最新外文翻译模板
四级英汉互译作文模板
四级英汉互译作文模板英文回答：Instructions for Level 4 English-Chinese Mutual Translation Composition Template。
1. Word Count: The article should be at least 2000 words in length.2. Language Pairing: The article should be written in both English and Chinese.3. Formatting: The article should be formatted as follows:English Text: Written in English, with proper grammar and punctuation.Chinese Translation: Written in Chinese, with proper grammar and punctuation.4. Organization: The article should be divided into two main sections:Translation: The English text should be translated into Chinese.Reverse Translation: The Chinese text should be translated back into English.5. Assessment Criteria: The article will be assessed on the following criteria:Accuracy: The translations should be accurate and convey the meaning of the original text.Fluency: The translations should be fluent and natural sounding.Comprehensiveness: The translations should coverall of the content of the original text.Template:Translation。
毕业论文外文翻译格式【范本模板】
因为学校对毕业论文中的外文翻译并无规定，为统一起见,特做以下要求：1、每篇字数为1500字左右，共两篇；2、每篇由两部分组成:译文+原文.3 附件中是一篇范本，具体字号、字体已标注。
外文翻译（包含原文)(宋体四号加粗）外文翻译一（宋体四号加粗）作者：(宋体小四号加粗）Kim Mee Hyun Director, Policy Research & Development Team，Korean Film Council（小四号）出处：(宋体小四号加粗)Korean Cinema from Origins to Renaissance(P358～P340) 韩国电影的发展及前景（标题：宋体四号加粗）1996～现在数量上的增长(正文:宋体小四）在过去的十年间，韩国电影经历了难以置信的增长。
上个世纪60年代，韩国电影迅速崛起，然而很快便陷入停滞状态,直到90年代以后，韩国电影又重新进入繁盛时期。
在这个时期，韩国电影在数量上并没有大幅的增长，但多部电影的观影人数达到了上千万人次。
1996年，韩国本土电影的市场占有量只有23.1%。
但是到了1998年，市场占有量增长到35。
8%，到2001年更是达到了50%。
虽然从1996年开始，韩国电影一直处在不断上升的过程中，但是直到1999年姜帝圭导演的《生死谍变》的成功才诞生了韩国电影的又一个高峰。
虽然《生死谍变》创造了韩国电影史上的最高电影票房纪录，但是1999年以后最高票房纪录几乎每年都会被刷新。
当人们都在津津乐道所谓的“韩国大片”时，2000年朴赞郁导演的《共同警备区JSA》和2001年郭暻泽导演的《朋友》均成功刷新了韩国电影最高票房纪录.2003年康佑硕导演的《实尾岛》和2004年姜帝圭导演的又一部力作《太极旗飘扬》开创了观影人数上千万人次的时代。
姜帝圭和康佑硕导演在韩国电影票房史上扮演了十分重要的角色。
从1993年的《特警冤家》到2003年的《实尾岛》，康佑硕导演了多部成功的电影。
在线旅游外文文献翻译最新译文资料
在线旅游外文文献翻译最新译文资料The online travel industry。
which combines tourism and the。
has unique features that distinguish it from XXX industry。
and as society advances。
it has XXX commerce to create a new economic form - electronic commerce。
This has XXX accelerates。
online travel services and their business models have also XXX.2 The business model of online travelThe business model of online travel is based on the。
and merce。
It is a customer-centric model that provides users with a -shop for travel-related services。
including booking flights。
n。
and activities。
Online travel agencies (OTAs) have emerged askey players in this industry。
with their business models XXX pricingXXX.3 Business model XXXIn recent years。
online travel companies have been innovating their business models to stay ahead of the n。
One ofthe key XXX of social media into their platforms。
手机图形界面设计外文文献翻译最新译文
手机图形界面设计外文文献翻译最新译文XXX interface design for mobile phones。
With the increasing popularity of smartphones。
it has e essential to create XXX but also easy to use。
The article XXX that can be used to create effective mobile phone interfaces.nMobile phones have XXX part of our daily lives。
and their XXX-designed interface can make it easier for users to navigate through us features and ns。
XXX.Design PrinciplesOne of the key principles of mobile phone interface design is simplicity。
The interface should be easy to understand and use。
with clear and concise labels and XXX。
where the design elements should be consistent across different ns and screens.Design XXXXXX that can be used to create effective mobile phone XXX is the use of color。
where different colors can be used to distinguish een different XXX is the use of typography。
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外文翻译（译文字数不少于2000字）齿叶夜睡莲对曼扎拉湖(尼罗河三角洲)周边栽培的水稻的生长及产量的化感作用*学生：×××指导老师：×××摘要：（黑体，小四）在埃及曼扎拉湖周边新开垦的与外界阻隔的湖田中，莲属侵入稻田是导致农作物破坏和谷粒产量下降的一个主要原因。
本研究针对齿叶夜睡莲对水稻的化感作用提出了深刻的见解(Oryza sativa cavr. Giza-177)。
莲根状茎的提取液对水稻种子萌发和幼苗的生长具有抑制作用。
抑制的程度主要是受提取液的类型和浓度的影响。
其中乙醇提取液和水提取液的抑制作用要比氯仿提取液的抑制作用强。
乙醇提取液中的酚醛含量显示了它的最大的抑制作用。
在一个目标作物（水稻）和它的近邻（莲）的盆载实验中，大米的干重和相对生长率受种子年龄和莲根状茎密度的影响，生长率随着莲密度的增大而降低。
对一个生长了莲和未生长莲的稻田中的数据处理证明了生长莲的稻田中水稻的叶面积指数和产量均降低。
通过气相色谱法或质谱分析法识别潜在的化感化合物显示了莲根状茎中存在化感化合物酚醛。
（宋体，小四）关键词：（黑体，小四）莲提取液，酚醛，萌发，幼苗，生长，叶面积指数，谷粒产量，水稻，埃及（宋体，小四）引言(大标题，黑体，四号)在过去的几十年里，尼罗河上大规模面积的湿地都因为各种各样的发展目的而被开垦。
曼扎拉湖的大部分面积也被开垦，并且倾向于当作农田使用。
因为高水位和水稻土，水稻是新开垦区域种植的主要农作物。
很多农田中都有记录大米的产量严重降低。
但是明显的全年的栽培大米和苜蓿并相互更替并不是导致大米产量严重降低的主要原因，其中还包括很多其它因素，但是它们的重要性*原文：Ahmad K. Hegazy, W. M.Amer, A. A. Khedr. Allelopathic effect of Nymphaea lotus L. on growth and yield of cultivated rice around Lake Manzala (Nile Delta). Hydrobiologia, 2001,464: 133–142.还没有完全理解；比如，差的排水系统和部分稻子的不可收割。
外文翻译模板
半鞅最大不等式和强大数定律（4号黑体加粗.居中）(5号 空一行)Tasos C.Christofides （Times New Roman5号，居中）(5号 空一行)摘要：Newman 和Wright(Z.Wahrsch.V erw.Geb.59(1982)361-371)首次将Chow 最大不等式从（局部）鞅的情况推广到半（局部）鞅的情况。
这个结论可以作为证明其他不等式如Hajek-Renyi 不等式和Doob 最大不等式的“资源”的不等式，并且由此得出了强大数定律。
数学期望值为零的联合随机变量的部分和是半鞅。
因此，最大不等式和强大数定律在情况被运用联合随机变量中有特殊的运用。
关键词：半鞅;联合随机变量1.前言定义1.1 设1S ，2S ， 是1L 上的随机变量数列。
假设当1,2,j = 时，有11{()(,,)}0j j j E S S f S S +-≥ （1.1）对于所有并列方式且单调不减的函数f 它们的数学期望是可以定义的。
于是，称数列1{}j j S ≥为半鞅。
在此基础上，如果函数f 是非负的，那么数列1{}j j S ≥称为半局部鞅。
备注：如果函数f 不要求是单调不减的那么满足（1.1）的条件与是满足1{}j j S ≥是σ数域上的鞅的条件是等价的。
类似地，如果假定f 是非负的且不一定是单调不减的，那么满足（1.1）的条件与满足1{}j j S ≥是局部鞅的条件是等价的。
定义1.1应归功于Newman 和Wright(1982)。
在以前的备注中指出过半鞅和鞅之间的联系，该联系提出了这样的一个问题：某些结论尤其是最大不等式在鞅中是有效的，那么在半鞅中是否仍然有效。
Newman 和Wright （1982）已经推广了变量的结论，结论中包括将Doob 最大不等式和Doob 递增不等式推广到半鞅的情况。
与半鞅的概念相应的是绝对依赖的概念。
最后，我们得到下面的定义。
定义1.2 有限个随机变量是联合变量如果11{(,,),(,,)}0m m C ov f X X g X X ≥对于在m R 上任意两个并列方式且单调不减函数f ，g 而言，协方差被定义。
外文翻译模板(1)
湖北知行学院金融专业英语外文文献译文本2014届原文出处:____ Companies Law Commons, SecuritiesLaw Commons_____________________ 译文题目：______调和税法和证券监管____院（系）经济与管理学院专业名称金融专业学生姓名王倩学生学号1211340073任课教师张真RECONCILING TAX LAW AND SECURITIES REGULATIONOmri Marian*Issuers in registered securities offerings must disclose the expected tax consequencesto investors investing in the offered securities (“nonfinancial tax disclosure”). ThisArticle advances three arguments regarding nonfinancial tax disclosures. First,nonfinancial tax disclosure practice, as the Securities and Exchange Commission(the SEC) has sanctioned it, does not fulfill its intended regulatory purposes. Cur-rently, nonfinancial tax disclosures provide irrelevant information, sometimes failto provide material information, create unnecessary transaction costs, and divertvaluable administrative resources to the enforcement of largely-meaningless require-ments. Second, the practical reason for this failure is the SECand tax practitioners’unsuccessful attempt to address investors’heterogeneous tax preferences. Specifi-cally, nonfinancial tax disclosure practice assumes the existence of a “reasonableinvestor”who is also an “average taxpayer,”and tax disclosures are drafted for thebenefit of this average taxpayer. The concept of an “average taxpayer,”however, isnot defensible. Third, the theoretical reason for the regulatory regime’s dysfunction-ality is the misapplication of mandatory disclosure theory to nonfinancial taxdisclosure requirements. Mandatory disclosure theory, even if accepted at facevalue, does not support the current regulatory framework, due to the special natureof tax laws. To remedy this failure, this Article describes the types of tax-relateddisclosures that mandatory disclosure theory would support. Under the proposedregulatory reform, nonfinancial tax disclosures will only includeissuer-level taxitems (namely, tax items imposed on the issuing entity) that affect how “reasonableinvestors”calculate their own individual tax liabilities. Under such a regime, thereis no need to rely on the “average taxpayer”construct. INTRODUCTION: APPLE’S BOND OFFERING AS AN ALLEGORYOn May 1, 2013, Apple, Inc. (Apple) made financial history wi its $17 billion bond offering,1 the largest-ever debt issuance by* Assistant Professor of Law, University of Florida Levin College of Law. For helpguidance, comments