老托福1996-05语法笔记

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老托福语法笔记

语法笔记，给offerdd 和各位托友最后的总复习：把所有做错的题目写出来，把正确答案安上，熟读或背诵。

填空题的作题方法1. 先看句子的分界点（即连词，介词，分词和标点符号）选择要看的兔子内容，即只关注空格所在句子2. 简化句子：a-副词adv.b-介词短语（句首除外）2乍定语的形容词d-作定语或者壮语的分词短语e-与空格无关的句子3. 分析句子结构，判断空格中所缺的句子成分捷径：可套用固定结构或句型4. 区分选项，结合句意和语感 ---- ＞确定答案填空分类：简单句，主从句（状语从句，定语从句），倒装句，平行结构，同位语结构改错的做题方法：敏感和熟练是唯一的秘诀1 .语法和句意并重2. 先看句子结构，边读句意考虑划线部分的语法知识点3. 熟练掌握各种错误类型，对特殊词形成特殊反应4. 读句子要读全，避免无谓失误填空的固定结构一、主句专一结构任何句子只有一个主句，句子之间必须有连词连接句子之间必须有连词连接*句子，句子永远错二、谓语专一结构任何句子只有一个谓语，谓语之间必须有连词连接，谓语可以是两个动词的并列形式* 主谓，谓错三、平行结构A，B，or/andCA,B, C三个元素必须对应四、宾语从句结构宾从：S+Vt+(that+SVO)* 看到这些Vt 后，第一反应找that (讲义P21)indicate,state,regard,demonstrate,find,estimate,show,hold,insist,say,tell,believe ,think,learn宾语从句中，that 在下列词后可省：believe,think,suppose,presume,say,see,know,hear,propose,heatunderstand,bet old五、what 结构(A) what=thethingthat=allthat,thing 由句意决定(B) what 必须在前后句中都作成分(C) noun.+what 永远错(D) what 引导的句子等于一个名词，可以用作介词或者动词的宾语what+V=thethingthat+Vprep.+what+V*prep.+what+ 完整句子永远错，改为whichVt+what+V(E) what 的出题方法(1)prep __________ V(2)Vt __________ V(F) *whatisnow 永远对，做插入语成分where+V 永远错，因为where 是adv.(G) whatlittle=alittlewhat六、介词+which 结构which 只能用于定语从句，在从句中必须作主/ 宾语(A) SVO+which+不完整句(缺主语)(B) SVO+prep.+which完整句* 句子_______ 句子，优先选择prep+which(C) 介词+which+todo条件是主语必须一致七、inthat 结构in that二because连词，出现就是正确答案不能位于句首：句子inthat 结构* 如果发现句子______ 句子，优先选择prep+which 和inthat 结构八、同位语结构主同，宾同，n同位语说明主/ 宾某一方面的内容(A) 主语同位语的三种位置1. -------------------------------- 主同，主谓宾noun,SVO逗号前的名词只能是主同2.S主同，V03.主同主谓宾(B) 宾语同位语的两个位置主谓宾，宾同主谓宾宾同*同位语从句是名词性从句：..... +noun .+that+SVOthat 是关系副词SVO来说明noun.*adv. 不能修饰任何名词但是adv.+同位语是正确的：...,(whichis)approximatelythedistanee.九、形容词的并列结构----- ＞可参考改错类型十(A) adjadjadj+noun.n 个adj 不并列，有确定的先后顺序(B) 当多个形容词用逗号连接时，这几个形容词完全对等，无先后顺序(逗号相当于and)* 选项中有复合形容词即为答案十、比较结构(A) 对称性：比较对象应该对称* 选that/those/theone ---- 泛指不选it/them -------------- 特指(B) 省略性：相同的谓语结构可以省,be动词通常省(C) 倒装性：(more)than后可以倒装也可以不倒装十一、定语从句的省略结构(A) 定语从句中，主+系可以同时省略即that+be,which+be,who+be可省(B) 定从的特殊省略eg:IdorememberthefirsttimeIhaveheardthesweetestvoiceintheworld.1 、thetime 后面通常+句子，因为(when,that)都省略2、thereason(why,that)+句子3、theway(inwhich)+句子(C定从中，如果that/which在定从中作宾语(讲义P26)that/which 可省略(作主语不可省)SVO+(that,which)+S+Vt...noun.+(which,that)noun.+Vt*题目中两个名次连不上的情况即省略发生了(讲义No.27)。

托福语法高分要点(完全整理版)概要

目录第一章名词 (2第二章形容词 (13第三章副词 (19第四章介词 (23第五章动词 (28第六章代词 (41第七章简单句 (45第八章并列句 (50第九章主从复合句 (54第十章时态 (62第十一章一致原则 (65第十二章倒装 (69第十三章被动语态 (72第十四章常考关于It的句式 (74 第十五章虚拟语气 (77第一章名词正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容第一节可数名词考点一单复数可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。

TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。

TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。

例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式下面我们会讲一下复数形式。

复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则:1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs例题:(1 Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance.A B C D答案:A应改为:Flowers解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数(2 Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronicA B C Dpain.答案:A应改为:Doctors解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数考点二复数形式特例这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意1.单复数词形相同如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人, aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft 等2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如:basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crisesmedium(媒体-media datum(数据-data curriculum(课程-curriculalarva(幼虫-larvae criterion(标准-criteria phenomenon(现象-phenomena3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如:clothes trousers compasses(圆规 scales(天平 savings(储蓄,statistics(统计数据, headquarters(总部,4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如:goods(货物, manners(礼貌, troops(军队, authorities(当局5 不规则的名词复数child - children mouse - mice louse - licetooth - teeth foot - feet6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词例题:(1 With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leadingA B Cjazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities.D(2Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed feetA B C D答案:D应改为:foot解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬第二节限定词名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类:1.之后肯定接单数:a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc.例句:Each of them has two books.You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本2.之后肯定接复数:these, those, many, such, other,大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…,a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small number of, several,one of, all (of, some /any (of, most(of, a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用考点一否定限定词no(1 no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如:No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花.No one is here.(2 no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。

2005年01月老托福语法全真题及答案

更多试卷下载请访问：/2005年01月托福语法全真题及答案2005年01月语法题【改错部分】1-15、选择部分省略16. In the eighteenth century, quilting became a common technique in the American colonies for make of coverlets sewed in floral and geometric designs.答案：C->改为making测试点：介词＋宾语分析：for doing sth 为了作某事，介词for后面不能接动词原型make，需要改成doing。

参考译文：在18世纪的时候，在被子上面绣花变成了一种常见的技术，用来在床罩上面绣花和几何图案。

17. The computer’s complex circuitry is miniaturized inside silicon chips, wafer-thin silicon crystals with circuits electronic etched onto them.答案：C->改为electric circuits测试点：形容词修饰顺序分析：形容词修饰名词通常都放在名次前面，eg；a red apple；anything, something除外。

