中国文化概论复习题(最终稿)

1. Eight Taoist Immortals

2. The Book of Songs

3. Sima Qian

4. The Four Literary Eminences

5. Dream of the Red Mansions

6. Huangmei Opera

7. Official schools

8. Eight-part Essay

9. Compass vehicle

10. G oldbach's Conjecture

11. Shadow boxing

12. Spring Festival

13. Cowherd and Weaver Maid

14. Efang Palace

15. Beijing quadrangles

1.The Eight Taoist Immortals were popularly worshipped by Taoist believers as well

asordinary people. They were Han Zhongli, Zhang Guolao, Lu Dongbin, Tieguai Li, He Xian'gu, Lan Caihe, Han Xiangzi and Cao Guojiu.

2.The Book of Songs is a collection of China's 305 oldest poems from the early

Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle Spring and Autumn Period, and is regarded as the earliest realistic literature in China. In the light of rhythms, the works can be divided into three sections: Feng ,Ya and Song.

3.Sima Qian was the first historian to record and narrate historical events in the form

of individual biographies. Records of the Grand Historian is a monumental work that recording the Chinese history from the time of the legendary figure Yellow Emperor to the Han Dynasty, over a period of about 3,000 years, in 130 chapters.

4.The Four Literary Eminences refer to the four pre-eminent poets of the early Tang

Dynasty, Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Luo Binwang, and Lu Zhaolin, the pioneers of Tang poetry. Their poems, in a refined language, boast beautiful tonal patterns and rhyme schemes.

5.Written by Cao Xueqin, Dream of the Red Mansions is the pinnacle of Chinese

novels. It has long been acknowledged as the greatest novel in Chinese literature.

This novel describes the prosperity and decline of a large feudal family. The central thread of the novel is the tragic love story between Jia Baoyu and Lin Daiyu. Instead of telling the love story, it taps the social origins of the tragedy through probing deeply into the characters' minds and complicated relationships.

The novel contains poems, ci, lyric verse and prose essays, which fit the plot and the fate of the characters.

6.Huangmei Opera has been performed for over 200 years. It is a local opera in

Anhui Province and evolved from the "Caicha Tune" (tea-picking tune) of Huangmei County, Hubei Province. The music of Huangmei Opera is its core attraction: light and lyrical. Huangmei Opera is easy to understand and learn

because it uses simple words and literary traditions.

7.Official schools began during the Western Zhou Dynasty, and were sponsored by

the official constitution called xiangxue. Only children of nobles were admitted.

The official schooling system included a central school and local schools in different administrative regions. The teaching materials were centered on The Four Books and The Five Classics.

8.During the Ming and Qing dynasties, candidates of the imperial examinations were

required to write essays in strict accordance with an eight-part form known for its rigidity of form and strict adherence to the ideology of the ruling class. New ideas were condemned. An essay in this style must consist of eight paragraphs, each paragraph must be written in a set form. Thus, the Eight-part Essay in the classical literary language of earlier eras became the major written genre of the time.

9.The compass vehicle was an ancient Chinese vehicle equipped with many gear

wheels and a wooden figure that always pointed south no matter which direction the vehicle went. It's an earlier and more primitive form of the compass.

10.Chinese mathematician, Chen Jingrun, achieved worldwide

recognition in 1977 with his calculation of Goldbach's Conjecture. Chen's theorem states that every sufficiently large even number can be written as the sum of either two primes, or a prime and a semiprime (the product of two primes) which can be abbreviated as 1+2. ( Wikipedia上有关Chen's theorem的定义：.)(任何一个足够大的偶数都可以表示成两个素数或一个素数与一个半素数的和，也就是我们通常所说的“1＋2”。)

11.S hadow boxing is a school of Chinese popular martial arts marked with slow and

gentle movements that are designed for defense, strengthening of physique and prevention of diseases.

12.S pring Festival, also called the Chinese New Year, is China's most important

festival that falls on the 1st day of the 1st lunar month each year. Family members gather just as they do for Christmas in the West.

