戴炜栋英语语言学概论Chapter 8
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The relatedness between language and society (语言和社会的相关性) Speech community and speech variety (言语社区和言语变体) Two approaches to sociolinguistic studies (社会语言学的两种研究方法)
Degree of formality (正式程度)
An American linguist Martin Joos, distinguishes five stages of formality, namely, 1. intimate, 2. casual 3. consultative 4. formal 5. frozen. Example：P119.
Regional dialect (地域方言)
A regional dialect is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region.
Sociolect (社会方言)
Social-class dialect, or sociolect, refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class. Accent is an important marker of sociolect.
Register (语域)
Language varies with the user and it also varies with the circumstances under which it is used. A competent native speaker of a language is in possession of a variety of ways in using the language. The totality of linguistic varieties possessed by an individual constitutes his linguistic repertoire (语言 变体库).
The relatedness between language and society
Language is used to establish and maintain social relationship. Users of the same language speak differently due to their different social background. Language reflects both the physical and social environments of a society. Language is closely related to the structure of the society.
Linguistic Features of Black English
The simplification of consonant clusters at the end of a word; The deletion of the link verb “be”; The use of double negation construction. Examples: P116.
Language and gender (语言与性别)
Women’s speech closely approaches the standard variety than the speech of men. Male and female speeches are also found to be different in the use of intonations. Gender differentiations is also reflected in the use of certain lexical items.
Mode of discourse (语式)
Mode of discourse mainly refers to the means of communication. It is concerned with “how” communication is carried out. Example: P118.
Varieties of language 语言变体
Dialectal varieties (方言变体) Register (语域) Degree of formality (正式度)
Dialectal varieties (方言变体)
Regional dialect (地域方言) Sociolect (社会方言) Language and gender (语言与性别) Language and age (语言和年龄) Idiolect (个人方言) Ethnic dialect (种族方言)
Micro-sociolinguistics: to look at society from the point of view of an individual member within it, or a worm’s-eye view of language in use. 从其中的个体成员的角度来观察社会，或对 使用中的语言作一个具体的详细的观察。
Tenor of discourse (语旨)
Tenor of discourse refers to the role of relationship in the situation in question: who the participants and in what relationship they stand to each other. It, to a great extent, determines the level of formality and the level of technicality of the language we use.
Chapter 8
Language and Society
What is sociolinguistics?
Sociolinguistics is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.
Field of discourse (语场)
Field of discourse refers to what is going on: to the area of operation of ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้he language activity. (purpose and subject) The field of a register determines to a great extent the vocabulary to be used in communication and it also determines the phonological and grammatical features of the language.
Speech community and speech variety 言语社区和言语变体
The social group that is singled out for any special study is called the speech community. Speech variety, or language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.
Halliday’s register theory
“Language varies as its function varies; it differs in different situations.” “语言随其功能而变；因其场合而异”. The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register. Three social variables that determine the register: field of discourse (语场), tenor of discourse (语旨), and mode of discourse (语式).
Ethnic dialect (种族方言)
Black English is just another nonstandard variety of English. Black English has its own features at the phonological, morphological, syntactic, and lexical level.
Language and age
Language used by the old generation differs from that used by the younger generation in certain ways. The most striking difference is found at the lexical level (词汇层).
Idiolect (个人方言)
Idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.
Two approaches to sociolinguistic studies
Macro-sociolinguistics: to look at society as a whole and consider how language functions in it and how it reflects the social differentiations, i.e. a bird’s-eye view of the languages used in society. 将社会看作一个整体，考察语言是如何在其中 运作的，以及他是如何反映社会差异的，即 对社会中所使用的语言的一个总观。
Standard dialect (标准方言)
The standard variety is a superimposed (强制性的), socially prestigious dialect of a language. The standard dialect is a particular variety of a language which any member of a speech community can possibly use regardless of his social and geographical backgrounds, his gender and age.
