How to Write_the Abstract(如何写SCI论文摘要)

合集下载

如何写好SCI论文投稿中的Abstract

如何写好SCI论文投稿中的Abstract Abstract是SCI论文投稿中不可或缺的一部分。

它通常作为论文的摘要，摘要的质量很大程度上决定了论文被接受的可能性。

因此，如何写好Abstract是每位研究者必须掌握的技能之一。

2023年，Abstract的写作依然是一项重要的任务。

面对越来越激烈的学术竞争，研究者需要通过Abstract来吸引读者的关注并明确表达自己的研究意义和成果。

下面将介绍一些具体的写Abstract的技巧和注意事项，帮助研究者撰写高质量的Abstract。

首先，Abstract的内容应该准确、简洁、具体。

为了达到这个目的，研究者应该遵循以下几个基本原则：1. 提炼核心内容Abstract不是论文的简单概述，而是针对论文的研究问题、方法和成果进行提炼和总结。

因此，研究者应该首先确定论文的核心问题和贡献，然后将其简洁明了地表达在Abstract中。

2. 使用适当的语言和术语研究者应该使用准确、专业的术语和语言来描述论文的问题和成果。

同时，也要注意使用简洁、易懂的语言，特别是在解释论文的复杂概念和模型时，以便读者能够快速理解。

3. 强调结果和贡献在Abstract中，研究者应该突出论文的贡献和创新点，让读者能够明确地看到论文的价值和意义，从而增加论文的吸引力和可读性。

除了上述基本原则，还有一些细节需要研究者注意，以确保Abstract的质量和可读性。

下面列举了一些具体的技巧和注意事项：1. 遵循SCI期刊的写作规范Abstract的格式和内容要符合SCI期刊的要求，这包括使用适当的字体、字号、行间距、段间距，以及指定Abstract的篇幅等。

研究者应该仔细阅读SCI期刊的投稿说明，确保自己的Abstract符合要求。

2. 遵循逻辑顺序和结构研究者应该遵循逻辑顺序和结构来组织Abstract的内容。

通常来说，Abstract应该包括论文的研究问题、研究方法、主要结果、贡献和意义等。

WritingAbstractSCI摘要写作要点英文版

7) delete unnecessary phrases, such as: • “A method is described”，/ “In this work”， • “It is reported that…”, • “Extensive investigations show that…”
Language
➢ Functions
• For busy readers to understand the research contents quickly and attracting them to read the whole paper .
• For database searching services
✓ Informative-indicative abstract: Summarizing the highest valuable informations in forms of informative abstract expression, while showing the rest in forms of indicative abstract expression. text.About 100~200words.
controlled in 5%~10% of the full text.
Introduction
Announcements: • No common senses and comments in abstract,don’t
mention the contents that should be written in Introduction.
✓ Indicative abstract：Normally summarizing the theme of the paper, with just two or three sentences and without any arguments and conclusions,which is commonly for reviews and meeting reports. This abstract can be used to help readers to decide whether to read the full text or not.About 100 words.

how to write abstract精品文档37页

Usually it is written after the study/research is completed but this is not always the case.
26.12.2019
2
摘要的四大要素
1. Topic Specification (主题陈述） 2. Background Information (背景信息)
Therefore, this paper, based on qualitative analysis method and literature research, explores humor through analyzing the conversation in Friends from Pragmatic Ambiguity Perspective with the help of the Cooperative Principle proposed by Grice.
导言/ 研究目的 (introduction/purpose) 研究方法 (research method) 研究结果 (research result) 结论 (conclusion & brief discussion)
26.12.2019
3
一. 主题及背景信息
Friends, a famous America sitcom, is regarded
教学法对英语阅读教学的效果) ,
The thesis discusses the affective factors that influence students‘ autonomy of learning English (本文讨论影响学生英语学习自

英语论文摘要应该如何写？How to Write Abstract？

Structure of abstract | Features of an abstract
Concise – write everything relevant to the paper in as simple terms as possible. Objective – states objectively the main points of the paper. Consistent – be consistent with the other parts of the whole paper, and never include what has not been mentioned in the paper. Complete – cover all the main points of the paper and be a miniature of the paper. Brief – conveys in as few words as possible the essential information contained in the body of the paper.
To DESCRIBE the angle of observing issues
… from the angle of… … in the light of the context that… To view something at a different angle/from various angles… From the point of view of… From the perspective of…
informative abstract - the primary research objective or purpose - method employed in solving the problems - principal findings or results - major conclusions and serves as a substitute for the full paper descriptive abstract outlines the topics covered in the paper and is like a table of contents in paragraph form.

