2019年12月英语四级长篇阅读匹配练习题(4)
英语四级长篇阅读段落信息匹配题练习及答案-4
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter.长篇阅读Definitions of ObesityA) How does one define when a person is considered to be obese and not just somewhat overweight? Height-weight tables give an approximate guideline as to whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the obese stage.B) The World Health Organization recommends using a formula that takes into account a person's height and weight. The "Body Mass Index" (BMI) is calculated by dividing the person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters, and is thus given in units of kg/m2. A BMI of 18.5-24.9 is considered to be the healthiest. A BMI of between 25 and 29.9 is considered to be overweight, while a BMI of over 30 is considered to be obese.C) However, it is recognized that this definition is limited as it does not take into account such variables as age, gender and ethnic origin, the latter being important as different ethnic groups have very different fat distributions. Another shortcoming is that it is not applicable to certain very muscular people such as athletes and bodybuilders, who can also have artificially high BMIs. Agencies such as the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) in the USA and the International Diabetes Foundation (IDF) are starting to define obesity in adults simply in terms of waist circumference.Health Effects of ObesityD) Over 2000 years ago, the Greek physician Hippocrates wrote that "persons who are naturally very fat are apt to die earlier than those who are slender". This observation remains very true today. Obesity has a major impact on a person's physical, social and emotional well-being. It increases the risk of developing diabetes mellitus type 2 ("mature onset diabetes") and also makes Type 2 diabetes more difficult to control. Thus weight loss improves the levels of blood glucose and blood fats, and reduces blood pressure. The association between obesity and coronary heart disease is also well-known.CancerE) Furthermore, in 2001 medical researchers established a link between being overweight and certain forms of cancer, and estimated that nearly 10,000 Britons per year develop cancer as a result of being overweight. This figure was made up of 5,893 women and 3,220 men, with the strongest associations being with breast and colon cancers. However, it is thought that being overweight may also increase the risk of cancer in the reproductive organs for women and in the prostate gland for men.F) The link between breast cancer and nutritional status is thought to be due to the steroid hormones oestrogen and progesterone, which are produced by the ovaries, and govern a woman's menstrual cycle. Researchers have found that the more a woman eats, or the more sedentary her lifestyle, the higher are the concentrations of progesterone. This link could explain why women from less affluent countries have lower rates of breast cancer. Women from less affluent nations tend to eat less food and to lead lifestyles which involve more daily movement. This lowers their progesterone level, resulting inlower predisposition to breast cancer.G) The Times newspaper, in 2002 reported that obesity was the main avoidable cause of cancer among non-smokers in the Western world!AgingH) Research published by St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK in 2005 showed a correlation between body fat and aging, to the extent that being obese added 8.8 years to a woman's biological age. The effect was exacerbated by smoking, and a non-overweight woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added 7.4 years to their biological age. The combination of being obese and asmoker added at least ten years to a woman’s biological age, and although the study only involved women, the lead researcher Professor Tim Spector believes the finding would also apply to men.I) The aging effect was determined by measuring the length of telomeres, tiny "caps" on the ends of chromosomes, which help protect the DNA from the ageing process. Indeed, telomeres have been dubbed the "chromosomal clock" because, as an organism ages, they become progressively shorter, and can be used to determine the age of the organism. Beyond a certain point, the telomere becomes so short that it is no longer able to prevent the DNA of the chromosome from falling apart. It is believed that excess body fat, and the chemicals present in tobacco smoke release free radicals which trigger inflammation. Inflammation causes the production of white blood cells which increases the rate of erosion of telomeres.DementiaJ) Recent research (2005) conducted in the USA shows that obesity in middle age is linked to an increased risk of dementia, with obese people in their 40s being 74% more likely to develop dementia compared to those of normal weight. For those who are merely overweight, the lifetime risk of dementia risk was 35% higher.K) Scientists from the Aging Research Centre at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden have been able to take information such as age, number of years in education, gender, body mass index, blood pressure level, physical activity and genetic factors, assigning each a risk score. They then used this information to devise a predictive test for dementia. This test will enable people at risk, for the first time, to be able to affect lifestyle changes which will reduce their risk of contracting dementia.Other ProblemsL) The world-wide upsurge in obesity, particularly in children, is of major economic concern, liable to drain economies. Of further concern is that research conducted in Australia and published in 2006, shows that up to one third of breech pregnancies were undetected by the traditional "palpation" examination, the danger being greatest for those women who are overweight or obese—a growing proportion of mothers. This means that such women are not getting thetreatment required to turn the baby around in time for the birth, and in many cases require an emergency Caesarean section.M) This is a true health-care crisis, far bigger than Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and ultimately, even bigger than AIDS.对应题目：1. You can judge whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the obese stage according to the height-weight table.2. Using the "Body Mass Index" to define a person's weight ideal is limited, because it does not takes into account many variables such as age, gender and ethnic origin.3. A person's emotional well-being would be affected by obesity.4. Obesity has something to do with cancer in the prostate gland for man.5. Women from less affluent nations tend to have much less breast cancer.6. A non-overweight woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added7.4 years to her biological age.7. The excess body fat, like the chemicals present in tobacco smoke, can lead to inflammation.8. Obese people in middle age run an increased risk of dementia .9. The predictive test for dementia will help people to affect lifestyle changes that will reduce their risk of contracting dementia.10. The world-wide upsurge in obesity, particularly in children, will possibly drain economies.参考答案：1. A2. C3. D4. E5. F6. H7. I8. J9. K10. L。
2019年12月大学英语四级真题试卷及答案(三套全)
2019年12月四级真题及答案（全三套）第一套Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter to a foreign friend who wants to teach English in China. Please recommend a city to him. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Part ⅡListening Comprehension (25 minutes) Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and then questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1with a single line through the centre.Questions l and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.1. A) Many facilities were destroyed by a wandering cow.B) A wandering cow knocked down one of its fences.C) Some tourists were injured by a wandering cow.D) A wandering cow was captured by the police.2. A) It was shot to death by a police officer. B) It found its way back to the park’s zoo.C) It became a great attraction for tourists. D) It was sent to the animal control department. Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.3. A) It is the largest of its kind. B) It is going to be expanded.C) It is displaying more fossil specimens. D) It is staring an online exhibition.4. A) A collection of bird fossils from Australia. B) Photographs of certain rare fossil exhibits.C) Some ancient wall paintings from Australia. D) Pictures by winners of a wildlife photo contest. Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard.5. A) Pick up trash. B) Amuse visitors.C) Deliver messages. D) Play with children.6. A) They are especially intelligent. B) They are children’s favorite.C) They are quite easy to tame. D) They are clean and pretty.7. A) Children may be harmed by the rooks. B) Children may be tempted to drop litter.C) Children may contract bird diseases. D) Children may overfeed the rooks.Section BDirections:In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.8. A) It will be produced at Harvard University. B) It will be hosted by famous professors.C) It will cover different areas of science. D) It will focus on recent scientific discoveries.9. A) It will be more futuristic. B) It will be more systematic.C) It will be more entertaining. D) It will be easier to understand.10. A) People interested in science. B) Youngsters eager to explore.C) Children in their early teens. D) Students majoring in science.11. A) Offer professional advice. B) Provide financial support.C) Help promote it on the Internet. D) Make episodes for its first season.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12. A) Unsure. B) Helpless. C) Concerned. D) Dissatisfied.13. A) He is too concerned with being perfect. B) He loses heart when faced with setbacks.C) He is too ambitious in achieving goals. D) He takes on projects beyond his ability.14. A) Embarrassed. B) Unconcerned. C) Miserable. D) Resentful.15. A) Try to be optimistic whatever happens. B) Compare his present with his past only.C) Always learn from others’ achievements.D) Treat others the way he would be treated.Section CDirections:In this section, you will hear three passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16. A) They have a stronger sense of social responsibility.B) They are more likely to succeed in the humanities.C) They are more likely to become engineers.D) They have greater potential to be leaders.17. A) Praise girls who like to speak up frequently.B) Encourage girls to solve problems on their own.C) Insist that boys and girls work together more.D) Respond more positively to boys’ comments.18. A) Offer personalized teaching materials. B) Provide a variety of optional courses.C) Place great emphasis on test scores. D) Pay extra attention to top students. Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.19. A) It often rains cats and dogs. B) It seldom rains in summer time.C) It does not rain as much as people think. D) It is one of the most rainy cities in the US.20. A) They drive most of the time. B) The rain is usually very light.C) They have got used to the rain. D) The rain comes mostly at night.21. A) It has a lot of places for entertainment.B) It has never seen thunder and lighting.C) It has fewer cloudy days than any other coastal city.D) It has mild weather both in summer and in winter.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.22. A) It occurs when people are doing a repetitive activity.B) It results from exerting one’s muscles continuously.C) It happens when people engage in an uncommon activity.D) It comes from staining one’s muscles in an unusual way.23. A) Blood flow and body heat increase in the affected area.B) Body movements in the affected area become difficult.C) They begin to make repairs immediately.D) They gradually become fragmented.24. A) About one week. B) About two days.C) About ten days. D) About four weeks.25. A) Apply muscle creams. B) Drink plenty of water.C) Have a hot shower. D) Take pain-killers..Part ⅢReading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section ADirections:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.When travelling overseas, do you buy water in plastic bottles or take your chances with tap water? Imagine you are wandering about on a Thai island or 26 the ruins of Angkor. It’s hot so you grab a bottle of water from a local vendor. It’s the safe, sane thing to do, right? The bottle is27 , and the label says “pure water”, but maybe what’s inside is not so28 . Would you still be drinking it if you knew that more than 90 percent of all bottled water sold around the world 29 microplastics?That’s the conclusion of a recently30 study, which analyzed 259 bottles from 11 brands sold in nine countries, 31 an average of 325 plastic particles per liter of water. These microplastics included a 32 commonly known as PET and are widely used in the manufacture of clothing and food and 33 containers. The study was conducted at the State University of New York on behalf of Orb Media, a journalism organization. About a million bottles are bought every minute, not only by thirsty tourists but also by many of the 2.1 billion worldwide who live with unsafe drinking water.Confronted with this 34 , several bottled-water manufacturers including Nestle and Coco-Cola undertook their own studies using the same methodology. These studies showed that their water did contain microplastics, but far less than the Orb study suggested. Regardless, the World Health Organization has now launched a review into the 35 health risks of drinking water from plastic bottles.Section BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.The Quiet Heroism of Mail Delivery[A] On Wednesday, a polar wind brought bitter cold to the Midwest. Overnight, Chicago reached a low of 21 degrees Fahrenheit below zero, making it slightly colder than Antarctica, Alaska, and the North Pole. Wind chills were 64 degrees below zero in Park Rapids, Minnesota, and 45 degrees below zero in Buffalo, North Dakota, according to the National Weather Service. Schools, restaurants, and businesses closed, and more than 1,000 flights have been canceled.[B] Even the United States Postal Service (USPS) suspended mail delivery temporarily. “Due to this arctic outbreak and concerns for the safety of USPS employees,” USPS announced Wednesday morning, “the Postal Service is suspending delivery Jan. 30 in the following 3-digit ZIP Code locations.” Twelve regions were listed as unsafe on Wednesday; on Thursday, eight remained.[C] As global surface temperatures increase, so does the likelihood of extreme weather. In 2018 alone, wildfires, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, mudslides, and other natural disasters cost at least $49 billion in the United States. As my colleague V ann Newkirk reported, Puerto Rico is still confronting economic and structural destruction and resource scarcity from 2017’s Hurrican e Maria. Natural disasters can wreck a community’s infrastructure, disrupting systems for months or years. Some services, however, remind us that life will eventually return, in some form, to normal.[D] Days after the deadly 2017 wildfires in Santa Rosa, California, a drone caught footage of a USPS worker, Trevor Smith, driving through burned homes in that familiar white van, collecting mail in an affected area. Thevideo is striking: The operation is familiar, but the scene looks like the end of the world. According to Rae Ann Haight, the program manager for the national-preparedness office at USPS, Smith was fulfilling a request made by some of the home owners to pick up any mail that was left untouched. For Smith, this was just another day on the job. “I followed my route like I normally do,” Smith told a reporter. “As I’d come across a box that was up but with no house, I checked, and there was mail—outgoing mail—in it. And so we picked those up and carried on.”