参考译文：电脑的复杂的回路微缩在硅芯片里面，就是刻蚀了电路的薄薄的硅片。

18. Centrifuges are widely use to separate liquids having different densities or to separate solids from liquids.答案：A->改为used测试点：动词的被动语态分析：be used to do sth 是use的被动用法参考译文：分液漏斗广泛用于吧不同密度的液体分开或者把固体和液体分开。

托福考试语法结构知识点

托福考试语法结构知识点托福考试是一个评估非英语母语者英语能力的标准化测试，其中语法结构是考试的一个重要部分。

掌握语法结构的知识点对于正确理解和运用英语语言至关重要。

本文将介绍托福考试中常见的语法结构知识点，帮助考生更好地备考。

一、动词时态和语态1. 一般现在时：用于陈述普遍事实、经常重复的动作或客观真理。

例如：Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.2. 一般过去时：用于过去发生的动作或状态。

例如：I watched a movie yesterday.3. 现在进行时：表示正在进行的动作或现阶段的状态。

例如：She is reading a book now.4. 过去进行时：表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。

例如：They were studying when I called them.5. 将来时态的使用：用于表示将来的动作或状态。

例如：I will go to the party tomorrow.6. 被动语态：用于强调动作的接受者而不是执行者。

例如：The book was written by Mark Twain.二、主谓一致1. 单复数主谓一致：主语是单数时，谓语动词要用单数形式；主语是复数时，谓语动词要用复数形式。

例如：She walks to school every day. They walk to school every day.2. 近距离主谓一致：当主语和谓语之间有介词短语或从句时，要根据主语而不是介词短语或从句来确定谓语动词的单复数形式。

例如：The book, along with its companion, is on the shelf.三、条件句1. 第一型条件句：表示真实条件和其可能的结果。

例如：If it rains,I will stay at home.2. 第二型条件句：表示对现在或未来假设的不太可能或不可能的条件及其可能的结果。

1996-10语法笔记

1996年10月语法题1. Charlie Parker, _____ was one of the creators of the music style called "bop."(A) a great jazz improviser who(B) to improvise great jazz(C) a great jazz improviser(D) improvised great jazz.答案: C分析:空格位于主语谓语之间，空格处可能是非限制性定语从句、定语、主语同位语或状语。

A.who后面没有从句，排除B.不定式短语，一般做目的状语，表示还没有发生的动作，不合题意，排除D.有谓语动词，但缺少从句引导词和从句主语，故也排除。

C.为名词短语做主语同位语，故选C翻译参考:C帕克,一名伟大的爵士乐演奏者，是波普音乐形式创立者之一。

2. The world's deepest cave, Pierre St. Martin in the Pyrenees Mountains, is almost three times as deep _____.(A) as the Empire State Building is high.(B) That the Empire State Building is higher.(C) Is higher than the Empire State Building(D) And the Empire State Building's height.答案：A分析：空格前为as+形容词，由此判断出此题为as……as结构，空格处应为as+比较对象，四个选项只有A 含有as故选A.翻译参考：坐落于比利牛斯山脉的世界最深的洞穴——皮埃尔圣马丁深度差不多是帝国大厦的3倍。

3. When Columbus reached the New World, corn was the _____ in the Americas.(A) widely most grown plant.(B) Most widely grown plant(C) Most grown widely plant(D) Plant widely grown most.答案：B分析：四个选项用词相同，但词序不同。

出国考试：托福语法做题规律口诀-出国考试

出国考试：托福语法做题规律口诀-出国考试托福语法做题规律口诀口诀一：一语法,二逻辑(语义),三用法,四硬币这一口诀概括的是托福语法题整体解题思路和策略,其含义是:一语法: 做托福语法题,首先从"语法"层次开始.在这一层次,正确答案与干扰项之间的区分在语法(或句子成分)的差别上.无须弄懂句子的意思即可做对.如: (1) -------------- were derived from Lation.A. All Romance languagesB. While Romance languagesC. There are Romance languagesD. With Romance languages上句中缺少的明显是主语,必须由一个名词性结构来充当.4个选项中,只有"A"项是名词性结构.答案只能是A.(2) The (scientific) revolution of the early 1900's (affected) education by(change) the nature of (technology).上句中介词by之后必须由名词性结构来充当宾语.后面的change虽然既可作动词,也可作名词,但由于其后面还有一个名词性结构,按照"两个名词不见面"的口诀------我们后面将具体讨论-------这里只能为动词,所以C项错,答案为changing.上面两道题均可以在不考虑句子意思的前提下即找到正确答案.这类题在托福语法"填空"部分占85%以上,在"改错"部分亦不低于60%.掌握这一规律并记住相应的规律和口诀可以大大地提高我们作题速度和质量.二逻辑(语义): 有一些题仅靠对句子成分地分析无法找出正确答案.这时,我们就必须以语义地层次来考虑语言或意思上的逻辑关系. 如:(3) She has not yet ---------- my invitation.A. acceptedB. will acceptC. exceptedD. accepting从"语法"即句子成分的角度看,缺少的是谓语动词,B,D两项显然不能入选,但A,C两项似乎都可以.这时就需要通过逻辑(语义)来加以分析.如选A项,句义为"她尚未接受我的邀请:.如选C项,句义为"她尚未把我的邀请排除在外",这显然不合情理,有悖逻辑.故答案只能是A.(4) Walt Disney (is) remembered by (an American family) everywhere for thedistinctive and (irresistible) cartoon character he (introduced) to moviesand television.此句中语法关系自身似无问题,但B项的an American family(一个美国家庭)与后面的everywhere(到处,无所不在)从逻辑上相悖,为错.故答案是B.三用法: 有个别题从"语法"和"逻辑"的角度都可接受,这时就必须考虑从"用法"层次区分问题了.如: (5) Plants receive their nutrients --------- water,soil, and sunlight.A. whereB. overC. in fromD. from上句从语法的层次分析, A,C两项均不可取.但B,D两项无论从语法还是逻辑上看都是可以被接受的.此时只能看用法了.由于receive一词用法上只能与介词from搭配,答案只能是D.6) City officials (are) concerned (because) crime on public(transportation) (near) reached record highs this summer.无论是从语法还是逻辑的角度看,上句均无问题.near一词通常具有形容词,副词,介词3种词性,而且还可以用作动词.用副词修饰动词绝无问题,且near具有接近,靠近的含义,与reached搭配似乎也没有什么不妥.但从语法的角度看,作副词的near只能与draw ,come 等不及物动词搭配,此处为错.故答案为D.四硬币: 任何考试都有一个速度与质量相统一的问题.质量再高,速度太慢也难得高分.所以,如在正式考试种在上面3个层次分析后仍不能找出答案时,最不可"研题"或"抠题",以免延误时间,在规定的时间内作不完题。

