浅论太阳能应用与建筑节能 毕业论文外文翻译
高效节能建筑技术的研究与应用(英文中文双语版优质文档)
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高效节能建筑技术的研究与应用(英文中文双语版优质文档)With the development of human society, buildings, as an integral part of human life, consume more and more energy. At the same time, due to the increasingly serious problems of global warming and environmental pollution, energy conservation and emission reduction has become an urgent problem to be solved in the current construction field. To achieve sustainable development, the construction industry must adopt energy-efficient building technologies that minimize energy consumption and pollution. This article will discuss the research and application of energy-efficient building technologies.1. Research and application of building insulation technologyBuilding insulation technology is one of the important means of building energy saving. In winter, building insulation technology can reduce the loss of indoor heat, increase the indoor temperature, and reduce the consumption of heating energy. In summer, building insulation technology can reduce the entry of outdoor heat, lower the indoor temperature, and reduce the energy consumption of air conditioning. The research and application of building insulation technology can be realized by optimizing building materials, designing building structures, and improving the external environment of buildings. For example, the use of thermal insulation materials can improve the thermal insulation performance of buildings, and improving the external environment of buildings can reduce the impact of heat on buildings in summer.2. Research and application of architectural lighting technologyBuilding daylighting technology is another important means of energy saving. By adopting a reasonable lighting system, the use of natural light can be maximized and the use of artificial lighting can be reduced. At the same time, the daylighting system can also improve indoor air quality and increase living comfort. The research and application of architectural lighting technology can be realized by optimizing architectural design, adopting efficient lighting system, and improving the surrounding environment of buildings. For example, in the architectural design process, windows and skylights can be properly arranged to maximize the use of natural light and reduce the use of artificial lighting.3. Research and application of building solar energy utilization technologySolar energy is a clean and renewable energy, and building solar energy utilization technology is one of the important means of building energy conservation. By adopting technologies such as solar panels, solar water heaters, and solar air conditioners, solar energy can be converted into electricity or heat, reducing the dependence of buildings on traditional energy sources. The research and application of building solar energy utilization technology can be realized by optimizing building design, selecting suitable solar energy utilization technology, and improving solar energy utilization efficiency. For example, in architectural design, the orientation and inclination angle of solar panels can be reasonably set to maximize the use of solar energy.4. Research and application of building water-saving technologyBuilding water saving technology is an important part of building energy saving. In modern cities, the problem of water shortage is becoming more and more prominent. Building water-saving technology can reduce the demand for water resources in buildings and protect water resources. The research and application of building water-saving technology can be realized by optimizing building design, adopting water-saving equipment, and improving the surrounding environment of buildings. For example, water-saving devices such as low-flow faucets and water-saving toilets can reduce the building's water demand.5. Research and application of building intelligent technologyBuilding intelligent technology is an emerging field of building energy conservation. By adopting intelligent systems, buildings can realize automatic control, maximize the use of energy and reduce energy waste. The research and application of building intelligent technology can be realized by designing intelligent systems, adopting intelligent equipment, and improving the management of intelligent systems. For example, in the design of intelligent building systems, the automatic control of environmental parameters such as indoor temperature, humidity, and light can be realized to achieve the maximum utilization of energy.6. Research and Application of Building Ecological TechnologyBuilding ecological technology is another important means of building energy saving. By adopting green building materials, building greening, recycling and other technologies, the impact of buildings on the environment can be reduced, and the harmonious coexistence of buildings and the environment can be realized. The research and application of building ecological technology can be realized by choosing green building materials, building greening design, and realizing building recycling. For example, degradable materials can be used in architectural design to realize the recycling of building materials and reduce the impact on the environment.To sum up, the research and application of high-efficiency and energy-saving building technologies is an important direction for future building development. By adopting various means such as energy-saving technology, solar energy utilization technology, water-saving technology, intelligent technology and ecological technology, it is possible to achieve building energy conservation, reduce dependence on traditional energy sources, reduce demand for water resources, maximize energy use, reduce The impact on the environment, to achieve the harmonious coexistence of architecture and the environment. This can not only reduce building operating costs and improve building quality, but also make positive contributions to protecting the environment and promoting sustainable development. Therefore, the research and application of high-efficiency and energy-saving technologies for buildings should be valued and promoted.随着人类社会的发展,建筑作为人类生活中不可或缺的一部分,对于能源的消耗也越来越多。
毕业论文外文文献翻译Solar-Urban-Planning-and-Design太阳能在城市使用的规划
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毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目:太阳能在城市使用的规划文献、资料英文题目:Solar Urban Planning and Design 文献、资料来源:文献、资料发表(出版)日期:院(部):专业:班级:姓名:学号:指导教师:翻译日期: 2017.02.14本科毕业设计外文文献及译文文献、资料题目:Solar Urban Planning and Design 文献、资料来源:期刊外文文献:Solar Urban Planning and DesignAbstract:In recent decades, urban population growth, the acceleration of energy consumption and energy price, the increase of public concerns about environmental pollution and the demolition of nonrenewable energies, have adverted the attention of different groups to the use of sustainable, available and clean solar energy as a sustainable energy.Specialists like architects and engineers have considered solar energy in designing systems, buildings and equipments. Straggle success achieved in the case, cause the progress of replacing solar systems in buildings and equipments instead of systems consuming unsustainable resources like fossil fuel to be accelerated. But they have not applied coherently yet. In other words, before the enforcement of solar projects in cities, it is necessary to note all the dimensions related to their execution in order to reach their optimum efficiency. The goal that could be attained by long-time and multi dimensional planning.This paper guides the focus of urban and town planning and design on the application of solar energy. That urban planners should consider three aspects of environment, economy and society in three related elements of cities consisting buildings and urban spaces, urban infrastructures and urban land uses to achieve sustainable goals is discussed in this paper. So, after the review of few experiences, the issues and guidelines whose consideration lead to the more efficient solar urban planning and design are outlined.Key words:Solar Urban Planning- Solar Potential- Sustainable City- Solar Master Plan- Smart Infrastructure1. Introduction: the increase of attention to solar energyThe increase of urban population, activities and technologies using fossil fuels, energy price, energy consumption and the increase of public concerns about environmental pollution and the destroy of non-renewable energy resources, are causing different experts including specialists related to building and construction to look for alternative ways of energy provision. Building professionals have not considered the aim of good design aesthetically more and try to design the。
太阳能的利用和发展英语作文