[E] USPS has sophisticated emergency plans for natural disasters. Across the country, 285 emergency-management teams are devoted to crisis control. These teams are trained annually using a framework known as the three Ps: people, property, product. After mail service stops due to weather, the agen cy’s top priority is ensuring that employees are safe. Then it evaluates the health of infrastructure, such as the roads that mail carriers drive on. Finally, it decides when and how to re-open operations. If the destruction is extreme, mail addressed to the area will get sent elsewhere. In response to Hurricane Katrina in 2005, USPS redirected incoming New Orleans mail to existing mail facilities in Houston. Mail that was already processed in New Orleans facilities was moved to an upper floor so it would be protected from water damage.[F] As soon as it’s safe enough to be outside, couriers start distributing accumulated mail on the still-accessible routes. USPS urges those without standing addresses to file change-of-address forms with their new location. After Hurricane Katrina hit in 2005, mail facilities were set up in dozens of other locations across the country in the two weeks that USPS was unable to provide street delivery.[G] Every day, USPS processes, on average, 493.4 million pieces of mail—anything from postcards to Social Security checks to medicine. Spokespeople from both USPS and UPS told me all mail is important. But some mail can be extremely sensitive and timely. According to data released in January 2017, 56 percent of bills are paid online, which means that just under half of payments still rely on delivery services to be completed. [H] It can be hard to identify which parcels are carrying crucial items such as Social Security checks, but USPS and UPS try their best to prioritize sensitive material. They will coordinate with the Social Security Administration to make sure that Social Security checks reach the right people in a timely fashion. After Hurricane Florence and Hurricane Michael last fall, USPS worked with state and local election boards to make sure that absentee ballots were available and received on time.[I] Mail companies are logistics companies, which puts them in a special position to help when disaster strikes. In a 2011 USPS case study, the agency emphasized its massive in frastructure as a “unique federal asset” to be called upon in a disaster or terrorist attack. “I think we’re unique as a federal agency,” USPS official MikeSwigart told me, “because we’re in literally every community in this country … We’re obligated to d eliver to that point on a daily basis.”[J] Private courier companies, which have more dollars to spend, use their expertise in logistics to help revitalize damaged areas after a disaster. For more than a decade, FedEx has supported the American Red Cross in its effort to get emergency supplies to areas affected by disasters, both domestically and internationally. In 2012, the company distributed more than 1,200 MedPacks to Medical Reserve Corps groups in California, and donated space for 3.1 million pounds of charitable shipping globally. Last October, the company pledged $1 million in cash and transportation support for Hurricanes Florence and Michael. UPS’s charitable arm, the UPS Foundation, uses the company’s logistics to help disaster-struck areas rebu ild. “We realize that as a company with people, trucks, warehouses, we needed to play a larger role,” said Eduardo Martinez, the president of the UPS Foundation. The company employs its trucks and planes to deliver food, medicine, and water. The day before I spoke to Martinez in November, he had been touring the damage from Hurricane Michael in Florida with the American Red Cross. “We have an obligation to make sure our communities are thriving, prosperous,” he said.[K] Rebuilding can take a long time, and even then, impressions of the disaster may still remain. Returning to a sense of normalcy can be difficult, but some small routines—mail delivery being one of them—may help residents remember that their communities are still their communities. “When they see that carrier back out on the street,” Swigart said, “that’s the first sign to them that life is starting to return to normal.”36. The United States Postal Service has a system to ensure its employees’ safety.37. One official says USPS is unique in that it has more direct reach to communities compared with other federal agencies38. Natural disasters can have a long-lasting impact on community life.39. Mail delivery service i$ still responsible for the completion of almost half of payments.40. The sight of a mailman on the street is a reassuring sign of life becoming normal again.41. After Hurricane Katrina interrupted routine delivery, temporary mail service points were set up.42. Postal service in some regions in the U.S. was suspended due to extreme cold weather.43. Private postal companies also support disaster relief efforts by distributing urgent supplies.44. A dedicated USPS employee was on the job carrying out duties in spite of extreme conditions.45. Postal services work hard to identify items that require priority treatment.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Professor Ashok Goel of Georgia Tech developed an artificially intelligent teaching assistant to help handle the enormous number of student questions in the online class, Knowledge Based Artificial Intelligence. This online course is a core requirement of Georgia Tech’s online Master of Science in Computer Science program. Professor G oel already had 8 teaching assistants, but that wasn’t enough to deal with the overwhelming number of questions from students.Many students drop out of online courses because of the lack of teaching support. When students feel isolated or confused and reach out with questions that go unanswered, their motivation to continue begins to fade. Professor Goel decided to do something to remedy this situation and his solution was to create a virtual assistant named Jill Watson, which is based on the IBM Watson platform.Goel and his team developed several versions of Jill Watson before releasing her to the online forums. At first, the virtual assistant wasn’t too great. But Goel and his team sourced the online discussion forum to find all 40,000 questions that had ever been asked since the class was launched. Then they began to feed Jill the questions and answers. After some adjustment and sufficient time, Jill was able to answer the students’ questions correctly 97% of the time. The virtual assistant became so advanced and realistic that the students didn’t know she was a computer. The students, who were studying artificial intelligence, were interacting with artificial intelligence and couldn’t tell it apart from a real human being. Goel didn’t inform them about Jill’s true identity until April 26. The students were actually very positive about the experience.The goal of Professor Goel’s virtual assistant next year is to take over answering 40% of all questions posed by students on the online forum. The name, Jill Watson, will of course, change to something else next semester. Professor Goel has a much rosier outlook on the future of AI than say, Elon Musk, Stephen Hawking, Bill Gates or Steve Wozniak.46. What do we learn about Knowledge-Based Artificial Intelligence?A) It is a robot that can answer students’ questions.B) It is a course designed for students to learn online.C) It is a high-tech device that revolutionizes teaching.D) It is a computer program that aids student learning.47. What problem did Professor Goel meet with?A) His students were unsatisfied with the assistants.B) His course was too difficult for the students.C) Students’ questions were too many to handle.D) Too many students dropped out of his course.48. What do we learn about Jill Watson?A) She turned out to be a great success. B) She got along pretty well with students.C) She was unwelcome to students at first. D) She was released online as an experiment.49. How did the students feel about Jill Watson?A) They thought she was a bit too artificial. B) They found her not as capable as expected.C) They could not but admire her knowledge. D) They could not tell her from a real person.50. What does Professor Goel plan to do next with Jill Watson?A) Launch different versions of her online.B) Feed her with new questions and answers.C) Assign her to answer more of students’ questions.D) Encourage students to interact with her more freely.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Thinking small, being enga ging, and having a sense of humor don’t hurt. Those are a few of the traits of successful science crowdfunding efforts that emerge from a recent study that examined nearly 400 campaigns. But having a large network and some promotional skills may be more crucial.Crowdfunding, raising money for a project through online appeals, has taken off in recent years for everything from making movies to building water-saving gadgets. Scientists have tried to tap Internet donors, too, with mixed success. Some raised more than twice their goal, but others have fallen short of reaching more modest targets.To determine what separates science crowdfunding triumphs from failures, a team led by science communications scholar Mike Schäfer of the University of Zurich in Switzerland examined the content of the WebPages for 371 recent campaigns.Four traits stood out for those that achieved their goals, the researchers report in Public Understanding of Science. For one, they use a crowdfunding platform that specializes in raising money for science, and not just any kind of project. Although sites like Kickstarter take all comers, platforms such as , , and only present scientific projects. For another, they present the project with a funny video because good visuals and a sense of humor improved success. Most of them engage with potential donors since projects that answered questions from interested donors and posted lab notes fared better. And they target a small amount of money. The projects included in the study raised $4000 on average, with 30% of projects receiving less than $1000. The more money a project sought, the lower the chance it reached its goal, the researchers found.Other factors may also significantly influence a project’s success, most notably, the size of a scientist’s personal and professional networks, and how much a researcher promotes a project on his or her own. Those two factors are by far more critical than the content on the page. Crowdfunding can be part of researc hers’ efforts to reach the public, and people give because “they feel a connection to the person” who is doing the fundraising—not necessarily to the science.51. What do we learn about the scientists trying to raise money online for their projects?A) They did not raise much due to modest targets.B) They made use of mixed fundraising strategies.C) Not all of them achieved their anticipated goals.D) Most of them put movies online for the purpose.52. What is the purpose of Mike Schäfer’s research of rece nt crowdfunding campaigns?A) To create attractive content for science websites.B) To identify reasons for their different outcomes.C) To help scientists to launch innovative projects.D) To separate science projects from general ones.53. What trait contributes to the success of a crowdfunding campaign?A) The potential benefit to future generations. B) Its interaction with prospective donors.C) Its originality in addressing financial issues. D) The value of the proposed project.54. What did the researchers think of the financial targets of crowdfunding projects?A) They should be small to be successful. B) They should be based on actual needs.C) They should be assessed with great care. D) They should be ambitious to gain notice.55. What motivates people to donate in a crowdfunding campaign?A) The ease of access to the content of the webpage.B) Their desire to contribute to the cause of science.C) The significance and influence of the project itself.D) Their feeling of connection to the scientists themselves.Part ⅣTranslation (30 minutes) Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.中国家庭十分重视孩子的教育。
2019年12月英语四级长篇阅读匹配练习题(3).doc
2019 年12 月英语四级长篇阅读匹配练习题(3) World Must Adapt to Unknown Climate FutureA.There is still great uncertainty about the impacts ofclimate change ，according to the latest report from theIntefgovernmental Panel on Climate Change ，released today ．Soif we are to survive and prosper, rather than trying to fendoff specific threats like cyclones ，we must build flexibleand resilient( 有弹性的)societies ．B.Today’s report is the second of three instalments( 分期连载)of the IPCC ’s fifth assessment of climate change ．Thefirst instalment ，released last year,covered the physicalscience of climate change ．It stated with increased certaintythat climate change is happenin9 ，and that it is the resultof humanity ’s greenhouse gas emissions ．The new reportfocuses on the impacts of climate change and how to adapt tothem．The third instalment ，on how to cut greenhouse gasemissions ，comes out in April ．C.The latest report backs off from some of thepredictions made in the previous IPCC report ，in 2007 ．Duringthe final editing process ．the authors also retreated frommany of the more confident projections from the final draft ，leaked last year ．The IPCC now says it often cannot predictwhich specific impacts of climate change —such as droughts ，storms or floods ——will hit particular places ．D.Instead ，the IPCC focuses on how people call adapt inthe face of uncertainty,arguing that we must become resilientagainst diverse changes in the climate ．“The natural humantendency is to want things to be clear and simple ．”says thereport ’s co -chair Chris Field of the Carnegie Institutionfor Science in Stanford ，Califomia ．“And one of the messagesthat doesn ’t just come from the IPCC ，it comes fromhistory,is that the future doesn ’t ever turn out the way youthink it will be ．”That means，Field adds ，that ‘'being prepared for a wide range of possible futures is iust alwayssmart ”．E.Here New Scientist breaks down what is new in thereport ，and what it means for humanity ’s efforts to copewith a changing climate ．A companion article ，“How climate change will affect where you live ”，highlights some of thekey impacts that different regions are facing ．What has changed in the new IPCC report?F.In essence ，the predictions are intentionallyvaguer ．Much of the firlner language from the 2007 reportabout exactly what kind of weather to expect ，and how changes witl affect people ，has been replaced with more cautious statements ．The scale and timing of many regional impacts ，and even the form of some ，now appear uncertain ．G.For example ，the 2007 report predicted that theintensity of cyclones over Asia would increase by 10to 20 percent ．The new report makes no such claim ．Similarly,the lastreport estimated that climate change would force up to aquarter of a billion Africans into water shortage by the endof this decade ．The new report avoids using such firm numbers ．H.The report has even watered down many of the moreconfident predictions that appeared in the lcakeddrafts ．References to “hundreds of millions ”of people being affected by rising sea levels have been removed from thesummary,as have statements about the impact of warmertemperatures on crops ．“I think it's gone back a bit ，”says Jean Palutikof of Griffith University in Brisbane ，Queensland，Australia ，who worked on the 2007 report ．“That may be agood thing ．In the fourth [climate assessment]we tried to dothings that weren ’t really possible and the fifth has sortof rebalanced the whole thing ．”So do we know less than we did before?I.Not really,says Andy Pitman of the University of NewSouth Wales in Sydney,Australia ．It is just more rigorouslanguage ．“Pointing to the sign of the change ，rather thanthe precise magnitude of the change ，is scientifically more defensible ，”he says ．J.We also know more about what we don ’t know,says David Karoly at the University of Melbourne ．“There is now abetter understanding of uncertainties in regional climateproj ections at decadal timescales( 时标) ．”Are we less confident about all the impacts of climate change?K.Not quite ．