TOEFL语法笔记

******代词95％为错，情态动词永远不错，first 划线永远对，虚拟语气不考******填空的基本做法：1、先找句子的分段点（即连词，分词，介词和标点符号）将句子分成记几段，选择要看的那部分句子，即只关注与空格相关的那部分句子。

句法：①简单句：S+V②并列句：分句+并列句子+；句子+。

并列句划为简单句：句子，and/or/but+句子。

③复合句：主句+从句划为简单句2、简化句子简化原则：①adv/数/冠可以划掉②介词短语可以划掉③修饰名词的adj/n可以划掉④做状语的分词短语可以划掉⑤与空格无关的句子可以很划掉p65-5/83、分析句子结构，判断空格中所缺的句子成分。

捷径：可直接套用句型和结构p53-14 ，倒装句答案的首字母为系动词或助动词p92-14 * ——+n为There be 句型p210-74、区分四选项，结合句意和语感确定答案。

句子→简单句→主干→判断→选答案主语，——，谓宾。

100％考插入语定语从句或省略的定语从句定语从句中主和系可以同时省略which+be/that+be/who+be 可以省略：①定语从句②n③adj短语/分词短语/介词******改错做题要点：1、语法与句意并重，一定要通读全句（做题思想）。

2、一边读句意，一边思考划线部分的语法知识点是否正确。

3、熟悉掌握各种错误类型。

4、做题ABCD要看全，选择一个最明显的错误，最好有明确的理由。

******填空的固定句型和结构一主句专一结构※句子，句子。

为错任何句子只有一个主句，句子之间必须有连词。

※任何从句都是正常语序。

二谓语专一结构任何一个句子只有一个谓语，谓语动词之间一定要有连词连接。

※主谓……谓…… 错※主谓……，谓……。

错三平行结构X and YX ，Y and Z 各元素必须一致to do ，do and do 。

be done ，done and done。

※——，——，and——。

四what 结构缩合连接代词（1）what =the thing that =all that thing 由句意定（2）what 在前后句中必须同时做成分what =the thing that（3）n+what 错n+the thing that √※ prep+what+SVO 错what →which √（4）what 引导的句子等于一个名词，可以做主语，宾语，表语。

老托福1996-05语法笔记

1996年05月语法题1. Wind motion can be observed in the mesosphere by _____ the trails of meteors passing through it.(A) to watch(B) watching(C) watched(D) watch答案：B分析：空格前是介词by,由此判断空格处是非谓语动词-ing形式，故选B.翻译参考：通过观察大气中层的流星可以测定风的移动。

2. Thomas Edison's first patented invention was a device_____ in Congress.(A) votes counted for(B) had been counting votes(C) for counting vote(D) be a counted vote答案：C分析：空格前为结构完整的句子，(A),(B),(D),均含有谓语动词，但没有从句引导词，不符和谓语单一性原则，故选(C).翻译参考：Thomas Edison第一个取得专利权的发明是一个为美国国会选票计数的装置。

3. Clara Bow, a popular actress in the 1920's, retired _____ she was unable to make thetransition from silent films to sound films.(A) nevertheless(B) in spite of(C) because(D) and for答案：C分析：空格前后都是主谓结构，空格处明显缺少从句引导词，四个选项中只有C能引导从句，故选(C).翻译参考：十八世纪二十年代的著名女影星Clara Bow，因为无法适应无声电影到有声电影的过度而退休。

4. Built in 1882, the Kinzua Viaduct in Mckean County, Pennsylvania, is open only to thosevisitors _____ are able to walk its 2,058 - foot length.(A) who(B) to whom(C) which they(D) that which答案：A分析：空格前为指人的先行词，空格后有谓语动词，空格处缺少指人的定语从句引导词，故选(A).翻译参考：建于1882年宾西法尼亚Mckean郡的Kinzua Viaduct只对能够步行2058米的游客开放。

托福1996-08语法笔记

1996年08月语法题1. A microscope can reveal vastly _____ detail than is visible to the naked eye.(A) than(B) than more(C) more than(D) more.答案：D分析：由信号词分析：由信号词than可知空各处应填more.参考译文：一台显微镜能展示远超过肉眼看见的非常多的细节。

2. Narcissus bulbs _____ at least three inches apart and covered with about four inches ofwell drained soil.(A) should be planted(B) to plant(C) must planting(D) should plant答案：A分析：空格前为主语，空格出缺谓语动词，故首先排除(B)。

(C)中must后应该接动词原形，故也排除。

Plant是及物动词，在没有宾语的情况下应该用被动语态形式，故选(A).参考译文：种植水仙花球时应该至少保持3IN的间距，并且要用大约4IN的有良好透水性的土壤覆盖。

3. Industrialization has been responsible for _____ most radical of the environmentalchanges caused by humans.(A) a(B) the(C) some of which(D) which are the答案：B分析：空格后为形容词最高级，空格处应填定冠词。

参考译文：由人类所造成的环境变化中，工业化导致了环境最根本的变化。

4. In many areas the slope and topography of the land _____ excess rainfall to run off into anatural outlet.(A) neither permit(B) without permitting(C) nor permitting(D) do not permit.答案：D分析：句子缺少谓语动词。

《最新题TOEFL语法笔记》

《最新题TOEFL语法笔记》前言TOEFL语法已经由朋友们钻研透彻了，就余下1996年12月北美卷，2003年8月、10月，2004年1月的笔记一直没有找到，《最新题TOEFL语法笔记》将弥补这一缺憾。

1996年12月北美卷由likui编写，2004-01由bryony编写，2003-08和2003-10由pumpkin编写，定稿由ChaseDream超级论坛TOEFL区各位版主审定。

准备TOEFL的时候，借鉴了朋友们很多心血凝聚的资料，直到自己动手一写，才更加理解什么叫辛苦。

这点小小心意送给ChaseDream的各位TOEFL考友，同ChaseDream带给我的一切相比，实在是微不足道。

谢谢enjoylife517和真老九给我的帮助和鼓励，谢谢各位朋友给我的支援和理解。

从考GMAT到考TOEFL，接着是面临选校和申请，ChaseDream在我人生中留下的远远不仅仅是那几千个帖子吧。

继承ChaseDream《PP语法笔记》的精神，本着简洁实用的原则编写，因而在分析解释的部分相对比较精炼，翻译也是意译为主。

中间错误疏漏相比不少，希望朋友们谅解。

关于本语法笔记的反馈，有关于托福考试的任何问题，都可以访问ChaseDream论坛TOEFL专区：附：一个小小的提醒，在国外考试，请朋友们记住带上护照。

虽然有的考场不要求，还是带上护照吧，在TOEFL 的官方网页上要求的证件是护照。

最后祝愿大家考试、申请、工作、生活，一切顺利！！！Pumpkin (ChaseDream)龙城飞将2004/8/1ChaseDream - 1 -1996年12月北美1． The province of Newfoundland has ________ than any other region of North American in which the first language is English.(A) its longer history(B) a longer history(C) the longer the history(D) the history is longer答案：B解析：than 确定比较级；C longer 前加the 显然错误， the 一般出现在最高级前面，(在the more … the more 的结构才能用the 在more 前面)；D 中is 与 has 使句子谓语冲突；A 不符合习惯。

托福考试必备托福英语语法

托福考试必备托福英语语法参加托福考试必备的，英语语法知识点，趁现在就掌握它吧。

下面是店铺给大家整理的托福英语语法，供大家参阅!托福英语语法：一般现在时的用法1)、经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。

时间状语：every…, sometimes, at…, on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.2)、客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。

The earth moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China.3)、表示格言或警句中。

Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。

注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..4)、现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。

I don't want so much.Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比较： Now I put the sugar in the cup.I am doing my homework now.第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。

再如：Now watch me,I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。

托福英语语法：一般过去时的用法1)、在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。

时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。

Where did you go just now?2)、表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。

96-99_托福语法真题.

