,rates of epidemic disease declined,in part because of more effective government controls over the passage of people and animals along traditional plague routes from the Middle East.It was the change in foods that really counted,however.5..According to paragraph2,regional farmers did all of the following to improve food production in Europe EXCEPT:○They improved the way they raised farm animals.○They used both the sickle and the scythe to harvest crops.○They grew special crops that nourished the soil.○They created more farmland by draining swamps.Paragraph3：These developments provided a framework for an unprecedented surge. In virtually every area of Europe,the population increased by50to100percent in the eighteenth century,with the greatest growth coming after1750.The Hapsburg Empire grew from20million to27million people;Spain rose from5million to10million, and Prussia rose from3million to6million.Growth would continue throughout the nineteenth century.In Europe as a whole,population rose from188million in1800to 401million in1900.This was an upheaval of truly impressive proportions.6..The word surge in the passage is closest in meaning to○event○benefit○sudden increase○important change7..In paragraph3,the author mentions the Hapsburg Empire,Spain,and Prussia inorder to○support the claim that the population explosion covered most of the European continent○give examples of population growth during the nineteenth century○suggest that the population of Prussia grew more slowly than the populations ofother countries○demonstrate that the fastest population growth took place in Spain8..The word proportions in the passage is closest in meaning to○origins○consequences○growth○sizeParagraph4：The population explosion resulted from a break in the traditional,if approximate,balance between births and deaths in European society.In England between1700and1750,approximately32.8people were born annually for every1,000 inhabitants,and31.5people died.Similarly,in Lombardy in the eighteenth century,39 people were born and37people died for every1,000inhabitants.Clearly,a major alteration had to occur in either the birth or the mortality rate before the expansion of population could begin.In fact,both rates changed:families began to have more children, and a lower percentage of the population died each year.Lower infant death rates meant more people living to produce children of their own,though falling adult death rates also increased the number of older Europeans.9..According to paragraph4,the expansion of Europe's population was made possible by○a major improvement in the care of older Europeans○increased variation in the ages at which people gave birth to children○a change in traditional beliefs about family size○increased birth rates accompanied by a decline in mortality10..The word sustain in the passage is closest in meaning to○support○stimulate○explain○uniteParagraph5：While historians continue to debate the precise balance of causes involved in these dramatic changes,basic outlines are clear.Better food and a reduction in the epidemic-disease cycle allowed more children to live to adulthood, which increased the population directly and also provided more parents for the nextgeneration a double impact.Rapidly increasing populations provided a new labor force for manufacturing.In the eighteenth century,this mainly involved hundreds of thousands of people,mostly rural,producing thread,cloth,and other products for market sale.This manufacturing expansion helped sustain the growing population,but it could also encourage a higher birth rate.Some people,able to earn money by their late teens,began to produce children earlier;the rate of illegitimate births went up. Others realized that having an extra child or two might help the family economy by providing additional worker-assistants.While death-rate decline was the most important source of Europe's population explosion,various changes on the birth rate side,though quite short-lived,pushed the population up as well.11..According to paragraph5,what effect did the epidemic-disease cycle have on population during the eighteenth century○Childhood diseases kept population growth rates from rising even higher.○Periodic epidemics caused population growth rates to rise and fall in cycles.○The effect varied by area,with urban populations more affected by disease than rural areas.○Fewer childhood deaths from disease led to an increased number of children in the current and future generations.12..According to paragraph5,how did the manufacturing expansion affect population growth○It caused a small decline,because families working in manufacturing needed fewer children as worker-assistants than did farming families.○It made teenage workers delay childbearing,which caused a decline in population growth.○It caused an increase in population by allowing workers to support a family at an earlier age.○It caused the growth rate to rise in the cities and to decline in rural areas.13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.What were the factors that led to this population revolutionParagraph1：In late seventeenth-century Europe,what had been evolution in population followed by stabilization changed to population revolution.█Increasing contacts with the Americas brought more sophisticated knowledge of the advantages of new foods,particularly the potato.█Originally a cool-weather mountain crop in the Americas,potatoes did well in the Pyrenees,Alps,and Scottish Highlands.█They also grew well in the long,damp springtime of the northwest European plain.█Whatever hesitancy peasants may have felt about eating potatoes quickly passed when famine threatened;after all,people who in famines desperately consumed grass, weeds,and the bark of trees hardly would have hesitated to eat a potato.By the later eighteenth and the nineteenth century,American foods had become the principal foodstuffs of many rural folk.Various agricultural publicists promoted adoption ofthese foods,and peasants found that potatoes could allow subsistence on smaller plots of land.Fried potatoes soon began to be sold on the streets of Paris in the1680s the original French ernments,eager to promote population growth as a source of military and economic strength,also backed the potato.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.14..Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer Choices○Climate conditions in Europe allowed for the introduction of new crops that competed with American foods for popular consumption.○An important cause of population growth was improved nutrition,due in large part to the addition of the potato and other American foods to the standard European diet.○Regional landowners developed improved agricultural techniques,and mortality rates declined as governments gained control over traditional plague routes.○Growth rates varied widely across the continent but were highest in France,Spain, and Britain and lowest in Prussia and the Hapsburg Empire.○Birth rates went up as more people lived long enough to have their own children, had children earlier,and had larger families.○Government policies promoting population growth helped to create a large labor force for the manufacturing industry.Mexican Mural Art(17年4月1日考过)Paragraph1：The first major modern art movement in Latin America was Mexican muralism,which featured large-scale murals painted on the wall surfaces of public buildings.One of the most persistent strands in Latin American art in the last80years has been an engagement with political and social issues,including the struggle for social justice.This in turn has been accompanied by a desire for authentic forms of self-expression and freedom from cultural dependency.Although these preoccupations have taken many different forms,Mexican muralism was the first,and its influence was the most far-reaching.Muralism flourished in Mexico in the years immediately following the Mexican Revolution(1910¨C1920)as a result of a combination of circumstances:a climate of revolutionary optimism and cultural experimentation that challenged traditional Eurocentrism;a small but strong group of relatively mature artists of energy,ideas,and ability;and a visionary minister of education,Jos¨¦Vasconcelos.Vasconcelos believed that Mexico was destined to play a central role on the international stage.He understood that ideas could be more quickly assimilated through images than through any other medium,and he had the courage to allocate the funds,and the walls of public buildings,to the artists to do with as they liked.1..The word persistent in the passage is closest in meaning to○important○fascinating○lasting○powerful2..According to paragraph1,Mexican muralism is concerned with○the attempt to make art a more important subject in the Latin American educational system○the combination of European art traditions with authentic Latin American art forms ○the creation of a just society and an independent form of cultural expression○the use of art to raise funds for the construction of new public buildings3..The author mentions the Mexican Revolution in the passage in order to○explain how the Mexican government used muralism to challenge European political beliefs○emphasize an important reason that Mexican muralism thrived○give an example of one of the most popular subjects of muralism○emphasize the success of Mexican artists who participated in political conflicts4..It can be inferred from paragraph1that the muralists got most of their financial support from○opponents of traditional European art○wealthy art lovers○other muralists from around the world○the Mexican governmentParagraph2：The muralists shared a belief in the power of art to transform society for the better;to challenge social,political,economic,and cultural stereotypes;and to enrich the intellectual life of their country.During the1920s and1930s,they covered miles of wall with paintings representing aspects of Mexico's past and present and the future to which all aspired.Although Mexican muralism is representational and often narrative in form,it should be recognized as a modern movement.It was modernizing in intent,in that it challenged the old order culturally,socially,and politically.By definition,it was a public,accessible form of art not a commodity that could be bought and sold by the wealthy elite.Its purpose was to educate,inform,enlighten, politicize and thus empower the general public,in particular the working classes. 5..According to paragraph2,in what way can Mexican muralism be regarded as a characteristically modern art movement○It was representational and often narrative in form.○It was supported by a small but enlightened artistic elite.○It questioned traditional ideas.○It emphasized the future rather than dwelling on the past.Paragraph3：The muralist movement was not a unified force,however.The painters who were its leaders took different directions and did not always see eye to eye. Diego Rivera(1886¨C1957)sought to promote a pluralistic vision of Mexican society by drawing on the rich heritage of the pre-Columbian past(before Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas in1492)and contemporary popular culture,and he investigated pre-Columbian styles and techniques in an effort to create an aesthetic language that was new and Mexican.He was deeply influenced by native pictographic traditions of communication in which pictures represent written words and ideas,and he sought to develop a modern equivalent,a visual language that could be read like a book.The art of Jos¨¦Clemente Orozco(1883¨C1949)is less optimistic:he saw both the pre-Columbian past and the revolutionary present in a more negative light,the former as barbarous,the latter often tarnished by corruption and cruelty.He offers no comforting narratives and his expressive,aggressive technique serves as a metaphor of Mexico's harsh,contradictory reality.David Alfaro Siqueiros(1898¨C1976)was the most politically active of the three and was an internationalist both ideologically and artistically.In his art he deliberately avoided traditional materials and methods, preferring to use modern industrial paints and spray guns.His works look forward to a fully socialist future where the workers will have won the right to the benefits of the modern industrial era,and his often fragmented,complex imagery does not patronize or make concessions to his audience.6..The word promote in the passage is closest in meaning to○express○create○emphasize○encourage7..The word contradictory in the passage is closest in meaning to○discouraging○conflicting○unchanging○unusual8..Paragraph3makes all of the following points about artist Diego Rivera EXCEPT:○He used elements of pre-Columbian art to help make a new,modern art.○He tried to develop a visual language that communicated as clearly as native pictographs had.○He used his art to express his ideas of what Mexican society should be like.○He tried but failed to unify the muralist movement.9..According to paragraph3,which of the following was true of Orozco's art○It was concerned with Mexican problems of the past and the present.○It presented the pre-Columbian past favorably.○Its images were intended to be pleasing to viewers.○Its technique was more typical of international artists than Mexican artists.10..According to paragraph3,which of the following is NOT true of David Alfaro Siqueiros○He used modern industrial materials rather than traditional materials in his art.○He designed images that were intentionally meant to please his audience.○He believed in socialism and viewed the future of workers in the modern industrial era favorably.○He took an international approach to both politics and art.Paragraph4：█The Mexican muralist movement is undoubtedly one of the most important manifestations of twentieth-century Mexican culture.█Its impact elsewhere in the region,as well as in the United States and Europe,has been enormous.█The work of Rivera,Orozco,and Siqueiros triggered a homegrown muralist movement in the United States in cities like New York City,Detroit,Los Angeles,and San Francisco.█The influence of the Mexicans on the modern Spanish painter Picasso's first mural and almost his only major explicitly propagandist work of art his famous Guernica of1937is unmistakable even though the artist himself would have denied it. In Latin America,Mexican-influenced muralism has recurred whenever artists have felt the need to make a clear,public statement in a language that has not been borrowed from outside.11..The word manifestations in the passage is closest in meaning to○expressions○modifications○contributions○components12..The author mentions Picasso's mural Guernica in order to○provide an example of one of the biggest European influences on Mexican muralism○indicate that politically motivated murals were as popular in Europe as they were in Mexico○explain why the influence of Mexican muralism was especially strong among Spanish artists○provide evidence that the Mexican muralists had a significant impact on the international art world13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.However,its influence was not limited to Mexico itself.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the。
《托福基础阅读讲义》课件
议论文
总结词
阐述观点、论证立场
详细描述
议论文主要通过提出观点、进行论证和反驳论点等手段，说服读者接受作者的观 点。在托福阅读中，议论文可能涉及政治、经济、社会、文化等领域，要求考生讲述故事、事件或经历
详细描述
记叙文主要通过叙述故事、事件或经历的方式，向读者传达某种情感或意义。在托福阅读中，记叙文可能涉及文 学、历史、传记等领域，要求考生理解故事情节并进行推理分析。
THANKS FOR WATCHING
感谢您的观看
提高英语阅读能力
通过托福阅读考试的训练 ，考生可以提高英语阅读 能力，增强对英文文献的 理解。
托福阅读考试评分标准
评分标准
托福阅读考试的评分标准主要根 据考生对文章的理解程度和答题 的准确性来评定，具体评分标准 可参考官方指南。
分数计算
托福阅读考试的成绩计算是根据 考生的答题数量和答题质量来综 合评定的，具体的计算方法可参 考官方指南。
段落主题句定位
关注段落的主题句，通常位于段 落的开头或结尾，以获取关键信
息。
逻辑关系定位
利用句子之间的逻辑关系，如因 果、转折、并列等，找到关键信
息。
推理判断技巧
推断作者意图
推断事实细节
通过分析文章中的信息和语气，推断 作者的意图和态度。
根据文章中的信息和逻辑关系，推断 事实的细节和具体内容。
推断文章主题
05
托福阅读备考策略
提高词汇量
总结词
积累词汇是提高阅读理解能力的关键 。
详细描述
建议考生制定一个详细的词汇计划， 每天记忆一定数量的新单词，并复习 已学过的词汇。可以通过阅读英文文 章、听力材料、英文电影和电视剧等 途径来增加词汇量。
托福阅读四插入句子题ppt课件
Suggestion 1 在段落之前的空，一般为错，因为每段的中心都在第一句，如果把第一句改变了，也就
改变句意了 Suggestion 2
空后有代词they，it的，一般是不对的。（因为代词不能跨句，如果在代词前面加一句 话，就会改变代词的指代对象。但是有例外存在，比如一段中只有一个主语。） Suggestion 3
han that of a public school. (话题词同义改写)
8
为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社 会主义 思想和 党的十 九大精 神,贯彻 全国教 育大会 精神, 充分发 挥中小 学图书 室育人 功能
Cohesive devices
4. 过渡性词和词组(Transitional phrases/transitional adverbs) 上面讲到的三种句间关系属 于隐性关系。隐性关系通过上下句的语义关系体现。现在，我们要讲的是句子间的显 性关系，即通过明显的逻辑连词或副词来体现句间关系。这些显性关系词包括以下类 别。
Today's teachers are faced with a stark choice. They must decide whether to teach in a way that helps student pass standardized exams or teach in a way that actually helps students learn.