How-to-Write-the-Introduction(如何写SCI-introduction)

The Voice of the Sentence
Try to be consistent within a particular paragraph.
Follow the Following Guidelines for
Writing a Good Introduction
-Review the pertinent literature to orient the reader.
On the Part of the Reader
Deductive(推论)
instead of
Inductive (归纳)
Better Understand the Purpose
“Reading a scientific article isn’t the same as reading a detective story. We want to know from the start that the butler did it.”
Citation
Cite the abstract you have previously published as well as closely related papers previously published by others (by superscript, or as specified by the target journal ).
• The literature review; • The definition of the problem; • The purpose of the present study; • The choice of methods; • The statement of principal results

How to write an abstract 怎么写摘要英语作文论文写作技巧

How to write an abstract如何写摘要Hey guys, welcome! In this article we are going to know how to write an abstract and complete a written text perfectly. Stay connected if you want to write the best abstract.If you need to know how to write an abstract for an academic or scientific paper, don’t panic! Your abstract is simply a short, stand-alone summary of the work or paper that others can use as an overview. You can get the ideas and gather information by experts to make it concise yet effective through assignment help. As far asthe other specifics are concerned, we will discuss them here.Before moving further let’s have an overview of this article to see what you are going to know:-What is an abstract?-How to write an abstract?-Why is it important to write an abstract?-How to write an abstract quickly?-The way to write an abstract for science?What is an abstract?Before moving to how to write an abstract, you should know the abstract meaning. An abstract describes what you do in your essay, whether it’s a scientific experiment or a literary analysis paper. It should help your reader understand the paper and help people searching for this paper decide whether it suits their purposes prior to reading.To write an abstract, finish your paper first, then type a summary that identifies the purpose, problem, methods, results, and conclusion of your work. After you get the details down, all that’s left is to format it correctly. Since an abstract is only a summary of the work you’ve already done, it’s e asy to accomplish!Majorly, there are three types of abstract:-Informative-Descriptive-CriticalHow to write an abstract?1. Write down the paper firstlyThe first thing to know how to write an abstract is : Even though an abstract goes at the beginning of the work, it acts as a summary of your entire paper. Rather than introducing your topic, it will be an overview of everything youwrite about in your paper. Save writing your abstract for last, after you have already finished your paper.-A thesis and an abstract are entirely different things. The thesis of a paper introduces the main idea or question, while the abstract works to review the entirety of the paper, including the methods and results.-Even if you think that you know what your paper is going to be about, always save the abstract for last. You will be able to give a much more accurate summary if you do just that –summarise what you’ve already written. Let’s move to the next step to know how to write an abstract.2. Review and understand any requirements for writing your abstractThe paper you’re writing probably has specific guidelines and requirements, whether it’s for publication in a journal, submission in a class, or part of a work project. Before you start writing, refer to the rubric or guidelines you were presented with to identify important issues to keep in mind. Answer the following questions before knowing how to write an abstract.-Is there a maximum or minimum length?-Are there style requirements?-re you writing for an instructor or a publication?3. Consider your targeted audienceAbstracts are written to help readers find your work. For example, in scientific journals, abstracts allow readers to quickly decide whether the research discussed is relevant to their own interests. Abstracts also help your readers get at your main argument quickly. Keep the needs of your readers in mind this is the best thing to know for how to write an abstract.-Will other academics in your field read this abstract?-Should it be accessible to a lay reader or somebody from another field?4. Determine the type of abstractBefore moving to the question how to write an abstract, focus on which type of abstract do you want to write. Although all abstracts accomplish essentially the same goal, there are two primary styles of abstract: descriptive and informative. You may have been assigned a specific style, but if you weren’t, you will have to determine which is right for you. Typically, informative abstracts are used for much longer and technical research while descriptive abstracts are best for shorter papers.Have a look at the types of abstracts againDescriptive abstracts explain the purpose, goal, and methods of your research but leave out theresults section. These are typically only 100-200 words.Informative abstracts are like a condensed version of your paper, giving an overview of everything in your research including the results. These are much longer than descriptive abstracts, and can be anywhere from a single paragraph to a whole page long.The basic information included in both styles of abstract is the same, with the main difference being that the