1996年01月语法题 (2)1996年05月语法题 (6)1996年08月语法题 (10)1996年10月语法题 (14)1997年01月语法题 (18)1997年01月北美语法题 (22)1997年05月语法题 (26)1997年08月语法题 (31)1997年10月语法题 (35)1997年12月北美语法题 (40)1998年01月语法题 (44)1998年05月语法题 (48)1998年08月语法题 (52)1998年08月语法题 (57)1998年08月北美语法题 (62)1998年10月语法题 (67)1999年01月语法题 (72)1999年05月语法题 (76)1999年08月语法题 (81)1999年10月语法题 (86)1996年01月语法题1. Sociologists have long recognized that social tension _____.(A) elements from group living.(B) elements of a normal group life(C) living are a group of elements.(D) are normal elements of group life2. _____ have a very keen sense of hearing, although most do not hear sounds audible to the human ear.(A)While some insects do(B) Some insects which(C)Some insects(D)That some insects.3. Although both political parties wanted Dwight D. Eisenhower as their presidential nominee in 1952, he became a Republican candidate and _____.(A)President was electing(B) was elected President(C)to elect the President(D)being elected president.4. If an act is rewarded many times, immediately and with strong reinforces, it will rapidly become _____.(A)a habit(B) into a habit(C)that which a habit(D)a habit can be5. Giant pandas resemble bears in shape and in _____.(A)it is a slow, clumsy way to walk(B) the slow, clumsy way they walk(C)they walk in a slow, clumsy way(D)their slow walk is clumsy.6. _____ temperature at which air holds as much water vapor as it can is called the dew point.(A)It is the(B) Is the(C)As the(D)The7. The earring is one of the oldest known ornaments and _____ pieces of stone, bone, or shell.(A)was from originally from(B) was made originally from(C)originally made was from(D)from originally made was8. No one knows exactly _____.(A)how did speech begin(B) how speech began(C)how the beginning of speech(D)of how beginning speech.9. _____ mechanical device has ever been invented that can satisfactorily replace teasel flower heads for raising the nap on cloth.(A)No(B) Not the(C)Never has a(D)There is no10. Even as a girl, _____ to be her life, and theater audiences were to be her best teachers.(A)performances by Fanny Brice were(B) it was known that Fanny Brice’s performances were(C)audiences knew that Fanny Brice’s performances were(D)Fanny Brice knew that performing was11. _____ the diffusion of heat upward to the Earth’s surface, the temperature within the Earth remains constant.(A)That(B) Despite(C)If(D)When12. Noise in a room may be reduced by carpeting, draperies, and upholstered furniture, _____ absorb sound.(A)which they all(B) of them all(C)all of which(D)of all which13. _____ devised to lessen the drudgery of washing clothes that origin of the washing machine is unclear.(A)Were the inventions so numerous(B) The inventions so numerous(C)So numerous were the inventions(D)The inventions that were so numerous14. Of the thousands of varieties of bird species in North America, _____ bright red plumage, like the cardinal, are most often designated as state bird.(A)those that have(B) who have(C)which have(D)to have their15. _____ as a territory in 1854 and admitted as a state in 1861, Kansas is at the geographical center of the United States.(A)By organizing(B) Because organized(C)Organized(D)He had organized16. Before pioneers cleared the land for farms, cities, and road, forests covered about 40percent of what is now the state of Illinois.17. The sea chantey, a type of folk music, not only described the pleasures of stations’ livesashore, also but the harsh conditions of life aboard ship.18. Mount Rushmore National Memorial in South Dakota has a heads of four presidents of theUnited States carved into its face.19. Nest building is much less commonly among mammals than among birds.20. The Awakening, a novel by Kate Chopin, shocked readers and cause a storm of criticism.21. The Alaskan Highway was officially opened November 20, 1942, although much morework needed be done to complete it.22. Sagebrush flourishes in the dry soil of the western plains, where other many plants cannotgrow.23. Modern directions of Shakespeare are not longer inhibited by earlier traditions of realisticsettings.24. Surveys show that the majority of passengers are pleasing that an agreement has beenreached to forbid smoking on commercial flights within the continental UnitedStates.25. Snakes are capable of graceful motion throughout the entire long of their rubbery bodies.26. Tariffs preventing the most efficient use of the world’s resources by restricting division oflabor to national boundaries.27. The Aleuts in western Alaska have always depended of the sea for food.28. Atoms that having different atomic numbers generally behave differently.29. Over the past few year, many towns in the United States have been joining withneighboring communities to share the costs of government.30. What makes for human skeleton hard and strong is the presence of the metallic elementcalcium.31. Many of Robert Bly’s poems explore solitude, natural vigor, and silent in an immediate andmodern idiom.32. To convert an angle measured in radians for an equivalent angle measured in degrees,multiply the number of radians by 57.296.33. Serving as chief of the United States Children’s Bureau from 1921 to 1934., Grace Abbottfought for the rights of women and children through the world.34. To people from temperate climates, tropical butterflies may seem incredible big.35. The first railroad in the United States were short wooden tramways connecting mines alsoquarries with nearby streams.36. The league of Women Voters of the United States identifies certain local, state, and nationissues for study and action.37. Fibers can come from plants, animals, or mineral ores, or they may be made from a varietychemical substances.38. Edwin Franko Goldman was the first bandmaster to encourage leading contemporarycompositions to write original works for a band.39. The tapir, an odd-toed, hoofed mammal, feed on plants, eating such things as grass,leaves, fallen fruit, and moss in large quantities.40. For thousands of years, people have used some kind of refrigeration cooling beveragesand preserve edibles.1996年05月语法题1. Wind motion can be observed in the mesosphere by _____ the trails of meteors passing through it.(A) to watch(B) watching(C) watched(D) watch2. Thomas Edison’s first patented invention was a device_____ in Congress.(A) votes counted for(B) had been counting votes(C) for counting vote(D) be a counted vote3. Clara Bow, a popular actress in the 1920’s, retired _____ she was unable to m ake the transition from silent films to sound films.(A) nevertheless(B) in spite of(C) because(D) and for4. Built in 1882, the Kinzua Viaduct in Mckean County, Pennsylvania, is open only to those visitors _____ are able to walk its 2,058 - foot length.(A) who(B) to whom(C) which they(D) that which5. A bridge must be strong enough to support its own weight _____ the weight of the people and vehicles that use it.(A) as well(B) so well(C) as well as(D) so well as6. The swallows of Capistrano are famous _____ to the same nests in California each spring.(A) to return(B) who returned(C) they returned(D) for returning7. In the fourteenth century, _____ that glass coated with silver nitrate would turn yellow when fired in an oven.(A) the discovery(B) it was discovered(C) with the discovery(D) if it was discovered8. _____ recurring fear is out of proportion to any real danger, it is called a phobia.(A) When(B) Whereas(C) Which(D) Whether9. Many modern photographers attempt to manipulate elements of photography other _____ in their photographs.(A) than light is(B) than light(C) being light(D) light10. For any adhesive to make a really strong bond, _____ to be glued must be absolutely clean and free from moisture or grease.(A) and surfaces(B) when surfaces(C) the surfaces(D) surfaces that11. Although still underwater, Loihi Seamount, the newest Hawaiian island, _____ closer to the surface by frequent volcanic eruptions that add layers of lava to the island.(A) brought(B) to be brought(C) being brought(D) is being brought12. _____ unstable and explodes as a supernova is not known.(A) For a star to become(B) How a star becomes(C) A star becomes(D) That a star is becoming13. Not until linoleum was invented in 1860 _____ hard - wearing, easy - to - clean flooring.(A) any house did have(B) did any house have(C) house had any(D) any house had14. Hiram Revels, the first Black member of the United States Senate, served as senator from Mississippi, an office _____ he was elected in 1870.(A) which(B) to which(C) and which(D) being which15. Oceans continually lose by evaporation much of the river water _____.