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太阳能的利用和发展英语作文The Utilization and Development of Solar Energy.Solar energy, a clean and renewable source of energy, has gained significant attention in recent times due to its potential to address global energy challenges and mitigate environmental concerns. Harnessing the power of the sun offers numerous benefits, and its utilization and development are crucial for a sustainable future.Advantages of Solar Energy.Abundant and Renewable: Solar energy is an inexhaustible resource that is widely available across the globe. Unlike fossil fuels, which are finite and non-renewable, solar energy can be harnessed indefinitely.Clean and Environmentally Friendly: Solar energy does not produce greenhouse gases or other pollutants during its generation. It is a clean and sustainable alternative tofossil fuels, which contribute to climate change and air pollution.Cost-Effective: The cost of solar panels has declined significantly in recent years, making solar energy more affordable and accessible. Over time, solar systems can save money on energy bills and reduce dependence on expensive fossil fuels.Versatile: Solar energy can be utilized for a wide range of applications, including electricity generation, water heating, and space heating. It can be installed on rooftops, in open fields, and even integrated into building materials.Applications of Solar Energy.Electricity Generation: Solar panels convert sunlight into direct current (DC) electricity, which can then be converted into alternating current (AC) electricity for use in homes, businesses, and industries.Water Heating: Solar water heaters use solarcollectors to absorb sunlight and heat water. This can significantly reduce household energy consumption and provide hot water at a lower cost.Space Heating: Solar thermal systems use solar collectors to heat water or air, which can then be used for space heating in homes and buildings.Desalination: Solar-powered desalination plants can convert seawater into fresh water, addressing waterscarcity in arid regions.Off-Grid Applications: Solar energy can provide electricity and other forms of energy in remote areas where access to the grid is limited or nonexistent.Development and Advancement.The widespread adoption and development of solar energy require ongoing research and innovation. Key areas of focus include:Improving Efficiency: Increasing the efficiency of solar panels allows for more energy generation per unit area, reducing the cost and environmental impact.Developing New Materials: Research into new materials and advanced technologies can lead to breakthroughs in solar cell efficiency and affordability.Optimizing System Design: Enhancing the design of solar systems can maximize energy output and reduce installation costs.Grid Integration: Integrating solar energy into the grid requires smart technologies and policies to ensure reliability and stability.Storage Solutions: Developing cost-effective energy storage solutions, such as batteries, allows for the storage of solar energy for use during peak demand periods or when sunlight is unavailable.Conclusion.Solar energy holds immense potential to transform our energy systems and create a sustainable future. Its abundant, clean, and versatile nature makes it an ideal alternative to fossil fuels. By investing in research, development, and deployment, we can unlock the full potential of solar energy and create a cleaner, more sustainable, and energy-secure world.。
太阳能的应用和发展英语作文
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太阳能的应用和发展英语作文英文回答:Solar energy is a renewable source of energy that has the potential to provide a significant portion of theworld's energy needs. Solar energy is generated by thesun's radiation, which can be converted into electricity or heat. There are two main types of solar energy technologies: photovoltaic (PV) systems and solar thermal systems.PV systems use solar cells to convert sunlight directly into electricity. Solar cells are made of semiconductor materials, such as silicon, which absorb sunlight andcreate an electrical current. PV systems can be used to power homes, businesses, and other buildings.Solar thermal systems use mirrors or lenses to concentrate sunlight and heat a fluid. The heated fluid can then be used to generate electricity or heat homes and businesses. Solar thermal systems are typically larger andmore expensive than PV systems, but they can be more efficient.Solar energy is a clean and sustainable source of energy. It does not produce greenhouse gases or other pollutants. Solar energy is also becoming increasingly affordable. The cost of solar panels has declined significantly in recent years, and the efficiency of solar cells has improved.As a result, solar energy is becoming increasingly popular around the world. In 2020, the global solar PV market grew by 14%, and the global solar thermal market grew by 10%. This growth is expected to continue in the coming years, as more and more countries adopt solar energy as a way to meet their energy needs.中文回答:太阳能是一种可再生能源,它有可能为全球能源需求提供很大一部分。
太阳能的应用和发展英语作文
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太阳能的应用和发展英语作文The Application and Development of Solar Energy.Solar energy, a renewable and sustainable source of power, has been gaining increasing attention in recent years. Its potential to provide clean, efficient, and cost-effective energy solutions has made it a热门话题 of discussion among experts and the general public alike. In this article, we delve into the applications of solar energy, its current status, and the future prospects forits development.Applications of Solar Energy.Solar energy finds applications in various sectors, ranging from residential to commercial and industrial uses. One of the most common applications is in solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. These systems convert sunlight into electricity, which can then be used to power household appliances, street lights, and even entire communities.Solar PV systems are becoming increasingly popular as they are both environmentally friendly and cost-effective in the long run.Solar thermal systems are another important application of solar energy. These systems use the heat from the sun to generate hot water or heat for spaces. Solar thermal systems are commonly used in residential settings for water heating and space heating, and in larger-scale applications, such as industrial processes and concentrated solar power plants.Solar energy also finds use in transportation. Solar-powered vehicles, such as cars, buses, and even aircraft, are being developed to reduce fossil fuel dependency and emissions. While these technologies are still in theirearly stages, they present a promising future for sustainable transportation.Current Status of Solar Energy.The current status of solar energy is encouraging.Global investments in solar energy have been on a steady rise, driven by the need to transition to clean energy sources and reduce carbon emissions. Governments worldwide are offering incentives and subsidies to encourage the adoption of solar energy, and the industry is responding positively.Solar technology has also been improving rapidly. The efficiency of solar panels has increased significantly, making them more cost-effective and easier to integrateinto existing energy systems. Innovations in solar PV cells, storage systems, and smart grid technologies are further boosting the adoption of solar energy.Future Prospects for Solar Energy Development.The future prospects for solar energy development are bright. With the increasing awareness of climate change and the need for sustainable energy solutions, solar energy is poised to play a crucial role in meeting global energy demands.One of the key drivers for solar energy development is the decreasing cost of solar panels. As manufacturing technologies improve and scale up, the cost of solar panels is expected to continue to decline, making solar energy even more competitive with traditional energy sources.Another factor driving solar energy development is the improvement in storage technologies. Solar energy is intermittent, and reliable storage systems are crucial to ensure continuous power supply. Innovations in battery technology, such as lithium-ion batteries and flow batteries, are making solar energy storage more efficient and cost-effective.Moreover, the integration of solar energy into smart grids will further enhance its utility. Smart grids allow for the efficient management and distribution of energy, integrating renewable energy sources like solar PV systems with traditional power plants. This integration will help balance supply and demand, improve energy efficiency, and reduce waste.In conclusion, solar energy presents a promising future for sustainable energy solutions. Its applications are diverse and widespread, and the industry is responding positively to the growing demand for clean energy. With continued innovation and investment, solar energy is poised to play a crucial role in meeting global energy demands while protecting our planet for future generations.。
太阳能的应用和发展英语作文