results are only included in an informative abstract, and an informative abstract is much longer than a descriptive one.A critical abstract is not often used, but it may be required in some courses. A critical abstract accomplishes the same goals as the other typesof abstract, but will also relate the study or work being discussed to the writer’s own research. It may critique the research design or methods.5. Identify your motive of writing an abstractYou’re writing about a correlation between lack of lunches in schools and poor grades. So what? Why does this matter? The reader wants to know why your research is important, and what the purpose of it is. Start off your descriptive abstract by considering the following questions:How did you conduct your research?What did you find?Why is this research and your findings important?Why should someone read your entire essay? How to write an abstract6. Describe the problemAbstracts is something that expresses the “problem” behind your work. Think of this as the particular issue that your project addresses. You can sometimes combine the problem with your motivation, but it is best to be clear and separate the two.7. Describe your methodsMotivation – check. Problem – check. Methods? Now is the part where you give an overview of how you accomplished your study. If you didyour own work, include a description of it here. If you reviewed the work of others, it can be briefly explained.-Discuss your own research including the variables and your approach-Describe the evidence you have to support your claim-Give an overview of your most important sources.8. Describe your resultsThis is where you begin to make difference between your abstract between a descriptive and an informative abstract. You want to know how to write an abstract and this is somethingwhich should be in your priority list. In an informative abstract, you will be asked to provide the results of your study. What is it that you found?-What answer did you reach from your research or study?-Was your hypothesis or argument supported?-What are the general findings?9. Give the conclusion of abstractYou must finish up your summary and provide a closure to your abstract. In it, address the meaning of your findings as well as the importance of your overall paper. This format of having a conclusion can be used in bothdescriptive and informative abstracts, but you will only address some questions in an informative abstract.10. Keep the format rightIn the run to know how to write an abstract, format is a vital factor to consider. There are specific questions your abstract must provide answers for, but the answers must be kept in order as well. Ideally, it should be according to the overall format of your essay, with a general ‘introduction, ‘body,’ and ‘conclusion.’ Many journals have specific style guides for abstracts. If you’ve been given a set of rules or guidelines, follow them to the letter11. Provide helpful informationUnlike a topic paragraph, which may be intentionally vague, an abstract should provide a helpful explanation of your paper and your research. Word your abstract so that the reader knows exactly what you’re t alking about, and isn’t left hanging with ambiguous references or phrases.-Avoid using direct acronyms or abbreviations in the abstract, as these will need to be explained in order to make sense to the reader. That uses up precious writing room, and should generally be avoided.-If your topic is about something well-known enough, you can reference the names of people or places that your paper focuses on.-Don’t include tables, figures, sources, or long quotations in your abstract. These take up too much ro om and usually aren’t what your readers want from an abstract anyway. For making your abstract even better you gather relevant ideas, for doing so you can go to the expert writes through assignment help online12. Write it down from scratchA abstract is a summary of the main paper, yes, but it should be written completely separate from your paper. Don’t copy and paste direct quotes from yourself, and avoid simply paraphrasing your own sentences from elsewhere in your writing. Write your abstract using completely new vocabulary and phrases to keep itinteresting and redundancy-free. So, far we have gone through detailed information and steps to know how to write an abstract. But, what if someone is in a hurry and yet has to come up with a perfect abstract? Well, I have tips such people as well, continue to read and know how to write an abstract in lesser time.How to write an abstract quickly?Simply ace your abstract.An abstract is like a movie trailer. It offers a preview, highlights key points, and helps the audience decide whether to view the entire work. Abstracts are the pivot of a research paperbecause many journal editorial boards screen manuscripts only on the basis of the abstract.If your abstract doesn’t grab their attention and make a good fi rst impression, there’s a good chance your research paper will be rejected at the outset. Moreover, even after your research paper is published, your abstract will be the first, and possibly only, thing readers will access through electronic searches. They will only consider reading the rest of the manuscript if they find your abstract interesting.For studies in the humanities and social sciences, the abstract is typically descriptive. That is, it describes the topic of research and its findings but usuall y doesn’t give specific information about methods and results. These