(A) to constantly flow into them(B) is constantly flowing into them(C) constantly flows into them(D) constantly flowing into them16. Because of it consists only of a relatively short strand of DNA protected by a shell ofprotein, a virus cannot eat or reproduce by itself.17. The oxygen in the air we breathe has no tasted, smell, or color.18. In 1977 Kathleen Battle was hired by the New York Metropolitan Opera, Where herbecame the star soprano.19. The aardvark is a mammal that burrows into the ground to catches ants and termites.20. Because of the availability of trucks and easy access to modern highways, the locate offarms has become relatively unimportant with respect to their distance from markets. 21. The homes created by the legendary architect Frank Lloyd Wright are still viewed asuniquely, innovative, and valuable.22. Geologists find it useful to identification fossils in a rock sample because certainassemblages of species are characteristic of specific geologic time periods.23. Many poets enhance their work by creating a contrast among realism and symbolism in agiven poem.24. Most countries depend to few extent on cereal imports to augment their own crops.25. The fragrant leaves of the laurel plant to sell commercially as bay leaves and are used forseasoning foods.26. When contented, and occasionally when hunger, cats frequently make a purring sound.27. The evolution of fishes is a history of constant adaptation to new possibilities, and a refinedof these adaptations.28. In 1991 Antonia Novello, the United States Surgeon General launched several programs toaddress particular problem that young people have.29. Some psychologists believe that those who are encouraged to be independent,responsible,and competent in childhood are likely more than others to become motivated to achieve.30. The central purpose of management is for making every action or decision help achieve acarefully chosen goal.31. As a poetry Nikki Giovanni makes effective use of jazz and blues rhythms.32. Unlike wood, paper, and fabric, which tendency to disintegrate after being buried for manyyears, ceramics and glassware although easily broken, survive well in the ground.33. Margaret Mead achieved world famous through her studies of child - rearing, personality,and culture.34. The discovery of the antibiotic penicillin in 1928 has not produced antibiotics useful for thetreatment of infectious diseases until 1940.35. In the United State, the Cabinet consist of a group of advisers, each of whom is chosen bythe President to head an executive department of the government.36. Colleges in the newly formed United States, in recovering from the adverse effects of theAmerican Revolution, inaugurated a broad curriculum in response of social demands. 37. Humus is formed during soil microorganisms decompose animal and plant material intoelements usable by plants.38. Ozone is an unstable faintly bluish gas that is the most chemical active form of oxygen.39. The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to nineteenthcentury.40. Long before his death, John Dewey saw his philosophy have a profound influences oneducation and thought in the United States and elsewhere.1996年08月语法题1. A microscope can reveal vastly _____ detail than is visible to the naked eye.(A) than(B) than more(C) more than(D) more.2. Narcissus bulbs _____ at least three inches apart and covered with about four inches of well drained soil.(A) should be planted(B) to plant(C) must planting(D) should plant3. Industrialization has been responsible for _____ most radical of the environmental changes caused by humans.(A) a(B) the(C) some of which(D) which are the4. In many areas the slope and topography of the land _____ excess rainfall to run off into a natural outlet.(A) neither permit(B) without permitting(C) nor permitting(D) do not permit.5. Color and light, taken together, _____ the aesthetic impact of the interior of a building.(A) very powerfully influence(B) very influence powerfully(C) powerfully very influence(D) influence powerfully very.6. _____ that Rachel Carson’s 1962 book Sile nt Spring was one of the chief sources of inspiration for the development of nontoxic pesticides.(A) There is likely(B) Likely to be(C) It is likely(D) Likely7. Total color blindness, _____, is the result of a defect in the retina.(A) a rare condition that(B) a rare condition(C) that a rare condition(D) is a rare condition.8. _____ no conclusive evidence exists, many experts believe that the wheel was inventedonly once and then diffused to the rest of the world.(A) Even(B) But(C) Although(D) So.9. Wherever there is plenty of rain during the growing season, life is _____ in various forms.(A) abundant(B) the abundance(C) an abundant(D) it abundant10. In her time, Isadora Duncan was _____ today a liberated woman.(A) calling what we would(B) who would be calling(C) what we would call(D) she would call it.11. _____ around stones that are sun-warmed, even the smallest of stones creates tiny currents of warm air.(A) The cool air(B) If the air is cool(C) That the air cools(D) The cooler the air.12. Despite its wide range of styles and instrumentation, country music has certain common features _____ its own special character.(A) give it that(B) that give it(C) give that(D) that gives it to13. Most of _____ archaeologists know about prehistoric cultures is based on studies of material remains.(A) these(B) what(C) which(D) their14. According to some critics, the novels of William Burroughs demonstrate the major hazard of absurd literature, _____ tendency toward over-embellishment and incoherence.(A) notwithstanding(B) besides(C) is a(D) its15. Coinciding with the development of jazz in New Orleans in the 1920’s _____ in blues music.(A) was one of the greatest periods.(B) one of the greatest periods(C) was of the greatest periods(D) the greatest periods.16.Gone With the Wind, the epic novel about life in South during the Civil War period, took tenyears write.17. None two butterflies have exactly the same design on their wings.18. To save the California condor from extinction, a group of federal, local, and privatelyorganizations initiated a rescue program.19. A coral reef, a intricate aquatic community of plants and animals, is found only in warm,shallow, sunlit seas.20. Carnegie hall was the first building in New York designed special for orchestral music.21. Since it lives in the desert, the collared lizard depends from insects for water as well as forfood.22. The Texas Panhandle region, in the northwestern part of the state, produces more wheat,cotton, and grain sorghum than any of other area of Texas.23. Light rays what enter the eye must be focused onto a point on the retina in order for a clearvisual image to form.24. The orangutan’s hands and feet are designed for holding and grasping branches, and itspowerful immensely arms enable it to climb and swing in trees without difficulty.25. The extraordinary beautiful of orchids makes them the basis of a multimillion dollar floralindustry.26. The Vermont Elememary Science Project, according to its founders, are designed tochallenge some of the most widely held beliefs about teaching.27. The number 8.5 is an example of a “mixed number” because it is composing of an integerand a fraction.28. If it is kept dry, a seed can still sprout up to forty years after their formation.29. In The Sociology of Science, now considered a classic, Robert Merton discusses cultural,economy and social forces that contributed to the development of modern science.对现代科学发展的贡献.30.Bacteria lived in the soil play a vital role in recycling the carbon and nitrogen needed byplants.31.Some snakes have hollow teeth are called fangs that they use to poison their victims.32.Stars derive their energy from thermonuclear reactions that take place in their heatinteriors.33.Carrie Chapman Call organized the League of Women Votes after successfully campaignfor the constitutional amendment that gave women the right to vote.34.Any group that conducting its meeting using parliamentary rules will encounter situationswhere prescribed procedures cannot be applied.35.The strongly patriotic character of Charles Sangster’s poetry is credited about greatlyfurthering the cause of confederation in Canada.36.Jessamyn West’s first and most famous novel, The friendly Persuasion describes the life ofa Quaker farmed family in the mid-1800’s.37. One inventor that Thomas Edison can take credit for is the light bulb.38.Electric motors range in size from the tiny mechanisms that operate sewing machine to thegreat engines in heavy locomotives.39.The nitrogen makes up over 78 percent of the Earth’s atmosphere, the gaseous masssurrounding the planet.40.The Mississippi, the longest river in the United States, begins as small clear stream innorthwestern Minnesota.1996年10月语法题1. Charlie Parker, _____ was one of the creators of the music style called “bop.”