Before choosing a public or private school for their children, parents should ta
ke into account the cost. The price of a private school is usually much higher t
新托福阅读真经4电子版pdf下载
智课网TOEFL备考资料新托福阅读真经4电子版pdf下载摘要：新托福阅读真经4在复习的最后阶段，做做模拟练习题是必不可少的。
如果有条件的话，最好做一下模考软件。
因为这样可以模仿新托福机考的真实场景，新托福阅读真经4可以在阅读上做参考。
新托福阅读真经4积累背景知识对我们来说相当的重要，因此我们在做新托福阅读的题目的同时，也应该在空余的时候多阅读课外读物，原版杂志。
譬如，国家地理，自然，今日美国等一些著名的原版杂志，这不仅可以扩充我们的背景知识，同时也可以补充我们在词汇量上的不足。
新托福阅读真经4内容：新托福阅读真经4第一部分：收录了12套新托福阅读试题。
其中有6套试题是标准题量，每套题含有3篇阅读文章；另外6套含有加试题，每套题包括5篇阅读文章。
考生可通过这些练习，适应不同的节奏。
阅读材料涵盖了人文科学、自然科学以及艺术等话题，汇聚了各个领域最新的热点及研究成果。
新托福阅读真经4第二部分：提供了12套试题的答案和解析。
解析以阅读的10大题型为切入点，精确定位至原文具体的句子，帮助考生理清答题思路。
新托福阅读真经4第三部分：收录了48篇阅读文章的译文。
为了加深考生对文章的理解，本书特提供了每篇阅读文章的译文，考生可进行查阅、参考。
另外，每篇译文下面都附有本篇文章的关键词汇和短语，考生可借此掌握和各个话题相关的词汇，夯实自己的词汇储备。
托福机经app最新考试托福小范围机经/历年托福考试真题库/ 免费提供给学生；学生在线做题，小马老师批改问题，外教示范口语发音并有高分参考答案，边学习边练习，拿高分；托福听力 appTPO听力免费联系/独创“修炼”“闯关”两大模式听力训练，听单词：5000+单词，听句子：1000+句子，听文章:200+文章，三步搞定托福听力难关相关字搜索：新托福阅读真经4。
托福阅读课讲义（花花整理）
托福阅读课讲义（花花整理）阅读课讲义怎样的考试和怎样的我们…….托福考试的本质探求——对”Test of English as a Foreign Language”的再认知托福到底有多难？◆习惯的说法：⾼考－>六级－>考研－>托福－>SA T－>GRE－>GMA T－>LSA T◆⽤合理的⽅式进⾏难度的评价从“OF”到“IN”◆Test OF English：“对”英语的测试●TOEFL (Test Of English as a Foreign Language)●IEL TS (International English Language Testing System)●TOEIC (Test Of English for International Communication)●CET-4 (College English Test-Band 4)●CET-6 (College English Test-Band 6)●PETS (Public English T est System)◆Test IN English：“⽤”英语的测试●GRE (Graduate Record Examination)●GMA T (Graduate Management Admission Test)●SA T (Scholastic Assessment Test)●LSA T (Law School Admission Test)●NCEE (National College Entrance Examination)●NGEE (National Graduate Entrance Examination)托福作为语⾔考试的本质◆测试考⽣对英语的综合应⽤能⼒——包括听、说、读、写的独⽴能⼒和综合能⼒；◆测试考⽣在实际的学习、⽣活过程中的语⾔应⽤能⼒——所有测试内容均与实际结合；◆考⽣的英语⽔平与分数具有直接相关性——零基础测试假设；◆包含且仅包含语⾔使⽤过程中的所有因素——词汇、句⼦、语篇、语境、交流⽅式。
托福阅读练习题汇总
托福阅读练习题汇总下面给大家整理一些托福考试的阅读练习题，盼望大家喜爱。
托福阅读练习题(1)【Introduction】Doctors have long known that vitamin D is essential to good health. Get enough of it and it ensures strong bones and teeth. But a new study this week suggests an even more extraordinary benefit: a lower risk of death.【Section One】ArticleVitamin D Lowers Risk of DeathThe new paper, published in the Sept. 10 issue of the Archives of Internal Medicine, is a meta-analysis of 18 previously published studies on the vitamin. None of the original experiments was specifically designed to study how vitamin D affects mortality — the trials involved conditions such as bone fractures, bone mineral density, congestive heart failure and colorectal cancer — but all of them tracked participants‘ death data. Overall, researchers found, people who took daily vitamin D supplements were 7% less likely to die during the study — from any cause — than people who didn‘t.The study‘s authors still don‘t know exactly how the vitamin may reduce people‘s death risk, but their findings are in line with a spate ofrecent research linking the vitamin to a wide range of health benefits. Not only does it promote calcium absorption and bone maintenance, but vitamin D also appears to stimulate the immune system, inhibit cellular proliferation and spur cell differentiation — in turn, those processes could reduce the aggressiveness of cancer tumors or keep artery-clogging plaques from growing. Indeed, studies have suggested that low levels of vitamin D may be associated with a higher risk of death from certain cancers, heart disease and diabetes.The current analysis looked at data on 57,311 participants, most of whom were middle-aged or elderly and in generally good health. Those in intervention groups took daily doses of vitamin D — ranging mostly from 400 IU to 833 IU per day, with a study size–adjusted mean intake of 528 IU a day. Compared with people who weren‘t given supplements, the test groups had up to a five times greater blood level of vitamin D and a significantly reduced risk of death. Though there‘s no medically recommended optimum level of the vitamin, throughout human evolution when the vitamin D system was developing, the ‘natural‘ level... was probably around 50 ng/mL or higher, writes Dr. Edward Giovannucci, a professor of nutrition and epidemiology at the Harvard School of Public Health, in an accompanying editorial. In modern societies, few people attain such high levels, and levels below 10 ng/mL or 15 ng/mL are not uncommon.If people can‘t get enough natural vitamin D from food or sun exposure, which synthesizes it in the skin, then daily supplements may be a good alternative — and the current study shows that an intake of up to 800 IU a day is safe. In the 18 studies that researchers analyzed for the current report, none of the participants taking supplements — even at a 2,000 IU daily dose — surpassed the 50 ng/mL mark. According to Giovannucci, people should reasonably shoot for levels of 30 ng/mL to 40 ng/mL, and doctors should consider testing patients who are at risk for deficiencies in vitamin D.【Section Two】Vocabulary1. mortalityn. 死亡率2. fracturen. 裂开, 骨折;v. (使)破裂, (使)裂开3. congestiveadj. 充血的4. diabetesn. [医] 糖尿病, 多尿症5. evolutionn. 进展, 开展, 演化, 进化6. bone fractures 骨折7. bone mineral density 骨密度8. immune system 免疫系统9. cell differentiation 细胞分化【Section Three】Homework1. Please translate the blue sentence into Chinese.Not only does it promote calcium absorption and bonemaintenance, but vitamin D also appears to stimulate the immune system, inhibit cellular proliferation and spur cell differentiation.2. What is the main idear of this Article?3. A intake of how many vitamin D a day is safe from the current study?4. The article mentioned Researchers found, people who took daily vitamin D supplements were 7% more likely to die during the study — from any cause — than people who didn‘t. Right?参考答案:1. 维生素D不仅能促进钙的汲取、骨骼的保养，还能激活免疫系统、抑制细胞扩散、刺激细胞分化。
新托福TPO4阅读原文(一)Deer Populations of the Puget Sound及译文
新托福TPO4阅读原文(一):Deer Populations of the Puget SoundTPO-4-1：Deer Populations of the Puget SoundTwo species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."Reduction in numbers of game should have boded ill for their survival in later times. A worsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further. Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status. But for the black-tailed deer, humanpressure has had just the opposite effect. Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period."The causes of this population rebound are consequences of other human actions. First, the major predators of deer—wolves, cougar, and lynx—have been greatly reduced in numbers. Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting. But the most profound reason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the fate of the forests. Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds of deer. In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive. The protein content of shade-grown vegetation, for example, was much lower than that for plants grown in clearings.译文：TPO-4-1 普吉特海湾的鹿群在太平洋西北区的美国华盛顿州，有两种鹿在普吉特海湾非常普遍。
托福阅读 4-1 Deer Populations of the Puget Sound
TPO-4Deer Populations of the Puget SoundTwo species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."Reduction in numbers of game should have boded ill for their survival in later times. A worsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land,logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further. Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status. But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect. Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period."The causes of this population rebound are consequences of other human actions. First, the major predators of deer—wolves, cougar, and lynx—have been greatly reduced in numbers. Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting. But the most profound reason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the fate of the forests. Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds of deer. In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive. The protein content of shade-grown vegetation, for example, was much lower than that for plants grown in clearings.Paragraph 1: Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?○It is native to lowlands and marshes.○It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.○It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.○It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.Paragraph 2: Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.2. It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions○ cause some deer to hibernate○ make food unavailable in the highlands for deer○ make it easier for deer to locate understory plants○ prevent deer from migrating during the winter3. The word "inhibits" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ consists of○ combines○ restricts○ establishesParagraph 3: The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."4. The phrase "in the same breath" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ impatiently○ humorously○ continuously○ immediately5. The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of the following points?○The number of deer within the Puget Sound region has varied over time.○Most of the explorers who came to the Puget Sound area were primarily interested in hunting game.○There was more game for hunting in the East of the United States than in the West.○Individual explorers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading companies.6. According to paragraph 3, how had Fort Vancouver changed by the time David Douglas returned in 1832?○The fort had become the headquarters for the Hudson's Bay Company.○Deer had begun populating the meadows around the fort.○Deer populations near the fort had been destroyed.○Crop yields in the area around the fort had decreased.Paragraph 4: Reduction in numbers of game should have boded ill for their survival in later times. A worsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further. Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status. But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect. Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period."7. Why does the author ask readers to recall “the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer” in the discussion of changes in the wilderness landscape?○To provide support for the idea that habitat destruction would lead to population decline○To compare how two species of deer caused biotic changes in the wilderness environment○To provide an example of a species of deer that has successfully adapted to human settlement○To argue that some deer species must be given a protected status8. The phrase “indefinite period” in the passage is closest in meaning to period○ whose end has not been determined○ that does not begin when expected○ that lasts only briefly○ whose importance remains unknown9. Which of the following statements about deer populations is supported by the information in paragraph 4?○Deer populations reached their highest point during the 1940s and then began to decline.○The activities of settlers contributed in unexpected ways to the growth of some deer populations in later times.○The cleaning of wilderness land for construction caused biotic changes from which the black-tailed deer population has never recovered.○Since the 1940s the winter populations of deer have fluctuated more than the summer populations have.Paragraph 5: The causes of this population rebound are consequences of other human actions. First, the major predators of deer—wolves, cougar, and lynx—have been greatly reduced in numbers. Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting. But the most profound reason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the fate of the forests. Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds of deer. In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive. The protein content of shade-grown vegetation, for example, was much lower than that for plants grown in clearings.10．The word “rebound” in the passage is closest in meaning to○ decline○ recovery○ exchange○ movement11．Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in importantways or leave out essential information.○Arthur Einarsen’s longtime family with the Pacific Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had an increase in suitable browse.○Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food.○Biologist like Einarsen believe it is important to find additional open areas with suitable browse for deer to inhabit.○According to Einarsen, huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition of deer in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest.12．Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a factor that has increased deer populations?○A reduction in the number of predators○Restrictions on hunting○The effects of logging and fire○Laws that protected feeding grounds of deerParagraph 2: Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. █Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. █Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.Paragraph 3: █The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. █The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued tofluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."13．Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.There food is available and accessible throughout the winter.Where would the sentence best fit?14．Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Deer in the Puget Sound area eat a wide variety of foods and migrate seasonally to find food.●●●Answer Choices○ The balance of deer species in the Puget Sound region has changed over time, with the Columbian white-tailed deer now outnumbering other types of deer.○Deer populations naturally fluctuate, but early settlers in the Puget Sound environment caused an overall decline in the deer populations of the areas at that time.○In the long term, black-tailed deer in the Puget Sound area have benefitted from human activities through the elimination of their natural predators, and more and better food in deforested areas.○Because Puget Sound deer migrate, it was and still remains difficult to determine accurately how many deer are living at any one time in the western United States.○ Although it was believed that human settlement of the American West would cause the total number of deer to decrease permanently, the opposite has occurred for certain types of deer.○Wildlife biologists have long been concerned that the loss of forests may create nutritional deficiencies for deer.参考答案：1. ○42. ○ 23. ○ 34. ○45. ○16. ○37. ○18. ○ 19. ○210. ○ 211. ○212. ○413. ○214. Deer populations naturally…In the long term…Although it was believed…。
托福阅读基础班讲义printed version
托福阅读基础班讲义Version20100625Table of ContentsⅠ.Basic Reading Requirements (2)1.1. Material Reference (2)1.2. V ocabulary (2)1.3 Sentence (7)1.3.1 Parallel Constructions (12)1.3.2Parenthetical sentence (13)1.3.3Phrases (13)1.3.4Appositons (16)1.3.5Attributive clauses (16)1.3.6Complex sentences (17)Ⅱ.Effective Reading Practice (20)2.1 Coherence (20)2.2. Structure (23)Ⅲ.Critical Reading Practice (24)3.1Distinguish fact from opinion (24)3.2Topic (generalization) and main idea (25)3.3. Purpose and inference (26)Table of words with various meanings: (28)Table of Correlative words (29)Complex sentences for practice (30)V ocabulary with Contexts (34)Ⅰ.Basic Reading Requirements1.1. Material Reference•§Building Skills for the TOEFL iBT (North Star)•§Old TOEFL Reading Passages•§Old TOEFL Vocabulary•§Effective Reading in a Changing World1.2. Vocabulary•§How many words?•§How to promote efficiency?•§What kinds of words?•√multivocal words•√abstract words•√academic words•√correlative words√multivocal words•Little test:1.The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using the reeds, grasses, bards, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes -not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonial objects.rge domestic animals became the societies’main source of animal protein, replacing wild game, and they also furnished wool, leather, and land transport.3.The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from foxes, which cannot scale the sheer rocks, and from ravens and other species of gulls, which have difficulty in landing on narrow ledges to steal eggs.4.Most machines, no matter how complex they may be, are combinations of the lever and the inclined plane.5.In the foreground rose the Gongtang Pagoda with its dazzling gilded stupa rising above a rectangular series of green tiled sloping roofs. Beyond, leading up to the mountains lay the fabled Labrang Monastery. Surrounding the entire complex stretched a reddish-brown wall, severalkilometers long, lined with hundreds of prayer wheels.•More about multivocal words:1.One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units. Rent controls have artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability-----rents.2. The first wells were drilled into the Ogallala during the drought years of the early 1930’s. The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture, especially from the 1950’s onward, transformed the economy of the region.3. The author mentions the Ice Age rope found in the French cave of Lascaux as an example of an item on which the marks of wear imply that it was used by a right-handed person4. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.5. Black was considered inappropriate because of its association with death.6. There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures.7. As a famous woman, Fengjie’s disposition has been marked as extreme self-confidence. The disposition of Furong’s “S”posture cannot match up with Fengjie’s sudden turn of her face with a charming smile. The disposition of all these national treasures overseas has ignited the admiration of foreign news agency, such as the report of Brother sharp.8. Passed from generation to generation by word of mouth, every society has a favorite imagined figure that is seen in the surface markings of the full moon. In Asia and Europe, it is commonly a hare, while North Americans see the "man in the moon" or the "lady in the moon."9. In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them –even while building materials have changed dramatically.10. Reflection on a complex task such as teaching is not easy." The teachers were taken through a program of talking about teaching events, moving on to reflecting about specific issues in a supported, and later an independent manner.the reflection in a mirrordo sth. without sufficient reflectionreflections on the current situationHe is simply a reflection of his father.Recommended Solution•Table of Mutivocal words•Requirements:•Look all these words up•Write down all the meanings√abstract words•Little test:1. Most psychologists, perplexed by the feelings they acknowledge are aroused by aesthetic experience, have claimed that these emotions are genuine, but different in kind from nonaesthetic emotions. This, however, is a descriptive distinction rather than an empirical observation and consequently lacks explanatory value.2. This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.•Desire; demand; need•Special; specific•establish; set up3.NS advance, page 10:•Reasonable; reasoning•Prioritize; priority4. When experimentally deprived baby robins are placed in a nest with normally fed siblings, the hungry nestlings beg more loudly than usual but so do their better-fed siblings, though not as loudly as the hungrier birds.The researchers found that the temporal lobe of the brain, the region involved in language processing, was activated during verbal tasks in rested subjects but not in deprived subjects.•Definition: 抽象•Range: verbs and adjectivesRecommended Solution•List of Old TOEFL Actual V ocabulary•Reading passages of NS, high intermediate and advanced•Requirements:• 1.Mark all the abstract words• 2.Make differences between synonymy• 3.Make sentence with each abstract words√academic words•Elaboration of academic background• 1.Natural and Physical Sciences• 2.Biological Sciences• 3.Arts and American History• 4.Social Sciences• 5.Humanities• 6.Biography and others1.Natural and Physical SciencesThe nuclear energy is released at the Sun's center as high-energy gamma radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation like light and radio waves, only of very much shorter wavelength. This gamma radiation is absorbed by atoms inside the Sun, to be re-emitted at slightly longer wavelengths. This radiation, in its turn, is absorbed and re-emitted. As the energy filters through the layers of the solar interior, it passes through the x-ray part of the spectrum, eventually becoming light. At this stage, it has reached what we call the solar surface, and can escape into space, without being absorbed further by solar atoms. A very small fraction of the Sun's light and heat is emitted in such directions that, after passing unhindered through interplanetary space, it hits the Earth.2.Biological SciencesMolt of the flight feathers is the most highly organized part of the process. Some species, for example, begin by dropping the outermost primary feathers on each side (to retain balance in the air) and wait until the replacement feathers are about one-third grown before shedding the next outermost, and so on. Others always start with the innermost primary feathers and work outward. Yet other species begin in the middle and work outward on both sides. Most ducks shed their wing feathers at once, and remain flightless for two or three weeks while the replacement feathers grow.3.Arts and American HistoryThe American Revolution was not a revolution in the sense of a radical or total change. It was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations. Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking. What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution. During the conflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing. Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated communities scarcely knew that a war was on.4.Social SciencesThe term “satellite city”is used to describe the relationship between a large city and neighboring smaller cities and towns that are economically dependent upon it. Satellite cities may be collection and distribution points in the commercial linkages of a trading metropolis, or they may be manufacturing or mining centers existing with one industry economics as the creatures of some nearby center. This latter form is what is generally meant when one uses the term "satellite city." Taken in this sense, nineteenth - century Chicopee and Lowell, Massachusetts, were satellites of Boston. Both were mill towns created by Boston investors to serve the economy of that New England metropolis.5.HumanitiesThe most interesting architectural phenomenon of the 1970's was the enthusiasm for refurbishing older buildings. Obviously, this was not an entirely new phenomenon. What is new is the wholesale interest in reusing the past, in recycling, in adaptive rehabilitation. A few trial efforts, such as Ghirardell Square in San Francisco, proved their financial viability in the 1960's, but it was in the 1970’s. with strong government support through tax incentives and rapid depreciation, as well as growing interest in ecology issues, that recycling became a major factor on the urban scene.6.Biography and othersThough Faulkner was praised by some critics and reviewers during the first part of his career, his novels did not sell well and he was considered a fairly marginal author. For the first few decades of his career, he made his living writing magazine articles and working as a screenwriter rather than as a novelist. Throughout this period, he continued to write, though his novels, sometimes noted for the stirring portrait that they presented of life in the post-Civil War South, were generally relegated to the category of strictly regional writing and were not widely appreciated.Recommended Solution•Old TOEFL Actual V ocabulary (1st time)•Old TOEFL Reading Passage (2nd time)•Requirement:• 1.Mark the frequent academic words• 2.Write down all these words in specific category and proper notebook√correlative words•The importance of CW•Table of CW1.3 Sentence• 1.3.1 Parallel Constructions• 1.3.2Parenthetical sentence• 1.3.3Phrases• 1.3.4Appositons• 1.3.5Attributive clauses• 1.3.6Complex sentences分句：包含一个主语和一个谓语。
托福阅读tpo 4 Petroleum Resources石油资源原题解析