There are still plenty of confidentpredictions of impacts in the reponv —at least in the draft chapters that were lcaked last year,and which are expected tobe roughly the same when they are released later thisweek．These include more rain in parts ofAfrica ，more heatwaves in southem Europe ，and more frequent droughts inAustralia(see “How climate change will affect where youlive ”) ．It also remains clear that the seas are rising ．How do we prepare in cases in which there is low confidence aboutthe effects of climate change?L.That ’s exactly what this report deals with ．In many cases，the uncertainty is a matter of magnitude ，so the choices are not hard ．“It doesn ’t really matter if the carhits the wall at 70 or 80 kilometres an hour, ”saysKaroly ．“You should still wear your seat belt ．”So when it comes to sea ．1evel rise or heatwaves ，the uncertainty doesnot change what we need to do ：build sea walls ，use efficient cooling and so forth ．M.But in some cases ——such as African rainfall ，which could go up or down ——the models are not giving us greatadvice ．so all we know is that things will change ．“We are not certain about the precise nature of regional change ，but we are absolutely certain there are going to be profoundchanges in many regions ，”says Pitman ．Even then ，there are things we can do that will always help ．A big one is getting people out of poverty ．The report says poverty makes other impacts worse and many suggested adaptations are aboutalleviating it ．The IPCC suggests giving disadvantaged groups more of a voice ，helping them move when they need to and strengthening social safety nets ．N.What’s more，all countries should diversify their economies，rather than relying on a few main sources ofincome that could flood or blow ovel Countries should alsofind ways to become less vulnerable to the current climatevariability ．That means improving the way they govemresources like water,the report says ．O.In short ，we must become more resilient ．That would be wise even if the climate was stable ．Our current infrastructure often cannot deal with the current climate ，says Karoly,pointing to events like the recent UKfloods ．“We don’t have a resilient system now,even in extremely well developed countries ．”46 ．Focusing on the clue of climate change instead of theseverity of climate effects is scientifically more reasonable ．47．IPCC’s new report has removed some of the predictionsthat appeared in the former one released in2007 ．48．One of the lessons both IPCC and history has taught us isthat future never appears as you expect it to be ．49．The IPCC’s latest report has weakened many firmerprojections written in the leaked drafts ．50．The first of IPCC ’s three instalmen ts has focused on the current climate conditions and the main reason for thoseconditions ．51．The most important thing for us to do is to get peoplerich ．52．Sometimes the uncertainty is just about the extent ofclimate effects ，thus the choices ．of what we shoulddoisquite easy ．53．Countries must make their economies varied and improvethe way of controlling the recourses in order to beRer dealwith climate change ．54．The new IPCC report has replaced some more confidentstatements from the 2007 report with more careful expressions ．55．There are still many of firm statements about the climateeffects in the new report ，which are generally the same asthey were in the draft chapters ．4 6．Focusing on the clue of climate change instead of theseverity of climate effects is scientifically morereasonable ．主要集中于气候变化的迹象而不是气候变化带来的影响的严重性，在科学上更有说服力。
英语四级长篇阅读匹配试题及答案
英语四级长篇阅读匹配试题及答案英语四级长篇阅读匹配试题及答案 1There are three kinds of goals: short-term,medium-range and long-term goals. Short-range goals are those that usually deal with current activities,which we can apply on a daily basis.Such goals can be achieved in a week or less,or two weeks,or possible months.It should be remembered that just as a building is no stronger than its foundation ,out long-term goals cannot amount to very munch without the achievement of solid short-term goals.Upon completing our short-term goals,we should date the occasion and then add new short-term goals that will build on those that have been completed. The intermediate goals bukld on the foundation of the short-range goals.They might deal with just one term of school or the entire school year,or they could even extend for several years.Any time you move a step at a time,you should never allow yourself to become discouraged or overwhelmed. As you complete each step,you will enforce the belief in your ability to grow adn succeed.And as your list of completion dates grow,your motivation and desire will increase.Long-range goals may be related to our dreams of the future. They might cover five years or more. Life is not a static thing.We should never allow a long-term goal to limit us or our course of action. 1.Our long-term goals mean a lot______.A.if we complete our short-range goalsB.if we cannot reach solid short-term goalsC.if we write down the datesD.if we put forward some plans2.New short-term goals are bulid upon______.A.two yearsB.long-term goalsC.current activitiesD.the goals that have been completed3.When we complete each step of our goals ,______.A.we will win final successB.we are overwhelmedC.we should build up confidence of successD.we should strong desire for setting new goals 4.Once our goals are drawn up,_______.A.we should stick to them until we complete themB.we may change our goals as we have new ideas and opportunitiesC.we had better wait for the exciting news of successD.we have made great decision5.It is implied but not stated in the passage that ______.A.those who habe long-term goals will succeedB.writing down the dates may discourage youC.the goal is only a guide for us to reach our desinationD.every should have a goal答案：adcbc英语四级长篇阅读匹配试题及答案 2If the population of the earth goes on increasing at its present rate, there will eventually not be enough resources left to sustain life on the planet.By the middle of the 21st century,if present trends continue, we will have used up all the oil that drives our cars,for example.Even if scientists develop new ways of feeding the human race,the crowded conditions on earth will make it necessary for lus to look for open space somewhere else. But none of the other planets in our solar system are capable of supporting life at present. One possible solution to the problem, however,has recently been suggested by American scientist, Professor Carl Sagan. Sagan believes that before the earths resources are compleetely exhausted it will be possible to change the atmophere of Venus and so create a new world almost as large as earth itself. The difficult is that Venus is much hotter than the earth and there is only a tiny amount of water there. Sagan proposes that algae organisms that can live in extremely hot or cold atmospheres and at the same time produce oxygen,should be bred in condition similar to those on Venus.As soon as this has been done, the algae will be placed in small rockets. Spaceship will then fly to Venus and fire the rockets into the atmosphere .In a fairly short time, the alge will break down the carbon dioxide into oxygen andcarbon. When the algae have done theri work, the atmosphere will become cooler,but befor man can set foot on Venus it will be neccessary for the oxygen to produce rain. The surface of the planet will still be too hot for man to land on it but the rain will eventually fall and in a few years something like earth will be reproduced on Venus. -1.Inte long run, the most insoluble problem caused by population growth on earth will probably be the lack of ______.a.foodb.oilc.spaced.resources2.Carl Sagan believes that Venus might be colonized from earth because _____ a.it might be possible to change its atmosphere b.its atmosphere is the same as the earthsc.there is a good supply of water on Venusd.the days on Venus are long enough3.On Venus there is a lot of ________.a.waterb.carbon dioxidec.carbon monoxided.oxygen4.Algae are plants that can____.a.live in very hot temperaturesb.live in very cold temperaturesc.manufacture oxygend.all of the above5. Man can land on Venus only when_______. a.the algae have done their work -b.the atmosphere becomes coolerc.thereis oxygend.it rains there答案：cabdd英语四级长篇阅读匹配试题及答案 3Like a needle climbing up a bathroom scale, the number keeps rising. In 1991, 15% of Americans were obese(肥胖的); by 1999, that proportion had grown to 27%. Youngsters, who should have age and activity on their side, are growing larger as well: 19% of Americans under 17 are obese. Waistbands have been popping in other western countries too, as physical activity has declined and diets have expanded. By and large, people in the rich world seem to have lost the fight against flab(松弛).Meanwhile, poorer nations have enjoyed some success in their battles against malnutrition and famine. But, according to research presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, it is more a case of being out of the frying pan and into the fire. The most striking example actually in the poor world comes from the Pacific islands, home of the world’s most obese communities. In 1966, 14% of the men on this island were obese while 100% of men under the age of 30 in 1996 were obese.This increase in weight has been uneven as well as fast. As a result, undernourished and over-nourished people frequently live cheek by jowl(面颊). The mix can even occur within a single household. A study of families in Indonesia found that nearly 10% contained both the hungry and the fat. This is a mysterious phenomenon, but might have something to do with people of different ages being given different amounts of food to eat.The prospect of heading off these problems is bleak. In many affected countries there are cultural factorsto contend with, such as an emphasis on eating large meals together, or on food as a form. ofhospitality.Moreover, there is a good measure of disbelief on the part of policymakers that such a problem Could existin their countries. Add to that reluctance on the part of governments to spend resources on promoting dietand exercise while starvation is still a real threat, and the result is a recipe for inaction. Unless something is done soon, it might not be possible to turn the clock back.英语四级阅读模拟试题：Choose correct answers to the question:1.The first sentence of the passage most probably implies that ______.A.many Americans are obsessed with the rising temperature in their bathroomB.more people are overweighed in the United StatesC.people are doing more physical exercises with the help of scalesD.youngsters become taller and healthier thanks to more activities2.As physical exercise declines and diet expands, ______.A.other western countries has been defeated by fatB.obesity has become an epidemic(流行病)of the rich worldC.waistbands begin to be popular in other western countriesD.western countries can no longer fight against obesity3.Which is NOT the point of the example of the Pacific Islands?A.The poor community has shaken off poverty and people are well-fed now.B.Obesity is becoming a problem in the developing world too.C.Excessive weight increase will cause no less harm than the food shortage.D.The problem of overweight emerges very fast.4.Of tackling obesity in the poor world, we can learn from the passage that____A.the matter is so complex as to go beyond our capacityB.no matter what we do, the prospect will always be bleakC.it is starvation, the real threat, that needs to be solvedD.we should take immediate actions before it becomes incurable5.What is the main idea of this passage?A.Obesity is now a global problem that needs tackling.B.The weights increase fast throughout the whole world.C.Obesity and starvation are two main problems in the poor world.D.Obesity has shifted from the rich world to the poor world.英语四级阅读参考答案1.[B] 推理判断题。
2019年12月英语四级答案：CET4阅读真题答案(有道版)
2019年12月英语四级答案：CET4阅读真题答案(有道版)选词填空部分：26.I remedies27.D inconvenience28.H recommended29.C hesitant30.O worse31.B experiences32.J scared33.M pressured34.L sink35.E lessen匹配题部分：Is it really OK to eat food that's fallen on the floor36-40：FCLEA41-45：NMDKH36.A research project found bacteria made their way to the food on the floor in five seconds37.Whether food is contaminated depends much on the number of bacteria that get onto it38.Food contamination may result from various factors other than food dropping on the floor39.Males are less likely than females to eat food that may have been contaminated40.The author's research centers around how food gets contaminated41.Keeping everything clean is best way to stay healthy42.Chances are you will not fall sick because of eating food picked up from the floor43.For a long time people have the experience of deciding whether or not to eat food picked up from the floor44.Some strains of bacteria are so harmful that a tiny few can have deadly consequences45.Researchers found how many bacteria got into the food did not have much to do with how long the food stayed on a contaminated floor仔细阅读部分：第一篇：猫如何快速找到猎物?46.What do we learn from a newly published study about cats?答：C,They have a natural ability to locate animals they hunt47.What may account for the cat's response to the noise from the containers?答：D,Their mastery of cause and effect48.What is characteristic of the way cats hunt,according to the Japanese researchers?答：B,They rely mainy on their hearing49.In what way do babies behave like cats?答：A,They focus on what appears odd50.What can we conclude about cats from the passage?答：B,They interact with the physical world much like humans第二篇：无人驾驶汽车带来的影响?51.What would be the impact of the extensive use of driverless cars?答：A,People would be driving in a more civilized way52.How would the elderly and the disabled benefit from driverless cars?答：A，They could enjoy greater mobility53.What would be the negative impact of driverless cars?答：D,Numerous professional drivers would have to find new ways of earning a living54.What is the result of the introduction of new technologies in energy industries?答：B,Retaining of employees。
2019年12月大学英语四级(CET-4)真题试卷及参考答案第三套
特别说明听力部分与第一或者第三套真题完全相同PartⅣ Translation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English.You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.中国汉族人的全名由姓和名组成。
中文姓名的特点是，姓总是在前，名跟在其后。
千百年来，父姓一直世代相传。
然而，如今，孩子跟母亲姓并不罕见。
一般来说，名有一个或两个汉字，通常承载父母对孩子的愿望。
从孩子的名字可以推断出父母希望孩子成为什么样的人，或者期望他们过什么样的生活。
父母非常重视给孩子取名，因为名字往往会伴随孩子一生。
参考答案2019.12第三套真题参考范文Dear Jack ,I am delighted to hear that you are going to learn Chinese in a Chinese university. Since you have asked for my advice about choosing which university, I will try to give you some useful suggestions here.It is well known that Peking University is a great place to learn Chinese. There are several factors accounting for this choice and the following are the most typical ones. First and foremost, Peking University is one of the top universities in China and the birthplace of many great minds. Therefore, it can provide high-quality teaching resources, which is essential for a foreigner learner.In addition, Beijing is the capital of China and there are various historic buildings. They provide foreign students a good chance to know Chinese culture and history.I hope you will find these suggestions helpful and wish you all the best.Yours,Li Ming26-30 OADCG 31-35 HKNEF36-40 FIDGB 41-45 EHAJC46-50 BCDBA 51-55 DDABA参考翻译The full name of China's Han ethnic group is made up of family name and given name. One characteristic of the Chinese name is that the family name always comes first, followed by given name. For thousands of years, the father's family name has been passed on from generation to generation. However, it is not uncommon now for a child to have the mother’s family name. Generally speaking, a given name contains one or two Chinese characters, which carries the parents' hope for the kid. Therefore, it's easy to infer from the name what kind of person the parents expect their child to be, or what kind of life to lead. Parents attach great importance to naming their kid as names usually go with them for a whole life.资料来源于网络，大学生资源共享平台收集整理。
英语四级长篇阅读段落信息匹配题练习及答案-4-1a049e48168884868762d64a(精选.)