(A) a great jazz improviser who(B) to improvise great jazz(C) a great jazz improviser(D) improvised great jazz.2. The world’s deepest cave, Pierre St. Martin in the Pyrenees Mo untains, is almost three times as deep _____.(A) as the Empire State Building is high.(B) That the Empire State Building is higher.(C) Is higher than the Empire State Building(D) And the Empire State Building’s height.3. When Columbus reached the New World, corn was the _____ in the Americas.(A) widely most grown plant.(B) Most widely grown plant(C) Most grown widely plant(D) Plant widely grown most.4. Because kaolin shrinks in firing at a different rate than ordinary clay, _____ when creating pottery using both types of clay.(A) special handling is required(B) special handling required(C) a requirement of special handling(D) the required special handling5. The ceremonial Chilcat blanket of the Northwest Tlingit Indians was generally _____ from cedar bark, wool, and goats’ hair.(A) wove(B) to weave(C) weaving(D) woven6. _____ composed traditionally has been a subject of debate among scholars.(A) Were ballads how(B) Ballads were how they(C) How ballads that were(D) How ballads were7. Jupiter, the closest of the giant planets to Earth, has _____ solid surface and is surrounded by zones of intense radiation.(A) not(B) nor(C) no(D) neither.8. The black-billed cuckoo has been known to steal eggs _____ to other birds.(B) which belonging(C) which they belong(D) that belongC中多主语they9. The purpose of phonetics is _____ an inventory and a description of the sounds found in speech.(A) to provide(B) provided(C) which provided(D) providing thatD多that10.Earthquakes can damage a tree _____ violently, and it can take several years for the tree to heal.(A) to cause shaking(B) when shaking it causes(C) by causing it to shake(D) to cause to shake it11._____ bacteria in foods are killed, as they are during baking or stewing, decay is slowed down.(A) What(B) The(C) If(D) So12.The colors and patterns of the wings of butterflies and moths help _____ the organism against predators.(A) protect(B) being protected(C) protecting(D) protection of13.In 1993 the Library of Congress appointed author Rita Dove _____ of the United States.(A) as was poet laureate(B) was poet laureate(C) poet laureate(D) and poet laureate14.At the South Pole _____, the coldest and most desolate region on Earth.(A) Antarctica lies where(B) Where Antarctica lies(C) Antarctica lies and(D) Lies Antarctica15.Tornados, powerful, destructive wind storms, occur most often in the spring when hot winds _____ over flat land encounter heavy cold air.(A) which to rise.(B) that rising(D) rising16.Many exercises such as calisthenics, running, or to swim involve producing muscle tensionthrough a range of movements that are called isotonics.17.Intelligence, education, and experience all helps shape management style.18. The basic elements of public-opinion research are interviewers, questionnaires, tabulatingequipment, and to sample population.19. Conservation organizations help for to preserve the ecology of an area by keeping track ofendangered species.20. Gwendolyn Brooks, which won a Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1950, had 75 poems publishedby the time she was twenty.21. O Halifax is largest city and chief port of Nova Scotia and is the eastern terminus ofCanada’s two great railway systems.22.T. S. Eliot received wide recognition after publishes The Waste Land, which fused poetictraditions with elements of modern music and language.23. Numerous types of cells, such as skin cells and white blood cells, have the powerreproduce asexually.24. The knee is more likely to be damage than most other joints because it is subject totremendous forces during vigorous activity.25.Although ferns lack flowers, they do have leaves, stems, and root.26. Crazy Horse is generally recognized for his courageous and skill, and he was revered bythe Sioux as their greatest leader.27. In medicine, certain plastics have important uses because they do not affected bychemicals in the body, and they do not harm the body.28. Since a hospital is organized to protect and treat people who are ill, its goals, structures,and functions depend on the currently state of medical science.29. A change in direction of the monsoon winds result from the differences between theheating or cooling of landmasses and that of oceans.30. Small distinctions among stamps, unimportant to the person average, would mean a greatdeal to the stamp collector.31. Members of a nation’s foreign service represent that country’s interests abroad and reporton the conditions, trends, and policies of the country which they arestationed.32. Abraham Lincoln’s boyhood home resembled those of many others mid-western pioneers,with its dirt floor, sleeping loft, and crude fireplace.33. Dwelling primarily in the ice northern polar seas, beluga whales are characteristically small,white, agile, and elusive.34.There is evidence that the caribou originated into North America and crossed over al landbridge into Asia and evolved into the Old World’s reindeer.35.The bold way in which Margaret Mead defined the terms “family” - based as much onchoice as on biological relationship - is possibly the most enduring of herlegacies.36. The planet Mars is a freezing, barren deserts with huge, dry canyons and toweringvolcanoes.37. Of the many machines invented in the late nineteenth century, none had a great impact onthe United States economy than the automobile.38. A number of the Pacific Islands are volcanoes that have pushed up from the ocean floor,others are the tops sunken mountain ranges.39. It has been reported that during any twenty-four hour period, a minimal of three hundredNorth American women start their own businesses.40. Archeological studies have provided evidence that the use of plants for decoration as wellas for food developed early in the history.1997年01月语法题1. _____ a necessary dimension for measuring astronomical space and the distance of heavenly bodies from the Earth.(A) Once in time(B) Time is(C) The time(D) It is time2. Jackie Joyner-Kersee, _____ the world record in the heptathlon in the 1988 Olympics, also won the long jump in the year.(A) whose setting(B) which she set(C) whoever set(D) who set(A) no more large(B) no larger than(C) not larger(D) which no larger4. Gorillas are quiet animals, _____ they are capable of making about 20 different sounds.(A) whether(B) which(C) even though(D) as well asA、句意不符D不能连接句子5. Although the Earth’s chemical composition had been studied for years, only toward the end of the nineteenth century _____ as a discipline in its own right.(A) when geochemistry was recognized(B) was geochemistry as recognized(C) then recognized as geochemistry(D) as geochemistry was recognized6. Because the wood of the dogwood tree is very hard, _____ is used for objects, such as roller skate wheels, in which hardness is desired.(A) and(B) it(C) what(D) thus7. In hot, dry region s, the Sun’s heat causes the outer layer of rocks _____, a process called exfoliation.(A) are expanded and peeled away(B) to expand and peel away(C) expands and peels away(D) they expand and peel away8. The lower _____ in a room, the more slowly our eyes focus.(A) the level of lighting(B) light level(C) leveling of light(D) lighting is level9. _____ Sarah Orne Jewett, a nineteenth-century writer, read widely in her family’s extensive library.(A) That she received little education formally(B) The little formal education that she received(C) Little formal education that was received by(D) Although she received little formal education10. In the early twentieth century, the “Model T” automobile was mass-produced and sold at a price _____ could afford.(A) the average person who(B) that the average person who(C) and the average person(D) the average personC afford缺少宾语11. Not only _____ all the positive charge of an atom, it is also the site of the weight of every atom.(A) does the nucleus hold(B) the nucleus holding(C) the nucleus does hold(D) holds the nucleus12. The wind-rippled sand at California’s Kelso Dunes res embles _____.(A) to be an ocean floor(B) as an ocean floor(C) an ocean floor(D) being an ocean floor13. Fossil records indicate _____ existing in the past have become extinct.(A) that many species of organisms(B) many species of organisms that(C) many species of organisms are(D) there are many organisms14. Experiments related to the sense of smell are more easily _____ than those related to perception of color.(A) setting them up(B) to set up(C) set up(D) sets up those15. The Pulitzer Prize has been _____ in American literature for more than seventy years.(A) the award most prestigious that(B) the most prestigious award。