阅读原文：Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment. Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulate in marine mud. The organic matter may partially decompose, using up the dissolved oxygen in the sediment. As soon as the oxygen is gone, decay stops and the remaining organic matter is preserved.石油是由原油和天然气组成，似乎都源自于海洋的有机物沉淀。
微小的有机物沉积到海底并堆聚在海泥里，有机物会局部分解，消耗沉淀里的溶解氧，当氧气消耗殆尽分解便停止，留下剩余的有机物。
Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’ settling on the sea bottom —buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. As muddy sediments are pressed together, the gas and small droplets of oil may be squeezed out of the mud and may move into sandy layers nearby. Over long periods of time (millions of years), accumulations of gas and oil can collect in the sandy layers. Both oil and gas are less dense than water, so they generally tend to rise upward through water-saturated rock and sediment.持续的沉积——堆积物沉积到海底的过程将有机物埋在海底使之受到海底温度、高压的影响，最终转变成石油和天然气。
托福阅读真题集锦（四）
托福阅读真题集锦（四）托福阅读真题集锦（四）PASSAGE 7As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenth century, it became an increasingly important marketing center for a vast and growing agricultural hinterland.Market days saw the crowded city even more crowded, as farmers from within a radius of 24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, cows, pigs, vegetables, cider, and other products for direct sale to the townspeople. The High Street Market was continuously enlarged throughout the period until 1736, when it reached from Front Street to Third. By 1745 New Market was opened on Second Street between Pine and Cedar. The next year the Callowhill Market began operation.Along with market days, the institution of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia even after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities. The fairs provided a means of bringing handmade goods from outlying places to would-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, for example, were popular items.Auctions were another popular form of occasional trade. Because of the competition, retail merchants opposed these as well as the fairs. Although governmental attempts to eradicate fairsand auctions were less than successful, the ordinary course of economic development was on the merchants' side, as increasing business specialization became the order of the day. Exportmerchants became differentiated from their importingcounterparts, and specialty shops began to appear in addition to general stores selling a variety of goods.One of the reasons Philadelphia's merchants generally prospered was because the surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth. They did their business,after all, in the capital city of the province. Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle,but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of the courts of justice.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Philadelphia's agriculture importance(B) Philadelphia's development as a marketing center(C) The sale of imported goods in Philadelphia(D) The administration of the city of Philadelphia2. It can be inferred from the passage that new markets opened inPhiladelphia because(A) they provided more modem facilities than older markets(B) the High Street Market was forced to close(C) existing markets were unable to serve the growing population(D) farmers wanted markets that were closer to the farms.3. The word "hinterland " in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) tradition(B) association(C) produce(D) region4. The word "it" in line 6 refers to(A) the crowded city(B) a radius(C) the High Street Market(D) the period5. The word "persisted" in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) returned(B) started(C) declined(D) continued6. According to the passage , fairs in Philadelphia were held(A) on the same day as market says(B) as often as possible(C) a couple of times a year(D) whenever the government allowed it7. It can be inferred that the author mentions "Linens and stockings" in line 12 to show that they7. It can be inferred that the author mentions "Linens and stockings" in line 12 to show that they were items that(A) retail merchants were not willing to sell(B) were not available in the stores in Philadelphia(C) were more popular in Germantown man in Philadelphia(D) could easily be transported8. The word "eradicate" in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) eliminate(B) exploit(C) organize(D) operate9. What does the author mean by stating in lines 15-16 that "economic development was on the merchants' side "?(A) Merchants had a strong impact on economic expansion.(B) Economic forces allowed merchants to prosper.(C) Merchants had to work together to achieve economic independence(D) Specialty shops near large markets were more likely to be economically successful.10. The word "undergoing" in line 21 is closest in meaning to(A) requesting(B) experiencing(C) repeating(D) includingPASSAGE 8The canopy, the upper level of the trees in the rain forest, holds a plethora of climbing mammals of moderately large size, which may include monkeys, cats, civets, and porcupines. Smaller species, including such rodents as mice and small squirrels, are not as prevalent overall in high tropical canopies as they are in most habitats globally.Small mammals, being warm blooded, suffer hardship in the exposed and turbulent environment of the uppermost trees. Because a small body has more surface area per unit of weight than a large one of similar shape, it gains or loses heat more swiftly. Thus, in the trees, where shelter from heat and cold may be scarce and conditions may fluctuate, a small mammal may have trouble maintaining its body temperature.Small size makes it easy to scramble among twigs and branches in the canopy for insects,flowers, or fruit, but small mammals are surpassed, in the competition for food, by large ones that have their own tactics for browsing among food-rich twigs. The weight of a gibbon (a small ape)hanging below a branch arches the terminal leaves down so that fruit-bearing foliage drops toward the gibbon's face. Walking or leapingspecies of a similar or even larger size access the outer twigs either by snapping off and retrieving the whole branch or by clutching stiff branches with the feet or tail and plucking food with their hands.Small climbing animals may reach twigs readily, but it is harder for them than for large climbing animals to cross the wide gaps from on tree crown to the next that typify the high canopy.A macaque or gibbon can hurl itself farther than a mouse can: it can achieve a running start, and it can more effectively use a branch as a springboard, even bouncing on a climb several times before jumping. The forward movement of a small animal is seriously reduced by the air friction against the relatively large surface area of its body. Finally, for the many small mammals that supplement their insect diet with fruits or seeds, an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may be problematic, since trees that yield these foods can be sparse.1. The passage answers which of the following questions?(A) How is the rain forest different from other habitats?(B) How does an animal's body size influence an animal's need for food?(C) Why does the rain forest provide an unusual variety of food foranimals?(D) Why do large animals tend to dominate the upper canopy of the rain forest?2. Which of the following animals is less common in the upper canopy than in other environments?(A) Monkeys(B) Cats(C) Porcupines3. The word "they" in line 4 refers to(A) trees(B) climbing mammals of moderately large size(C) smaller species(D) high tropical canopies4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about the small mammals in the rain forest?(A) They have body shapes that are adapted to live in the canopy.(B) They prefer the temperature and climate of the canopy to that of other environments.(C) They have difficulty with the changing conditions in the canopy.(D) They use the trees of the canopy for shelter from heat and cold.5. In discussing animal size in paragraph 3, the author indicates that(A) small animals require proportionately more food than larger animals do(B) a large animal's size is an advantage in obtaining food in the canopy(C) small animals are often attacked by large animals in the rain forest(D) small animals and large animals are equally adept at obtaining food in the canopy6. The word "typify" in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) resemble(B) protect(C) characterize7. According to paragraph 4, what makes jumping from one tree crown to another difficult for small mammals?(A) Air friction against the body surface(B) The thickness of the branches(C) The dense leaves of the tree crown(D) The inability to use the front feet as hands8. The word "supplement" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) control(B) replace(C) look for(D) add to9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?(A) canopy (line 1)(B) warm blooded (line 5)(C) terminal leaves (line 13)(D) springboard (line 21)答案： PASSAGE 7 BCDCD CBABBPASSAGE 8 DDCCB CADA。
托福阅读tpo4PetroleumResources石油资源原题解析
托福阅读tpo4PetroleumResources石油资源原题解析阅读原文：Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment. Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulate in marine mud. The organic matter may partially decompose, using up the dissolved oxygen in the sediment. As soon as the oxygen is gone, decay stops and the remaining organic matter is preserved.石油是由原油和天然气组成，似乎都源自于海洋的有机物沉淀。
微小的有机物沉积到海底并堆聚在海泥里，有机物会局部分解，消耗沉淀里的溶解氧，当氧气消耗殆尽分解便停止，留下剩余的有机物。
Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’ settling on the sea bottom —buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. As muddy sediments are pressed together, the gas and small droplets of oil may be squeezed out of the mud and may move into sandy layers nearby. Over long periods of time (millions of years), accumulations of gas and oil can collect in the sandy layers. Both oil and gas are less dense than water, so they generally tend to rise upward through water-saturated rock and sediment.持续的沉积——堆积物沉积到海底的过程将有机物埋在海底使之受到海底温度、高压的影响，最终转变成石油和天然气。
托福基础班阅读讲义
2011托福基础班阅读练习材料细节题APP LIED ARTS AND FINE ARTSSculp tures must, for exa mple, be stable, which requires an un dersta nding of the prop erties of mass, weightdistributi on, and stress. Pain ti ngs must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut, and the paint must not deteriorate, crack, or discolor. These are p roblems that must overcome by the artist because they tend to in trude upon his or her concep tio n of the work. For example, in the early Italian Renaissanee, bronze statues of horseswith a raised foreleg usually had a cannon ball un der that hoof. This was done because the cannon ball was n eeded to support the weight of the leg. In other words, the dema nds of the laws of p hysics, not the scu Ip tor's aesthetic inten ti ons, p laced the ball there. That this device was a n ecessary structural compro mise is clear from the fact that the cannon ball quickly disa pp eared whe n scu Ip tors lear ned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (iron being much stronger than bron ze).Q1： Accord ing to p aragra ph 2, scu Ip tors in the Italia n Ren aissa nee stopped using cannon balls in bronze statues of horses because(A) They began using a material that made the statues weigh less(B) They found a way to strengthen the statues internally(C) The aesthetic tastes of the public had changed over time(D) The cannon balls added too much weight to the statuesLAKE BAIKALCrescent-shaped Lake Baikal, in Siberia, is only the ninth largest lake in area at 385 miles (650 km) in len gthand 46 miles (74 km) in width, yet it is easily the largest body of fresh water in the world. It holds on e-fifth of the world's total fresh water, which is more tha n the total of all the water in the five Great Lakes; it holds so much fresh water in sp ite of its less-tha n-im pressive area because it is by far the world's dee pest lake. The average depth of the lake is 1,312 feet (400 meters) below sea level, and the Olkh on Crevice, the lowest known poin t, is more tha n 5,250 feet (1,600 meters) dee p.Lake Baikal, which today is located n ear the cen ter of the Asia n penin sula, is most likely the world's oldest lake. It bega n formi ng 25 millio n years ago as Asia started sp litti ng apart in a series of great faults. The Baikal Valley dropped away, eventually filling with water and creating the dee pest of the world's lakes.Q2： What is stated in p aragra ph 1 about the sha pe of Lake Baikal?