abstracts may also be seen in review articles orconference proceedings. In scientific writing, on the other hand, abstracts are usually structured to describe the background, methods, results, and conclusions, with or without subheadings.Make sure that your abstract does not constitutes the following-New information that is not present in the paper -Undefined abbreviations or group names-A discussion of previous literature or reference citations-Unnecessary details about the methods usedFollow these 10 steps to know how to write an abstract quicklyNow how do you go about fitting the essential points from your entire paper—why the research was conducted, what the aims were, how these were met, and what the main findings were—into a paragraph of just 200-300 words? It’s not an easy task, but here’s a 10-step guide that should make it easier:1. Begin writing the abstract after you have finished writing your paper.2. Pick out the major objectives/hypotheses and conclusions from your Introduction and Conclusion sections3. Select key sentences and phrases from your Methods section.4. Identify the major results from yourResults section.5. Now, arrange the sentences and phrases selected in all steps into a single paragraph in the following sequence: Introduction, Methods, Results, and Conclusions.6. Confirm that there is consistency between the information presented in the abstract and in the paper.7. Ask a colleague to review your abstract and check if the purpose, aim, methods, and conclusions of the study are clearly stated.8. Check to see if the final abstract meets the guidelines of the target journal (word limit, type of abstract, recommended subheadings, etc.9. Remove all extra information and then link your sentences to ensure that the information flows well, preferably in the following order: purpose; basic study design, methodology and techniques used; major findings; summary of your interpretations, conclusions, and implications.10. Now revisit your abstract with these steps in mind, and I’m sure you’ll be able to revise it and make it more attractive.How to write an abstract for science?So, here is something for science buffs. We know that science students are less into writing and formatting. But, they are one of the students who are indulged in research papers to the most. So, here is a collection of vital information for all the students who are going to write down a scientific research paper. Want to know how to write an abstract for science? Continue to read..An abstract should be the shortest part of the abstract and should very briefly outline the following information:What is already known about the subject, related to the paper in questionWhat is not known about the subject and hence what the study intended to examine (or what the paper seeks to present)Things you should rememberIn most cases, the background can be framed in just 2–3 sentences, with each sentence describing a different aspect of the information referred to above; sometimes, even a single sentence may suffice. The purpose of the background, as the word itself indicates, is to provide the reader with a background to the study, and hence to smoothly lead into a description of the methods employed in the investigation.Usually authors publish papers the abstracts of which contain a lengthy background section.There are some situations, perhaps, where this may be justified. In most cases, however, a longer background section means that less space remains for the presentation of the results. This is unfortunate because the reader is interested in the paper because of its findings, and not because of its background.Why an abstract is needed?Most journals require authors to submit abstracts along with their articles, This requirement has two main needs-An abstract offers readers a helpful, succinct summary of the longer argument developed in the essay.-It identifies keywords that will make it easier for search engines to find the essay.Apart from these two main reasons it serves two other needs as well. They are:Showcases the perspectiveNotice that these rationales presuppose the publication of both abstract and essay and, in so doing, assume that the main audience for the abstract is prospective readers of the publishedessay. However, from the perspective of an author submitting work to a journal, there is another important audience to consider: the journal editor and the external reviewers to whom the editor send it.Keep the audience connectedThis audience looks at your abstract with their most pressing question in mind: is this article publishable in this journal? A good abstract tilts them toward an affirmative answer by leaving them well-disposed toward the longer argument in th e article. A bad abstract won’t by itself cause this audience to reject an article, but it does incline the audience toward an initial negative answer. In that way, an ineffectiveabstract becomes an obstacle that your article needs to overcome.ConclusionHope, you guys have understood each and every aspect of writing an abstract. In this article, we went into the detailed discussion to know how to write an abstract. We started with abstract meaning and then moved to the steps which essayed the right way to write down one. Next, we studied points on how to write an abstract quickly. So, that those who are in a hurry to prepare a written text can write aptly. Thereafter, we went to know how to write an abstract for science and ended up in knowing why an abstract is vital.。