托福1998年05月语法笔记

1998年05月语法题1. _____ a major role in future planetary exploration.(A) Robots will surely play(B) Robots, which will surely play(C) Because robots will surely be playing(D) Surely robots, which will be playing答案:A分析：句子缺主谓（B）如为定语从句，则缺谓语（C）Because引导的原因状语从句,无主句（D）同A，且频度副词Surely形容整个句子，应以逗号隔开参考译文：机器人极有可能将在未来的太空探索中扮演主要角色。

2. Unlike the owl, bats cannot see very well, but they do have_____.(A) it hears very well(B) very good to hear(C) hearing very well(D) very good hearing答案:D分析：but后无宾语，D为名词短语（A）谓语动词重复（B）缺宾语（C) well做"好"讲为adv.不修饰名词参考译文：蝙蝠不像猫头鹰一样有良好的视力，但却有极佳的听力.3. Comparatively few clues in the United Slates have competing newspapers today, a major change from 1900 _____ more than two newspapers.(A) because then most large cities having(B) when did most large cities have(C) then most large cities that had(D) when most large cities had答案：D分析：逗号前已经是完整的句子，接从句，加之横线前为时间，所以是时间状语从句（A）从句缺谓语（B）从句不能将助动词提前，而应当使用陈述句语序（C）缺乏时间状语从句引导词参考译文：通过比较美国现今竞争激烈的报业的一些细微线索，（可见）1900年是一个主要的转折，从那一年开始，多数大城市都出现了两份以上的报纸。

新东方TOEFL复习笔记(第二部分：语法笔记)2

新东方TOEFL复习笔记（第二部分：语法笔记）2在TOEFL中：____n.(pl.)+v.(sing)，一般空格内优先选doing （讲义 31）n）make结构：（讲义31 32）make+obj+宾补obj：n/代词宾补：n./adj.1） make+n1+n2 make the boy president (班长)2） make+n./代词+a. (新题 P78 11)make it unique it:真宾语3）make it possible to do it：形式宾语（讲义 33）that +句子4）make sth possible sht:短宾语 possible宾补make possible sth sth长宾语 possible宾补（新题32）o）the more…the more结构标准句式：the more sub+v1 the more sub+v2！）对称性：结构中的n.前必须有限定词the more the +n1 the more the +n22）省略性：结构中相同的谓语可省，尤其是be动词可省3）倒装性：The more svo , the more svo .是一个复合句。

条件状从主句因此从句不能倒装，而主句（第二个the more）可倒装。

p）表结果的伴随状语从句结构：（讲义 36 37）svo,doing….伴随状语表结果：thus / thereby → svo,thus / thereby +doing…*thus / thereby 后不一定加doing*as f ar / long / early as 出现即为答案/many / muchq）adj短语做后置定语结构：（讲义 38 39）*==等价于定从的省略a door (close to the window) 省略which bea distance (equal to twice)n1+(a.+prep+n2) adj短语foods (high in fat) √leaves (rich in suger) √n1+which be（比较级+than+n2）相当于从句的省略a temperature (highter than 50C)r）adj最高级的省略结构：（讲义 40 41）the most improtant of all booksthe most elaborate of all birdneststhe+a.最高级+单数n. X +of 复数n. 一样错*单数n.必须省略，则the+a.最高级+of+n.(pl.)n.(可代替)→ ad. X / v.过去时Xa. n.(sing) of √ *the a.原级 of+ the restfulof Xthe poor of √s）不规则动词的过去式作谓语结构：（讲义 42 43）She set set-set-setIt cost cost-cost-costIt spread spread-spread-spreadt）规则动词的过去分词作后置定语结构（讲义 44-46）46条：Automatons programmed… 非谓语，整个句子少谓语lack a. be lack ofvi. be lack invt. Sub+lack+obj*如何判断n+v-ed是谓语还是非谓语？eg：n+called call-called-calledWe called him Bush. 主动，过去式，谓语He was called Bush. 被动，过去分词，谓语…a boy called Bush? 被动，过去分词，后置定语根据主/被动确定，主动语态为过去式，被动语态为过去分词，被动式中有be即是非谓语。