(A) It is wider tha n it is long.(B) It is circular in sha pe.(C) Its width is on e-half of its len gth.(D) It is sha ped like a new moon.It is in dicated in p aragra ph 1 that the area of Lake Baikal(A) is less tha n the area of eight other lakes(B) is one-ninth the area of Siberia(C) is greater tha n the area of any other freshwater lake(D) is equal to the area of the five Great LakesQ4: Accordi ng to p aragra ph 1, Lake Baikal(A) holds on e-fifth of the world's waterbe Q3(B)holds five times the water of the Great Lakes(C)holds one-ninth of the world's water(D)holds 20 p erce nt of the world's fresh waterQ5： Accord ing to p aragra ph 1, the Olkh on Crevice is(A)outside of Lake Baikal(B)400 meters below sea level(C)the dee pest part of Lake Baikal(D)5,000 meters deepQ6: It is men ti oned in p aragra ph 2 that Lake Baikal(A)is not as old as some other lakes(B)formed whe n secti ons of the Earth were movi ng away from each other(C)was fully formed 25 millio n years ago(D)is today located on the edge of the Asia n penin sulaTHE P OSTAGE STA MPThe postage stamp has been around for only a relatively short period of time. The use of stamps for postage wasfirst proposed in England in 1837, when Sir Rowland Hill published a pamphlet entitled "Post Office Reform: Its Importanee and Practicability" to put forth the ideas that p ostal rates should not be based on the dista nee that a letter or p ackage travels but should in stead be based on the weight of the letter or p ackage and that fees for p ostal services should be collected in adva nee of the delivery, rather tha n after, through the use of p ostage sta mps.The ideas proposed by Hill went into effect in England almost immediately, and other countries soon followed suit. The first English stamp, which featured a portrait of then Queen Victoria, was printed in 1840. This stamp, the "penny black," came in sheets that needed to be sep arated with scissors and pro vided eno ugh p ostage for a letter weigh ing 14 grams or less to any desti natio n. In 1843, Brazil was the n ext n ati on to p roduce n ati onal po stage sta mps, and various areas in what is today Switzerla nd also p roduced po stage sta mps later in the same year. Po stage sta mps in five-a nd ten-cent denomin atio ns were first appro ved by the U.S. Con gress in 1847, and by 186O P ostage sta mps were being issued in more tha n 90 gover nmen tal jurisdict ions worldwide.Q7： Accord ing to p aragra ph 1, p ostage sta mps were first suggested(A)in the first half of the eightee nth cen tury(B)in the sec ond half of the eightee nth cen tury(C)in the first half of the nin etee nth cen tury(D)in the sec ond half of the nin etee nth cen turyQ8: It is in dicated in p aragra ph 1 that Sir Rowla nd Hill believed that p ostage fees(A)should be p aid by the sen der(B)should be related to dista nee(C)should have nothing to do with how heavy a p ackage is(D)should be collected after the p ackage is deliveredQ9: I What is stated in paragraph 2 about the first English postage stamp?(A)It was desig ned by Quee n Victoria.(B)It contained a draw ing of a black penny.(C)It was p roduced in sheets of 14 sta mps.(D)It could be used to send a lightweight letter.Q1O: Accord ing to p aragra ph 2, Brazil in troduced po stage sta mps(A)before En gla nd(B)before Switzerla nd(C)after the Un ited States(D)after Switzerla ndQ I1: It is mentioned in paragra ph 2 that in 1847(A)p ostage sta mps were in use in 90 differe nt coun tries(B)it cost fiftee n cents to mail a letter in the Un ited States(C)two differe nt denomin ati ons of p ostage sta mps were in troduced in the Un ited States(D)the U.S. Con gress in troduced the "penny black" sta mpFLATFISHMembers of the flatfish family, sand dabs and floun ders, have an evoluti onary adva ntage over many colorfully decorated ocea n n eighbors in that they are able to ada pt their body coloratio n to differe nt en vir onmen ts. These aquatic chamele ons have flatte ned bodies that are well-suited to life along the ocea n floor in the shallower areas of the con ti nen tal shelf that they in habit. They also have remarkably sen sitive color visi on that registers the subtlest gradati ons on the sea bottom and in the sea life around them. Information about the coloration of the environment is carried through the nervous system to chromatophores, which are pigment-carrying skin cells. These chromatophores are able to accurately reproduce not only the colors but also the texture of the ocea n floor. Each time that a sand dab or floun der finds itself in a new en vir onment, the p atter n on the body of the fish ada pts to fit in with the color and texture around it.Q12: It is NOT stated in the passage that sa nd dabsA are a type of flatfishB are in the same family as floun dersC have evolvedD are colorfully decoratedQ13: Accord ing to the p assages, it is NOT true that sand dabs and floun ders A have flatte ned bodiesB live along the ocea n floorC live in the dee pest part of the ocea nD live along the con ti nen tal shelfQ I4: All of the following are stated about the vision of sand dabs and flounders EXCEPT that they areA overly sen sitive to lightB able to see colorsC able to see the sea bottomD aware of their surr oundingsIt is NOT true that chromat op hores A are ski n cellsQT5B carry p igme ntC ada pt to surr ounding colorsD cha nge the ocea n floorQ16: It is NOT men tio ned in the p assage that sand dabs and floun ders A move to new en vir onmentsB ada pt their behaviorC can cha nge colorD ada pt to textures around themWRIGLEY'S CHEWING GUMWrigley's chewing gum was actually developed as a premium to be given away with other p roducts rather tha n as a p rimary p roduct for sale. As a tee nager, William Wrigley Jr. was worki ng for his father in Chicago selling soap that had been manufactured in five cents, and this selling p rice did not leave a good p rofit margin for the mercha nts. Wrigley convin ced his father to raise the price to ten cents and to give away cheap umbrellas as a premium for the merchants. This worked successfully, confirming to Wrigley that the use of p remiums was an effective sales tool.Wrigley then established his own company; in his company he was selling soap as a wholesaler, giving bak ing soda away as a p remium, and using a cookbook to pro mote each deal. Over time, the bak ing soda and cookbook became more popu lar tha n the soa p, so Wrigley bega n a new op erati on selli ng bak ing soda. He bega n hun ti ng for a new p remium item to give away with sales of baking soda; he soon decided on chewing gum. Once again, when Wrigley realized that dema nd for the p remium was stron ger tha n the dema nd for the origi nal p roduct, he created the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company to p roduce and sell chew ing gum.Wrigley started out with two brands of gum, Vassar and Lotta Gum, and soon introduced Juicy Fruit and Spearmint. The latter two brands grew in popularity, while the first two were p hased out. Juicy Fruit and Sp earm int are two of Wrigley's main brands to this day.Q17： It is NOT in dicated in p aragra ph 1 that young William was work ing A in ChicagoB for his fatherC as a soa p salesma nD in his father's factoryQ18: Accord ing to p aragra ph 1, it is NOT true that the soa p that young Wrigley was selli ngA was origi nally well-likedB was orig in ally p riced at five centsC origi nally pro vided little p rofit for mercha ntsD eve ntually became more popu lar with mercha ntsQ19： Accord ing to p aragra ph 2, it is NOT true that, whe n Wrigley first foun ded his own company, he wasA selli ng soa pB selli ng chew ing gumC giving away cookbooksD using bak ing soda as a p remiumQ2O: It is NOT mentioned in paragra ph 2 that Wrigley laterA sold bak ing sodaB used chew ing gun as a p remium to sell bak ing sodaC sold chew ing gumD used bak ing soda as a p remium to sell chew ing gumQ21:| Accordi ng to paragra ph 3, the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company did all of the followi ng EXCE PT A beg in with two brands of gumB add new brands to the orig inal twoC p hase out the last two brandsD p hase out the first two brands推断题TIGER MOTHSOne of the most beautiful of the more tha n 100,000 known sp ecies in the order Lepidop tera are the tiger moths, moths known for the strik ing app eal of their dist in ctive colorati on. This type of moth is covered with highly conspi cuous oran ge-a nd-black or yellow-a nd-black p atter ns of spots and stri pes. Such boldly p atter ned color comb in atio ns are com monp lace in the ani mal world, serving the function of forewarning potential predators of unpleasant tastes and smells. This is unq uesti on ably the fun cti on served by the strik ing colorati on of the garde n tiger moth, which isquite visually attractive but is also poisonous to p redators. Certai n gla nds in the garde n tiger moth p roduce strong tox ins that circulate throughout the in sect's bloodstream, while other gla nds secrete bubbles that p roduce a no xious warning smell. The tiger moth, in deed, is a clear exa mple of a concept that many p redators in tuitively un dersta nd, that creatures with the brightest colorati on are ofte n the least suitable to eat.Q22：It is imp lied in the p assage about the order Lep ido ptera that(A)all members of the order are moths(B)there may be more tha n 100,000 sp ecies in this order(C)all members of the order are brightly colored(D)there are most likely fewer tha n 100,000 sp ecies in this orderQ23: It can be in ferred from the p assage that the tiger moth was so n amed because(A)its colorati on resembles that of a tiger(B)it is ferocious p redator, like the tiger(C)its habitat is the same as the tiger's(D)it is a member of the same scie ntific classificati on as the tigerQ24: What would most likely happen to a p redator that wan ted to eat a tiger moth?(A)The p redator would be un able to catch it(B)The p redator would cap ture it by poisoning it.(C)The p redator would be un able to find it.(D)The p redator would back away from it.Q25： Which of the followi ng would a p redator be most likely to attack successfully?(A) A purple and orange moth(B) A gree n and blue moth(C) A brow n and grey moth(D) A red and yellow mothTHE FILIBUSTERThe term filibuster has bee n in use since the mid-nin etee nth cen tury to describe the tactic of delay ing legislative acti on in order to p reve nt the p assage of a bill. The word comes from the Dutch freebooter, or pirate, and most likely devel oped from the idea that some one con duct ing a filibuster is trying to steal away the opportun ity that proponents of a bill have to make it successful.In the earlier history of the U.S. Congress, filibusters were used in both the House of Rep rese ntatives and in the Sen ate, but they are now much more a part of the culture of the Sen ate tha n of the House. Because the House is a much larger body tha n is the Sen ate, the House now has rules which greatly limit the amount of time that each membermay sp eak, which effectively serves to elimi nate the filibuster as a mecha nism for delay ing legislatio n in the House.In the Sen ate, the smaller of the two bodies, there are now rules that can con strain but not totally elimi nate filibusters. The Sen ate ado pted its first cloture rule in 1917, a rule which requires a vote of two-thirds of the Sen ate to limit debate to one hour on each side. The rule was cha nged in 1975 and now requires a vote of three-fifths of the members to inv oke cloture in most situati ons.The Iongest filibuster on record occurred in 1957, when Senator Strom Thurmond of South Caroli na wan ted to delay vot ing on civil rights legislatio n. The filibuster was con ducted for twenty-four hours and 18 minutes on August 28 and 29, when Thurmond held the floor of the Sen ate by lecturi ng on the law and read ing from court decisi ons and n ews paper colu mn s. It was his hope that this filibuster would rally opponents of civil rights legislati on; however, two weeks after the filibuster, the Civil Rights Act of 1957 passed.Q26: It can be in ferred from the in formatio n in