长篇阅读Definitions of ObesityA) How does one define when a person is considered to be obese and not just somewhat overweight? Height-weight tables give an approximate guideline as to whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the obese stage.B) The World Health Organization recommends using a formula that takes into account a person's height and weight. The "Body Mass Index" (BMI) is calculated by dividing the person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters, and is thus given in units of kg/m2. A BMI of 18.5-24.9 is considered to be the healthiest.A BMI of between 25 and 29.9 is considered to be overweight, while a BMI of over30 is considered to be obese.C) However, it is recognized that this definition is limited as it does not take into account such variables as age, gender and ethnic origin, the latter being important as different ethnic groups have very different fat distributions. Another shortcoming is that it is not applicable to certain very muscular people such as athletes and bodybuilders, who can also have artificially high BMIs. Agencies such as the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) in the USA and the International Diabetes Foundation (IDF) are starting to define obesity in adults simply in termsof waist circumference.Health Effects of ObesityD) Over 2000 years ago, the Greek physician Hippocrates wrote that "persons who are naturally very fat are apt to die earlier than those who are slender". This observation remains very true today. Obesity has a major impact on a person's physical, social and emotional well-being. It increases the risk of developing diabetes mellitus type 2 ("mature onset diabetes") and also makes Type 2 diabetes more difficult to control. Thus weight loss improves the levels of blood glucose and blood fats, and reduces blood pressure. The association between obesity and coronary heart disease is also well-known.CancerE) Furthermore, in 2001 medical researchers established a link between being overweight and certain forms of cancer, and estimated that nearly 10,000 Britons per year develop cancer as a result of being overweight. This figure was made up of 5,893 women and 3,220 men, with the strongest associations being with breast and colon cancers. However, it is thought that being overweight may also increase the risk of cancer in the reproductive organs for women and in the prostate gland for men.F) The link between breast cancer and nutritional status is thought to be due to the steroid hormones oestrogen and progesterone, which are produced by the ovaries, and govern a woman's menstrual cycle. Researchers have found that the more a woman eats, or the more sedentary her lifestyle, the higher are the concentrations of progesterone. This link could explain why women from less affluent countries have lower rates of breast cancer. Women from less affluent nations tend to eat less food and to lead lifestyles which involve more daily movement. This lowers their progesterone level, resulting in lower predisposition to breast cancer.G) The Times newspaper, in 2002 reported that obesity was the main avoidable cause of cancer among non-smokers in the Western world!AgingH) Research published by St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK in 2005 showed a correlation between body fat and aging, to the extent that being obese added 8.8 years to a woman's biological age. The effect was exacerbated by smoking, and a non-overweight woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added 7.4 years to their biological age. The combination of being obese and a smoker added at least ten years to a woman’s biological age, and although the study only involved women, the lead researcher Professor Tim Spector believes the finding would also apply to men.I) The aging effect was determined by measuring the length of telomeres, tiny "caps" on the ends of chromosomes, which help protect the DNA from the ageing process. Indeed, telomeres have been dubbed the "chromosomal clock" because, as an organism ages, they become progressively shorter, and can be used to determine the age of the organism. Beyond a certain point, the telomere becomes so short that it is no longer able to prevent the DNA of the chromosome from falling apart. It isbelieved that excess body fat, and the chemicals present in tobacco smoke release free radicals which trigger inflammation. Inflammation causes the production of white blood cells which increases the rate of erosion of telomeres.DementiaJ) Recent research (2005) conducted in the USA shows that obesity in middle age is linked to an increased risk of dementia, with obese people in their 40s being 74% more likely to develop dementia compared to those of normal weight. For those who are merely overweight, the lifetime risk of dementia risk was 35% higher.K) Scientists from the Aging Research Centre at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden have been able to take information such as age, number of years in education, gender, body mass index, blood pressure level, physical activity and genetic factors, assigning each a risk score. They then used this information to devise a predictive test for dementia. This test will enable people at risk, for the first time, to be able to affect lifestyle changes which will reduce their risk of contracting dementia.Other ProblemsL) The world-wide upsurge in obesity, particularly in children, is of major economic concern, liable to drain economies. Of further concern is that research conducted in Australia and published in 2006, shows that up to one third of breech pregnancies were undetected by the traditional "palpation" examination, the danger being greatest for those women who are overweight or obese—a growing proportion of mothers. This means that such women are not getting the treatment required to turn the baby around in time for the birth, and in many cases require an emergency Caesarean section.M) This is a true health-care crisis, far bigger than Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and ultimately, even bigger than AIDS.对应题目：1. You can judge whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the obese stage according to the height-weight table.2. Using the "Body Mass Index" to define a person's weight ideal is limited, because it does not takes into account many variables such as age, gender and ethnic origin.3. A person's emotional well-being would be affected by obesity.4. Obesity has something to do with cancer in the prostate gland for man.5. Women from less affluent nations tend to have much less breast cancer.6. A non-overweight woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added7.4 years to her biological age.7. The excess body fat, like the chemicals present in tobacco smoke, can lead to inflammation.8. Obese people in middle age run an increased risk of dementia .9. The predictive test for dementia will help people to affect lifestyle changes that will reduce their risk of contracting dementia.10. The world-wide upsurge in obesity, particularly in children, will possibly drain economies.仔细阅读练习题汇总There are three kinds of goals: short-term,medium-range and long-term goals. Short-range goals are those that usually deal with current activities,which we can apply on a daily basis.Such goals can be achieved in a week or less,or two weeks,or possible months.It should be remembered that just as a building is no stronger than its foundation ,out long-term goals cannot amount to very munch without the achievement of solid short-term goals.Upon completing our short-term goals,we should date the occasion and then add new short-term goals that will build on those that have been completed.The intermediate goals bukld on the foundation of the short-range goals.They might deal with just one term of school or the entire school year,or they could even extend for several years.Any time you move a step at a time,you should never allow yourself to become discouraged or overwhelmed. As you complete each step,you will enforce the belief in your ability to grow adn succeed.And as your list of completion dates grow,your motivation and desire will increase.Long-range goals may be related to our dreams of the future. They might cover five years or more. Life is not a static thing.We should never allow a long-term goal to limit us or our course of action.1.Our long-term goals mean a lot______.A.if we complete our short-range goalsB.if we cannot reach solid short-term goalsC.if we write down the datesD.if we put forward some plans2.New short-term goals are bulid upon______.A.two yearsB.long-term goalsC.current activitiesD.the goals that have been completed3.When we complete each step of our goals ,______.A.we will win final successB.we are overwhelmedC.we should build up confidence of successD.we should strong desire for setting new goals4.Once our goals are drawn up,_______.A.we should stick to them until we complete themB.we may change our goals as we have new ideas and opportunitiesC.we had better wait for the exciting news of successD.we have made great decision5.It is implied but not stated in the passage that ______.A.those who habe long-term goals will succeedB.writing down the dates may discourage youC.the goal is only a guide for us to reach our desinationD.every should have a goal答案：adcbcThe economy of the United states after 1952 was the econnomy of a well-fed,almost fully employed people. Despit occasional alarms, the country escaped any postwar depression and lived in a state of boom. A n economic survey of the year 1955, a typical year of the 1950’s, may be typical as illustrating the rapid economic growth of the decade. The national output was value at 10 percent above that of 1954 (1955 output was estimated at 392 billion dollars). The production of manufacturers was about 40 percent more than it had averaged in the years immediately following World War 2. The country’s business spent about 30billion dollars for new factories and machinery. National income available for spending was almost a third greater than it had been it had been in 1950. Consumers spent about 256 billion dollars; that is about 700 million dollars a day ,or about twenty-five million dollars every hour , all round the clock. Sixty-five million people held jobs and only a little more than two million wanted jobs but could not find them . Only agriculture complained that it was not sharing in the room. To some observers this was an ominous echo of themid-1920’s . As farmer’s shre of their products declined , marketing costs rose. But there were , among the observers of the national economy, a few who were not as confident as the majority . Those few seemed to fear that the boom could not last and would eventually lead to the oppsite-depression.1. What is the best title of the passage?a. The Agriculatural Trends of 1950’sb. The Unemployment Rate of 1950’sc. U.S. Economy in the 50’sd. The Federal Budget of 19522. In Line 3, the word “boom”could best be replaced by______.a. nearby explosionb. thunderous noisec. general public supportd. rapid economic growth3. It can be inferred the national from the passage that most people in the United States in 1955 viewed the national economy with an air of _________.a. confidenceb. confusionc. disappointmentd. suspicion4. Which of the following were LEAST satisfied with the national economy in the 1950’s?a. Economistsb. Frmaersc. Politiciansd. Steelworkers5. The passage states that incom available for spending in the U.S. was greater in 1955 than in 1950 . How much was it ?a. 60%b. 50%c. 33%d. 90%答案：cdabcWomen are also underrepresented in the administration and this is because there are so few women full professors. In 1985,Regent Beryl Milburn produced a report blasting the University of Texas System adminitration for not encouraging women.The University was rated among the lowest for the system.In a 1987 update ,Milburn commended the progress that was made and called for even more improvement.One of the positive results from her study was a System-wide program to inform women of available administrative jobs.College of Communication Associate Dean Patrica Witherspoon,said it is important that woman be flexible when it comesto relocating if they want to rise in the ranks.Although a woman may face a chilly climate on campus , many times in order for her to succeed , she must rise above the problems around her and concentrate on her work.Until women make up a greater percentage of the senior positions in the University and all academia,inequities will exist."Women need to spend their energies and time doing scholarly activities that are important here at the University." Spirduso said. "If they do that will be successful in this system.If they spend their time in little groups mourning the sexual discrimination that they think exists here, they are wasting valuable study time."1.According to Spirduso,women need to ____.a.produce a report on sexual discriminationb.call for further improvement in their working conditionsc.spend their energies and time fighting against sexual discriminationd.spend more time and energy doing scholarly activities2.From this passage ,we know that _____.a.there are many women full professors in the University of Texasb.women play an important part in adminitrating the Universityc.the weather on the campus is chillyd.women make up a small percentage of the senior positions in the University3.Which of the following statements is true?a.the number of women professors in the University in 1987 was greater than that of 1985b.the number of women professors in the University in 1987 was smaller than that of 1985c.the number of women professors was the same as that of 1985d.more and more women professors thought that sexual discrimination did exit in the University4.One of the positive results from Milburn's study was that _____.a.women were told to con centrate on teir workb.women were given information about available administrative jobsc.women were encouraged to take on all the administrative jobs in the Unversityd.women were encouraged to do more scholarly activities5. The title for this passage should be _______.a.The University of Texasburn's Reportc.Women Professorsd.Sexual Discrimination in Academia答案：ddabdToday ,as in every other day of the year ,more than 3000 U.S. adlescents will smoke their first cigarette on their way to becoming regular smokers as adults. During their lifetime,it can be expected that of these 3000 about 23 will be murdered,30 will die in