13.T hey are the characters in the legendary story in Chinese Double Seventh Day. It is

said that at night when the sky is dotted with stars, people can see the Milky Way spanning from the north to the south. On each bank of it there is a bright star which looks at each other from afar. They are the Cowherd and Weaver Maid.

And about them there is a beautiful love story passed down from generation to generation. Now they refer to couples who are departed from each other by a long distance.

14.T he famous palace complex, Efang Palace, built near Xi'an by and for the First

Emperor of Qin more than 2,000 years ago, covered 80,000 square meters and could hold 10,000 people.

15.Q uadrangle dwellings in Beijing are formed by four inward-facing houses, linked

by enclosure walls. The principal room at the centre is where family rituals take place and distinguished guests are welcomed. The courtyards provide ideal outdoor living space with spacious gardens, flowers, trees and a peaceful atmosphere.

中庸

天命之謂性，率性之謂道，修道之謂教。道也者，不可須臾離也，可離非道也。是故君子戒慎乎其所不睹，恐懼乎其所不聞。莫見乎隱，莫顯乎微。故君子慎其獨也。

喜怒哀樂之未發，謂之中；發而皆中節，謂之和。中也者，天下之大本也；和也者，天下之達道也。致中和，天地位焉，萬物育焉。

What Heaven has conferred is called the nature; an accordance with this nature is called the path of duty; the regulation of this path is called instruction. The path may not be left for an instant. If it could be left, it would not be the path. On this account, the superior man does not wait till he sees things, to be cautious, nor till he hears things, to be apprehensive. There is nothing more visible than what is secret, and nothing more manifest than what is minute. Therefore the superior man is watchful over himself, when he is alone.

While here are no stirrings of pleasure, anger, sorrow, or joy, the mind may be said to be in the state of equilibrium. When those feelings have been stirred, and they act in their due degree, there ensues what may be called the state of harmony. This equilibrium is the great root from which grow all the human actings in the world, and this harmony is the universal path which they all should pursue.

Let the states of equilibrium and harmony exist in perfection, and a happy order will

prevail throughout heaven and earth, and all will be nourished and flourish.

大學

大學之道，在明明德，在親民，在止於至善。

知止而後有定；定而後能靜；靜而後能安；安而後能慮；慮而後能得。物有本末，事有終始。知所先後，則近道矣。古之欲明明德於天下者，先治其國；欲治其國者，先齊其家；欲齊其家者，先修其身；欲修其身者，先正其心；欲正其心者，先誠其意；欲誠其意者，先致其知；致知在格物. 物格而後知至；知至而後意誠；意誠而後心正；心正而後身修；身修而後家齊；家齊而後國治；國治而後天下平。自天子以至於庶人，壹是皆以修身為本。

The Great Learning

What The Great Learning teaches is: to illustrate illustrious virtue; to renovate the people; and to rest in the highest excellence.

The point where to rest being known, the object of pursuit is then determined; and, that being determined, a calm unperturbedness may be attained to. To that calmness here will succeed a tranquil repose. In that repose there may be careful deliberation, and that deliberation will be followed by the attainment of the desired end. Things have their root and their branches. Affairs have their end and their beginning. To know what is first and what is last will lead near to what is taught in the Great Learning. The ancients, who wished to illustrate illustrious virtue throughout the kingdom, first ordered well their own States. Wishing to order well their States, they first regulated their families. Wishing to regulate their families, they first cultivated their persons. Wishing to cultivate their persons, they first rectified their hearts. Wishing to rectify their hearts, they first ought to be sincere in their thoughts. Wishing to be sincere in their thoughts, they first extended to the utmost their knowledge. Such extension of knowledge lay in the investigation of things.

Things being investigated, knowledge became complete.

Their knowledge being complete, their thoughts were sincere.

Their thoughts being sincere, their hearts were then rectified.

Their hearts being rectified, their persons were cultivated.

Their persons being cultivated, their families were regulated.

Their families being regulated, their States were rightly governed.

Their States being rightly governed, the whole empire was made tranquil and happy. From the emperor down to the mass of the people, all must consider the cultivation of the person the root of everything besides.