p aragra ph 1 that around 1800(A)the first filibuster took p lace(B)legislative actio n was n ever delayed(C)the term filibuster was not in use in the U.S. Con gress(D)the Dutch in troduced the term freebooterQ27： It can be determ ined from p aragra ph 1 that a freebooter was most likely some one who(A)served in the Sen ate(B)robbed p ass ing shi ps(C)en acted legislatio n(D)served in the Dutch gover nmentQ28: It is imp lied in p aragra ph 2 that, i n its early years, the House(A)had no rules aga inst filibusters(B)had few filibusters(C)had fewer filibusters tha n the Sen ate(D)had the Ion gest filibuster on recordQ29： Based on the in formatio n in p aragra ph 3, a vote of cloture would most likely be used to(A)in itiate filibusters(B)break filibusters(C)exte nd filibusters(D)en courage filibustersQ30： It can be in ferred from the in formatio n in p aragra ph 3 that the 1975 rule cha nge(A)in creased the nu mber of people n eeded to vote for cloture(B)made it easier to limit a filibuster(C)covered all types of Sen ate votes(D)decreased the nu mber of people in the Sen ateQ31： It is imp lied in p aragra ph 4 that Sen ator Thurm ond was opp osed to(A)filibusters(B)lecturi ng on the law(C)sp eak ing in the Sen ate(D)the Civil Rights Act of 1957THE CAMBRIAN EXP LOSIONMany of the major p hyla of ani mals arose duri ng the Cambria n p eriod, in what is called the Cambria n Expl osi on. P rior to the Cambria n p eriod, simp le on e-celled orga nism had slowly evolved into p rimitive multicellular creatures. Then, in a relatively rap id expl osi on duri ng the p eriod from 540 millio n years ago to 500 milli on years ago, there was a p eriod of ast onishing diversificati on in which quickly devel oping orga nism became widely distributed and formed comp lex com mun ities.One theoretical explanation for the rapid diversification that occurred during the Cambrian p eriod is known as the theory of po lar wan der. Accordi ng to this theory, the rapid diversificati on occurred because of an unusually rapid reorganization of the earth ' crust during the Cambrian p eriod. This rapid cha nge in the Earth 'crust in itiate evoluti onary cha nge in asmuch as cha nge in the en vir onment serves to trigger evoluti onary cha nge.Q32: It can be in ferred from the p aragra ph 1 that(A)some major p hyla devel oped duri ng p eriods other tha n the Cambria n p eriod(B)many other p hyla of ani mals became exti net duri ng the Cambria n Expl osi on(C)descri ptio n of various ani mals p hyla were created duri ng the Cambria n p eriod(D)the major p hyla of ani mals that came about duri ng the Cambria n p eriod died out in the CEQ33： It can be determ ined from p aragra ph 1 that the Cambria n Expl osi on most likely lasted(A)40 millio n years(B)450 millio n years(C)500 millio n years(D)540 millio n yearsQ34: It is imp lied in the p aragra ph 2 that(A)only one theory to explain the rapid diversificati on has bee n prop ose(B)the po lar wan der explan ati on is acce pted by all scie ntists(C)the theory of po lar wan der fails to adequately exp lai n the rapid diversificati on(D)the theory of po lar wan der is not the only theory to explain the rapid diversificati onQ35： It can be in ferred from p aragra ph 2 that one basis of the theory of po lar wan der is that(A)relatively little cha nge in the earth 'crust took p lace duri ng the Cambria n p eriod(B)rap id diversificatio n was un able to take p lace because of the cha nges in the Earth ' crust(C)the Earth 'crust changed more slowly in other periods(D)evoluti onary cha nge is un related to cha nges in the en vir onment为何举例题XEROGRAPHYOne more familiar use of electrochemistry that has made its way into the main stream is xerogra phy, a p rocess for rep licati ng docume nts that is dependent on p hotoc on ductive materials. A p hotoc on ductive material is an insulator in the dark but becomes a con ductor whe n exp osed to bright light. When a photocopy is being made, an image of a document is projected onto the surface of a rotati ng drum, and bright light causes the p hotoc on ductive material on the surface of the drum to become con ductive.As a result of the con ductivity, the drum loses its charge in the lighted areas, and toner (small grains to which dry ink adheres) attaches itself on ly to the darker p arts of the image. The grains are the n carried to a sheet of paper and fused with heat. Whe n a laser prin ter is used, the image is p rojected by means of a laser beam, which creates a brighter light and a greater con trast betwee n lighter and darker areas and therefore results in shar per printed images.Q37： The author beg ins the first p aragra ph with One more familiar use of electrochemistry in order to(A)expl ai n that xerogra phy is one of the less familiar uses of electrochemistry(B)make it clear that electrochemistry requires p hotoc on ductive materials(C)show that xerogra phy is the on ly known use for electrochemistry(D)in dicate that other less familiar uses have already bee n discussedQ38: Why does the author exp lai n that A p hotoc on ductive material is an in sulator in the dark but becomes a con ductor whe n expo sed to bright light?(A)It gives an explan atio n of a prop erty that is n ecessary for xerogra phy.(B)It in dicates that bright light is required for in sulatio n to take p lace.(C)It gives one exa mple of a successful xerogra phic p rocess.(D)It explains the role of in sulati on in xerogra phy.Q39：The author p laces the p hrase small grains to which dry ink adheres in paren theses in order to(A)p rovide in formatio n that con tradicts the prev ious stateme nt(B)pro vide ano ther exa mple of con ductivity(C)pro vide further detail in formati on about toner(D)p rovide an alternate explan ati on for the effective ness of tonerQ40： Why is a laser prin ter men tio ned?(A)It is an alter native to xerogra phy.(B)It is a way of dup licati ng without using electrochemistry.(C)It is a sec ond exa mple of xerogra phy.(D)It is a less effective type of xerogra phy tha n is a p hotoc op ier.DEMOGRA PHIC CHANGEBy the end of the 1920s, American society had undergone a long and historic demographic cha nge. Since the 1870s, the country had bee n movi ng from a more rural mode that was based on high birthrates-as high as 50 births annually per thousand people in the early nineteenth century-to a more metropolitan mode. Prior to the 1870s, the population of the country wasin creas ing by about a third every decade; however, by the end of the 1920s, a radical about-face had take n p lace.One major factor to affect the demogra phics of the country duri ng this p eriod was a dramatic decrease in birthrates. The trend duri ng this era was more pronoun ced in urba n areas but also had an effect in rural areas. As a result of the trend toward smaller families, p articularly in cities, the birthrate was dow n to 27.7 births annu ally per thousa nd wome n by 1920 and had dropped eve n further-to 21.3 births annu ally per thousa nd wome n-by 1930.At the same time, the death rate, too, was falling. Urban living led to better sanitation, refrigerati on, and water p urificatio n; it also resulted in better medical care as doctors and hos pitals were more readily available. Most likely as a result of these factors, there were only eleve n deaths per thousa nd annu ally by the early 1920s, which was half the rate of the 1880s.Q41： Why does the author in clude the p hrase as high as 50 births annu ally per thousa nd people in the early nin etee nth cen tury in p aragra ph 1?(A)To show that metro polita n areas of the country had higher birthrates tha n rural areas(B)To pro vide statistical evide nee of the elevated birthrate in the 1870s(C)To qua ntify what had happened with the America n popu lati on in the p revious cen tury(D)To argue aga inst the belief that the demogra phics of the country had cha ngedQ42The author uses the word however in p aragra ph 1 in order to(A)to make it clear that an extreme cha nge had take n pl ace(B)to emp hasize how treme ndously the popu lati on was in creas ing(C)to point out an alter nate explan ati on for the cha nge(D)to in dicate a differe nee of opinion with other demogra phersQ43：The author in cludes the word too in paragraph 3(A)to in dicate that both the birthrate and the death rate were holdi ng steady(B)to show that the rural mode was similar to the metro polita n mode(C)to clarify the explan ati on that popu lati on trends before and after 1870 were similar(D)to emp hasize that p aragra ph 3 discusses a sec ond factor in the demogra phic cha ngeQ44：I Why does the author mention better medical care in paragraph 3?(A)It helps to explain why the birthrate is in creas ing.(B)It is an exa mple of a factor that con tributed to the impro ved birthrate.(C)It helps to expl ai n why the death rate is in creas ing.(D)It is an exa mple of a factor that con tributed to the imp roved death rate.Q45： The author in cludes the exp ressi on Most likely in p aragra ph 3 to show(A)that the data about the average nu mber of deaths was not verified(B)that doctors and hos pitals may not have actually bee n more available(C)that other factors may have con tributed to the decreas ing death rate(D)that the death rate may not have decreased as much as statedTERRITORIALITYIn many species, members of the species exhibit aggressive behavior toward one another, ofte n with a focus on territoriality, the fight for exclusive con trol of a p articular area. The level of violenee in territorial aggression varies widely from species to species, though few species fightother members of the sp ecies to death and in stead rely on non-lethal con tests for con trol of territory that invo Ives no ise-mak ing man euvers such as roari ng or hiss ing or aggressive p osturi ng or gestures.Most bird sp ecies are known to be territorial to some degree, though the territorial behaviors exhibited by most sp ecies are limited to singing con tests, which can go on for days, or threate ning p ostures with wi ngs lifted or exte nded. The swa n, on the other han d, is quite un like other birds in this res pect. The swan may seem p articularly elega nt and sere ne as it glides across the surface of a lake; however, male swa ns are, i n reality, quite territorial and will fight other male swa ns for the exclusive use of a lake no matter how large the lake is. Males will en gage in ferocious con tests, with their n ecks entwined as they atte mpt to cause mortal injury to each other.046: Why does the author in clude the fight for exclusive con trol of a p articular area in p aragra ph 1(A)It p rese nts an argume nt aga inst a p reviously stated point.(B)It pro vides a defi niti on of a p reviously stated term.(C)It p rese nts a sec ond area of focus of aggressive behavior.(D)It in troduces a new idea to be further devel oped in the p aragra ph.Q47： The author uses the word in stead in p aragra ph 2 to show that the in formatio n that follows(A)con tradicts what p recedes it(B)expands upon what p recedes it(C)pro vides an exa mple of what p recedes it(D)explains an effect of what p recedes itQ48Why does the author men ti on singing con tests in p aragra ph 2?(A)To dem on strate that birds create beautiful sounds(B)To pro vide an exa mple of unu sual behavior by birds(C)To show how viole ntly aggressive some bird behavior is(D)To dem on strate that some types of territorial behaviors are not very aggressiveQ49: The author discusses the swa n in p aragra ph 2 to pro vide an exa mple of(A) a bird that makes threate ning p ostures with its wings(B) a bird whose territorial behavior is extremely aggressive(C)non-lethal con tests for con trol of territory(D)the limited aggressive behavior gen erally exhibited by birdsQ50： The author men ti ons their n ecks entwined in p aragra ph 2 in order(A)to in dicate that swa ns are really rather affecti on ate(B)to emp hasize how long swa ns' n ecks are(C)to make the point that the swans are only p rete nding to hurt one ano ther(D)to create a men tal image for the reader of fighti ng swa ns四、词汇指代题SMOGThe oxidation of exhaust gases is one of the primary sources of the world's pollution. The brown haze that is poised over some of the world's largest cities is properly called photochemical smog; it results from chemical react ions that take pl ace in the air, using the en ergy of sun light. The p roduct ion of smog beg ins when gases are created in the cyli nders of vehicle engin es. It is there that oxyge n and n itroge n gas comb ine as the fuel burns to form nitric oxide (NO), a colorless gas. The n itric oxide is forced out into the air through the vehicle tail pipe along with other gases.When the gas reaches the air, it comes into con tact with available oxyge n from the atmos phere and comb ines with the oxyge n to p roduce n itroge n dioxide (NO2), which is a gas with a brow nish hue . This n itroge n dioxide pl ays a role in the formatio n of acid rain in wetter or more humid climates and tends to deco mpose back into n itric oxide as it releases an oxyge n atom from each molecule; the released oxyge n atoms quickly comb ine with oxyge n (O2) molecules to form ozone (O3). The brow nish colored n itroge n dioxide is p artially res pon sible for the brow n color in smoggy air; the ozone is the toxic substa nee that causes irritati on to eyes.Q51： The word poised is closest in meaning to(A)in teracti ng(B)sitt ing(C)blowi ng(D)poisoningQ52：The p hrase take place— is closest in meaning to(A)p ositi on themselves(B)p ut(C)are seated(D)occurQ53： The word forced could best be rep laced by(A)obliged(B)required(C)pushed(D)comma nded。