traffic accidents, and nearly 750 will be killed by a smoking-related disease. The number of deaths attributed to cigarette smoking outweithts all other factors, whether voluntary or involuntary, as a cause of death.Since the late 1970s, when daily smoking among high school seniors reached 30 precent , smoking rates among youth have declined . While the decline is impressive ,several important issues must be raised.First, in the past several years,smoking rates among youth have declined very little. Second,in the late 1970s ,smoking among male high school seniors exceeded that among female by nearly 10 percent . The statistic is reversing.Third ,several recent studies have indicate high school dropouts have excessively high smoking rates, as much as 75 percent .Finally, thouth significant declines in adolescent smoking have occurred in the past decade,no definite reasons for the decline exist. Within this context,the Naional Cancer Instiute (NCI) began its current effort to determine the most effecive measures to reduce smoking levesl among youth.1.According to the author, the deaths among youth are mainly caused by_____.a.traffic accidentsb.smoking-related deseasec.murderd.all of these2.Every day there are over_____high school strdents who will become regular smoker.a.75b.23c.30d.30003.By "dropout" the author means______.a.students who failed the examinationb.students who left schoolc.students who lost their wayd.students who were driven out of school4.The reason for declining adolescent smoking is that ________.a.NCI has taken effective measuresb.smoking is prevented among high school seniorsc.there are many smokers who have died of cancerd.none of these5.What is implied but not stated by the author is that ________.a.smoking rates among youth have declined very littleb.there are now more female than male smokers among high school seniorsc.high smoking rates are due to the incease in wealthd.smoking at high school are from low socio-economic backgrounds答案：bdbdbThe food we eat seems to have profound effects on our health.Although science has made enormous steps in making food more fit to eat ,it has, at the same time,made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illnesses are related to diet and forty percent of cancer is related to the diet as well,especially cancer of the colon. Different cultures are more likely to cause certain different illnesses because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures. That food is related to illness is nto a new discovery. In 1945, about 35 years ago, government researchers realized that nitrates, commonly used to preserve color in meats,and other food additivies,caused cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic additives remain in our food, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things on the packaging labels of processed food are helpful or harmful. The additives which we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to beef and living animals, and because of this ,penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cow. Sometimes similar drugs are given to animals not for medical purposes,but for financial reasons. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to obtain a higher price on the market. Although the Food and Drug Administration(FDA) has tried repeatedly to control these procedures, the practices continue.1.What is the best possible title of the passage?a.Drug and Foodb.Cancer and Healthc.Food and Healthd.Health and Drug2.Which of the following statements is NOT ture?a.Drugs are always given to animals for medical reasonsb.Some of the additives in our food are added to the food itself and some are given to the living animalsc.Researchers have known about the potential dangers of food additives for over thirty-five years.d.Food may cause forty percent of cancer in world.3.How has science done something harmful to mankind?a.Because of science , diseases caused by polluted food haven been virtually eliminated.b.It has caused a lack of information concerning the value of food.c.Because of the application of science,some potentially harmful substances have been added to food.d.The scientists have preserved the color of meats,but not of vegetables.4.What are nitrates used for?a.They preserve flavor in packaged foods.b.They preserve the color of meats.c.They are the objects of research.d.They cause the animals to become fatter.5.The word 'carcinogenic' most nearly means '_____'.a.trouble-makingb.color-retainingc.money-makingd.cancer-causing答案：cacbd参考答案：1. A2. C3. D4. E5. F6. H7. I8. J9. K10. L最新文件---------------- 仅供参考--------------------已改成-----------word文本--------------------- 方便更改赠人玫瑰，手留余香。
2019年12月四级深度阅读真题详解
2019年12月四级深度阅读真题详解第一套Passage OneQuestion 56 to 60 are based on the following passage. 56-60 ACBDBChildre n are a delight(=hapiness/joy). They are our future. (56)But sadly, hiri ng some one to take care of them while you go to work is gett ing more expe nsive by the year.Earlier this mon th, it was reported that the cost of en rolli ng an infant or small kid at a childcare cen ter rose 3% in 2012, faster than the overall cost of living. There are now large strip s(狭长地带)of the country where daycare for an infant(57)This is not necessarily a new trend,but it is a somewhat puzzling one. The price of professional childcare has been rising since the 1980s. Yet duri ng that time, pay for professi onal childcare workers has stood still. Actually( =in fact) caregivers make less today, in real terms(扣除物价因素；按实质计算),than they did in 1990. Considering that labor costs are resp on sible for up to 80% of a daycare cen ter's expe nses, one would expect flat wages to have meant flat prices.So who's to blame for higher childcare costs?Childcare is a carefully regulated in dustry. States lay dow n rules about how many childre n each employee is allowed to watch over, the space care cen ters n eed per child, and other minute details(58) And the stricter the regulation s, the higher the costs. If it(保育中心)has to hire a caregiver for every two children, it can't really achieve any economics of scale on labor to save money 通过压缩劳动力成本来省钱)when other expenses go up. (59) In Massachusetts, where childcare centers must hire one teacher for every three infant s, the price of care averaged more tha n $16,000 per year. I n Mississippi, where cen ters must hire one teacher for every five infant s, the price of care averaged less than $5,000.Unfortunately, I don't have all the daycare-center regulations handy. ( 60)elaborate, prices have risen. The trade off(交换(60)But certa inly, it does n't seem to be an accide nt that some of the cheapest daycare available is in the leastregulate d(=rule/ma nage) South.56. What problem do pare nts of small kids have to face?A) The ever-rising childcare prices. B) The budgeti ng of family expe nses.C) The bala nee betwee n work and family. D) The select ion of a good daycare cen ter.57. What does the author feel puzzled about?A) Why the prices of childcare vary greatly from state to state.B) Why in creased childcare prices have n ot led to better service.C) Why childcare workers' pay has not increased with the rising childcare costs.D) Why there is a severe shortage of childcare professi on als in a nu mber of states.58. What preve nts childcare centers from saving money?A) Steady in crease in labor costs. B) Strict government regulations.C) Lack of support from the state. D) High adm ini strative expe nses.【解析】infant ['?if?nt]n.baby/child 婴/幼儿；未成年人59. Why is the average cost of childcare in Mississippi much lower than in Massachusetts?A) The overall quality of service is n ot as good. B) Payme nts for caregivers there are n ot as high.D) Each teacher is allowed to care for more kids.60. What is the author view 'ns daycare service?A) Caregivers should receive regular professional training. B) Less elaborate rules about children might lower costs.C) It is crucial to strike a balance between quality and costs. D) It is better for different states to learn from each other.【解析】elaborate[?l?b ?r?t]adj. cdetailed /full精心制作/复杂/详尽/煞费苦心的Passage TwoQuestions 61-65 are based on the following passage. 61-65DDCBC(61) A lex Pang's amusing new book The Distraction Addiction (分心成瘾)addresses(v向…讲话).And that, he claims,is pretty much all of us. When we're not on li ne, where we spe nd four mon ths annu ally, we're en gaged in the stressful work of trying to get on li ne.(62) The Distraction Addiction is not framed as a self-help book(并非励志类图书)overdose (过度使用)and a historicaloverview(历史性概述)of how technological advances 科技进步)change consciousness 意识).A “ professional futurist ” , Pang urges an approach which he cattstemplative (沉思的 ” He asks that you pay full attention to “”(63) Pang's first job is to free you from the (常见的错误认识 )that doing two things at once allows you to get moredone (同时做两件事效率更高) .multitasking!多重任务)is, in fact, switch-tasking, and its harmful effects onproductivity are well documented(有据可查的).Pang does n't advocate returning to a pre-I nternet world. In stead, he asks you to t ake a more ecological (生态的)view of your relatio nships with tech no logies and look for ways devices or media may be making specific tasks easier or faster but at the same time making your work and life har der. ”The Distracti on Addictio n is particularly fasci nat ing on how tech no logies have cha nged certa in fields of labor — ofte nfor the worse. (64) “ Architecture is first and foremost about thinking...and drawing is a more productive way of thinking .Somewhat less amusing are Pang's solutions for kicking the Internet habit. (65) usual behavior-modification approaches(常见的行为矫正法 )Keep logs to (己录下上网日志)study your online profile(上网概况)and decide what you can knock out (剔除 ), download a program like Freedom that locks you out of your browser, or take a digital Sabbath (安息日)” : “ Uni ess you're a reporter or emergedepartme nt doctor, you'll discover that your world does n't fall apart whe nyou go offline. ”61. Alex Pang's new book is aimed for readers who ________ .A) find their work on li ne too stressful B) go on li ne main ly for en terta inmentD) can hardly tear themselves away from the Internet(很难让自己远离互联网 )【解析】tear oneself away from: reluctant to leave ([r?l?kt?nt])舍不得离开，爱不释手【解析】restrain /r?@tre?n/vt. restrict/control/stop/prevent 抑/控制；约束；制止 first and foremost /?f???m??t/ 首先；首要 地/的是65. What is Ales Pang's for Internet users ?A) They use the Internet as little as possible.C) They exercise self-control over their time online.【解析】keep logs to 保存日志/聊天记录第二套Passage oneQuestions 56 to 60are based on the following passage.(1) New Yorkers are gradually getting used to more pedaling ( 骑车)passengers on those blazing blue Citi Bikes. But what about local bike shops? Is Citi Bike rolling up(increase) riders at their expense(在损害他们的禾口益 /情况下)？62. What does Alex Pang try to do in his new book ? A)Offer advice on how to use the Internet effectively.C) Predict the trend of future tech no logical development.63. What is the on multitasking ?A) It en ables people to work more efficie ntly.C) It makes people's work and life even harder. 64. What does the author thi nk of ?A) It con siderably cuts dow n the cost of buildi ng design. B) Warn people of the possible dan gers of internet use. D) Examine the influence of technology on the human mindB) It is a way quite similar to switch-task ing. D) It distracts people's atte nti on from useful work. B) It somewhat restrains architects' productive thinking. D) It can free architects from laborious drawing. productive thinking 有成效的思维方式D) They en terta in themselves on li ne on off-days only.(2) At Gotham Bikes in Tribeca, a man ager W. Ben said the shop has see n an in crease in its overall sales(总销售额) dueto(=as a result of) the bike-share program. "It's getting more people on the road" he said. (5)James Ryan, an employee at Danny's Cycles in Gramercy also said Citi Bike is a good option(=choice) for people to ease into biking in a city famed for its traffic jams and and aggressive好斗的)driversRen tals are not a big part of the bus in ess at either Gotham Bikes or Danny's Cycles.(3) But for Fran k's Bike Shop, a small busin ess on Grand St., the bike-share program has bee n bad n ews. Owner Frank Arroyo said his ren tai bus in ess has decreased by 90% since the Citi Bikes were rolled out last mon th. Arroyo's main rental customers are Europea n tourists, who have since been drawn away by Citi Bikes.However,(5) Ben said the bike-share is good for bike sales at his shop. "People have used the bike-share and realized how great it is to bike in the city, the n decide that they want somethi ng nicer for themselves," he no ted.(5) Christian Farrell of Waterfront Bicycle Shop, on West St. just north of Christopher St., said initially(=at first) he was concerned about(=worried about )bike-share, though, he admitted, "I was happy to see people on bikes."(5) Farrell's early concerns were echoed (随声附和，认同)_by An drew Crooks, owner of NYC Velo, at 64 Sec ond Ave.(4)"lt seemed like a great idea, but one that would be difficult to implement," Crooks said of Citi Bike. He said he worried about (be concerned about)inexperieneed riders' lack of awareness(知道：认识)of biking rules and backlash(强烈反对)from non-cyclists. However, he said, it's still too early to tell if his bus in ess has bee n impact ed(=in flue nee).While it's possible bike-share will cause a drop in bus in ess, Crooks allowed that the idea is a positive step forward for New York City.56 . What is the author's chief concern about the increasing use of Citi Bikes in New York ?A How non-cyclists will resp ond to it.B Whether local bike shops will suffer.C Whether local bike bus in esses will oppose it.D How the safety of bike riders can be en sured.57 . What happened to Gotham Bikes as a result of (due to)the bike-share program?A It found its bike sales un affected.B It shifted its bus in ess to ren tals.C It saw its bike sales on the rise.D It ren ted more bikes to tourists.58 . Why is the bike-share program bad news for Frank's Bike Shop ?A It cannot meet the dema nd of the bike —share program.B Its customers have been drawn away by (被吸引走了)CitiBikes.C Its bike prices have to be lowered again and again.59. Why did Andrew Crooks th ink that the bike—share program would be difficult to execute(=implement) ?A inexperienced riders might break biking rules.B Conflicts might arise among bike rental shops.C Traffic con diti ons might worse n in the down tow n area.