and critique, I am grateful to Jennifer Bird-Pollan, Stu Cohen, DaGamage, Joan Heminway, Michael Knoll, Leandra Lederman, Tom Lin, Randle PollaDexter Samida, Doug Shackelford, Danny Sokol, Emily Satterthwaite, and participantsconferences and workshops at the Northwestern University School of Law, the UniversityTennessee College of Law, the 2013 SEALS Annual Conference,the 2013 Law and SocAnnual Meeting, and the 8th Annual Junior Tax Scholars Workshop. For invaluable reseaassistance, I am indebted to Gus Gari. Any errors or omissions are my own.1. See generally Apple, Inc., Prospectus Supplement (Form 424B2), at S-15 (May 1, 20[hereinafter Apple’s Prospectus], available at /secfiling.cfm?filid=1193125-13-184506&cik=320193.12 University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform [VOL. 48:1 non-financial institution at the time.2 On page S-15 of the offeringdocument is a section titled “Certain U.S. Federal Income Tax Con-siderations.”3 This section provides information concerning the “U.S. federal income tax considerations of the ownership and dis-position”of the bonds.4Issuers in registered securities offerings are required to disclose all information that a reasonable investor would deem materialwhen making an informed investment decision.5 Since investorscare about their after-tax returns on investments,6 informationabout the tax costs associated with an investment could be consid-ered material.7 Indeed, registrants are required to disclose toinvestors all material tax consequences and to qualify the tax disclo-sure with an opinion.8 The tax opinion must address each materialtax issue discussed in the disclosure, express a legal conclusion about how the tax law applies to the facts of the particular offeringand its effect on investors’tax consequences, and explain the basis2. John Balassi & Josie Cox, Apple Wows Market With Record $17 Billion Bond Deal,REUTERS (Apr. 30, 2013), /article/2013/04/30/us-apple-debt-idUS BRE93T10B20130430. In September of the same year, VerizonCommunications smashedthis record with a $49 billion bond offering. John Atkins, Verizon Smashes Record with $49B, 8-Part Bond Offering, (Sept. 11, 2013), /sites/spleverage/2013/09/11/verizon-smashes-records-with-49b-8-part-bond-offe ring/ (last visited Aug. 21,2014).3. Apple Prospectus, supra note 1, at S-15.4. Id.5. See Zohar Goshen & Gideon Parchomovsky, The Essential Role of Securities Regulation,55 DUKE L. J. 711, 741 (2006). The disclosure documents the SEC regulates “disclose infor-mation about the companies’financial condition and business practices to help investorsmake informed investment decisions.”SEC, The Investor’s Advocate: How the SEC Protects Inves-tors, Maintains Market Integrity, and Facilitates Capital Information, /about/whatwedo.shtml (last visited Aug. 1, 2014); see also Goshen & Gideon, supra, at 740 (providingSEC disclosure regulations allow for greater “public disclosure”and “leads to fewer instancesof asymmetric information between traders”and more informed traders).6. See MYRON S. SCHOLES ET AL., TAXES AND BUSINESS STRATEGY 2 (3d ed. 2004) (discuss-ing why taxes influence investment decisions).7. See, e.g., SEC Staff Legal Bulletin No. 19, 2011 WL 4957889 11–13 (Oct. 14, 2011),available at /interps/legal/cfslb19.htm (discussing when tax conse-quences are “material”to investors) [hereinafter SEC Legal Bulletin]; see also William B.Barker, SEC Registration of Public Offerings Under the Securities Act of 1933, 52 BUS. LAW. 65,105–06 (1996) (discussing the proper disclosure of federal income tax consequences in regis-tered offering as part of a general discussion on the system of mandatory disclosure, which isintended to deliver investors with “accurate and current information”to support “fair andhonest securities market”). At the time of publication, Barkerwas a Senior Counsel to theSEC’s Division of Corporate Finance. William B. Barker, SEC Registration of Public OfferingsUnder the Securities Act of 1933, 52 BUS. LAW 65, 65 (1996).8. SEC Regulation S-K, 17 C.F.R. §229.601(b)(8) (requiring issuers to disclose to inves-tors the “material”tax consequences associated with purchasing, holding and disposing ofthe offered securitieFALL 2014] Reconciling Tax Law and Securities Regulation 3for such a conclusion.9 Apple’s tax disclosure section responds tothis regulatory framework.This Article suggests, however, that Apple’s tax disclosure in theoffering document does not provide any information that a “rea-sonable investor”would deem material. In fact, the disclosure provides little information at all, notwithstanding that the disclo- sure comprises four densely written pages. Specifically, the third sentence in Apple’s tax disclosure makes it clear that any tax conse-quences discussed therein are only applicable to investors purchasing the bonds in the initial offering.10 Investors in the sec-ondary market received no guidance concerning the tax consequences of investing in the bonds.In addition, Apple’s tax disclosure explicitly excludes certain classes of investors, including—among others—dealers in securi-ties, financial institutions, insurance companies, and other types ofinstitutional investors.11 It is well documented, however, that securi-ties in initial offerings are mostly allocated to the classes of institutional investors excepted from Apple’s tax disclosure. 12The result is rather remarkable: Apple’s tax disclosure does not describe the tax consequences to the investors that—as a practicalmatter—are expected to purchase the bonds in the initial offering.The tax disclosure also does not describe the tax consequences toany investor that purchases the bonds in the secondary market. Thelogical inference is that Apple’s tax disclosure section describes taxconsequences that are applicable to no one (or at least to only veryfew). It is hard to imagine, therefore, that Apple’s tax disclosure responds meaningfully to the rationales underlying mandatory tax9. SEC Legal Bulletin, supra note 7, at 12.10. See Apple Prospectus, supra note 1, at S-15 (“Except where noted, this summary dealsonly with a note held as a capital asset by a beneficial owner who purchases the note onoriginal issuance at the first price . . . .”).11. Id. (“This summary does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxes anddoes not deal with all tax consequences that may be relevant to holders in light of theirpersonal circumstances or particular situations, such as . . . tax consequences to dealers insecurities or currencies, financial institutions, regulatedinvestment companies, real estateinvestment trusts, tax-exempt entities, insurance companies and traders in securities thatelect to use a mark-to-market method of tax accounting for their securities.”).12. See SEC, Initial Public Offerings: Why Individual Investors Have Difficulty Getting Shares?,/answers/ipodiff.htm (last visited Aug. 1, 2014). There is ample evidencethat institutional investors are allocated most of the shares in IPOs (specifically on so called“hot”IPOs). See, e.g., Jay R. Ritter & Ivo Welch, A Review of IPO Activity, Pricing, and Allocations,57 J. FIN. 1795, 1808–15 (2002); see also Reena Aggarwal, Nagpurnanand R. Prabhala &Manju Puri, Institutional Allocations in Initial Public Offerings: Empirical Evidence, 57 J. FIN. 1421,1422 (2002) (finding that “institutions dominate IPO allocations”); Leland E. Crabbe &Christopher M. Turner, Does Liquidity of a Debt Issue Increase With Its Size? Evidence from theCorporate Bond and Medium-Term Note Markets, 50 J. FIN.1719, 1722 (1995) (finding both cor-porate bonds and medium-term notes “sold primarily to institutional investors”).s, and to support such disclosure with a legal opinion).调和税法和证券监管欧米- 玛丽安*证券发行的发行人在登记时必须披露预期的税收后果，提供给投资者投资于证券（“非金融税披露”）。
服装设计褶皱外文文献翻译最新译文
服装设计褶皱外文文献翻译最新译文The objective of this study is to develop a quantitative method for evaluating the pleat effect on clothing。