新东方TOEFL复习笔记（第二部分：语法笔记）2

*在TOEFL中：____n.(pl.)+v.(sing)，⼀般空格内优先选doing （讲义 31）n）make结构：（讲义31 32）make+obj+宾补　obj：n/代词　宾补：n./adj.1） make+n1+n2　make the boy president (班长)2） make+n./代词+a. (新题 P78 11)make it unique　it:真宾语3）make it possible to do　it：形式宾语　（讲义 33）that +句⼦4）make sth possible sht:短宾语 possible宾补 make possible sth sth长宾语 possible宾补　（新题 32）o）the more…the more结构　标准句式：the more sub+v1 the more sub+v2！）对称性：结构中的n.前必须有限定词the more the +n1 the more the +n22）省略性：结构中相同的谓语可省，尤其是be动词可省3）倒装性：The more svo , the more svo .是⼀个复合句。

条件状从主句因此从句不能倒装，⽽主句（第⼆个the more）可倒装。

p）表结果的伴随状语从句结构：（讲义 36 37）svo,doing….伴随状语表结果：thus / thereby → svo,thus / thereby +doing…*thus / thereby 后不⼀定加doing*as f ar / long / early as　出现即为答案/many / muchq）adj短语做后置定语结构：（讲义 38 39）　*==等价于定从的省略a door (close to the window)　省略which bea distance (equal to twice)n1+(a.+prep+n2) adj短语foods (high in fat) √leaves (rich in suger) √n1+which be（⽐较级+than+n2）相当于从句的省略a temperature (highter than 50C)r）adj级的省略结构：（讲义 40　41）the most improtant of all booksthe most elaborate of all birdneststhe+a.级+单数n. X +of 复数n. ⼀样错*单数n.必须省略，则the+a.级+of+n.(pl.)n.(可代替)→ ad. X / v.过去时X　 a. n.(sing) of √ *the a.原级 of+ the restfulof Xthe poor of √s）不规则动词的过去式作谓语结构：（讲义 42　43）She set set-set-setIt cost cost-cost-costIt spread　spread-spread-spreadt）规则动词的过去分词作后置定语结构（讲义 44-46）46条：Automatons programmed… ⾮谓语，整个句⼦少谓语lack　a. be lack of　vi. be lack invt. Sub+lack+obj*如何判断n+v-ed是谓语还是⾮谓语？eg：n+called　call-called-calledWe called him Bush.　主动，过去式，谓语He was called Bush.　被动，过去分词，谓语…a boy called Bush? 被动，过去分词，后置定语根据主/被动确定，主动语态为过去式，被动语态为过去分词，被动式中有be即是⾮谓语。

英语托福语法知识点总结

英语托福语法知识点总结The Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) is used to assess the English language proficiency of non-native English speakers. The test includes a grammar section that evaluates a candidate's ability to use grammar and language structure correctly. This summary covers some of the key grammar points that are tested in the TOEFL exam.Subject-Verb Agreement:One of the most important grammar rules tested in the TOEFL exam is subject-verb agreement. This means that the verb must agree with the subject in terms of number and person. For example, if the subject is singular, the verb must also be singular, and if the subject is plural, the verb must also be plural. For example, "She runs every morning" (singular subject) and "They run every morning" (plural subject). Incorrect agreement can lead to confusion and misunderstandings in communication.Pronouns:Pronouns are words that are used in place of nouns. They can refer to people, places, things, or ideas. In English, it is important to use pronouns correctly to avoid ambiguity and confusion. Pronoun-antecedent agreement is the agreement between a pronoun and the noun it replaces. For example, "He is going to the store because he needs to buy groceries." In this sentence, "he" is the pronoun that refers to the antecedent "He," and they must agree in number and gender.Noun Modifiers:A noun modifier is an adjective or a phrase that describes or gives more information about a noun. In English, noun modifiers are positioned before the noun they modify. For example, "The big, red car." In this example, "big" and "red" are noun modifiers that describe the car. It is important to use noun modifiers correctly to provide clarity and specificity in written and spoken communication.Prepositions:Prepositions are words that show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. For example, "The book is on the table" and "She is going to the store." The correct use of prepositions is essential for conveying meaning and understanding relationships in a sentence. Incorrect use of prepositions can lead to confusion and miscommunication.Conjunctions:Conjunctions are words that connect words, phrases, or clauses. There are two main types of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions. Coordinating conjunctions, such as "and," "but," and "or" link words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance. Subordinating conjunctions, such as "because," "although," and "when,"introduce dependent clauses and show the relationship between the independent and dependent clauses. Using conjunctions correctly is important for creating clear and coherent sentences and paragraphs.Word Order:In English, word order plays a crucial role in sentence structure and meaning. The typical word order in English sentences is subject-verb-object (SVO), although variations are possible depending on the type of sentence or the emphasis of certain elements. It is important to use correct word order to convey meaning and avoid confusion.Tenses:Tense indicates the time of an action or state of being in a sentence. In English, there are several tenses, including present, past, and future, as well as perfect and progressive forms of these tenses. Using tenses correctly is essential for conveying the timing and duration of actions and events in written and spoken communication.Modal Verbs:Modal verbs, such as "can," "could," "may," "might," "must," "shall," "should," "will," and "would," are used to express ability, possibility, permission, obligation, or future intention. Modal verbs have specific meanings and uses, and it is important to use them correctly to convey the intended meaning.Passive Voice:The passive voice is a grammatical construction in which the subject of the sentence is not the doer of the action but the recipient of the action. For example, "The cake was baked by my sister." Using the passive voice can change the focus of a sentence and is useful in certain contexts, but it is important to use it judiciously and for specific rhetorical purposes.Articles:Articles are words that define a noun as specific or nonspecific. In English, there are two types of articles: definite (the) and indefinite (a, an). Using the correct article is essential for providing clarity and specificity in written and spoken communication.Relative Clauses:Relative clauses are clauses that provide additional information about a noun in a sentence. They are introduced by relative pronouns (who, which, that) or relative adverbs (where, when, why). For example, "The book that you lent me was fascinating." It is important to use relative clauses correctly to provide specificity and detail in written and spoken communication.It is important for TOEFL candidates to familiarize themselves with these grammar points and to practice using them in various contexts. Adhering to proper grammar rules will helptest-takers effectively express their ideas and demonstrate their proficiency in the English language.。