【解析】execute vt. carry out/put into practice/ implement 实/执行；处死/决60 . What is the general attitude(总体态度)of local bike shops towards Citi Bike?A Wait-and-see(等待并观望).B Negative(消极否定的).C Indifferent(漠不关心的).D Approving(认可的). Passage TwoQuestions 61to 65 are based on the following passage. 61-65 CBCAD(61)Various studies have shown that increased spending on education has not led to measurable improvements(带来显著提高)in learning. Between 1980 and 2008,staff and teachers at U.S. public schools grew roughly twice as fast as stude nts. Yet stude nts showed no additi on al lear ning in achieveme nt tests.Uni versities show similar trends of in creased adm ini strati on pers onnel and costs without greater lear ning, as docume nted in Richard Arum and Josipa Roksa's recent book Academically Adrift Limited Lear ning on College Campuses.A survey shows that 63% of employers say that recent college graduates don't have the skills they n eed to succeed and 25% of employers say that entry-level writing skills are lacking.（62）S ome simplistically attribute the decline in our public education system to the drain of the skilled students by private schools, but far more significant events were at work.Public schools worked well until about the 1970s. In fact, until that time, public schools provided far better education than private ones. It was the under performing students who were threw out of public schools and went to private ones.（63）A prominent reason public schools did well was that many highly qualified women had few options for working outside the house other than being teachers or nurses. They accepted relatively low pay, difficult working conditions, and gave their very best.Having such a large supply of tale nted wome n teachers meant that society could pay less for their services. （64） Women's liberation opened up new professional职业I专门的）opportunities for women, and, over time, some of the best left teaching as a career option, bringing about a gradual decline（逐渐下降）in the quality of schooling.（65）Also around that time, regulations, government, and unions came to dictate pay（规定工资）,prevent adjustments, and introduce bureaucratic（ /?bj??r?永r?t ?/官僚的）standard for advancement. Large education bureaucracies and unions came to domin ate（=rule/c on trol） the Ian dscape, confusing activity with achieveme nt. Bureaucrats regularly rewrite curriculums, talk nonsense about the theories of education, and require ever more administrators. The end result had been that, after all the spending, students have worse math and reading skills than both their foreign peer s（同龄人）and earlier generations spe nding far less on educatio n—as all the accumulati ng evide nee now docume nts.61. What do we learn from various studies on America's public education?A Achieveme nt tests have failed to truly reflect the quality of teach ing.with private schools .C Little improvement in education has resulted from increased spending .D The nu mber of stude nts has in creased much faster tha n that of teachers62. How do some people explain the decline in public education?A Government in vestme nt does not meet schools' n eeds.B Skilled students are moving to private schoolsC Qualified teachers are far from adequately paidD Training of students' basic skills is neglected .【解析】attribute …to •（•[?'tr?bju?t=due to）把... 归因于...drain/dre?i/ n. flow out/consume/use up（资源/资金的）外流;消耗63. What was a significant contributor（重大的贡献/重要因素）to the past glory of public schools?A Well-behaved stude nts.B Efficie nt adm ini strati on.C Talented women teachers.D Gen erous pay for teachers.【解析】prominent['pr ?m?n?nt]adj. obvious/excellent /remarkable /brilliant/outstanding/marked 突出/显著/杰出/卓越的64. Why did some of the best women teachers leave teaching?A New career opportunities were made available to them by women's liberation.B Higher academic requirements made it difficult for them to stay in their jobs.C They were un happy with the bureaucratic admi nistrati on in their schools.D The heavy teach ing loads left them little time and en ergy for family life.65. What does the author think is one of the results of government involvement in education ?A In creas ing emphasis on theories of educatio n.B Highly sta ndardized teachi ng methods.C Stude nts' improved academic performa nee.D An ever-growing number of administration（管理;监管）.【解析】dictate vt.rule/set;规定，命令；指示；口述；听写第三套56—60BBCAD 61 —65 BCBADPassage one56. The rise of the Internet has been one of the most transformative developments s tremendous impacts has only just begu n.“ Mass adoption of the Internet is drivingone of the most exciting social, cultural, and political transformations in history,57. and unlike earlier periods of change, this time the effects are fully global, Schmidt and Cohen write in their new book. The New Digital Age.58t' s that authors dbnpend' enough time applying a critical eye to the role of Internet businesses in these weeping changes.In their book, the authors provide the most authoritative volume to date that describes — and more importa ntly predicts—59.and governments must deal with two realities, one physical, and one virtual.At the core of the book is the idea that “ tech no logy is n eutral, but people aren ' t. ” By using t 60. t he authors aim to move beyond the now familiar optimist vs. pessimist dichotom对立观点）that has characterized many recent debates about whether the rise of the Internet will ultimately be good or bad for society. In an interview with TIME earlier this week, Cohen said although he and his co-author are optimistic about many aspects of the Internet,they 监视）.56、In what way is the rise of the Internet similar to the invention of the printing press and the telegraph?A. lt tran sforms huma n history.C. It is adopted by all huma ni ty.D.It revoluti oni zes people's thinking.【解析】transformative developments[tr?ns'f ?:m?tiv]革命性的发展57、How do Schmidt and Cohe n describe the effects of the In ternet?A.They are immeasurable.B.They are worldwide.C.They are un predictable.D.They are con tam in ati ng.58、In what respect is the book The New Digital Age con sidered in adequate?A. It fails to recog nize the impact of the Internet tech no logy.B. It fails to look into the social implications of the Internet.C」t lacks an objective evaluation of the role of Internet businesses.59、What will the future be like when everybody gets online?A. People will be living in two different realities.B. People will have equal access to in formati on.C. People don ' t have to travel to see the world.D. People don '60、What does the passage say about the authors of The New Digital Age?A. They leave many questi ons unan swered concerning the Intern et.B. They are optimistic about the future of the Internet revolution.C. They have explored the unknown territories of the virtual world.D. They don ' t take sides in analyzing the effects of the Internet.Passage two61. In 1950, a young man would have found it much easier than it is today to get and keep a job in the auto industry. Andin that year the average autoworker could meet monthly mortgag抵（押贷款）payments on an average home with just 13.4 percent of his take-home pay. Today a similar mortgage would claim more than twice that share of his monthly earnings.62. Other members of the autoworker ' s family, howebe itemghtelined to tried the present for the pastIn most stales, his wife could not have take n out a loa n or a card in her own n ame. In 42 states, a homemaker had no legal claim on the earnings of her husba nd. And no where did a wife have legal protectio n aga inst family viole nee.63. Most black workers would not want to return to a time when, on average they earned 40 percent less than their white counterparts职位相当的人）,white racially restrictive agreements largely prevented them from buying into the suburban neighborhoods being built for white working-class families.Today, new problems have emerged in the process of resolvi ng old on es, but the solutio n is not to go back to the past.64spouse is more interested in continuing the relationship. And the breakup of such marriages has caused pain for many families.6561、What do we learn about American autoworkers in 1950?A.They had less job security tha n they do today.B」t was not too difficult for them to buy a house.C. Their earnings were worth twice as much as today.D. They were better off tha n workers in other in dustries.62、What does the author about retired people today?A. They in variably long to return to the golde n past.B. They do not depe nd so much on social welfare.C. They feel more secure economically than in the past.D. They are usually un willi ng to live with their childre n.【解析】be less inclined to不倾向于，就不会那么想，更不想however might be less inclined to tried the present for the past.但是可能更倾向于尝试现在而不是过去。
2019年12月英语四级阅读段落信息匹配训练及答案(4)
2019年12月英语四级阅读段落信息匹配训练及答案(4)段落信息匹配题是四六级改革之后的新题型，很多同学还不是很熟悉，以下是小编为同学们整理的英语四级长篇阅读段落信息匹配题练习，希望对各位有所协助。
A Grassroots RemedyA) Most of us spend our lives seeking the natural world. To this end, we walk the dog, play golf, go fishing, sit in the garden, drink outside rather than inside the pub, have a picnic, live in the suburbs, go to the seaside, buy a weekend place in the country. The most popular leisure activity in Britain is going for a walk. And when joggers (慢跑者) jog, they don't run the streets. Every one of the minstinctively heads to the park or the river. It is my profound belief that not only do we all need nature, but we all seek nature, whether we know we are doing so or not.B) But despite this, our children are growing up nature-deprived ( 丧失) , I spent my boyhood climbing trees on Stratham Common, south London. These days, children are robbed of these an cientfreedoms, due to problems like crime, traffic, the loss of the open spaces and odd new perceptions about what is best for children, that is to say, things that can be bought, rather than things that can be found.C) The truth is to be found elsewhere. A study in the U.S. families had moved to better housing and the children were assessed for ADHD -- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( 多动症) .Those whose accommodation had morenatural views showed an improvement of 19%; those who had the same improvement in material surroundings but no nice view improved just 4%.D) A study in Sweden indicated that kindergartenchildren who could play in a natural environment had less illness and greater physical ability than children used only to a normal playground. A U.S. study suggested that when a school gave children access to a natural environment, academic levels were raised across the entire school.E) Another study found that children play differently in a natural environment. In playgrounds, children create a hierarchy (等级) based on physical abilities, with the tough ones taking the lead. But when a grassy area was planted with bushes, the children got much more into fantasy play, and the social hierarchy was now based on imagination and creativity.F) Most bullying (持枪凌弱) is found in schools where there is a tarmac (柏油碎石) play ground; the least bullying is in a natural area that the children are encouraged to explore. This reminds mean pleasantly of Sunny hill School in Stratham, with its harsh tarmac, where I used to hang about incomers fantasizing about wildlife. The children are frequently discouraged from involvement with natural spaces, for health and safety reasons, for fear that they might get dirty or that they might cause damage. So, instead, the damage is done to the children themselves： not to their bodies but to their souls.G) One of the great problems of modem childhood is ADHD, now increasingly and expensively treated with drugs. Yet one study after another indicates that contact with nature giveshuge benefits to ADHD children. However, we spend money on drugs rather than on green places.H) The life of old people is measurably better when they have access to nature. The increasing emphasis for thegrowing population of old people is in quality rather than quantity of years. And study after study finds that a gardenis the single most important thing in finding that quality.I) In wider and more difficult areas of life, there is evidence to indicate that natural surroundingsim prove all kinds of things. Even problems with crime and aggressive behavior are reduced when there is contact with the natural world. Dr. William Bird, researcher from the Royal Societyfor the Protection of birds, states in his study, "A natural environment can reduce violent behavior because itsrestorative process helps reduce anger and impulsive behavior." Wild places need encouraging for this reason, no matter how small their contribution.J) We tend to look on nature conservation as some kindof favor that human beings are granting to the natural world. The error here is far too deep： not only do humans neednature for themselves, but the very idea that humanity andthe natural world are separable things is profoundly damaging. Human beings are a species of mammals (哺乳动物) . For seven million years they lived on the planet as part of nature. Our ancestral selves miss the natural world and long for contact with nonhuman life. Anyone who has patted a dog, stoked a cat, sat under a tree with a pint of beer, given or received a bunch of flowers or chosen to walk through the park on a nice day, understands that. We need the wild world. It isessential to our well-being, our health, our happiness.Without the wild world we are not more but less civilized. Without other living things around us we are less than human.K) Five Ways to Find Harmony with the Natural World Walk：Break the rhythm of permanently being under a roof. Get off a stop earlier, make a circuit of the park at lunchtime, walkthe child to and from school, get a dog, feel yourself moving in moving air, look, listen, absorb.Sit： Take a moment, every now and then, to be still inan open space. In the garden, anywhere that's not in the office, anywhere out of the house, away from the routine. Sit under a tree, look at water, feel refreshed, ever so slightly renewed.Drink： The best way to enjoy the natural world is by oneself; the second best way is in company. Take a drink outside with a good person, a good gathering： talk with the sun and the wind with bird-song for background.Learn： Expand your boundaries. Leam five species of bird, five butterflies, five trees, five bird songs. That way, you see and hear more： and your mind responds gratefully to the greater amount of wildness in your life.Travel： The places you always wanted to visit： by the seaside, in the country, in the hills. Take a week-end break, a day-trip, get out these and do it： for the scenery, forthe way through the woods, for the birds, for the bees. Go somewhere special and bring specialness home. It lasts forever, after all.46. The study in Sweden shows that more access to nature makes children less likely to fall ill.47. The author's profound belief is that people instinctively seek nature in different ways.48. It can be very helpful to provide more green spaces for children with ADHD.49. Elderly people will enjoy a life of better quality when they contact more with nature.50. Nowadays, people think things that can be bought are best for children, rather than things that can be found.51. Dr. William Bird suggests in his study that access to nature contributes to the reduction of violence.52. According to a study in the U. S. Children with ADHD whose accommodation had more natural views showed much better improvement.53. Children who have chances to explore natural areas are less likely to be involved in bullying.54. We can find harmony with the natural world in various ways, among which there are walking, sitting, drinking, learning and traveling.55. It is extremely harmful to think that humanity and the natural world can be separated.大自然疗法A)【47】我们中的绝大部分人都套花时间寻求与大自然亲近。