托福入门阅读_Lesson_3
Lesson ThreePart One: Skills经验公式汇总（20个）1．可能性语气凡选项出现相对词汇（some/maybe）一般为正确解凡选项出现绝对词汇（every/all）一般为错误解2．中心围绕凡选项出现与文章中心一致选项则优先（强调结构制定）3．Except型凡选项为细节（较长）一般解为下半区凡选项为归纳判断（较短）位置不定学习参考4．凡提到某个半有人物型一般解为显示作者主旨/中心5．结构题一般选三种解1)general-specific 2)chronological order 3)specific-general6．下文主题（确定）一般注意解中应有：more, other, further, remaining, another这种词汇7．态度题当问及作者或文中人物对某一事物观点：1）对事、物、人的态度，倾向于褒义词学习参考2）对观点态度，可倾向于贬义词8．中心题主题（按场景，上课笔记）9．读者身份题（或其它身份题）读者角度：General readers / audiences 作者角度：Writer / expert10．文章来源：一般为textbook（for general use）Part Two: Exercise4. Insert Text Question 插入句子题学习参考1)插入句子题实质句间关联显性关联→ 关联词→选项中有关联词隐性关联→语义→语义线2) 通用解题法语义线接替①句子拆分，拆分依据：简单句以谓语v.拆分；非简单句以关联词拆分②概念获取：通常获取名词③概念匹配④带入检查：语义，语法，逻辑正确3)常考逻辑关系①指代关系 a)指代关系中重要的线索词是代词后的“n”b)指代关系钱语义线通常是唯一确定的c)若考察指代关系且A选项位于段首，A直接排除②主语一致法则学习参考③举例关系④总分关系: ”TS”一定是一个该属性表达，一定和后面句子拥有共同的方面⑤时间顺序X Y Z↓ ↓ ↓昨天今天明天⑥语义重点逻辑：如果出现代词，在上下句，插入句子后，代词的只带是否改变（对应题目）关联词语义的重点是名词段落类型① TS A1 e.g. A1,A2 为分论点 TS(topic sentence)为主旨句A2 e.g. e.g. 为例子② TS e.g.②TS1 e.g.学习参考(However转折)TS2 e.g.先判断所给句是细节句还是非细节句，然后再通过段落类型来分析插入的位置1. Paragraph 6: Under very cold conditions, rocks can be shattered by ice and frost. Glaciers may form in permanently cold areas, and these slowly moving masses of ice cut out valleys, carrying with them huge quantities of eroded rock debris. █In dry areas the wind is the principal agent of erosion. █It carries fine particles of sand, which bombard exposed r ock surfaces, thereby wearing them into yet more sand. █Even living things contribute to the formation of landscapes. █Tree roots force their way into cracks in rocks and, in so doing, speed their splitting. In contrast, the roots of grasses and other small plants may help to hold loose soil fragments together, thereby helping to prevent erosion by the wind.Look at the four squares █ that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.学习参考Under different climatic conditions, another type of destructive force contributes to erosion.Where would the sentence best fit?12342.The differences in feeding preferences lead, in turn, to differences in migratory habits. ■The wildebeests follow, in their migration, the pattern of local rainfall. ■The other species do likewise. ■But when a new area is fueled by rain, the mammals migrate toward it in a set order to exploit it. ■The larger, less fastidious feeders, the zebras, move in first; the choosier, smaller wildebeests come l ater; and the smallest species of all, Thomson’s gazelle, arrives last. The later species all depend on the preparations of the earlier one, for the actions of the zebra alter the vegetation to suit the stomachs of the wildebeest, topi, and gazelle.学习参考Look at the four squares ■that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The sequence in which they migrate correlates with their body size.Where would the sentence best fit?■1■2■3■43.As her technological expe rtise grew more sophisticated, so did the other aspects of her dances. ■Although she gave little thought to music in her earliest dances, she later used scores by Gluck, Beethoven, Schubert, Chopin, and Wagner, eventually graduating to Stravinsky, Fauré, D ebussy, and Mussorgsky, composers who were then considered progressive. ■She began to address more ambitious themes in her dances such as The Sea, in which her dancers invisibly agitated a huge expanse of silk, played upon by colored lights. ■Always open t o scientific and technological innovations; 学习参考she befriended the scientists Marie and Pierre Curie upon their discovery of radium and created a Radium Dance, which simulated the phosphorescence of that element. ■She both appeared in films—then in an early stage of development—and made them herself; the hero of her fairy-tale film Le Lys de la Vie (1919) was played by René Clair, later a leading French film director.Look at the four squares ■that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the pa ssage.For all her originality in dance, her interests expanded beyond it into newly emerging artistic media.Where would the sentence best fit?12344.■One explanation for green icebergs attributes their color to an optical illusion whe n blue ice is illuminated by a near-horizon red Sun, but green icebergs stand out among white and blue icebergs under a great variety of light 学习参考conditions. ■Another suggestion is that the color might be related to ice with high levels of metallic compounds, including copper and iron. ■Recent expeditions have taken ice samples from green icebergs and ice cores—vertical, cylindrical ice samples reaching down to great depths—from the glacial ice shelves along the Antarctic continent. Analyses of these cores and samples provide a different solution to the problem.Look at the four squares ■that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Scientists have differed as to whether icebergs appear green as a result of light conditions or because of something in the ice itself.Where would the sentence best fit?■1■2■3■45. Scientists have known for some time that certain plants, called hyper accumulators, can concentrate minerals at 学习参考levels a hundredfold or g reater than normal. ■A survey of known hyper accumulators identified that 75 percent of them amassed nickel, cobalt, copper; zinc, manganese, lead, and cadmium are other minerals of choice. ■Hyper accumulators run the entire range of the plant world. ■They may be herbs, shrubs, or trees. ■Many members of the mustard family, spurge family, legume family, and grass family are top hyper accumulators. Many are found in tropical and subtropical areas of the metals may afford some protection against plant-eating insects and microbial pathogens.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Certain minerals are more likely to be accumulated in large quantities than others.Where could the sentence best fit?12346.Paragraph5: Scientists have known for some time that certain plants, called hyper accumulators, can concentrate 学习参考minerals at levels a hundredfold or greater than normal. ■A survey of known hyper accumulators identified that 75 per cent of them amassed nickel, cobalt, copper; zinc, manganese, lead, and cadmium are other minerals of choice. ■Hyper accumulators run the entire range of the plant world. ■They may be herbs, shrubs, or trees. ■Many members of the mustard family, spurge family, legume family, and grass family are top hyper accumulators. Many are found in tropical and subtropical areas of the metals may afford some protection against plant-eating insects and microbial pathogens.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Certain minerals are more likely to be accumulated in large quantities than others.Where could the sentence best fit?12347.One interpretation regarding the absence of fossils during this important 100-million-year period is that early 学习参考animals were soft bodied and simply did not fossilize. ■ Fossilization of soft-bodied animals is less likely than fossilization of hard-bodied animals, but it does occur. ■ Conditions that promot e fossilization of soft-bodied animals include very rapid covering by sediments that create an environment that discourages decomposition.■ In fact, fossil beds containing soft-bodied animals have been known for many years. ■Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.It is relatively rare because the fossilization of soft-bodied animals requires a special environment.Where could the sentence best fit?12348. █Watt's steam engine soon showed what it could do. █It liberated industry from dependence on running water．█The engine eliminated water in the mines by driving efficient pumps, which made possible deeper and deeper mining. █The 学习参考ready availability of coal inspired William Murdoch during the 1790s to develop the first new form of nighttime illumination to be discovered in a millennium and a half.Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage．The factories did not have to go to the streams when power could come to the factories．Where would the sentence best fit?12349. Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging：Certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent. █ By following the fossils．Smith was able to put all the strata of England's earth into relative temporal sequence. █About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris. █Soon it was 学习参考realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere. █It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna. Limestone may be found in the Cambrian or-300 million years later-in the Jurassic strata but a trilobite—the ubiquitous marine arthropod that had its birth in the Cambrian—will never be found in Jurassic strata, nor a dinosaur in the Cambrian.Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passageThe findings of these geologists inspired others to examine the rock and fossil records in different parts of the world．Where would the sentence best fit?1234学习参考10. What do you remember about your life before you were three? █Few people can remember anything that happened to them in their early years．█Adults' memories of the ne xt few years also tend to be scanty．█Most people remember only a few events--usually ones that were meaningful and distinctive，such as being hospitalized or a sibling’s birth. █Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence coul d be added to the passageOther important occasions are school graduations and weddings.Where would the sentence best fit?1234学习参考。
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Lesson FourPart One: 托福阅读复习大纲一、文章及其操作（托福文章十大命题点）1.文章第一句（特别是当第一句为定义句）*定义句：A be BA be called B…new method …A which be B*一般为主题句的概率为72%左右（主要出现于科技，人物传记，地区发展等）2.列举及并列句First，…Second…Third…或A，B and C本种文章特征针对托福二种题型，Except或Not型及Which of following istrue？*关键在于识别平行概念及内容，也不一定为平行结构3.否定及转折（考率极高的文章内容）But， Yet， Nevertheless， However等*规律：否定关联，后面内容必定4.特殊写法：文章中与众不同写法1）用词特殊（如：科技文章中色彩词）2）复，长句（作者改写考率高）3）距离原则4）专有人称（第一次引入位置必考）5）破折号——表示解释与强调6）括号（□）解释与定义7）引号/冒号/惊叹号等写作手法*文章中，特殊写法在每篇文章中出现较少，但极重要5.每段主题句（这也是归纳主题的关键位置）出现于每一段第一句情型：A）if □，□答案B）not，正向为主C）定义句6.每篇文章最后一句（托福中一般必考）*规律：文章最后一题对最后一句7.最高级及作者强烈肯定1）最高级词汇：all， every， each， only2）连作者自己也觉得明显：apparent， clearly， evidently， obvious 3）作者认为“重要”：important， impressive， remarkable4）作者语气“坚决”：surely， certainly， inevitable， by all means 5）插入语：that is ， namely*凡出现该种模式词汇必考8.因果句及因果关联1）连词：because， since， so2）动词：cause， originate from， derive from3）名词：consequence， result， basis*因果句在托福考题中出现的考点是推理题9.比较级及比喻1）such…as/like/compare2）夸张的比较：a good deal， more， very much alike10.转换语气句（主要体现在“不是…而是…“）Not…but/instead/not so much…than rather/not…in factPart Two:Exercise5. Factual Information Question①According to paragraph, which of the following is true of X?②The author’s description of X mentions which of the following?③According to the paragraph, X occurred because④According to the paragraph, X did Y because⑥The author’s description of X mentions which of the following?1)细节的出现方式a.直接支持细节对TS进行深入阐述，进一步展开概念b.间接支持细节通常用举例的方式对TS进行生动形象的说明。