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太阳能的应用和发展英语作文English Response:Solar Energy: Application and Development.Solar energy, in its essence, is a boundless source of power derived from the sun. Its applications and development have gained significant traction in recentyears due to increasing concerns about climate change and the finite nature of fossil fuels. Let's delve into the various aspects of solar energy utilization and its promising future.Applications:One of the most common applications of solar energy isin generating electricity through photovoltaic (PV) systems. These systems consist of solar panels that convert sunlight directly into electricity. They can be installed onrooftops of residential buildings, commercialestablishments, and even in large solar farms. For instance, my friend Sarah recently had solar panels installed on her roof. Now, she not only saves money on her electricitybills but also contributes to reducing carbon emissions.Solar energy is also widely used for heating purposes, especially in solar water heaters. These systems usesunlight to heat water for domestic, commercial, orindustrial use. I remember visiting a resort last summer where they had solar water heaters installed in their swimming pools. It was fascinating to learn how theyutilized solar energy to maintain the perfect temperaturefor their guests' comfort.Furthermore, solar energy plays a crucial role in providing lighting solutions in remote or off-grid areas through solar-powered LED lights. For example, in rural villages where access to electricity is limited, solarstreet lights have been installed to illuminate pathwaysand enhance safety during the night. My cousin volunteersfor a non-profit organization that installs such lights in underserved communities, making a tangible difference inpeople's lives.Development:The development of solar energy technology has been remarkable, with ongoing advancements aimed at improving efficiency and reducing costs. Innovations like thin-film solar cells, concentrated solar power (CSP) systems, and solar tracking mechanisms have enhanced the effectiveness of harnessing solar energy. Additionally, research in materials science and nanotechnology holds promise for further enhancing solar cell performance.Moreover, policy support and incentives have played a pivotal role in driving the growth of solar energy. Many governments offer tax credits, rebates, and feed-in tariffs to encourage the adoption of solar power systems. In my country, the government recently announced a subsidy program for homeowners who install solar panels, making it more affordable for ordinary citizens to embrace clean energy solutions.Future Prospects:Looking ahead, the future of solar energy appears exceedingly bright. As technology continues to advance and economies of scale are realized, solar power is expected to become even more competitive with conventional energy sources. With increasing public awareness and commitment to sustainability, the demand for solar energy is likely to soar.Furthermore, integration with energy storage systems such as batteries is poised to revolutionize the solar energy landscape. This would enable greater gridflexibility and reliability, allowing solar power to meet demand even when the sun isn't shining. Imagine a future where households rely predominantly on solar energy for their electricity needs, with excess power stored for use during cloudy days or at night.In conclusion, solar energy's applications are diverse and its development is rapidly evolving. Through technological innovation, supportive policies, and growingpublic acceptance, solar power is positioned to play a pivotal role in shaping a cleaner and more sustainable energy future.中文回答:太阳能,应用与发展。
The Application of Solar Energy in Buildings-太阳能在建筑中的应用
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The Application of Solar Energy in Buildings ForewordWith swift economic growth, the construction has made great achievements, but also paid a huge price for the resources and the environment. The contradiction between economic development and environment has become increasingly acute, and people reacted strongly to the environmental pollution problems. At the same time, greenhouse gas emissions cause global warming, which attract widespread concern in the international community. Strengthening energy conservation and emission reduction is an urgent need to cope with global climate change, which is the responsibility we should take.Solar energy is a kind of sustainable and clean energy. In the process of seeking sustainable development of human society, the utilization of solar energy is paid more and more attention all over the world. Practice of half a century has proved that low-temperature solar thermal conversion technology has been successful for buildings to provide domestic hot water and heating. In recent years, energy saving photovoltaic industry in some developed countries began to use solar cells as the roof panel, which can fully explain the load and solar energy resources has good matching with the buildings. It is foreseeable that solar energy in buildings energy saving will have a broad application and occupies an important position in the near future. Improving the application of renewable and clean energy, solar energy, in buildings and reducing building energy consumption is a key to solve energy and environment problems.1.The introduction of solar energyFrom thesis [1], we can know that among the solutions to the global energy crisis, the exploitation of solar energy is certainly one of the most promising ecological avenues. According to a recent report [2], solar energy has the theoretical potential to meet the global energy demand by about 2850 times. A transition to renewables-based energy systems is looking increasingly likely as their costs decline while the price of oil and gas continue to fluctuate. In the past 30 years solar and wind power systems have experienced rapid sales growth, declining capital costs and costs of electricity generated, and have continued to improve their performance characteristics.As for the solar energy resources in our country, thesis [3] mention that the distribution of China solar energy resources have the following characteristics: the districts with the highest and lowest solar radiation are all in latitude22 degrees to 35 degrees——the Tibetan Plateau has the highest solar radiation, while the Sichuan basin has the lowest solar radiation. Western radiation amount is higher than the eastern part, and in addition to Tibet and Xinjiang Province, the north is higher than the South for the reason that the south areas have more cloudy and rainy days. In latitude 30 degrees to 40 degrees, solar radiation increases with increasing latitude. The annual solar radiation amounts from 3350 to 8370MJ/ (m2. A), and the average ofannual solar radiation is 5860MJ/ (m2. A).Although the distribution of solar energy resources has obvious regional characteristics for the solar energy resources are restricted by the climate and environmental conditions, but thesis [4] shows that most areas in China still have great solar energy availability.2.The applicationways of solar energy in buildingsSolar energy conversion into heat energy is the basic way of solar energy utilization. At present, solar energy water heater, solar house and solar radiant floor heating are the main solar energy applications.2.1Solar water heaterThe solar water heater is a device converting solar energy into thermal energy for heating water, which has the advantages of simple structure and low cost. Solar water heaters have also been widely used in China. Thesis [5] shows that from 2000 to 2010 solar water heaterssaves 112 million 950 thousand tons coal in China and reduce the emission of 3 million651 thousand and 900 tons SO2, 1 million 641 thousand and 500 tonsNO2, 2 million 823 thousand and 600 tons smoke and 242 million 466 thousand tons CO2. The ratio of house use solar water heaters in China is about 8.7%, which is lower than Japan's 20% and Israel's 90%.It is obvious that the market of solar water heater still needs to be vigorously developed.2.2Solar houseSolar house is a house that is heated and cooled by solar energy. The solar house can be either heated or cooled. The simplest solar house is called passive solar house which is easy to build without the need to install special power equipment. Another kind of solar house which is complex and comfortable is called active solar house.According to thesis [6] ~ [9], Solar house can save 75% ~ 90% energy consumption, and has great environmental and economic benefits. Europe is leading the world in solar cell technology and applications, especially in glass coatings, window technologies, and transparent insulation materials. In our country, solar energy heating, cooling and lighting systems are becoming more and more popular, but most of them are active solar houses. At present, solar energy application in refrigeration and air conditioning are still in the demonstration phase due to the high cost. But for the power shortage areas, there is still a great market potential the market still has potential considering the combination with buildings.2.3 Solar photovoltaic power generationIn addition to the direct conversion to thermal energy, we can also convert solar energy into electric energy which is more useful for most buildings. As we all known, solar photovoltaic power generation is the use of solar cells to convert solar energy directly into electricity. Since 2007, Chinese photovoltaic industry developrapidly. In 2008, solar cell production accounted for 31% of the world wide production, ranking first in the world.According thesis [10] and [11], Chinese scholars have compared several solar photovoltaic power generation schemes, and studied the fault characteristics of photovoltaic power generation system in islanding operation. The US national renewable energy laboratory research shows that solar cells using solar energy paint technology can convert 18% of solar energy into electricity. Researchers at the Southampton University in the UK have been able to convert light energy into electricity more efficiently by simulating the photosynthesis of plants. In addition, GreenSun Energy Technology Company has also invented a variety of solar panels which can collect solar energy without direct sunlight.3.Development and utilization of solar energy at home and abroad3.1The application of solar energy in ChinaChina attaches great importance to the development of renewable energy. There are 77 solar cell production lines have been introduced from the United States, Canada and other countries in 1983~1987.A series of policies has formulated to support the development of renewable energy industry. China's photovoltaic industry is developing rapidly under the strong pulling of national projects such as "bright project" and "sending electricity to the countryside" project and the world photovoltaic market. Solar cells are mainly used in remote areas with no electricity, and the annual power output is about 1. 