as opposed to relying solely on subjective ns。
By analyzing image technology principles。
an image n system was designed to capture images of clothing。
These images were then processed using specialized are to analyze the drape of the clothing。
The study focused specifically on the pleats in the sleeve n of the garment。
analyzing the gray scale curve of the sleeve image and the corresponding nship een the gamma curve and the pleat。
The aim of this research is to provide a more objective n index for garment structural design and pleating effects.Clothing structure design involves a series of processes thatare used to render clothing through cutting。
fabric pleating。
and joining together。
The goal is to accurately capture the desired design effect by determining the structure's plane state through the use of design renderings。
外文翻译模板
西安欧亚学院本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译译文学生姓名：蔡阳分院（系）：信息工程学院专业班级：通信工程0701指导教师：赵雨完成日期：2011 年1 月5 日不能触碰这个—无线电力传输Can't Touch This—Wireless power transmission作者：Bill Weaver, Ph.D.起止页码：出版日期（期刊号）：2006年10月25日出版单位：（以上文字用小4号宋体，数字、字母用Times New Roman体）外文翻译译文：几年前，一个同事和我参加在校大学生团体的一个老式的实地考察，考察地位于新泽西州的爱迪生国家历史遗址的西橙。
我们随公众参观，并参观了设置于建筑物内的实验室，了解了白炽灯灯泡和电影技术的发展。
然而，令我最感动的是其中的两个复杂的附加功能。
首先，是配备了当时美国专利局的所有出版物的研究图书馆。
科学家和工程师的代表关注到适销对路的产品可能会在创造新技术中有所用途。
大学是随之而来的发现科学技术的伟大场所，但爱迪生的实验室却是作为一个企业而存在的。
在 19 世纪后期是没有互联网连接的，因此，图书馆便担任起了实验室的信息存储库。
就像今天，当研究人员所需要的信息是有关于化学反应、一个数学公式或他们最先进的工程解决方案而咨询目前的文献一样，只不过当时是通过纸张。
第二个令人印象深刻的事情是生产和加工设施的复杂性。
创建工具，使新的工具催化技术的发展，是爱迪生实验室的一个创新过程的早期代表性的例子。
通过快速采用标准，进一步简化此过程。
由于工具和设备大部分可以在本地发展，便可以在数英亩大小的校园中部署自己的标准并创造该设施。
这种标准之一是权力分配的方法。
最终已知的电网发展供电是著名的爱迪生灯泡，早期的爱迪生实验室使用的工具是由一个通用线路轴组成的机器。
组成一个类似于后轮驱动汽车传动轴的长旋转轴或像是一个海洋船只的螺旋桨轴，使整个工厂的旋转的势能形式分散了锅炉产生的机械能。
毕业论文外文翻译范例
外文原文(一)Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciple s*M. H. HoeflichFriedrich Carl von Savigny, nobleman, law reformer, champion of the revived German professoriate, and founder of the Historical School of jurisprudence, not only helped to revolutionize the study of law and legal institutions in Germany and in other civil law countries, but also exercised a profound influence on many of the most creative jurists and legal scholars in England and the United States. Nevertheless, tracing the influence of an individual is always a difficult task. It is especially difficult as regards Savigny and the approach to law and legal sources propounded by the Historical School. This difficulty arises, in part, because Savigny was not alone in adopting this approach. Hugo, for instance, espoused quite similar ideas in Germany; George Long echoed many of these concepts in England during the 1850s, and, of course, Sir Henry Sumner Maine also espoused many of these same concepts central to historical jurisprudence in England in the 1860s and 1870s. Thus, when one looks at the doctrinal writings of British and American jurists and legal scholars in the period before 1875, it is often impossible to say with any certainty that a particular idea which sounds very much the sort of thing that might, indeed, have been derived from Savigny's works, was, in fact, so derived. It is possible, nevertheless, to trace much of the influence of Savigny and his legal writings in the United States and in Great Britain during this period with some certainty because so great was his fame and so great was the respect accorded to his published work that explicit references to him and to his work abound in the doctrinal writing of this period, as well as in actual law cases in the courts. Thus, Max Gutzwiller, in his classic study Der einfluss Savignys auf die Entwicklung des International privatrechts, was able to show how Savigny's ideas on conflict of laws influenced such English and American scholars as Story, Phillimore, Burge, and Dicey. Similarly, Andreas Schwarz, in his "Einflusse Deutscher Zivilistik im Auslande," briefly sketched Savigny's influence upon John Austin, Frederick Pollock, and James Bryce. In this article I wish to examine Savigny's influence over a broader spectrum and to draw a picture of his general fame and reputation both in Britain and in the United States as the leading Romanist, legal historian, and German legal academic of his day. The picture of this Anglo-American respect accorded to Savigny and the historical school of jurisprudence which emerges from these sources is fascinating. It sheds light not only upon Savigny’s trans-channel, trans-Atlantic fame, but also upon the extraordinarily*M.H.Hoeflich, Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciples, American Journal of Comparative Law, vol.37, No.1, 1989.cosmopolitan outlook of many of the leading American and English jurists of the time. Of course, when one sets out to trace the influence of a particular individual and his work, it is necessary to demonstrate, if possible, precisely how knowledge of the man and his work was transmitted. In the case of Savigny and his work on Roman law and ideas of historical jurisprudence, there were three principal modes of transmission. First, there was the direct influence he exercised through his contacts with American lawyers and scholars. Second, there was the influence he exercised through his books. Third, there was the influence he exerted indirectly through intermediate scholars and their works. Let us examine each mode separately.I.INFLUENCE OF THE TRANSLATED WORKSWhile American and British interest in German legal scholarship was high in the antebellum period, the number of American and English jurists who could read German fluently was relatively low. Even those who borrowed from the Germans, for instance, Joseph Story, most often had to depend upon translations. It is thus quite important that Savigny’s works were amongst the most frequently translated into English, both in the United States and in Great Britain. His most influential early work, the Vom Beruf unserer Zeitfur Rechtsgeschichte und Gestzgebung, was translated into English by Abraham Hayward and published in London in 1831. Two years earlier the first volume of his History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages was translated by Cathcart and published in Edinburgh. In 1830, as well, a French translation was published at Paris. Sir Erskine Perry's translation of Savigny's Treatise on Possession was published in London in 1848. This was followed by Archibald Brown's epitome of the treatise on possession in 1872 and Rattigan's translation of the second volume of the System as Jural Relations or the Law of Persons in 1884. Guthrie published a translation of the seventh volume of the System as Private International Law at Edinburgh in 1869. Indeed, two English translations were even published in the far flung corners of the British Raj. A translation of the first volume of the System was published by William Holloway at Madras in 1867 and the volume on possession was translated by Kelleher and published at Calcutta in 1888. Thus, the determined English-speaking scholar had ample access to Savigny's works throughout the nineteenth century.Equally important for the dissemination of Savigny's ideas were those books and articles published in English that explained and analyzed his works. A number of these must have played an important role in this process. One of the earliest of these is John Reddie's Historical Notices of the Roman law and of the Progress of its Study in Germany, published at Edinburgh in 1826. Reddie was a noted Scots jurist and held the Gottingen J.U.D. The book, significantly, is dedicated to Gustav Hugo. It is of that genre known as an external history of Roman law-not so much a history of substantive Roman legal doctrine but rather a historyof Roman legal institutions and of the study of Roman law from antiquity through the nineteenth century. It is very much a polemic