2019年四级长篇阅读段落信息匹配题及答案解析(4)
2019年四级长篇阅读段落信息匹配题及答案解析(4) Section BDirections： In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the pangraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.The Art of FriendshipA) One evening a few years ago I found myself in an anxiety. Nothing was really wrong my family and I were healthy, my career was busy and successful -- I was just feeling vaguely down and in need of a friend who could raise my spirits, someone who would meet me for coffee and let merant until the clouds lifted. I dialed my best friend, who now lives across the country in California, and got her voicemail. That's when it started to dawn on me -- lonesomeness was at the root of my dreariness. My social life had dwindled to almost nothing, but somehow until that moment I'd been too busy to notice. Now it hit me hard. My old friends, buddies since college or even childhood, know everything about me; when they left, they had taken my context with them.B) Research has shown the long-range negative consequences of social isolation on one's health. But my concerns were more short-term. I needed to feel understood right then in the way that only a girlfriend can understandyou. I knew it would be wrong to expect my husband to replace my friends： He couldn't, and even if he could, to whom would I then complain about my husband? So I resolved to acquirenew friends -- women like me who had kids and enjoyed rolling their eyes at the worlda little bit just as I did. Since I'd be making friends with more intention than I'd ever given the process, I realized I could be selective, that I could ineffect design my own social life. The down side, of course, was that I felt pretty frightened.C) After all, it's a whole lot harder to make friends in midlife that it is when yon're younger -- a fact woman I've spoken with point out again and again. As Leslie Danzig, 41,a Chicago theater director and mother, sees it, when you'rein your teens and 20s, you're more or less friends with everyone unless there's a reason not to be. Your college roommate becomes your best pal at least partly due to proximity. Now there needs to be a reason to be friends. "There are many people I'm comfort-able around, but Iwouldn't go so far as to call them friends. Comfort isn't enough to sustain a real friendship," Danzig says.D) At first, finding new companions felt awkward. At 40I couldn't run up to people the way my4-year-old daughters do in the playground and ask, "Will you be my friend? Every time you start anew relationship, you're vulnerable again," agrees Kathleen Hall, D Min, founder and CEO of the Stress Institute, in Atlanta. "You're asking, 'Would you like to come into my life?' It makes us self-conscious."E) Fortunately, my discomfort soon passed. I realizedthat as a mature friend seeker my vulnerability risk wasactually pretty low. If someone didn't take me up on my offer, so what： I wasn't in junior high, when I might have been rejected for having the wrong clothes or hair. At my age I have amassed enough self-esteem to realize that I have plenty to offer.F) We're all so busy, in fact, that mutual interests -- say, in a project, class, or cause that we already make time for -- become the perfect catalysts for bringing us incontact with candidates for camaraderie. Michelle Mertes, 35, a teacher and mother of two in Wausau, Wisconsin, says anew friend she made at church came as a pleasant surprise. "Inhigh school I chose friends based on their popular-ity andhow being part of their circle might reflect on me. Now'sit's our shared values and activities that count." Mertessays her pal, with whom she organized the church's youth programs, is nothing like her but their drive and organizational skills make them ideal friends.G) Happily, as awkward as making new friends can be,self-esteem issues do not factor in -- or if they do, you can easily put them into perspective. Danzig tells of the motherof a child in her son's pre-school, a tall, beautiful woman who is married to a big-deal rock musician. "I said to my husband, she's too cool for me,'" she jokes. "I getintimidated by people. But once I got to know her, she turned out to be pretty laid-back and friendly." In the end therewas no chemistry between them, so they didn't become good pals. "I realized that we weren't each other's type, but it wasn't about hierarchy." What midlife friendship is about, it seems, is reflecting the person you've become (or are still。
英语四级长篇阅读段落信息匹配题练习及答案-4
英语四级长篇阅读段落信息匹配题练习及答案（4）Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter.长篇阅读Definitions of ObesityA) How does one define when a person is considered to be obese and not just somewhat overweight? Height-weight tables give an approximate guideline as to whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the obese stage.B) The World Health Organization recommends using a formula that takes into account a person's height and weight. The "Body Mass Index" (BMI) is calculated by dividing the person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters, and is thus given in units of kg/m2. A BMI of 18.5-24.9 is considered to be the healthiest. A BMI of between 25 and 29.9 is considered to be overweight, while a BMI of over 30 is considered to be obese.C) However, it is recognized that this definition is limited as it does not take into account such variables as age, gender and ethnic origin, the latter being important as different ethnic groups have very different fat distributions. Another shortcoming is that it is not applicable to certain very muscular people such as athletes and bodybuilders, who can also have artificially high BMIs. Agencies such as the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) in the USA and the International Diabetes Foundation (IDF) are starting to define obesity in adults simply in terms of waist circumference.Health Effects of ObesityD) Over 2000 years ago, the Greek physician Hippocrates wrote that "persons who are naturally very fat are apt to die earlier than those who are slender". This observation remains very true today. Obesity has a major impact on a person's physical, social and emotional well-being. It increases the risk of developing diabetes mellitus type 2 ("mature onset diabetes") and also makes Type 2 diabetes more difficult to control. Thus weight loss improves the levels of blood glucose and blood fats, and reduces blood pressure. The association between obesity and coronary heart disease is also well-known.CancerE) Furthermore, in 2001 medical researchers established a link between being overweight and certain forms of cancer, and estimated that nearly 10,000 Britons per year develop cancer as a result of being overweight. This figure was made up of 5,893 women and 3,220 men, with the strongest associations being with breast and colon cancers. However, it is thought that being overweight may also increase the risk of cancer in the reproductive organs for women and in the prostate gland for men.F) The link between breast cancer and nutritional status is thought to be due to the steroid hormones oestrogen and progesterone, which are produced by the ovaries, and govern a woman's menstrual cycle. Researchers have found that the more a woman eats, or the more sedentary her lifestyle, the higher are the concentrations of progesterone. This link could explain why women from less affluent countries have lower rates of breast cancer. Women from less affluent nations tend to eat less food and to lead lifestyles which involve more daily movement. This lowers their progesterone level, resulting inlower predisposition to breast cancer.G) The Times newspaper, in 2002 reported that obesity was the main avoidable cause of cancer among non-smokers in the Western world!AgingH) Research published by St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK in 2005 showed a correlation between body fat and aging, to the extent that being obese added 8.8 years to a woman's biological age. The effect was exacerbated by smoking, and a non-overweight woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added 7.4 years to their biological age. The combination of being obese and asmoker added at least ten years to a woman’s biological age, and although the study only involved women, the lead researcher Professor Tim Spector believes the finding would also apply to men.I) The aging effect was determined by measuring the length of telomeres, tiny "caps" on the ends of chromosomes, which help protect the DNA from the ageing process. Indeed, telomeres have been dubbed the "chromosomal clock" because, as an organism ages, they become progressively shorter, and can be used to determine the age of the organism. Beyond a certain point, the telomere becomes so short that it is no longer able to prevent the DNA of the chromosome from falling apart. It is believed that excess body fat, and the chemicals present in tobacco smoke release free radicals which trigger inflammation. Inflammation causes the production of white blood cells which increases the rate of erosion of telomeres.DementiaJ) Recent research (2005) conducted in the USA shows that obesity in middle age is linked to an increased risk of dementia, with obese people in their 40s being 74% more likely to develop dementia compared to those of normal weight. For those who are merely overweight, the lifetime risk of dementia risk was 35% higher.K) Scientists from the Aging Research Centre at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden have been able to take information such as age, number of years in education, gender, body mass index, blood pressure level, physical activity and genetic factors, assigning each a risk score. They then used this information to devise a predictive test for dementia. This test will enable people at risk, for the first time, to be able to affect lifestyle changes which will reduce their risk of contracting dementia.Other ProblemsL) The world-wide upsurge in obesity, particularly in children, is of major economic concern, liable to drain economies. Of further concern is that research conducted in Australia and published in 2006, shows that up to one third of breech pregnancies were undetected by the traditional "palpation" examination, the danger being greatest for those women who are overweight or obese—a growing proportion of mothers. This means that such women are not getting thetreatment required to turn the baby around in time for the birth, and in many cases require an emergency Caesarean section.M) This is a true health-care crisis, far bigger than Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and ultimately, even bigger than AIDS.对应题目：1. You can judge whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the obese stage according to the height-weight table.2. Using the "Body Mass Index" to define a person's weight ideal is limited, because it does not takes into account many variables such as age, gender and ethnic origin.3. A person's emotional well-being would be affected by obesity.4. Obesity has something to do with cancer in the prostate gland for man.5. Women from less affluent nations tend to have much less breast cancer.6. A non-overweight woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added7.4 years to her biological age.7. The excess body fat, like the chemicals present in tobacco smoke, can lead to inflammation.8. Obese people in middle age run an increased risk of dementia .9. The predictive test for dementia will help people to affect lifestyle changes that will reduce their risk of contracting dementia.10. The world-wide upsurge in obesity, particularly in children, will possibly drain economies.参考答案：1. A2. C3. D4. E5. F6. H7. I8. J9. K10. L。
2019大学英语四级长篇阅读段落信息匹配题及答案解析(4)