1MW. Household photovoltaic power supply is widely used in Qinghai, Xinjiang, Tibet and other areas. The industrialization system of solar water heater in China has been complete. In 2009, "solar water heater going to the countryside" marks the national recognition of this technology. In 2010, the domestic solar water heater produced an annual output of 49 million m2, accounting for 80% of the world's annual output. These data and information above come from thesis [12] and the Internet.And we can see from thesis [13] and [14] that China also attaches importance to the development of solar buildings. The first passive solar house in China was built in 1977 in a county of Gansu Province, which is composed of two forms: direct benefit window and heat collecting wall. China's first all solar building has been built in Beijing, covering 8000m2, and all the energy from bath, heating and power supply in the main building come from solar energy. In March 2011, the Ministry of housing and the Ministry of Finance issued the "notice on further promoting the application of renewable energy buildings" clearly pointed out that by 2020, the proportion of renewable energy consumption in the construction sector accounted for more than 15% of the building energy consumption. The Chinese Academy of Sciences has launched the solar energy action plan with solar energy as an important energy target in 2050. Therefore, China's solar energy technology and application will be rapid development.3.2The application of solar energy in the United StatesDespite the recession of economy, solar energy technology is still developing rapidly in the United states. By the end of 2010, the installed capacity of PV power generation in the United States is 2 million 528 thousand kW, and EPIA predicts that it willreach 2200~3150 kW in 2015. The American building energy consumption accounts for about 40% of the total energy consumption of the country, which has a restrictive effect on the economic development. In order to reduce energy consumption, reduce pollution, adjusting energy structure and realize the sustainable development of environment, the United States has made positive explorations on the use and application of solar energy technology including the "million solar roofs plan" which is a long-term plan advocated and promoted by the government. Recently, scientists in the United States focused on the space. They envisaged launch a satellite with energy harvesting device into space, solar panels installed on the satellite can collect energy in space, then convert it to a microwave back to earth, and last use the microwave to generate electricityfor people to use. Thus providing new energy that is clean, cheap, safe, reliable sustainable. At the same time, the desalination of seawater by solar energy has also been studied in the United States. These new progress is from thesis [15] to [17].4.The development trend of solar energyGiven these facts and considerations above, it is surprising to find that solar energy systems are not more widely spread into the general building practice. Traditionally, the economical issue has been dominant in this debate. However, as renewables-based energy systems costs decline while the price of oil and gas continue to fluctuate, the economical issue is slowly losing its rationale. So why the application of solar energy in buildings has not been widely promoted?From thesis [18] we can see that some other factors seem to deserve consideration, for instance a general lack of awareness and knowledge of the different technologies among building professionals, a general reluctance to use ―new‖ technologies and finally, last but not least, limitations stemming from architectural and aesthetic considerations in relation to the integration of solar systems.On the other hand, thesis [19] shows that the main problem of using solar energy in Russia relies not in technology, but in the legislative field. The use of a vacuum manifold in Russia will be widely implemented in areas with a cold climate and in the modern houses after solving the issues of legislative support from the state and municipal authorities.Therefore, we should pay attention to the following aspects for the development direction of solar energy applications in buildings:(1) The research of solar collector extends from low temperature to middle or high field, and improves the efficiency of heat collector.(2) Research on solar district heating technology and seasonal heat storage technology, improve solar heating for buildings’ guarantee rate [20].(3) Promote and encourage the application of solar energy in buildings and the development of solar energy technology by a series of policies and laws.(4) Cultivate talents in related fields. And improve the management system of solar building to form a mature engineering management system like water supply, heat supply and electricity.References[1]Wall, M.& M.C.M. Probst. Achieving solar energy in architecture - IEA SHC Task 41 [J]. Energy Procedia,2012,(30): 1250 – 1260.[2] European Renewable Energy Council (EREC). Rethinking 2050: A 100% Renewable Energy Vision for the European Union. Brussels, Belgium; 2010.[3] Li Ke, He Fanneng. Analysis on mainland Chin a’s solar energy distribution and potential to utilize solar energy as an alternative energy source [J]. Progress in Geography,2009,29(9): 1049—1054.[4] Wang Bingzhong. Solar energy resource division in China [J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,1983,4(3) : 221-228.[5] Yan Yunfei, Zhang Zhien, Zhang Li, Dai Changlin. Solar energy utilization technology and its application [J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,2012,33 : 47-56.[6] Vidal H, Colle S. Simulation and economic optimization of a solar assisted combined ejector-vapor compression cycle for cooling applications[J].AppliedThermal Engineering,2010,30(5) :478—486.[7] Abdel D A M. Experimental and numerical performance of a multi-effect condensationvaporation solar water distillation system [J].Energy,2006,31(14): 2710—2727.[8] Tyagi V V,Buddhi D. PCM. Thermal storage in buildings[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2007,11(6) :1146—1166.[9] Pollerberg C,Heinzel A,Weidner A. Model of a solar driven steam jet ejector chiller andinvestigation of its dynamic operational behavior[J]. Solar Energy,2009,83(5):732—742.[10] Chen Zeshao, Mo Songping, Hu Peng, et al. Thermal dynamic analysis and comparison of several solar photovoltaic power generation schemes[J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics,2009,30(5):25—30.[11] Li Shengwei, Li Yongli, Sun Jingjiao, et al. Fault characteristic analysis of photovoltaic power system islanding operation[J]. Journal of Tianjin University,2011,44(5):401—405.[12] Lu Weide, Luo Zhentao. Progress of solar thermal utilization in China[J]. Solar Energy,2002,(1):3—4.[13] Ouyang Li,Liu Wei. Optimal design of the solar heating system with porous heatstorage wall[J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics,2010,31(8):1367—1370.[14] Ji Jie, Luo Chenglong, Sun Wei, et al. Experimental study on a dualfunctional solar collector integrated with building[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,2011,32(2):149—153.[15] Gude V G, Khandan N N. Sustainable desalination using solar energy[J]. Energy Convers Manage,2010,51(11):2245—2251.[16] Gude V G, Khandan N N, Deng S. Desalination using solar energy: Towards sustainability[J]. Energy,2011, 36(1):78—85.[17] Gude V G, Khandan N N, Deng S, et al. Low temperature desalination using solar collectors augmented by thermal energy storage[J]. Applied Energy,2012,91(1):466—474.[18] Wall, M, Windeleff, J, Lien, AG. Solar Energy and Architecture, Annex Plan. The IEA SHC Programme Task 41; 2008.[19]V Velkin, S Shcheklein and V Danilov. The use of solar energy for residential buildings in the capital city [J]. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science,2017,72(1): 12 – 28.[20] Lu Bin, Zheng Ruitao, Li Zhong, He Tao, Zhang Xinyu, Wang Min. Research Status and Prospect of Solar Energy Application Technology in Buildings [J].Building science,2013,29(10):20-25.。
太阳能的应用和发展英语作文 范文模板