Ture/False考察对细节的辨别能力2)细节的考察方式True/False 对细节辨析能力Given/ Not given扫读，寻读except3)①选项中出现的极端选项可以首先候选:only, few, little, every, any, all, no, never, none, the best/most, completely, totally, absolutely②错误逻辑问题a.利用原文中已有的信息点引人原文中未出现的信息点b.虚假比较在原文中有两个信息点建立虚假的逻辑关系: More/ less… than, as… but, compare, contrast③两种情况a.极端此和比较前出现否定词b.原文中确实出现极端和优先词③干扰项设置原理a.程度过于极端b.原文信息+虚假逻辑c.原文信息但是无关d.原文信息+外来信息e.合理但是未提到的内容正确选项a.同义改写b.关键词原文重现④定位词辨别定位词可以减少文章的阅读时间，有些段落内容可以会涉及到两个或者两个以上的信息点，而题目只需要对其中一个信息点的内容加以提问定位词大多是名词或者专有名词⑤题型设置True题型a.定位关键词15,16,17,19,8,20,22b.时间，数字，地点11,18c.相反逻辑（错误选项）7,8d.无关信息（但是信息正确）7,8e.限定词，极端，最高级定位3,4,21Because 因果题型关键词：11，5找出因果信息点：6,7主旨句：4,10上下句：1,2，3,5,8,9Why同义改写定位比较常见1．The cinema did not emerge as a form of mass consumption until its technology evolved from the initial "peepshow" format to the point where images were projected on a screen in a darkened theater. In the peepshow format, a film was viewed through a small opening in a machine that was created for that purpose. Thomas Edison's peepshow device, the Kinetoscope, was introduced to the public in 1894. It was designed for use in Kinetoscope parlors, or arcades, which contained only a few individual machines and permitted only one customer to view a short, 50-foot film at any one time. The first Kinetoscope parlors contained five machines. For the price of 25 cents (or 5 cents per machine), customers moved from machine to machine to watch five different f ilms (or, in the case of famous prizefights, successive rounds of a single fight).1. According to paragraph 1, all of the following were true of viewing films in Kinetoscope parlorsEXCEPT:One individual at a time viewed a film.Customers could view one film after another.Prizefights were the most popular subjects for films.Each film was short.2.The muscles of these fishes and the mechanism that maintains a warm body temperature are also highly efficient. A bluefin tuna inwater of 7°C (45°F) can maintain a core temperature of over 25°C (77°F). This warm body temperature may help not only the muscles to work better, but also the brain and the eyes. The billfishes have gone one step further. They have evolved special "heaters" of modified muscle tissue that warm the eyes and brain, maintaining peak performance of these critical organs.According to paragraph 9, which of the fol lowing is true of bluefin tunas?Their eyes and brain are more efficient than those of any other fish.Their body temperature can change greatly depending on the water temperature.They can swim in waters that are much colder than their own bodies.They have special musc le tissue that warms their eyes and brain.3．Most people consider the landscape to be unchanging, but Earth is a dynamic body, and its surface is continually altering-slowly on the human time scale, but relatively rapidly when compared to the great age of Earth (about 4,500 bi llion years). There are two principal influences that shape the terrain: constructive processes such as uplift, which create new landscape features, and destructive forces such as erosion, which gradually wear away exposed landforms.According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements is true of changes in Earth's landscape?They occur more often by uplift than by erosionThey occur only at special times.They occur less frequently now than they once did.They occur quickly in geological terms.4.Wind power has a significant cost advantage over nuclear power and has become competitive with coal-fired power plants in many places. With new technological advances and mass production, projected cost declines should make wind power one of the world’s cheapest ways to produce electricity. In the long run, electricity from large wind farms in remote areas might be used to make hydrogen gas from water during periods when there is less than peak demand for electricity. The hydrogen gas could then be fed into a storage system and used to generate electricity when additional or backup power is needed.According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true about periods when the demand for electricity is relatively low?These periods are times when wind turbines are powered by hydrogen gas.These periods provide the opportunity to produce and store energy for future use.These periods create storage problems for all forms of power generation.These periods occur as often as periods when the demand for electricity is high.5．This impact released an enormous amount of energy, excavating a crater about twice as large as the lunar crater Tycho. The explosion lifted about 100 trill ion tons of dust into the atmosphere, as can be determined by measuring the thickness of the sediment layer formed when this dust settled to the surface. Such a quantity of material would have blocked the sunlight completely from reaching the surface, plunging Earth into a period of cold and darkness that lasted at least several months. The explosion is also calculated to have produced vast quantities of nitric acid and melted rock that sprayed out over much of Earth, starting widespread fires that must have consumed most terrestrial forests and grassland. Presumably, those environmental disasters could have been responsible for the mass extinction, including the death of the dinosaurs.According to paragraph 4, all of the following statements are true of the impact at the end of the Cretaceous period EXCEPT:A large amount of dust blocked sunlight from Earth.Earth became cold and dark for several months.New elements were formed in Earth's crust.Large quantities of nitric acid were produced.6．At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This isbecause middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils.According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of trees in the middle and upper latitudes?Tree growth is negatively affected by the snow cover in valleys.Tree growth is greater in valleys than on ridges.Tree growth on ridges is not affected by high-velocity winds.Tree growth lasts longer in those latitudes than it does in the trop ics.7．The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface. In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life, the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial. The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover. In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is less prevalent.According to paragraph 6, all of the following statements are true of plants in the alpine zone EXCEPT:Because they are low, they are less exposed to strong winds.Because they are low, the winter snow cover gives them more protection from the extreme cold.In the equatorial mountains, they tend to be lower than in mountains elsewhere.Their low g rowth form keeps them closer to the ground, where there is more heat than further up.8．Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.According to paragraph 1, all of the following statements about architecture are true EXCEPT:Architecture is visual art.Architecture reflects the cultural values of its creators.Architecture has both artistic and scientific dimensions.Architecture has an indirect effect on life.9．Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture structures. In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick. Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired. Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred ago.According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about materials used in the construction of buildings?Because new building materials are hard to find, construction techniques have changed very little from past generations.The availability of suitable building materials no longer limits the types of structures that may be built.The primary buildin g materials that are available today are wood, stone, and brick.Architects in earlier times did not have enough building materials to enclose large spaces.10．Much of the world’s great architecture has been constructed of stone because of its beauty, permanence, and availability. In the past, whole cities grew from the arduous task of cutting and piling stone upon. Some of the world’s finest stone architecture can b e seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru. The doorways and windows are made possibleby placing over the open spaces thick stone beams that support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be made before the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and new architectural forms could be created. That invention was the arch, a curved structure originally made of separate stone or brick segments. The arch was used by the ear ly cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for underground drains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground structures. Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch made of separate blocks of stone. As a method of spanning space, the arch can support greater weight than a horizontal beam. It works in compression to divert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by the vertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch is among the many important structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecture throughout the centuries.According to paragraph6, which of the following statements is true of the arch?The Romans were the first people to use the stone arch.The invention of the arch allowed new architectural forms to be developed.The arch worked by d istributing the structural of a building toward the center of the arch.The Romans followed earlier practices in their use of arches.11.The vast grasslands of the High Plains in the central United States were settled by farmers and ranchers in the 1880’s. This region has a semiarid climate, and for 50 years after its settlement, it supported a low-intensity agricultural economy of cattle ranching and wheat farming. In the early twentieth century, however, it was discovered that much of the High Plains was underlain by a huge aquifer (a rock layer containing large quantities of groundwater). This aquifer was named the Ogallala aquifer after the Ogallala Sioux Indians, who once inhabited the region.According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements about the High Plains is true?Until farmers and ranchers settled there in the 1880’s, the High Plains had never been inhabited.The climate of the High Plains is characterized by higher-than-average temperatures.The large aquifer that li e s underneath the High Plains was discovered by the Ogallala Sioux Indians.Before the early 1900’s there was only a small amount of farming and ranching in the High Plains.12．The Ogallala aquifer is a sandstone formation that under lies some 583,000 squarekilometers of land extending from northwestern Texas to southern South Dakota. Water from rains and melting snows has been accumulating in the Ogallala for the past 30,000 years. Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal,amounting to about half a centimeter a year.According to paragraph 2, all of the following statements about the Ogallala aquifer are true EXCEPT:The aquifer stretches from South Dakota to Texas.The aquifer ’s water comes from underground springs.Water has been gathering in the aquifer for 30,000 years.The aquifer ’s water is stored in a la yer of sandstone.13．Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?T hey occur at the end of a succession.They last longer than any other type of community.The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not changeThey remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.14．The question of ecosystem stab ility is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologist’s do not all agree what “stability” means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of climax communities?They are more resilient than pioneer comm unities.They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities.They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances.They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over time.15．Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country, it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?It is native to lowlands and marshes.It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.It has replaced the black-tai led deer in the open prairie.It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.。