for the study of Roman law and for the Historical School. It imparts to the reader the excitement of Savigny and his followers about the study of law historically and it is clear that no reader of the work could possibly be left unmoved. It is, in short, the first work of public relations in English on behalf of Savigny and his ideas.Having mentioned Reddie's promotion of Savigny and the Historical School, it is important to understand the level of excitement with which things Roman and especially Roman law were greeted during this period. Many of the finest American jurists were attracted-to use Peter Stein's term-to Roman and Civil law, but attracted in a way that, at times, seems to have been more enthusiastic than intellectual. Similarly, Roman and Civil law excited much interest in Great Britain, as illustrated by the distinctly Roman influence to be found in the work of John Austin. The attraction of Roman and Civil law can be illustrated and best understood, perhaps, in the context of the publicity and excitement in the English-speaking world surrounding the discovery of the only complete manuscript of the classical Roman jurist Gaius' Institutes in Italy in 1816 by the ancient historian and German consul at Rome, B.G. Niebuhr. Niebuhr, the greatest ancient historian of his time, turned to Savigny for help with the Gaius manuscript (indeed, it was Savigny who recognized the manuscript for what it was) and, almost immediately, the books and journals-not just law journals by any means-were filled with accounts of the discovery, its importance to legal historical studies, and, of course, what it said. For instance, the second volume of the American Jurist contains a long article on the civil law by the scholarly Boston lawyer and classicist, John Pickering. The first quarter of the article is a gushing account of the discovery and first publication of the Gaius manuscript and a paean to Niebuhr and Savigny for their role in this. Similarly, in an article published in the London Law Magazine in 1829 on the civil law, the author contemptuously refers to a certain professor who continued to tell his students that the text of Gaius' Institutes was lost for all time. What could better show his ignorance of all things legal and literary than to be unaware of Niebuhr's great discovery?Another example of this reaction to the discovery of the Gaius palimpsest is to be found in David Irving's Introduction to the Study of the Civil Law. This volume is also more a history of Roman legal scholarship and sources than a study of substantive Roman law. Its pages are filled with references to Savigny's Geschichte and its approach clearly reflects the influence of the Historical School. Indeed, Irving speaks of Savigny's work as "one of the most remarkable productions of the age." He must have been truly impressed with German scholarship and must also have been able to convince the Faculty of Advocates, forwhom he was librarian, of the worth of German scholarship, for in 1820 the Faculty sent him to Gottingen so that he might study their law libraries. Irving devotes several pages of his elementary textbook on Roman law to the praise of the "remarkable" discovery of the Gaius palimpsest. He traces the discovery of the text by Niebuhr and Savigny in language that would have befitted an adventure tale. He elaborates on the various labors required to produce a new edition of the text and was particularly impressed by the use of a then new chemical process to make the under text of the palimpsest visible. He speaks of the reception of the new text as being greeted with "ardor and exultation" strong words for those who spend their lives amidst the "musty tomes" of the Roman law.This excitement over the Verona Gaius is really rather strange. Much of the substance of the Gaius text was already known to legal historians and civil lawyers from its incorporation into Justinian's Institutes and so, from a substantive legal perspective, the find was not crucial. The Gaius did provide new information on Roman procedural rules and it did also provide additional information for those scholars attempting to reconstruct pre-Justinianic Roman law. Nevertheless, these contributions alone seem hardly able to justify the excitement the discovery caused. Instead, I think that the Verona Gaius discovery simply hit a chord in the literary and legal community much the same as did the discovery of the Rosetta Stone or of Schliemann’s Troy. Here was a monument of a great civilization brought newly to light and able to be read for the first time in millenia. And just as the Rosetta Stone helped to establish the modern discipline of Egyptology and Schliemann's discoveries assured the development of classical archaeology as a modern academic discipline, the discovery of the Verona Gaius added to the attraction Roman law held for scholars and for lawyers, even amongst those who were not Romanists by profession. Ancillary to this, the discovery and publication of the Gaius manuscript also added to the fame of the two principals involved in the discovery, Niebuhr and Savigny. What this meant in the English-speaking world is that even those who could not or did not wish to read Savigny's technical works knew of him as one of the discoverers of the Gaius text. This fame itself may well have helped in spreading Savigny's legal and philosophical ideas, for, I would suggest, the Gaius "connection" may well have disposed people to read other of Savigny's writings, unconnected to the Gaius, because they were already familiar with his name.Another example of an English-speaking promoter of Savigny is Luther Stearns Cushing, a noted Boston lawyer who lectured on Roman law at the Harvard Law School in 1848-49 and again in 1851- 1852.Cushing published his lectures at Boston in 1854 under the title An Introduction to the Study of Roman Law. He devoted a full chapter to a description of the historical school and to the controversy betweenSavigny and Thibaut over codification. While Cushing attempted to portray fairly the arguments of both sides, he left no doubt as to his preference for Savigny's approach:The labors of the historical school have established an entirely new and distinct era in the study of the Roman jurisprudence; and though these writers cannot be said to have thrown their predecessors into the shade, it seems to be generally admitted, that almost every branch of the Roman law has received some important modification at their hands, and that a knowledge of their writings, to some extent, at least, is essentially necessary to its acquisition.译文(一)萨维尼和他的英美信徒们*M·H·豪弗里奇弗雷德里奇·卡尔·冯·萨维尼出身贵族，是一位出色的法律改革家，也是一位倡导重建德国教授协会的拥护者，还是历史法学派的创建人之一。
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本科生毕业论文(设计)外文参考文献译文本译文题目出处：作者单位作者姓名专业班级作者学号指导教师（职称）年月译文要求一、译文内容须与课题（或专业内容）联系，并需在封面注明详细出处。
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南京理工大学紫金学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系：计算机系专业：计算机科学与技术姓名：张蕾学号：070601310外文出处：Russ Basiura. Professional W eb(用外文写)Services [M]. Beijing:Tsinghua UniversityPress, 2002.附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 和SQL Server 2000是一个统一的Web开发模型，包括以尽可能少量的代码生成企业级Web应用程序所必需的服务。