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太阳能的应用和发展英语作文范文模板Solar Energy: Applications and DevelopmentsThe use of solar energy has been steadily increasing over the years as a cleaner, more sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuels. In this essay, we will explore the various applications and developments of solar energy.One of the most common uses of solar energy is for generating electricity through photovoltaic (PV) panels. These panels convert sunlight into direct current (DC) electricity, which can then be converted into alternating current (AC) electricity using an inverter. PV panels are commonly used in residential or commercial buildings to offset usage from the grid or even generate excess energy to sell back to the utility company.Another application of solar energy is for heating water or air in homes and commercial buildings. This is done through solar thermal systems that capture sunlight and convert it into heat, which can be used for space heating, hot waterheating, or even process heat in industrial settings.In addition to these uses, solar energy can also power transportation vehicles such as electric cars or buses. These vehicles utilize PV panels on their roofs to capture sunlight and convert it into electricity that powers the vehicle's motor.As for developments in solar energy technology, researchers are working on improved PV cell designs that increase efficiency and reduce costs. Additionally, there areefforts to improve storage technology so that excess solar energy generated during peak daytime hours can be saved for use during peak nighttime hours when demand is high but sunlight is unavailable.Overall, solar energy continues to gain popularity as a clean, sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuels. With ongoing research and development efforts focused on improving efficiency and reducing costs, we can expect to see even greater adoption of solar energy in the future.。
太阳能在民用建筑中的利用和发展中英文翻译
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太阳能在民用建筑中的利用和发展中英文翻译Solar energy used in civil construction and development of Chinese and English translation摘要:现代社会应是节约型的社会,而社会生活也应是节约能耗的生活。
与此同时温家宝总理也于2005年6月30日提出并强调加快建设节约型社会的方针。
而太阳能作为一种取之不尽的新型环保能源已成为世界各国世界上能源研究工作中的一个重要课题。
是我国在经济现状下采取的较为简单、经济、环保、可靠的建筑采暖及供热节能措施。
本文总结了太阳能在民用建筑中的利用并对今后的开发和利用提出了一些见解.Abstract: modern society should be a conservation-minded society, life and social life should also be saving energy consumption. At the same time also on June 30, 2005, premier wen jiabao put forward guidelines and stressed that to speed up the construction of a conservation-oriented society. And solar energy as an inexhaustible new energy of environmental protection has become a world power in the world is an important subject in research work. Is taken under the economic situation in China is relatively simple, economic, environmental protection, reliable construction heating and heating energy saving measures. In civil building, this paper summarizes the solar energy utilization and the future development and utilization of some opinions are put forward.关键词:太阳能新能源太阳能采暖太阳能建筑Keywords: solar new energy solar heating solar building太阳能作为一种热辐射能源,是一种无污染的清洁能源,对于太阳能的开发利用已经成为世界各国索取和利用新能源,进行节能、环保的重要研究项目之一,取得了较大的进展并已进入实用阶段。
使用太阳能环保英文作文
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使用太阳能环保英文作文英文:Solar energy is an environmentally friendly and sustainable source of power that has numerous benefits. Firstly, solar energy is clean and does not produce harmful emissions, unlike traditional fossil fuels such as coal and oil. This means that using solar energy can help reduce air and water pollution, as well as mitigate the impact of climate change. Secondly, solar energy is renewable and abundant, as it comes from the sun, which is a virtually limitless source of energy. This means that we can rely on solar energy for the long term without depleting finite resources.In addition to its environmental benefits, solar energy also has economic advantages. For example, by installing solar panels on my home, I have been able to significantly reduce my electricity bills. This is because I can generate my own electricity from the sun, which means I am lessreliant on the grid and can save money in the long run. Furthermore, many governments and local authorities offer incentives and rebates for installing solar panels, making it an attractive investment for homeowners and businesses alike.Moreover, the use of solar energy can also create job opportunities and stimulate economic growth. The solar industry has been growing rapidly in recent years, and this has led to the creation of new jobs in manufacturing, installation, and maintenance of solar equipment. This not only benefits the economy but also provides opportunities for people to gain new skills and contribute to the transition towards a more sustainable future.Overall, solar energy is a clean, renewable, and economically viable source of power that has the potential to transform our energy landscape. By harnessing the power of the sun, we can reduce our reliance on fossil fuels, mitigate climate change, and create a more sustainable and prosperous future for generations to come.中文:太阳能是一种环保和可持续的能源,具有许多好处。
建筑节能与太阳能的利用
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建筑节能与太阳能的利用摘要:建筑节能是可持续发展概念的具体体现,是世界性建筑设计大潮流,又是建筑科学技术新的增长点。
设计、建造节能建筑有利于国民经济持续发展,保护生态环境。
可再生能源的利用是建筑节能的有效措施,本文就太阳能的利用,从一个侧面展示了可再生能源在建筑节能方面较为成熟的应用技术。
关键词:建筑节能、太阳能Abstract: the energy conservation of the building is the embodiment of sustainable development concept, it is the world architecture design big trend, it is building a new growth point of science and technology. The design, construction energy conservation for building national sustainable economic development, and protect the ecological environment. The use of renewable energy is building energy efficiency measures, this paper the use of solar energy, from a side show the renewable energy in building energy consumption in the application of a mature technology.Keywords: building energy and solar energy太阳能的特点太阳每秒钟向外辐射大约2.86x1022兆瓦的能量,是由内核的核聚变反应产生。
太阳能在建筑节能中的应用
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太阳能在建筑节能中的应用摘要:作为可再生能源的太阳能热利用技术是实施我国“节能降耗”战略的重要途径。
近年来,建筑工程中的太阳能热水系统安装往往自成系统,并作为建筑的后置设备进行安装,造成太阳能热水器在建筑上布置极为不合理,其固定、防风、避雷等安全措施也得不到保障,也给城市景观、建筑的安全使用带来极为不利的影响。
为使太阳能热水系统安全可靠、性能稳定,且与建筑和周边环境协调统一,就需要推广建筑太阳能一体化施工。
所谓建筑太阳能一体化施工,就是将太阳能的产品及构件与建筑同步设计,同步施工,同步验收;并做到与建筑进行有机的结合。
关键词:建筑节能太阳能利用施工应用Abstract: as the renewable energy in solar thermal utilization technology in our country is implementation “saving energy and reducing consumption” strategy of important ways. In recent years, the construction project of the solar hot water system installation often become the system, and as a building or equipment installation, cause the solar energy water heater on the building layout is not reasonable, and the fixed, wind, and lightning strikes and other security measures also can’t get safeguard, also give city landscape, the safety of the building use bring extremely unfavorable influences. To make solar hot water system safe and reliable, stable performance, and with the building and the surrounding environment harmonious and unified, will need to promote the integration of building solar energy construction. The so-called building solar energy integration construction, is the solar energy products and components and architectural synchronization design, simultaneous construction, synchronous acceptance; And do it and building the organic union.Keywords: building energy efficiency of solar energy construction application一、国家政府对发展光热的相关政策我国在“国家战略产业规划”和“十二五”规划中明确指出发展太阳能热利用产业。
建筑节能技术的推广与应用(英文中文双语版优质文档)
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建筑节能技术的推广与应用(英文中文双语版优质文档)With the continuous aggravation of global climate change, energy and environmental issues have become the focus of attention. The construction industry is a major industry that consumes global energy. How to reduce building energy consumption and impact on the environment has become a key issue facing the global construction industry. In this context, building energy-saving technology has been widely concerned and applied.1. The development history of building energy-saving technologyThe development of building energy-saving technology can be traced back to the 1970s, when, due to the impact of the energy crisis, people began to pay attention to energy-saving issues. Since then, building energy-saving technology has gradually developed, and after decades of development, important progress has been made. The development of building energy-saving technology can be divided into the following stages:1. The first stage: 1970s to 1980sFrom the 1970s to the 1980s, people began to pay attention to building energy conservation. The main energy-saving measures adopted included adding heat insulation layers, installing energy-saving glass, and adopting energy-saving lamps.2. The second stage: 1990s to 2000sFrom the 1990s to the 2000s, building energy efficiency technologies were further developed. In addition to adopting traditional energy-saving measures such as heat insulation and lighting, advanced building energy-saving technologies such as solar energy and ground-source heat pumps have also been introduced.3. The third stage: the 21st centurySince the 21st