2019大学英语四级长篇阅读段落信息匹配题及答案解析(4)Section BDirections： In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the pangraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.The Art of FriendshipA) One evening a few years ago I found myself in an anxiety. Nothing was really wrong my family and I were healthy, my career was busy and successful -- I was just feeling vaguely down and in need of a friend who could raise my spirits, someone who would meet me for coffee and let merant until the clouds lifted. I dialed my best friend, who now lives across the country in California, and got her voicemail. That's when it started to dawn on me -- lonesomeness was at the root of my dreariness. My social life had dwindled to almost nothing, but somehow until that moment I'd been too busy to notice. Now it hit me hard. My old friends, buddies since college or even childhood, know everything about me; when they left, they had taken my context with them.B) Research has shown the long-range negative consequences of social isolation on one's health. But myconcerns were more short-term. I needed to feel understoodright then in the way that only a girlfriend can understand you. I knew it would be wrong to expect my husband to replace my friends： He couldn't, and even if he could, to whom would I then complain about my husband? So I resolved to acquirenew friends -- women like me who had kids and enjoyed rolling their eyes at the worlda little bit just as I did. Since I'd be making friends with more intention than I'd ever given the process, I realized I could be selective, that I could ineffect design my own social life. The down side, of course, was that I felt pretty frightened.C) After all, it's a whole lot harder to make friends in midlife that it is when yon're younger -- a fact woman I've spoken with point out again and again. As Leslie Danzig, 41,a Chicago theater director and mother, sees it, when you'rein your teens and 20s, you're more or less friends with everyone unless there's a reason not to be. Your college roommate becomes your best pal at least partly due to proximity. Now there needs to be a reason to be friends. "There are many people I'm comfort-able around, but Iwouldn't go so far as to call them friends. Comfort isn't enough to sustain a real friendship," Danzig says.D) At first, finding new companions felt awkward. At 40I couldn't run up to people the way my4-year-old daughters do in the playground and ask, "Will you be my friend? Every time you start anew relationship, you're vulnerable again," agrees Kathleen Hall, D Min, founder and CEO of the Stress Institute, in Atlanta. "You're asking, 'Would you like to come into my life?' It makes us self-conscious."E) Fortunately, my discomfort soon passed. I realizedthat as a mature friend seeker my vulnerability risk was actually pretty low. If someone didn't take me up on my offer, so what： I wasn't in junior high, when I might have been rejected for having the wrong clothes or hair. At my age I have amassed enough self-esteem to realize that I have plenty to offer.F) We're all so busy, in fact, that mutual interests -- say, in a project, class, or cause that we already make time for -- become the perfect catalysts for bringing us incontact with candidates for camaraderie. Michelle Mertes, 35, a teacher and mother of two in Wausau, Wisconsin, says anew friend she made at church came as a pleasant surprise. "Inhigh school I chose friends based on their popular-ity andhow being part of their circle might reflect on me. Now'sit's our shared values and activities that count." Mertessays her pal, with whom she organized the church's youth programs, is nothing like her but their drive and organizational skills make them ideal friends.G) Happily, as awkward as making new friends can be,self-esteem issues do not factor in -- or if they do, you can easily put them into perspective. Danzig tells of the motherof a child in her son's pre-school, a tall, beautiful woman who is married to a big-deal rock musician. "I said to my husband, she's too cool for me,'" she jokes. "I getintimidated by people. But once I got to know her, she turned out to be pretty laid-back and friendly." In the end therewas no chemistry between them, so they didn't become good pals. "I realized that we weren't each other's type, but it wasn't about hierarchy." What midlife friendship is about, it。
2019年12月英语四级阅读练习题及答案(4)
2019年12月英语四级阅读练习题及答案(4)Section CDirections： There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices markedA．,B．, C． andD．. You should decide on the bestchoice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essential services： for instance, electricity supply, water, rail and road transport, the harbors. The area of dependency has widened to include removing rubbish, hospital and ambulance services, and, as the economy develops, central computer and information services as well. If any of these services ceases to operate, the whole economic system is in danger.It is this economic interdependency of the economic system which makes the power of trade unions (工会)such an important issue. Single trade unions have the ability to cut off many countries' economic blood supply.This can happen more easily in Britain than in some other countries, in part because the labor force is highly organized. About 55 percent of British workers belong to unions, compared to under a quarter in the United States.For historical reasons, Britain's unions have tended to develop along trade (行业) and occupational lines, rather than on an industry-by-industry basis, which makes a wages policy, democracy in industry and the improvement of procedures for fixing wage levels difficult to achieve.There are considerable strains and tensions in the trade union movement, some of them arising from their outdated and inefficient structure. Some unions have lost many members because of their industrial changes.Others are involved in arguments about who should represent workers in new trades. Unions for skilled trades are separate from general unions, which means that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a source of bad feelings between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushed out of existence by advancingtechnologies,unions can fight for their members' disappointing jobs to the point where the jobs of other union members are threatened or destroyed. The printing of newspapers both in the United States and in Britain has frequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to their traditional highly-paid jobs.Trade unions have problems of internal communication just as managers in companies do, problems which multiply in very large unions or in those which bring workers in verydifferent industries together into a single general union. Some trade union officials have to be re-elected regularly; others are elected, or even appointed, for life. Trade union officials have to work with a system of "shop stewards" (工厂工人代表) in many unions, "shop stewards" being workerselected by other workers as their representatives at factory or work level.56. Why is the trade union power crucial in Britain?A． Because the economy is very interdependent.B． Because the unions have been established a long time.C． Because there are more unions in Britain than elsewhere.D． Because there are many essential services offered by the unions.57. Because of their out-of-date organization, some unions find it difficult to __________.A． bargain for high enough wagesB． get new members to joinC． learn new technologiesD． change as industries change58. Disagreements arise between unions because some ofthem__________.A． try to win over members of other unionsB． ignore agreementsC． protect their own members at the expense of othersD． take over other unions' jobs59. Why does the author compare the trade unions with managers in companies?A． They are both influential in company affairs.B． They both face problems of internal communication.C． They both work with a system of "shop stewards".D． They both work efficiently.60. The title which best expresses the idea of the text would be __________.A． British Trade Unions and Their DrawbacksB． A Centralized and Concentrated SocietyC． The Power of Trade Unions in BritainD． The Structure of British Trade UnionsPassage TwoQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.One of the most interesting paradoxes in America today is that Harvard University, the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States, is now engaged in a serious debate about what a university should be, and whether it is measuring up (符合标准).Like the Roman Catholic Church and other ancient institutions, it is asking--still in private rather than in public--whether its past assumptions about faculty, authority, admissions, courses of study, are really relevant to the problems of our society.Should Harvard--or any other university--be anintellectual sanctuary, apart from the political and social revolution of the age, or should it be a laboratory for experimentation with these political and social revolutions;or even an engine of the revolution? This is what is being discussed privately in the big clapboard ( 楔形板) houses of faculty members around the Harvard Yard.The issue was defined by Walter Lippmann, a distinguished Harvard graduate, many years ago."If the universities are to do their work," he said, "they must be independent and they must be disinterested... Theyare places to which men can turn for unbiased judgments. Obviously, the moment the universities fall under political control, or under the control of private interests, or the moment they themselves take a hand in politics and the leadership of government, their value as independent and disinterested sources of judgment is impaired..."This is part of the argument that is going on at Harvard today. Another part is the argument of the militant and even many moderated students： that a university is the keeper of our ideals and morals, and should not be "disinterested" but activist in bringing the Nation's ideals and actions together.Harvard's men of today seem more troubled and less sure about personal, political and academic purpose than they did at the beginning. They are not even clear about how they should debate and resolve their problems, but they are struggling with them privately, and how they come out is bound to influence American university and political life in the 21st century.61. A "paradox"(Line 1, Paragraph 1 ) is__________.A． an unusual situationB． a parenthetical expressionC． a difficult puzzleD． a self-contradiction62. The word "sanctuary", in paragraph 3 refers to __________.A． a holy place dedicated to a certain godB． a temple or nnnnery of the middle ageC． a certain place you can hide in and avoid mishapsD． an academy for intelligent people63. The issues in the debate on Harvard's goals are whether the universities should remain independent of our society and its problems, and whether they should __________.A． fight off militarismB． exert greater influence upon the young generationC． take an active part in solving the society's illsD． reconsider the structure of institutes and departments64. In regard to their goals and purposes in life, the author believes that Harward men are becoming __________.A． more sure about themB． less sure about themC． more hopeful of reaching a satisfactory answerD． less interested in them65. In the author's judgment, the ferment going on atHarvard__________.A． will influence the future of AmericaB． will soon be over, because times are bound to changeC． is of interest mostly to Harvard men and their friendsD． is a sad symbol of our general bewilderment【参考译文】一个工业社会对某些基本服务(比如电力供应、水、铁路和公路运输以及港口)有着很强的依赖性，特别是在英国这样集权而集中的国家更是如此。
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2019年12月英语四级长篇阅读匹配练习题(4)
Here’s the Totally Amazing Wonder Material That Could Revolutionize Technology
A.In the technology industry,every new product or service seems to come with the promise that it is an innovation with the potential to change the
world．Graphene(石墨烯)，a form of carbon，might actually do just that．
B.“Graphene is a wonderful material，”Jeanie Lau，a professor of physics at the University of California at Riverside，told Fortune．“It conducts heat 10 times better than copper and electricity 100 times better than silicon，is transparent like plastic，extremely lightweight,extremely strong,yet flexible and elastic．In the past decade，it has taken the scientific and technology communities by storm，and has become the most promising electronic material to supplement or replace silicon．”
C.Graphene has already found its way into a number of compelling applications，Lau said．For instance，“since it
is both transparent and electrically conductive—two attributes rarely found in the same material in nature—it has tremendous potential as the transparent electrode in monitors．displays；solar cells，and touch screens，”she explained．“Companies such as Samsung that invest heavily in this area have already secured patents，produced prototypes，and are expected to bring products to market in a few years．”Wearable electronic devices，aviation components，broadband photodetectors(光电检测器)，radiation-resistant
coatings，sensors，and energy storage are among numerous other areas of active research．Lau said．
D.For many researchers and investors，the ultimate application is graphene-based transistors，the building blocks of modem electronics．But getting there may take some time．
A child of graphite
E.First produced in a lab back in 2004，graphene is essentially a single layer of pure carbon atoms bonded together in a honeycomb lattice so thin it’s actually considered two-dimensional．“We generally regard anything less than 10 layers of graphene as graphene；otherwise，it’s graphite，”said Aravind Vijayaraghavan，a lecturer in nanomaterials at the University of Manchester．
F.Even“graphene”is a bit of an umbrella term．“To oversimplify,there are two major types of graphene，”Michael Patterson，CEO of Graphene Frontiers，said．The first：“Nanoplatelets，”which are powders or flakes made from graphite．These have been around for a while and are“not really super-sexy,”Patterson said．“You mix them into polymers(聚合物)or inks or rubbers to make them conductive．”In flake form，graphene is already on its way to becoming a commodity,Patterson added．The other type—in sheet or film form—is where graphene’s biggest promise lies．Graphene sheets have“incredibl e potential for electronics，”Patterson said．In the near term，that potential may manifest in situations where the quantity requirements are“not that great”and where quality or conductivity doesn’t have to be as high，such as in basic
touch-screen applications，he said．Products that use graphene in this way could arrive to market in the next six to 1 2 months．
G.Looking a little further out，graphene can be employed in membranes used for water desalination．Lockheed-Martin already has a patented product known as Perforene．“It’s real and it works，but it won’t be economically viable until the product reaches an industrial scale where the cost is measured in pennies per square inch”rather than dollars or tens of dollars per square inch，Patterson explained．
“That’s where we’re working today．”
‘It’s expensive and low-capacity’
H. But use of graphene in semiconductors—the technology’s Holy Grail—is likely a decade away．“Many of the challenges presented by graphene are common to most new materials，”Paul Smith,a patent associate with the Intellectual Property Law Group at Fenwick & West，told Fortune．“The trick is figuring out how to synthesize graphene in a way that first is manufacturable beyond lab scale；second，preserves the desirable properties of the material；and third，can be integrated into a product or technology．”
I.Synthesizing graphene in sheet form is considerably more expensive and time-consuming than producing graphene flakes．Whereas the latter typically involves a“quick and dirty”process by which bul k graphite is disassembled into millions of tiny pieces，Lau explained，large sheets of。