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参考文献也要翻译成中文！An Energy-Efficient Cooperative Algorithm for Data Estimation inWireless Sensor NetworksAbstract – In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), nodes operate on batteries and network’s lifetime depends on energy consumption of the nodes. Consider the class of sensor networks where all nodes sense a single phenomenon at different locations and send messages to a Fusion Center (FC) in order to estimate the actual information. In classical systems all data processing tasks are done in the FC and there is no processing or compression before transmission. In the proposed algorithm, network is divided into clusters and data processing is done in two parts. The first part is performed in each cluster at the sensor nodes after local data sharing and the second part will be done at the Fusion Center after receiving all messages from clusters. Local data sharing results in more efficient data transmission in terms of number of bits. We also take advantage of having the same copy of data at all nodes of each cluster and suggest a virtual Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (V-MIMO) architecture for data transmission from clusters to the FC. A Virtual-MIMO network is a set of distributed nodes each having one antenna. By sharing their data among themselves, these nodes turn into a classical MIMO system. In the previously proposed cooperative/virtual MIMO architectures there has not been any data processing or compression in the conference phase. We modify the existing VMIMO algorithms to suit the specific class of sensor networks that is of our concern. We use orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes (STBC) for MIMO part and by simulation show that this algorithm saves considerable energy compared to classical systems.I. INTRODUCTIONA typical Wireless Sensor Network consists of a set of small, low-cost and energy-limited sensor nodes which are deployed in a field in order to observe a phenomenon and transmit it to a Fusion Center (FC). These sensors are deployed close to one another and their readings of the environment are highly correlated. Their objective is to report a descriptive behavior of the environment based on all measurements to the Fusion Center. This diversity in measurement lets the system become more reliable and robust against failure. In general, each node is equipped with a sensing device, a processor and a communication module (which can be either a transmitter or transmitter/receiver).Sensor nodes are equipped with batteries and are supposed to work for a long period of time without battery replacement. Thus, they are limited in energy and one of the most important issues in designing sensor networks will be the energy consumption of the sensor nodes. To deal with this problem, we might either reduce the number of bits to be transmitted by source compression or reduce the required power for transmission by applying advanced transmission techniques while satisfying certain performance requirement.A lot of research has been done in order to take advantage of the correlation among sensors’ data for reducing the number of bits to be transmitted. Some are based on distributed source coding[1]while others use decentralized estimation[2-5]. In [1], authors present an efficient algorithm that applies distributed compression based on Slepian – Wolf[14] encoding technique and use an adaptive signal processing algorithm to track correlation among sensors data. In [2-5] the problem of decentralized estimation in sensor networks has been studied under different constraints. In these algorithms, sensors perform a local quantization on their data considering that their observations are correlated with that of other sensors. They produce a binary message and send it to the FC. FC combines these messages based on the quantization rules used at the sensor nodes and estimates the unknown parameter. Optimal local quantization and final fusion rules are investigated in these works. The distribution of data assumed for sensor observation in these papers has Uniform probability distribution function. In our model we consider Gaussian distribution introduced in [17] for sensor measurements which ismore likely to reality.As an alternative approach, some works have been done using energy-efficient communication techniques such as cooperative/virtual Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) transmission in sensor networks [6-11]. In these works, as each sensor is equipped with one antenna, nodes are able to form a virtual MIMO system by performing cooperation with others. In [6] the application of MIMO techniques in sensor networks based on Alamouti[15] space-time block codes was introduced. In [8,9] energy-efficiency of MIMO techniques has been explored analytically and in [7] a combination of distributed signal processing algorithm presented and in [1] cooperative MIMO was studied.In this paper, we consider both techniques of compression and cooperative transmission at the same time. We reduce energy consumption in two ways; 1) processing data in part at the transmitting side, which results in removing redundant information thus having fewer bits to be transmitted and 2) reducing required transmission energy by applying diversity and Space-Time coding. Both of these goals will be achieved by our proposed two-phase algorithm. In our model, the objective is to estimate the unknown parameter which is basically the average of all nodes’ measurements. That is, exact measurements of individual nodes are not important and it is not necessary to spend a lot of energy and bandwidth to transmit all measured data with high precision to the FC. We can move some part of data processing to the sensors side. This can be done by local data sharing among sensors. We divide the network into clusters of ‘m’ members. The number of members in the cluster (m) is both the compression factor in data processing and also the diversity order in virtual-MIMO architecture. The remaining of this paper is organized as following: in section II we introduce our system model and basic assumptions. In section III we propose our collaborative algorithm. In section IV we present the mathematical analysis of the proposed algorithm and in section V we give some numerical simulations. Finally section VI concludes the paper.II. SYSTEM MODELA. Network ModelThe network model that we use is similar to the one presented in [2-5].Our network consists of N distributed Sensor Nodes (SN) and a Fusion Center (FC). Sensors are deployed uniformly in the field, close to one another and each taking observations on an unknown parameter (θ). Fusion Center is located far from the nodes. All nodes observe same phenomenon but with different measurements. These nodes together with the Fusion Center are supposed to find the value of the unknown parameter. Nodes send binary messages to Fusion Center. FC will process the received messages and estimate the unknown value.B. Data ModelIn our formulation we use the data model introduced in[17]. We assume that all sensors observe the same phenomenon (θ) which has Gaussian distribution with variance σx 2. They observe different versions of θ and we model this difference as an additive zero mean Gaussian noisewith variance σn 2. Therefore, sensor observations will be described byn i i θx += （1） Where θ ~ N (0, σx 2) and n i ~ N (0, σn 2) for i = 1, 2, … , N .Based on thisassumption the value of θ can be estimated by taking the numerical average of the nodes observations, i.e.