century, building energy-saving technologies have been further developed and promoted. Governments and enterprises of various countries have begun to adopt more advanced technologies to improve building energy-saving levels, such as the use of high-efficiency heat insulation materials and building integration technologies.2. Application of building energy-saving technologyBuilding energy-saving technologies have been widely used around the world. Some typical cases are listed below.1. Nordic countriesThe Nordic countries are one of the regions in the world where building energy-saving technologies are widely used. The governments of these countries have very strict requirements on building energy saving, so building energy saving technologies have been widely used in these countries. For example, in countries such as Denmark and Sweden, the government encourages the use of renewable energy and low-carbon materials in the construction industry, while also setting strict energy consumption standards and building codes. These measures promote the sustainable development of the construction industry and at the same time contribute to environmental protection.2. ChinaChina is a big country in the global construction industry, and building energy-saving technologies have been widely used in China. For example, in big cities such as Beijing and Shanghai, the government has implemented building energy conservation standards, requiring new buildings to meet certain energy consumption standards. At the same time, China is also promoting new building energy-saving materials and technologies, such as the use of new heat insulation materials and integrated building design, to improve the level of building energy conservation.3. United StatesThe United States is also one of the important application countries of building energy-saving technology. The US government has invested a lot of money and manpower in the promotion of energy-saving technologies, for example, by formulating energy consumption standards and tax incentives to encourage enterprises to adopt energy-saving technologies. In addition, the United States is also researching and developing new building energy-saving technologies, such as using renewable energy such as solar energy and wind energy.3. Future development of building energy-saving technologyBuilding energy-saving technology will face some challenges and opportunities in the future development.1. ChallengeThe main challenges facing building energy efficiency technologies include:(1) Cost issue: At present, many building energy-saving technologies have relatively high costs, and long-term investment is required to obtain returns.(2) Technical issues: Some new building energy-saving technologies are still in the research and development and testing stage, and need to be further improved and promoted.(3) Awareness problem: In some areas, people's awareness of building energy conservation is not strong enough, and publicity and education need to be strengthened.2. OpportunitiesThe future development of building energy-saving technology also faces some opportunities:(1) Policy support: Governments of various countries have higher and higher requirements for building energy efficiency, and policy support has become more and more powerful.(2) Technological progress: new building energy-saving technologies are constantly emerging, and it is expected to achieve more efficient and economical energy-saving effects in the future.(3) Market demand: With the improvement of people's awareness of environmental protection, the market demand for building energy-saving technologies will gradually increase.Generally speaking, building energy-saving technology will face challenges and opportunities in the future development. It requires the joint efforts of the government, enterprises and all parties in society to promote the development of building energy-saving technology and promote the sustainable development of the building industry and environmental protection.随着全球气候变化的不断加剧,能源和环境问题成为了人们关注的焦点。
太阳能建筑论文能源建筑物论文:建筑节能技术及太阳能建筑的应用_百度
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太阳能建筑论文能源建筑物论文: 建筑节能技术及太阳能建筑的应用 【摘 要】 建筑节能是技术是反映一个国家先进的重要标志,新能源利用是实现建筑可持续 发展的重要环节。
本文对建筑物的节能和太阳能建筑技术的推广应用进行分析探讨。
【关键词】 建筑物节能;太阳能建筑;能源建筑物;综合应用 【中图分类号】 TU832.17 【文献标识码】 B【文章编号】 1727-5123(2010)03-068-02 Building energy-saving technology and solar architecture applications 【Abstract】 building energy efficiency is reflected in a country of advanced technology is an important symbol of the new building energy use is to achieve an important part of sustainable development. This energy-efficient buildings and solar building technology analysis of the popularization and application. 【Key words】 Building energy conservation; Solar architecture; Energy buildings; Integrated application 建筑节能成为日益关切的大问题,当今社会十分关注建筑工程的能耗及建筑物使用过程 中长期的能耗,因此要根据建筑设计的节能要求,尤其是利用太阳能建筑技术的推广应用。
建筑节能技术与应用(英文中文双语版优质文档)
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建筑节能技术与应用(英文中文双语版优质文档)As the impact of global climate change becomes more and more obvious, the issue of energy conservation in the building industry is also becoming more prominent. Building energy efficiency can not only reduce energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, but also reduce building operating costs, while improving indoor comfort and indoor air quality. Therefore, building energy efficiency has become an issue that cannot be ignored in the global construction industry. This article will introduce some common building energy-saving technologies and applications.1. Passive building energy saving technologytechnology that uses the characteristics of the building itself to reduce energy consumption. For example, when designing a building, energy savings can be achieved by choosing the proper orientation and setting the appropriate size and location of windows to maximize the use of natural light and natural ventilation. In addition, thermal insulation materials can also be used to insulate and keep warm to prevent the exchange of hot and cold air, thereby reducing the heat exchange between indoors and outdoors. The advantage of passive building energy-saving technology is that it does not require additional energy consumption, and at the same time it can improve the comfort and indoor air quality of the building.2. Active building energy-saving technologyexternal energy or equipment to achieve energy-saving purposes. For example, solar panels on the exterior of buildings can generate electricity by absorbing sunlight, reducing reliance on conventional electricity. The intelligent control system can also automatically adjust air conditioning and lighting by monitoring data such as indoor temperature and humidity to minimize energy consumption. In addition, equipment such as efficient mechanical ventilation systems and solar water heaters can also significantly reduce energy consumption.3. Application of Renewable Energy in Building Energy ConservationThe application of renewable energy is one of the important means of building energy conservation. Solar energy, wind energy, and water energy are all common renewable energy sources, and their application in building energy efficiency is also becoming more and more popular. Solar photovoltaic panels can make buildings self-sufficient in energy supply by converting sunlight into electricity. Wind energy can be generated by installing wind turbines to power buildings. Water energy can be converted into energy by using hydroelectric generators. The application of renewable energy can not only reduce energy consumption, but also reduce dependence on traditional energy sources, while reducing carbon dioxide emissions and reducing the impact on the environment.4. Practical application of building energy savingThe building energy-saving technologies introduced above are carried out at the theoretical level, but in fact, these technologies need to be effectively applied in the whole process of building design, construction and operation in order to really play a role. Therefore, it is necessary to cooperate with various aspects such as architectural designers, construction personnel, owners and operators to ensure the practical application effect of building energy-saving technology.In the architectural design stage, factors such as the orientation of the building, the insulation of the building's exterior walls, the location and size of windows and doors should be considered. At the same time, efficient building materials and construction techniques should be adopted to achieve energy-saving effects. During the construction phase, it is necessary to ensure that energy-saving measures such as thermal insulation and insulation will not be damaged during construction. In the building operation stage, it is necessary to make reasonable use of the intelligent control system to adjust the indoor environment, and at the same time maintain the equipment regularly to ensure the normal operation of the equipment.5. The Prospect of Building Energy ConservationWith the increasingly serious environmental problems, building energy conservation has become a problem that cannot be ignored in the global construction industry. In the future, building energy-saving technologies will be more widely used, and will continue to be innovated and improved. For example, new building materials, more efficient energy utilization and intelligent control systems will become important directions for building energy conservation. At the same time, the government and society will pay more and more attention to the issue of building energy conservation, and increase support and promotion of building energy conservation technologies.In short, building energy efficiency has become an important topic in the global construction industry. The application of passive building energy saving technology, active building energy saving technology and renewable energy is an important means to achieve building energy saving. In the future, building energy-saving technologies will continue to be innovated and improved. At the same time, cooperation between architectural designers, construction personnel, owners and operators is required to ensure the actual application effect of building energy-saving technologies.随着全球气候变化的影响越来越明显,建筑行业的节能问题也愈发凸显。