Main tasks:
The scope of sociolinguistics Varieties of language Standard dialect Pidgin and Creole Bilingualism and diglossia
The scope of sociolinguistics
Degree of formality (正式程度)
An American linguist Martin Joos, distinguishes five stages of formality, namely, 1. intimate, 2. casual 3. consultative 4. formal 5. frozen. Example：P119.
Regional dialect (地域方言)
A regional dialect is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region.
Sociolect (社会方言)
Social-class dialect, or sociolect, refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class. Accent is an important marker of sociolect.
Register (语域)
Language varies with the user and it also varies with the circumstances under which it is used. A competent native speaker of a language is in possession of a variety of ways in using the language. The totality of linguistic varieties possessed by an individual constitutes his linguistic repertoire (语言 变体库).
The relatedness between language and society
Language is used to establish and maintain social relationship. Users of the same language speak differently due to their different social background. Language reflects both the physical and social environments of a society. Language is closely related to the structure of the society.
Linguistic Features of Black English
The simplification of consonant clusters at the end of a word; The deletion of the link verb “be”; The use of double negation construction. Examples: P116.
Language and gender (语言与性别)
Women’s speech closely approaches the standard variety than the speech of men. Male and female speeches are also found to be different in the use of intonations. Gender differentiations is also reflected in the use of certain lexical items.
Mode of discourse (语式)
Mode of discourse mainly refers to the means of communication. It is concerned with “how” communication is carried out. Example: P118.
Varieties of language 语言变体
Dialectal varieties (方言变体) Register (语域) Degree of formality (正式度)
Dialectal varieties (方言变体)
Regional dialect (地域方言) Sociolect (社会方言) Language and gender (语言与性别) Language and age (语言和年龄) Idiolect (个人方言) Ethnic dialect (种族方言)
Micro-sociolinguistics: to look at society from the point of view of an individual member within it, or a worm’s-eye view of language in use. 从其中的个体成员的角度来观察社会，或对 使用中的语言作一个具体的详细的观察。
Tenor of discourse (语旨)
Tenor of discourse refers to the role of relationship in the situation in question: who the participants and in what relationship they stand to each other. It, to a great extent, determines the level of formality and the level of technicality of the language we use.
Chapter 8
Language and Society
What is sociolinguistics?
Sociolinguistics is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.
Field of discourse (语场)
Field of discourse refers to what is going on: to the area of operation of ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้he language activity. (purpose and subject) The field of a register determines to a great extent the vocabulary to be used in communication and it also determines the phonological and grammatical features of the language.
Speech community and speech variety 言语社区和言语变体
The social group that is singled out for any special study is called the speech community. Speech variety, or language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.
Halliday’s register theory
“Language varies as its function varies; it differs in different situations.” “语言随其功能而变；因其场合而异”. The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register. Three social variables that determine the register: field of discourse (语场), tenor of discourse (语旨), and mode of discourse (语式).
Ethnic dialect (种族方言)
Black English is just another nonstandard variety of English. Black English has its own features at the phonological, morphological, syntactic, and lexical level.
Language and age
Language used by the old generation differs from that used by the younger generation in certain ways. The most striking difference is found at the lexical level (词汇层).
Idiolect (个人方言)
Idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.
Two approaches to sociolinguistic studies
Macro-sociolinguistics: to look at society as a whole and consider how language functions in it and how it reflects the social differentiations, i.e. a bird’s-eye view of the languages used in society. 将社会看作一个整体，考察语言是如何在其中 运作的，以及他是如何反映社会差异的，即 对社会中所使用的语言的一个总观。
Standard dialect (标准方言)
The standard variety is a superimposed (强制性的), socially prestigious dialect of a language. The standard dialect is a particular variety of a language which any member of a speech community can possibly use regardless of his social and geographical backgrounds, his gender and age.
Main tasks:
The scope of sociolinguistics Varieties of language Standard dialect Pidgin and Creole Bilingualism and diglossia
The scope of sociolinguistics