∑==N i i x N 11θ（2）C. Reference System ModelOur reference system consists of N conventional Single Input Single Output (SISO) wireless links, each connecting one of the sensor nodes to the FC. For the reference system we do not consider any communication or cooperation among the sensors. Therefore each sensor quantizes its observation by an L-bit scalar quantizer designed for distribution of θ, generates a message of length L and transmits it directly to the FC. Fusion Center receives all messages and performs the processing, which is calculation of the numerical average of these messages.III. COOPERATIVE DATA PROCESSING ALGORITHMSensor readings are analog quantities. Therefore, each sensor has to compress its data into several bits. For data compression we use L -bit scalar quantizer [12,13].In our algorithm, network is divided into clusters, each cluster having a fixed and pre-defined number of members (m). Members of each cluster are supposed to cooperate with one another in two ways:1. Share, Process and Compress their data2. Cooperatively transmit their processed data using virtual MIMO.IV. ANALYSISThe performance metric considered in our analysis is the total distortion due to compression and errors occurred during transmission. The first distortion is due to finite length quantizer, used in each sensor to represent the analog number by L bits. This distortion depends on the design of quantizer.We consider a Gaussian scalar quantizer which is designed over 105 randomly generated samples. The second distortion is due to errors occurred during transmission through the channel. In our system, this distortion is proportional to the probability of bit error. Since the probability of bit error (Pe) is a function of transmission energy per bit (Eb), total distortion will be a function of Eb. In this section we characterize the transmission and total consumed energy of sensors and find the relationship between distortion and probability of bit error.V. SIMULATION AND NUMERICAL RESULTS To give a numerical example, we assume m = 4 members in each cluster. Therefore our Virtual-MIMO scheme will consist of 4 transmit antennas. We assume that network has N = 32 sensors. Sensor observations are Gaussian with σx2= 1 and are added to a Gaussian noise of σn2= 0.1 .Nodes are deployed uniformly in the field and are 2 meters apart from each other and the Fusion Center is located 100 meters away from the center of the field. The values for circuit parameters are quoted from [6] and are listed in Table I. These parameters depend on the hardware design and technological advances. Fig. 1 illustrates the performance (Distortion) of reference system and proposed two-phase V-MIMO scheme versus transmission energy consumption in logarithmic scale. As shown in the figures, depending on how much precision is needed in the system, we can save energy by applying the proposed algorithm.TABLE IFig. 2 illustrates the Distortion versus total energy consumption of sensor nodes. That is, in this figure we consider both the transmission and circuit energy consumption. The parameters that lead us to these results may be designed to give better performance than presented here. However, from these figures we can conclude that the proposed algorithm outperforms the reference system when we want to have distortion less than 10−3 and it can save energy as high as 10 dB.VI. CONCLUSIONIn this paper we proposed a novel algorithm which takes advantage of cooperation among sensor nodes in two ways: it not only compresses the set of sensor messages at the sensor nodes into one message, appropriate for final estimation but also encodes them into orthogonal space-time symbols which are easy to decode and energy-efficient. This algorithm is able to save energy as high as 10 dB.REFERENCES[1] J.Chou,D.Petrovic and K.Ramchandran “A distributed and adaptive signalprocessing approach to reducing energy consumption in sensornetworks,”Proc. IEEE INFOCOM,March 2003.[2] Z.Q.Luo, “Universal decentralized estimation in a bandwidth constrainedsensor network,” IEEE rmation The ory, vol.51,no.6,June 2005.[3] Z.Q.Luo,“An Isotropic Universal decentralized estimation scheme for abandwidth constrained Ad Hoc sensor network,”IEEEm. vol.23,no. 4,April 2005.[4] Z.Q.Luo and J.-J. Xiao, “Decentralized estimation i n an inhomogeneoussensing environment,” IEEE Trans. Information Theory, vol.51, no.10,October 2005.[5] J.J.Xiao,S.Cui,Z.-Q.Luo and A.J.Goldsmith, “Joint estimation in sensornetworks under energy constraints,” Proc.IEEE First conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, (SECON 04),October 2004.[6] S.Cui, A.J.Goldsmith, and A.Bahai,“Energy-efficiency of MIMO andcooperative MIMO techniques in sensor networks,”IEEEm,vol.22, no.6pp.1089–1098,August 2004.[7] S.K.Jayawe era and M.L.Chebolu, “Virtual MIMO and distributed signalprocessing for sensor networks-An integrated approach”,Proc.IEEEInternational Conf. Comm.(ICC 05)May 2005.[8] S.K.Jayaweera,"Energy efficient virtual MIMO-based CooperativeCommunications for Wireless Sensor Networks",2nd International Conf. on Intelligent Sensing and Information Processing (ICISIP 05),January 2005.[9] S.K.Jayaweera,“Energy Analysis of MIMO Techniques in Wireless SensorNetworks”, 38th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS 04),March 2004.[10] S.K.Jayaweera and M.L.Chebolu,“Virtual MIMO and Distributed SignalProcessing for Sensor Networks - An Integrated Approach”,IEEEInternational Conf.on Communications (ICC 05),May 2005.[11] S.K.Jayaweera,“An Energy-efficient Virtual MIMO CommunicationsArchitecture Based on V-BLAST Processing for Distributed WirelessSensor Networks”,1st IEEE International Conf.on Sensor and Ad-hocCommunications and Networks (SECON 2004), October 2004.[12] J.Max,“Quantizing for minimum distortion,” IRE rmationTheory,vol.IT-6, pp.7 – 12,March 1960.[13] S.P.Lloyd,“Least squares quantization in PCM ,”IEEE rmationTheory,vol.IT-28, pp.129-137,March 1982.[14] D.Slepian and J.K.Wolf “Noiseless encoding of correlated inf ormationsources,” IEEE Trans. on Information Theory,vol.19, pp.471-480,July1973.[15] S.M.Alamouti,“A simple transmit diversity technique for wirelesscommunications,” IEEE m., vol.16,no.8,pp.1451–1458,October 1998.[16] V.Tarokh,H.Jafarkhani,and A.R.Calderbank. “Space-time block codesfrom orthogonal designs,’’IEEE rmationTheory,vol.45,no.5,pp.1456 -1467,July 1999.[17] Y.Oohama,“The Rate-Distortion Function for the Quadratic GaussianCEO Problem,” IEEE Trans. Informatio nTheory,vol.44,pp.1057–1070,May 1998.。
农村电子商务外文文献翻译最新译文
农村电子商务外文文献翻译最新译文This article by Maribel P discusses the patterns of rural merce。
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The author explains the meaning of each model and their basic methods。
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新零售模式外文文献翻译最新译文
外文文献翻译原文及译文标题：The Research of the Growth of New Retail Formats 作者：Piyush Kumar Sinha, Sanjay Kumar Ka期刊：Research and Publications年份：2017原文The Research of the Growth of New Retail FormatsPiyush Kumar Sinha, Sanjay Kumar KarAbstractThe Indian retail sector is going through a transformation and this emerging market is witnessing a significant change in its growth and investment pattern. Both existing and new players are experimenting with new retail formats. Currently two popular formats -hypermarkets and supermarkets are growing very fast. Apart from the brick -mortar formats, brick -click and click-click formats are also increasingly visible on the Indian retail landscape. Consumer dynamics in India is changing and the retailers need to take note of this and formulate their strategies and tactics to deliver value to the consumer. This paper investigates modern retail developments and growth of modern formats in this country. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities available to the retailers to succeed in this country.Keywords: New Retail, Formats, Development Strategy IntroductionRetailing in India is receiving global recognition and attention and this emerging market is witnessing a significant change in its growth and investment pattern. It is not just the global players likeWal-Mart, Tesco and Metro group are eying to capture a pie of this market but also the domestic corporate behemoths like Reliance, KK Modi , Aditya Birla group, and Bharti group too are at some stage of retail development. Reliance, announced that it will invest $3.4 billion to become the country's largest modern retailer by establishing a chain of 1,575 stores by March 2007. The last couple of years have been rosy for real estate developers and the retailers are finding suitable retail space in prominent locations. The industry is buoyant about growth and the early starters are in expansion mood. There is increased sophistication in the shopping pattern of consumers, which has resulted in big retail chains coming up in most metros; mini metros and towns being the next target. Consumer taste and preferences are changing leading to radical alteration in lifesty les and spending patterns which in turn is giving rise to new business opportunities. Companies need to be dynamic and proactive while responding to the ever- changing trends in consumer lifesty le and behavior.Retailing in India is currently estimated to be a USD 200 billion industry, of which organised retailing makes up 3 percent or USD 6.4 billion. By 2010, organised retail is projected to reach USD 23 billion1 and in terms of market share it is expected to rise by 20 to 25 per cent2. The report also predicts a stronger retailer growth thanthat of GDP in the coming five years.The generic growth is likely to be driven by changing lifestyles and by strong surge in income, which in turn will be supported by favorable demographic patterns. Rapid growth in international quality retail space brings joy to shoppers and shopping malls are becoming increasingly common in large cities, and announced development plans project at least 150 new shopping malls by 2008. The number of department stores is growing at a much faster pace than overall retail, at 24 per cent annually. Supermarkets have been taking an increasing share of general food and grocery trade over the last two decades.Development of mega malls in India is adding new dimensions to the booming retail sector. Shopping experience in the nation of shopkeepers is changing and changing very fast. There is significant development in retail landscape not only in the metros but also in the smaller cities. Even ITC went one step ahead to revolutionize rural retail by developing ‘Choupal Sagar’a rural mall. On one hand there are groups of visionary corporate working constantly to improve upon urban shopping experience and on the other hand some companies are try ing to infuse innovative retail experience into the rural set up.The Larger PictureIndian economy has shown an impressive growth of over 6 per cent for last five years and continues to surge ahead. GDP growth rate in 2003-04 recorded a fifteen year high of 8.5% and subsequently maintained a steady growth for the next two years. Real GDP growth accelerated from 7.5 per cent during 2004-05 to 8.4per cent during 2005-06 on the back of buoyant manufacturing and services activity supported by a recovery in the agricultural sector.3 The central bank forecasts similar growth of 7.5-8 percent during 2006-07. With strong economic growth consumerism is increasing in the country and India is the fourth largest economy as far as purchasing power parity is concerned, just behind USA, Japan and China.Consumer TrendIndia is currently having the largest young population in the world and 54 per cent of India’s population is below 25 years of age and 80 per cent are below 45 years. As per India’s Marketing Whitebook (2006) by Businessworld, India has around 192 million households. Of these only a little over six million are ‘affluent’–that is, with household income in excess of INR215, 000. Another 75 million households are in the category of ‘w ell off’immediately below the affluent, earning between INR45,000 and INR215,000.This is a sizable proportion which offers excellent opportunity for organized retailers to serve.AC Nielsen’s Retail and Shopper Trends 2004 Report made the following observations on shopper’s behaviour in India:(1)Indian shoppers spend an average of INR2500 on food, groceries and personal care items every month and (2) convenience stores are booming in most markets, as the number of such stores exceeds 80,000.According to the report, 48 per cent of shoppers in India admit that they ‘love to try new things’,making them the most novelty seeking shoppers around the region and total average monthly expenditure is only $50, of this, $21 is spent on fresh food, comprising 42 per cent of the entire monthly spend. Indians also appear to spend more on groceries and personal care items.Business communities believe that sizable disposable income in India is concentrated in the urban areas and well off and affluent classes; income distribution is unequal compared to other Asian economies. In fact, the 20 million middle class home in rural India equal the number in urban India4 and thus have the same purchasing power. Therefore, there is significant and considerable opportunity for organized retailers in the rural areas. There is no denying that the rural market holds immense promise for the organized retail butcompanies ponder over how to serve that market profitably.Unlike the urban market, it is less developed in terms of infrastructure and facilities. More than any thing else, the larger issue is to find out a suitable business model and retail format to fit local taste and preference. Of course cost of doing business in rural market would be lesser compared to urban market but reaching out to the mass is a concern. It is not impossible but a bit more difficult. For example the most successful and the largest incorporation Wal-Mart started in the rural market where as competition started in the urban market. This retailer has proved that it is important to understand how do you operate your business model rather than where you do it.Given the increasing urban exposure of rural India, the urban and the rural upper-income groups can form an interesting continuum market, giving it a scale of 23 million households, or 115 million consumers. In 2006-07, the consuming class would be about 60 million households, or 300 million consumers.NCAER data shows that for 1998-99, for a basket of 22 FMCG products it tracks, a total of over Rs 91,500 crore was spent. Of this, 37% was spent by the two lowest-income groups in rural India, and only about 20% by the top two income groups in urban areas. This is, perhaps, the best and only statement of the structure and potential ofthe Indian market. Hence, marketers have to worry about purchasing power of consumer not where he is living. For example there are nearly 42,000 rural haats, average number of sales outlets per haat is 300 and average sales per outlet is INR 900 and average foot fall in a haat is about 4,500. In rural India there are 50 million Kisan Credit Card (KCC) holders and in 2002-03, LIC sold 50 percent of its policies in rural India.6 These are some of the indicators how rural India is performing.Drivers of RetailOn one hand favorable demographic and psychographic changes in the Indian consumer class, rising income, international exposure, availability of quality retail space, wider brand choice and better marketing communication are some of the factors driving Indian retail. On the other side a lot depends on the preparedness of Indian retailers in terms of having suitable formats, scalable business model, appropriate technology and relevant organization capability for the success.Currently the country has a population of over one billion, 60% of which is under 30 years of age. This means majority of the population is young and working class with higher purchasing power. The low median age of population means a higher current consumption rate which augurs well for the retail sector. Consumerspending in India has grown at over 12 percent since mid-1990s and 64 per cent of Indian GDP is accounted for by private consumption.7 Over the last decade, the average Indian spending has gone up from INR 5,745 in 1992-93 to INR 16,457 in 2003-04 and is expected to grow around its trend rate of 12 per centDrivers of RetailOn one hand favorable demographic and psychographic changes in the Indian consumer class, rising income, international exposure, availability of quality retail space, wider brand choice and better marketing communication are some of the factors driving Indian