以太阳能为主题的英文作文
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以太阳能为主题的英文作文英文:Solar energy is a topic that has been gaining more and more attention in recent years. As someone who isinterested in this field, I believe that solar energy is a viable and sustainable source of renewable energy that has the potential to revolutionize the way we power our homes and businesses.One of the main advantages of solar energy is that itis clean and produces no greenhouse gas emissions. This means that it does not contribute to global warming or air pollution, which are major environmental concerns. In addition, solar panels require very little maintenance and have a long lifespan, making them a cost-effective solution for energy production.Another advantage of solar energy is that it is abundant and widely available. Unlike fossil fuels, whichare finite resources that are becoming increasingly scarce, solar energy is a virtually unlimited source of energy that can be harnessed anywhere in the world. This makes it an ideal solution for remote areas that are not connected tothe power grid.Furthermore, solar energy can also help to reduce our dependence on foreign oil and other non-renewable resources. By investing in solar energy, we can create jobs and stimulate economic growth in our own communities, whilealso reducing our carbon footprint and contributing to a more sustainable future.In conclusion, solar energy is a promising and sustainable source of renewable energy that has thepotential to transform the way we power our homes and businesses. By harnessing the power of the sun, we can create a cleaner, more sustainable future for ourselves and for generations to come.中文:太阳能是近年来越来越受到关注的话题。
太阳能的利用和发展英语作文
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太阳能的利用和发展英语作文English:The utilization and development of solar energy have become increasingly important in our world today. Solar energy is a clean and renewable source of power that can help to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and decrease harmful emissions. With advances in technology, the cost of harnessing solar energy has decreased, making it more accessible to a wider population. The installation of solar panels on buildings and homes is becoming more common, and solar power plants are being built in various locations around the world. The potential for solar energy is vast, as it is available in abundance and can be utilized in diverse ways, such as for heating water, powering electricity, and even fueling transportation. As more emphasis is placed on sustainable and eco-friendly practices, the utilization and development of solar energy will continue to play a significant role in meeting the global energy demand while minimizing environmental impact.Translated content:太阳能的利用和发展在当今世界变得越来越重要。
太阳能的应用和发展英语作文
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太阳能的应用和发展英语作文英文回答:Solar energy is a renewable and sustainable source of energy that has gained immense popularity in recent years due to its numerous benefits. It is derived from the radiant energy emitted by the sun and converted into electricity or heat through various technologies.Applications of Solar Energy:Electricity Generation: Solar panels are used to convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. This electricity can be used to power homes, businesses, and vehicles.Water Heating: Solar thermal collectors absorb sunlight to heat water. This hot water can be used for domestic purposes, such as bathing and washing, or for industrial processes.Space Heating and Cooling: Solar energy can be used to heat or cool buildings by utilizing passive or active solar systems. Passive systems rely on the natural flow of heat, while active systems use mechanical devices to circulate heated or cooled air.Transportation: Electric vehicles powered by solar energy are becoming increasingly common. Solar-powered cars, buses, and airplanes are being developed and tested.Agriculture: Solar energy can be used to powerirrigation systems, greenhouses, and other agricultural equipment. It can also be used to generate electricity for rural areas without access to traditional power grids.Development and Advancements:The development of solar energy technologies has been rapidly advancing, leading to increased efficiency and reduced costs. Key advancements include:Improved Photovoltaic Cell Efficiency: Researchers are developing new materials and designs to improve the efficiency of solar panels, allowing them to convert more sunlight into electricity.Concentrated Solar Power: Concentrated solar power (CSP) systems use mirrors or lenses to concentrate sunlight onto a receiver, generating high-temperature heat that can be converted into electricity.Solar Thermal Storage: Thermal storage systems allow the excess heat generated by solar thermal collectors to be stored for use when the sun is not shining.Hybrid Solar Systems: Hybrid systems combine solar energy with other sources, such as wind or natural gas, to ensure a reliable and continuous supply of energy.Grid Integration: Solar energy is being increasingly integrated with the electricity grid, allowing surplus electricity to be exported and stored for later use.Benefits of Solar Energy:Solar energy offers numerous benefits, including:Renewable and Sustainable: Solar energy is an inexhaustible resource that does not produce greenhouse gases.Cost-Effective: The cost of solar panels has decreased significantly in recent years, making solar energy more affordable.Clean and Safe: Solar energy does not generate any harmful emissions or noise pollution.Decentralized: Solar energy can be generated locally, reducing dependence on centralized power plants.Job Creation: The solar industry is a growing field that has created numerous jobs in research, manufacturing, and installation.Challenges and Future Prospects:Despite its advantages, solar energy faces some challenges:Intermittency: Solar energy is intermittent, as it is only available during daylight hours.Space Requirements: Solar panels require significant land area for large-scale electricity generation.Cost: While costs have decreased, solar energy canstill be more expensive than traditional energy sources in some regions.Despite these challenges, the future of solar energy is bright. Ongoing research and technological advancements promise to overcome these obstacles and make solar energy a more viable and accessible option for a sustainable future.中文回答:太阳能的应用和发展。
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译文浅论太阳能应用与建筑节能:随着我国建筑经济的快速发展,建筑能源消耗随之加大。
目前传统化石能源供应紧张且不可再生,而能源的不合理利用也带来了一系列的环境污染,给世界环境带来了极大的危害,所以寻求可再生能源的高效清洁利用,成了目前人类面临的共同问题。
1 国内外太阳能研究现状太阳能利用的研究,美国、德国、澳大利亚、两班牙、日本等国家开展的比较早,目前在光热、光电转换技术等方面的研究较为成熟。
太阳电池自1954年在美国贝尔实验室诞生以来,一直是太阳能利用的重要形式之一。
太阳电池的光电转换,也是太阳能利用最成功的技术之一。
按材料不同,太阳电池可以分为:晶体/非晶硅电池、硫化镉电池、硫化锑电池、砷化镓电池等多种类型。
在1974到1997年问,美国、13本等国家使硅太阳电池发电成本降低了一个数量级,但是光电池成本仍比传统能源发电高很多倍,目前,世界太阳电池的销售量逐年增加,而且太阳电池的最高光电转换效率已经提高到40%以上。
随着空间太阳能技术在地面的应用,像多节太阳能电池以及聚光太阳电池等技术,都能进一步提升光电转化的效率,推动太阳光电利用技术的发展。
相对于光电转换的太阳能利用技术,太阳能热利用的历史更长。
利用的的方式更多,成本也较为便宜。
热利用的方式包括了太阳能热水器、太阳集热器、太阳干燥、太阳能海水淡化、太阳热发电以及太阳房太阳空调等。
目前,美国、德国、西班牙、澳大利亚等国都在深入开展太阳热发电的研究与开发,太阳能光热转换的研究技术日趋成熟,应用规模越来越大,应用领域也越来越广,而包含太阳房等在内的绿色太阳能节能建筑的研究,也成为了一个研究热点。
国内的光热转换研究始于20世纪70年代,90年代真空管集热器的出现真正推动了国内太阳能光热转换的应用。
目前,中国已成为世界上最大的太阳能热利用产品的生产国、应用国和出121国。
至2007年为止,集热器总保有量约为10800万平方米,中国也是世界上最大的太阳能热水器制造中心,由我国生产的集热器推广面积约占世界的76%。
另外,我国的太阳能光电利用技术于20世纪80年代起,经历了较长时间的发展,在晶硅电池的生产等方面取得了很大的进步。
2 .太阳能利用的主流技术截至目前,世界太阳能利用的主要途径为光电转换和光热转换两种方式,而通过光热或者光电转换实现高效的发电技术,是国际太阳能利用研究的一个主流。
2.1 光电转换通过太阳电池直接将太阳辐射的光能转换为电能,即光伏效应。
太阳电池即根据光伏效应而设计,用半导体材料制成。
有硅、化合物半导体、有机半导体等多种材料,按材料结晶形态有单晶、多晶和非晶态。
在硅电池中,单品硅太阳电池转换效率较高,实验室报道的光电效率最高可达24.7%以上,在聚光情况下可达27.8%左右。
相对单晶硅材料更为廉价方便的薄膜硅电池虽然效率较低,在9%-16%左右,但是制造简洁、能耗低、使用的原料更节省,也有很大的发展潜力。
另外,多节电池、聚光电池技术由于其突出的转换效率,也已经成为现阶段国际研究的重点关注领域。
当然,太阳能光电利用技术的发展还存在一些问题,像太阳电池造价高,常用电池的发电效率不高(在15%左右),发电成本约为火电的10倍,电池制造的能耗高等,都需要在未来的研究中重点关注解决。
2.2 光热转换及太阳能热发电技术光热转换是将太阳辐射能转换为热能的过程。
由于其成本较低、技术上更容易实现,适用面广,所以世界上很多国家都把它作为太阳能利用的首选。
其中太阳能热力发电是当今世界太阳能利用研究的主题之一,该类系统通过太阳集热设备代替常规锅炉,用太阳能热力系统带动发电机发电。
由于太阳能的分散性和间断性,太阳能热发电技术一般需要配有辅助系统来确保其工作的连续性和稳定性,而大功率的太阳能热力发电系统,需要极大的占地面积。
3 .太阳能利用与建筑节能现代建筑已经进入绿色建筑阶段,是环境科学与生态艺术的完美结合。
太阳能在建筑学上的应用,为建筑节能提供了无比广阔的前景。
作为迄今人类所认识的最清洁的可再生能源,太阳能与建筑一体化设计将在建筑节能中扮演着越来越重要的作用,是未来太阳能技术发展的方向。
我国建筑不仅耗能高,而且能源利用效率很低,单位建筑能耗比同等气候条件下国家高出2~3倍。
仅以建筑供暖为例,我国北方地区一个采暖期的乎均能耗约为30W/m2 ,而相近气候条件的瑞典、丹麦、芬兰等国家一个采暖期的平均能耗仅为11W/m2 :。
相比而言,仅北方采暖地区每年就多耗标准煤2000万t,所以大力推进建筑节能已迫在眉睫。
3.1 太阳能与建筑一体化技术特点(1)太阳能与建筑一体化是将太阳能利用设施与建筑有机结合,使太阳能设施成为建筑的一部分,如利用太阳能集热器替代屋顶覆盖层或替代屋顶保温层,取代了传统太阳能的结构所造成的对建筑的外观形象的影响。
(2)对屋顶造型无特殊要求。
平屋顶或斜屋顶均适用,仅安装方法不同,取代了原来屋面的隔热保温,既美观,又实用。
(3)适用范嗣广,适用于各种形式的建筑,例如:住宅小区、高层楼群、别墅等等。
(4)属于一项综合性技术,涉及太阳能利用、建筑设计、流体分布等多种技术领域。
3.2 太阳能与建筑一体化技术现状(1)分布式综合利用技术将各种太阳能利用技术结合建筑一体化设计,建立具有分布式能源供应能力的绿色节能建筑的思路,也已经成为国内外研究的热点。
其中光伏发电由于其便捷性与灵活性,很早就有了与建筑物集成化的利用,并且很快成为热门课题。
在建筑物屋顶上安装的太阳能系统,通常采用与公共电网并网的形式。
并网光伏系统不需配备蓄电池,这样可节省投资。
同时由于不受蓄电池荷电状态的限制能充分利用光伏系统所发出的电力,而且在夏季用电高峰时太阳辐射量最大,光伏系统发电量最多,这对电网还可起到调峰作用。
建筑物上有大量空置的屋顶及外墙空间,可以安装太阳能利用装置,这种分布式的利用技术不需要长途输送,节省了输配电设备,减少了电力损耗,其广阔的应用前景已引起人们的高度关注。
(2)我国在建筑节能方面的应用一直以来,太阳能等可再生能源在建筑技术上的应用都是政府和企业的梦寐追求,太阳能利用与建筑节能的完美结合,创造的低能耗、高舒适度的健康居住环境,不仅让企业(家庭)工作(生活)得更自然更环保,而且能节能减排,对实现社会可持续发展具有重大意义。
在人类面临生存环境破坏日益严重和能源危机的今天,如何开发利用环保节能的绿色住宅以及配套节能产品。
就成了一个焦点话题。
太阳能——作为一种免费、清洁的能源,在建筑节能中的利用,将关系到可持续发展的战略,可渭意义深远。
经过数年的研究和开发,太阳能的利用已取得显著成果并转化为生产力。
在我国,太阳能热水器在全行业中现已拥有企业超过干家,推广应用范围也在不断扩大。
而太阳能与建筑的结合,也在住宅建设中越发呈现出其不可替代的地位,并成为住宅建设中的一个最新亮点。
早在1999年召开的世界太阳能大会上就有专家认为,当代世界太阳能科技发展有两大基本趋势,一是光电与光热结合;二是太阳能与建筑的结合。
太阳能源建筑系统是绿色能源和新建筑理念的两大革命的交汇点。
专家们公认,太阳能是未来人类最适合、最安全、最理想的替代能源。
目前太阳能利用转化率约为10%-12%,太阳能的开发利用潜力十分巨大,据报载,目前。
世界各国都在设施自己的“阳光计划”,如去年德国政府就宣布推行“十万屋顶”计划,即在建筑顶部大规模地铺设太阳能发电装置,既节省电力又利于环保。
在欧洲的能源消费中,约有l/2用于建筑的建设和运行,而交通运输耗能只占能源消费的l/4,凶此建筑物利用太阳能成为各发达国家政府极力倡导的事业。
3.3太阳能与建筑一体化的发展方向。
(1)建筑物室温调节目前,建筑物空气温度调节消耗着大量的能量。
在我国,它要占到建筑物总能耗的约70%。
用空调机和燃煤来控制室温不仅消耗能量,带来外界的环境污染,而且并不能给室内人员带来健康的环境。
在太阳能用于采暧方面,除造价较高的被动式太阳房有一些示范建筑外,还没有大规模的采用。
主动式太阳能供能由于成本更高,与我国的经济发展也是远不相适应。
因此,建筑供能的主动与被动相结合的思想及太阳能与常规能源相结合的思想,按照房间的功能。
采用不同方案的配合及交叉,这样可以大大降低太阳能用于建筑功能的一次投资和运行成本,使得整个方案在商业化的意义下具有可操作性,(2)建筑物应用考虑方向太阳能供能设备对气象条件和辐照条件的依赖性等特点,要求我们必须对建筑用能负荷进行准确的预测,才能够在设备与建筑的匹配上做出设备投资和节能效益最佳的选择。
建筑室内温度及气流的预测方法和预测软件CFD/NHT是太阳能与建筑的结合的理论和应用基础,也是世界目前建筑空气调节的叉一大方面。
但是我国目前在该方面的水平和从事人数还远落后于世界先进国家。
在当代,太阳能在建筑节能上的应用发展必须有一定的策略与之相适应。
主要有:①成熟的被动太阳能技术与现代的太阳能光伏光热技术的综合利用;②2.保温隔热的维护结构技术与自然通风采光遮阳技术的有机结合;③传统建筑构造与现代技术和理念的融合;④建筑的初投资与生命周期内投资的平衡;⑤生态驱动设计理念向常规建筑设计的渗透;⑥综合考虑区域气候特征、经济发达程度、建筑特征和人们的生活习惯等相关因素。
这6个方面的综合应用是我困开发环保节能建筑产品应该有的考虑方向。
附录二外文原文With the rapid economic development of China building, building energy consumption become larger. The current supply of traditional fossil fuels and non-renewable, and energy of the irrational use also brings a series of environmental pollution, the world has brought great harm to the environment, so the search for efficient and clean use of renewable energy has become the current common problems facing humanity.1 .Solar Energy Research and abroadSolar Energy Utilization in the United States, Germany, Australia, two Spain, Japan and other countries of the earlier, now light and heat, photovoltaic technology is more mature areas of research. Solar cell from Bell Labs in 1954, was born in the United States, has been an important form of solar energy utilization. Solar cell, solar energy utilization is one of the most successful techniques. According to different materials, solar cells can be divided into: crystal / amorphous silicon cells, CdS cells,antimony sulfide battery, battery and other types of gallium arsenide. Asked in 1974 to 1997, the United States, 13 other countries to reduce the cost of silicon solar power an order of magnitude, but the cost of photovoltaic cells are still much higher than traditional energy generation times, present, world solar cell sales increased year by year, and solar cells the highest photoelectric conversion efficiency has been increased to 40%. With the space application of solar technology on the ground, as many solar cells and concentrator solar cells and other technologies, can further improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency, and promote use of solar photovoltaic technology.Relative to the photoelectric conversion of solar energy technology, solar thermal longer history. Use way more cheaper cost. The form of thermal solar water heater, solar collector, solar drying, solar desalination, solar thermal power generation, and solar house solar air conditioning. Currently, the U.S., Germany, Spain, Australia and other States to carry out in-depth research and development of solar thermal power generation, conversion of solar thermal technology matures, more and more large-scale applications, applications are more and more widely, but include the Sun Housing and other buildings, including green solar energy research, has become a hot research topic.China's solar thermal research began in the 20th century 70's, 90's a real vacuum tube collector to promote the domestic application of solar thermal conversion. At present, China has become the world's largest solar thermal products producer, application state and the country out of 121. 2007 date, the total collector to maintain approximately 108 million square meters, China is the world's largest solar water heater manufacturing center, China to promote the production of solar collector area of about 76% of the world. In addition, our use of solar photovoltaic technology in the 20th century, 80's, experienced a longer period of development, in crystalline silicon cell production has made great progress.2. the mainstream use of solar energy technologyUp to now, the main way the world uses solar energy to electricity conversion and solar thermal conversion in two ways, through thermal or photoelectric conversion of light for efficient power generation Jishu, yes International Solar Energy Utilization of a mainstream.2.1 photoelectric conversionDirect solar radiation by the sun's light energy into electrical energy, that the photovoltaic effect. Solar photovoltaic effect that is designed in accordance with the semiconductor material. With silicon, compound semiconductors, organic semiconductors and other materials, according to a crystalline form single crystal, polycrystalline and amorphous. In the silicon cell, silicon solar cell conversion efficiency of single-product high optical efficiency of laboratory reports of up to 24.7% more than in the condenser case up to about 27.8%. Relatively cheaper silicon material to facilitate the efficiency of thin-film silicon cells although low, 9% - 16%, but the manufacture of compact, low energy consumption, more saving of raw materials used, also have great potential for development. In addition, the multi-cell, concentrator cell technology due to its outstanding efficiency, has become the focus of current international research areas of concern. Of course, the use of solar photovoltaic technology are still some problems, such as the high cost of solar cells, commonly used battery in the power generation efficiency is not high (about 15%), thermal power generation cost is about 10 times higher energy consumption battery manufacturing, are Future research needs to focus on settlement.2.2 solar thermal and solar thermal power technologyPhotothermal conversion is to convert solar radiation to heat the process. Because of its low cost, technically easier to achieve wide application, so many countries in the world regarded it as the first choice for solar energy utilization. One solar thermal power generation is the utilization of solar energy in today's world one of the themes, the class system through the solar collector device to replace conventional boilers, solar thermal systems driven generators. As the solar energy dispersion and discontinuity, solar thermal power technology with a support system generallyrequired to ensure the continuity and stability of their work, while solar thermal power generation system requires a tremendous area.3. Solar Energy Utilization and Energy ConservationModern Architecture has entered the stage of green building, environmental science and ecology artistic combination. The application of solar energy in architecture for building energy efficiency provides a tremendous prospects. As human beings know so far the most clean, renewable energy, solar energy and building integrated energy saving building design will play an increasingly important role in the future solar energy technology development. Building not only our high energy consumption and energy efficiency is very low, the unit energy consumption of building the same climatic conditions than the 2 to 3 times higher than the State. Only on heating, for example, a heating period in northern China's average energy consumption of about 30W / m 2, while similar weather conditions in Sweden, Denmark and Finland and other countries of a heating period, the average energy consumption is only 11W / m 2, In contrast, only a heating region in northern consumption of standard coal each year more than 20 million t, so vigorously promote building energy efficiency is imminent.3.1 Solar Energy and Building Integrated Technical Features.(1) solar energy and building integrated solar energy use is the combination of facilities and buildings to make solar energy facilities as part of the building, such as the use of solar collector roof cover replacement or alternative roof insulation, replacing the traditional structure of the resulting solar The appearance of the image on the impact of construction.(2) no special requirements on the roof shape. Flat roofs or sloping roofs are applicable only installation methods, to replace the original roof insulation, both beautiful and practical。