retail. On the other side a lot depends on the preparedness of Indian retailers in terms of having suitable formats, scalable business model, appropriate technology and relevant organization capability for the success.Development of Retail FormatsIt is difficult to fit a successful international format directly and expect a similar performance in India. The lessons from multinationals expanding to new geographies too point to this. For example, Wal-Mart is highly successful in USA but the story is different in Asian countries like China. Therefore, it is important for retailer to look at local conditions and insights into the local buying behaviour before shaping the format choice. Considering thediversity in terms of taste and preferences existing in India the retailers may go for experimentation to identify the winning format suited to different geographies and segments. For example, the taste in south is different from that in north and this brings challenges to the retailers. Therefore, most of grocery retailers are region- centric at this point in time. Now a number of retailers are in a mode of experimentation and try ing several formats which are essentially representation of retailing concepts to fit into the consumer mind space. Apart from geography even rural and urban divide poses different kind of challenge to the retailer. Pantaloon Retail India is experimenting with several retail formats to cater to a wide segment of consumers in the market. Some of the new formats are Fashion Station (popular fashion), Blue Sky (fashion accessories), aLL (fashion apparel for plus-size individuals), Collection i (home furnishings), Depot (books & music) and E-Zone (Consumer electronics). The retailer is try ing to segment the market with the help of format. The retailer developed another new format in the form of Wholesale Club to sell a segment of consumer who purchase on bulk and look out for discounts and offers. The new format is going to be kind of wholesale club which is likely to be located close to Food Bazaar. Consumers who are interested to purchase on bulk can take benefit from this format. Similarly the Land mark groupalso operates multiple formats such as hypermarket (Max), departmental store (Lifestyle), Shoemart and Funcity 12 etc.. Such experimentation and identification of an appropriate format for the local conditions would separate winners from losers in India, possibly implying multiple formats could be the reality in the long run.译文新零售模式发展研究Piy ush K um a r S inha ， S a nja y K um a r K a r摘要印度零售业正在经历转型，可以看到这个新兴市场的增长和投资格局的重大变化。
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4级英语翻译作文模板4-Level English Translation Template: A Comprehensive Guide to Master Translation。
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毕业论文翻译稿件【范本模板】
本科毕业论文外文翻译外文译文题目：对于E类型的简单生产线平衡问题的解决过程学院: 机械自动化专业: 工业工程学号: 201003166078学生姓名：谭柱森指导教师: 李颖日期: 二○一四年五月A solution procedure for type E simple assembly linebalancing problemNai—Chieh Wei , I-Ming ChaoIndustrial Engineering and Management，I—Shou University，No. 1，Section 1, Syuecheng Rd. Dashu District, KaohsiungCity 84001，Taiwan, ROC.对于E类型的简单生产线平衡问题的解决过程Nai-Chieh Wei , I-Ming Chao工业工程与管理，中华人民共和国，台湾省，高雄市，Syuecheng Rd。
Dashu街一号，义守大学，第一章第一节摘要本文提出了结合SALBP—1和SALBP-2的E型简单装配线平衡问题（SALBP—E），更多的,本研究为提出的模型提供了解决方法。
提出的模型在最小化空闲时间的同时优化装配线平衡率，为管理实践提供了更好的理解,计算结果表明：给出周期的上限ct以后,提出的模型可以最优的解决问题，因为它含有最少的变量,约max束和计算时间。
1前言从研究者第一次讨论装配线平衡问题以来，大约有50年了，在众多有关生产线平衡问题中,最基本的是简单装配线平衡问题，早在1954年，Bryton就定义并且研究了生产线平衡问题。
后一年，Salverson建立了第一个生产线平衡的数学模型并提出了定性的解决步骤,这引来了很大的兴趣，在Gutjahr 和Nemhauser说明生产线平衡是一种NP组合优化难题，大多数研究者希望开发一种能高效解决多种装配线问题的方法。
在随后的几年,生产线平衡成为了一个流行的主题，Kim，Kim，and Kim （1996）把生产线平衡分为五类问题，其中的问题1（SALBP —1）和问题Ⅱ（SALBP—Ⅱ)是两种基本的优化问题。
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外文翻译模板精品好文档，推荐学习交流华北电力大学毕业设计（论文）附件外文文献翻译学号：201001000826姓名：郑蓓所在院系：电力工程系专业班级：电力1002指导教师：刘英培原文标题：Simulation of PMSM Vector Control System based on Non-linear PID and Its Easy DSP Realization2014年4月10日基于非线性PID永磁同步电机矢量控制系统仿真及其DSP实现摘要本文给出空间矢量脉宽调制（SVPWM）的基本原理，以及构建两条闭合回路矢量控制永磁同步电机（PMSM）的仿真模型方法。
同时，在速度闭环对于新型非线性PID控制器进行了研究。
仿真结果表明它具有无超调和小速度脉动良好的动态和静态性能。
此外，利用在MATLAB中嵌入式目标为TI C2000（C2000 ETTI）的工具，我们将SVPWM仿真模型转换成可执行代码，并下载到TMS320F2812，实现基于DSP永磁同步电机的开环控制。
这种方法避免了繁琐的编程工作，缩短了系统开发周期，实现了同步模拟和DSP实现永磁同步电机矢量控制系统的目标。
1 引言永磁同步电机被广泛使用在交流伺服系统，因为它有如快速响应，出色的操控性能，尺寸小和重量轻等优点。
最近，SVPWM技术逐渐取代了传统的SPWM。
SVPWM的目的是产生磁通矢量来接近交流电机实际气隙磁通圆，通过在逆变器装置调整切换时间和控制电功率的通断模式。
相较于SPWM，SVPWM 技术降低了谐波含量和开关损耗，其直流电压利用率也提高了很多。
此外，它很容易被数字化。
因此，我们在本文应用SVPWM技术。
原文出处及作者：Wang Song; Shi Shuang-shuang; Chen Chao, "Simulation of PMSM vector control system based on non-linear PID and its easy DSP realization," Control and Decision Conference, 2009.CCDC '09. Chinese , vol., no., pp.949,953, 17-19 June 2009ETTI C2000提供结合Simulink和TI DSP一起进行系统开发的方法。
首先，把所支持的Simulink模块 TMS320F2812组成一个模型文件。
然后，修改实时车间，以便配置参数自动转换成模型文件到C代码。
实时车间的用法是可以在CCS创建项目，编译，链接和将可执行文件下载到目标系统F2812。
本文实现了在实验板F2812进行实时测试。
结果表明，这个新颖而简便的方法，可以实现在相同的Simulink环境里在线仿真硬件和软件。
2 SVPWM的原理定子磁通空间矢量以一个恒定的速度以及不变的幅度旋转，当它是由3相正弦电压供给时。
同时，移动磁通矢量形成了一个圆形的空间旋转磁场。
同样是真正的电压矢量。
当磁通矢量在空间中旋转一个时期，电压矢量也旋转经过一定时间的切线的磁链圆。
因此，它的轨迹与磁链圆重合。
SVPWM的是一种使用8空间电压矢量生成磁链圆接近定子磁链圆电机的技术。
图1显示了一个典型的3相电压型逆变器电路。
如果我们定义在上桥臂晶体管的状态上和下是关闭为1，否则为0，则在逆变器中有八个通断模式。
变频器的八个输出电压如图2所示。
开关模式（000）和（111）分别是零电压向量«Skip Record If...»（000）、«Skip Record If...»（111），而另一些是所谓有效的非零电压矢量，其振幅是1.5V dc。
给定一个任意的输出电压矢量，我们可以通过与其相邻的有效电压向量合成它。
例如，区间1的一个输出电压矢量可表示如下：«Skip Record If...»(2) 其中T s、T4、T6分别是«Skip Record If...»、«Skip Record If...»、«Skip Record If...»的运行时间。
图1 三相电压型逆变器图2 电压空间矢量3 系统模型3.1 永磁同步电机数学模型[1]我们使用d-q旋转坐标系，将其固定在转子轴分析永磁同步电机的稳态和动态性能，研究表明它比其他坐标更加方便。
在d-q旋转坐标，电压方程为表示如下：«Skip Record If...»(3)磁通的方程可描述为：«Skip Record If...»(4) 转矩方程为：«Skip Record If...»(5) 用（3）中«Skip Record If...»和«Skip Record If...»替换（4）中的，特此，我们得到（5）如下：«Skip Record If...»(6) 永磁同步电机具有运动方程：«Skip Record If...»(7) 下表1中列出了上述方程中涉及参数。
表1 方程中的参数3.2 SVPWM仿真模型[4]在论文[4]中，构建SVPWM模型的方法是成熟的。
在此基础上，我们做一个更可行的模型在加入死区时间后。
图3示出的SVPWM仿真模型有五个模块：扇区判断，XYZ计算，有效向量的运行时间，晶体管的运行时间以及SVPWM脉冲的产生。
图3 SVPWM模型3.3 非线性PID控制器的结构PID控制器已在电气传动，伺服控制，化学工程与其他领域获得广泛应用因为其简单的控制原理以及很强的适应性。
在PID控制器中，积分效应还可以降低系统的稳态误差，提高其稳定性能。
但是，如果过大，就会导致积分饱和以及较大超调。
至于微分效应，它能捕捉敏感信号误差的趋势，这意味着微分具有一定程度的可预测性。
然而，微分只能作用于动态的过程，因为它可以表示为误差的增量，以时间增量的比值。
此外，它对噪声非常敏感，这很容易导致系统不稳定。
随着被控对象的变化和更高的控制精度的需求，常规PID控制算法很难获得良好的控制效果。
永磁同步电机，作为我们的研究对象，是具有高非线性，强耦合，时变特点的系统。
因此，选择一个复合控制策略是必要的。
如非线性PID，模糊PID 和微分先行PID。
在本文中，我们选择在速度环的非线性PID。
非线性PID模型如图4所示，它由一个PID控制器，一个PI控制器和开关装置构成。
取速度误差作为切换条件。
当它小于在一定值时，选择PI控制器工作，否则，选择PID控制器。
这种方法不仅可以降低脉动速度和超调，同时也显著加快了仿真速度。
非线性PID控制器的参数列于表2。
图4 非线性PID控制器表2 非线性PID控制器的参数3.4 整个系统的仿真模型结合上述的块，完成两个闭环矢量控制仿真模型的永磁同步电机，如图5所示。
PI控制器在电流回路中的参数是为KP=8和KI=3，死区时间是2 s。
图5 双环矢量控制仿真模型4 仿真与实验结果在模型中使用永磁同步电机参数列于表3。
表3 永磁同步电机参数设置400rad/ s作为参考速度以及无负荷起动电机，则在0.02秒添加7N.m 负载转矩。
该模拟时间为0.08s和SVPWM载波周期是0.0001s。
图6和图7分别显示了在PI控制策略和非线性PID控制下速度和转矩的波形。
图7告诉我们，在施加非线性的PID后几乎没有任何超调，以及实际转速跟踪参考速度快且准确。
此外，该速度脉冲在增加负载转矩后非常小。
图8表示三相电流的波形。
图6 PI控制下速度和转矩波形图7 非线性PID控制下速度和转矩波形图8 三相电流5易于实现DSP的开环系统本实验采用CCS3.1软件和MATLAB R2007a，硬件是大盛实验箱和IPM-PS21267。
通过ETTI C2000建立在MATLAB/ Simulink的模型，在那之后，我们需要手工配置一些模拟/配置参数。
在求解器选项中，选择固定步长和离散式。
在实时车间，选择目标文件作为CCSlink_ert.tlc并且在实时车间/链接为CCS改变项目选项来调试。
然后，连接JTAG仿真和PC实验箱。
最后，单击工具/实时车间/构建模型，它可以生成可执行代码并自动下载到目标F2812。
本文说明了通过在SIMULINK中建立一个模型，它可以产生F2812 SVPWM脉冲的简单方便方法。
死区时间为2 s的仿真模型显示在图9中。
在图9中，不同的V d，V q产生的SVPWM脉冲占空比不同。
该SVPWM脉冲，通过扩展接口J77在大盛实验箱中产生，我们可以通过示波器观察到。
PWM3和PWM4的波形显示在图10。
把PWM3和PWM4放到同一水平线以便得到死区时间。
图11示出了死时间是2μs。
图9 F2812中的SVPWM脉冲产生模型图10 PWM3和PWM4的波形开环控制系统的结构显示在图12。
供应在IPM的IGBT与SVPWM脉冲由F2812产生的，然后电机将转动。
图11 死区时间2μs图12 开环控制系统结构6结论在本文中，提出了一种新型的基于非线性PID控制和 SVPWM的PMSM两条闭合环矢量控制系统。
仿真结果表明，系统性能已经通过应用非线性PID控制器和矢量控制策略改进。
该系统具有无超调，快速响应和更低速度脉动的优势。
此外，它是不敏感的负载转矩。
在本文的最后一部分，我们提出了一个简单的方法，在ETTI C2000的基础上，该方法可以输出 SVPWM脉冲F2812。
它避免一行一行编辑DSP代码。
因此，它可以大大提高系统开发速度，同步实现模拟和DSP实现永磁同步电机控制系统。
未来的工作将集中在两个方面。
第一种是继续对永磁同步电机控制策略的研究，旨在提高控制精度和鲁棒性。
另一种是通过将编码器和其他以形成闭环保护电路，在ETTI C2000的基础上下载到F2812，实现交流伺服系统的数字化的永磁同步电机。
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