How_to_write_an_abstract_(如何写论文摘要)

Hale Waihona Puke “This article considers…”, “This article proposes…”,
“This article examines…”
Classification of abstracts

informative abstract - the primary research objective or purpose - method employed in solving the problems - principal findings or results - major conclusions and serves as a substitute for the full paper descriptive abstract outlines the topics covered in the paper and is like a table of contents in paragraph form.

conduct research on, investigate, make an investigation, survey, apply, employ, use, constitute, fulfill the gap, fulfill the role, perform a crucial function/role, construct,
Useful expressions
report, show, demonstrate, model, indicate, suggest, propose, imply, reveal, present, discuss, describe, examine, measure, identify, infer, deal with, cope with, be concerned with, represent, estimate,

摘要怎么写(Abstracthowtowrite)

摘要怎么写（Abstract how to write）摘要怎么写(Abstract how to write)Abstract how to writeAbstract: the substantive content concise, specific to reflect the content of the show, enough information, innovation of the important details show the general object, by specific research methods, results and conclusion four elements.The object is the research and development of related and investigation of the specific range of topics, the main research contents, the problems to be solved, the problem is proposed, and the establishment of the target location on the direction of the.The method is used to study the process of the research object inthe theory, principle, condition, material, technology, structure, methods, procedures, is a necessary means to complete the research object.The author is using the research method of experiment, the resultsof the research object, effect, data, identified the relationship, is the result of scientific research.Conclusion: the results of research, analysis, comparison, evaluation, application and put forward the problems, is a summary of the results, the results show the reliability, practicality, innovation, value and academic level of the study, the search window is determined by the.Chinese abstract writing requirements:1. the theme concept does not omit the principle of Chinese abstract words in 200-300 words, English to 100-150wordsAt the beginning of 2. important facts, the paper highlights the new information, which is a new topic, new methods and conclusions and results of innovation etc.The 3. must be complete, clear, concise and to the point, stronger logic, structural integrity, delete the background and research information in the past, the author should not contain plans for the future, to prevent modification and useless narrative literature The 4. involved in the work of others or research results, try tolist their names5. do not begin with a number of English must correspondAbstract ChineseThis is a comprehensive summary of the contents of the brief, allowing readers to quickly dominate the content. With the same title, but also a variety of common object retrieval Abstract database.This is the most important part of the whole thesis. The author, once published in journals, abstracts will be as part of a collection of abstract print or electronic version, began its active and long career "". As readers, first contact with a psychology paper are mostly from the beginning of the reading. The majority of the required system literature search throughcomputer retrieval, only the part of the display on a computer screen. Read in the academic journals, the most is the first reading of the paper, and then the basis to decide whether to read the whole paper. Therefore, the information should have not only high concentration, but also the readability, but also the whole structure, short and independent articles. A good abstract should have the following characteristics:Accuracy.Abstract should accurately reflect the purpose and content of the paper should not be included in the content. If the study is mainly based on a previous study on the extension of the previous studies, then it should be noted in previous studies of the author's name and year in the abstract. The level of the title and abstract comparison is an effective method to verify the accuracy of the.Independence. The abstract should be self-contained, independent articles, so the special terms, all abbreviations (units excepted), ellipsis explanation, spelling out the name of the drug (drug use and common name). There is no appropriate Chinese new terms or terms, available original or translated after the parentheses indicate the original. In reference to other publications including the author's name and date of publication (in the reference table to fully explain the source of literature).Concise and specific.Every sentence in the abstract to maximize the information asmuch as possible and concise. The length is generally not more than 300 words. The start to put the most important information (but not duplication).It can be objective or topic, also can be the result or conclusion. The most simply consists of 4 or 5 of the most important points, results or meaning.The method can save space:(1) do not take this subject in the field of knowledge content into abstract, but also not too deep, so that the general reader to understand; avoid the should appear in the preface written in;(2) general nor simple duplication of existing information. For example, an article title is "characteristics and development" to solve the problem of infant behavior, the start stop writing "characteristics and development of infant problem solving behavior was studied."(3) in addition to really inflexible, generally do not have the mathematical formula, does not appear as illustrations and tables.(4) no citation, unless the documents confirm or deny others have been published.(5) in the third person. Recommended for...... The research "and" report...... The current situation, the...... Investigation and record way, without the use of "article","author" as the subject.。

论文季Howtowriteanabstract如何写英文摘要

论文季Howtowriteanabstract如何写英文摘要Write an Abstract如何写英文摘要春暖花开，又到了写论文的季节。

没有时间踏青？还在为论文苦恼？本期我们就一起来学习一下如何写英文摘要吧！在这个春天，我们一起做灿烂的学术宅什么是摘要 What is an abstract?An abstract is a concise summary of a research paper or entire thesis.摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。

为什么要写摘要 Why write an abstract?Selection: Abstracts allow readers who may beinterested in the paper to quickly decide whether it is relevant to their purposes and whether they need to read the whole paper.Indexing: Most academic journal databases accessed through the library enable you to search abstracts. This allows for quick retrieval by users. Abstracts must incorporate the key terms that a potential researcher would use to search.允许读者进行快速筛选，检索，通过题目，关键词等方法判断他们是否需要阅读整篇文章。

What to include in an abstract1Reasons for WritingThe importance of the research and why would readers be interested in this large work?首先，摘要中应该包含本篇论文的重要性，言简意赅阐述清楚写作目的。

如何写英语论文摘要

如何写英语论文摘要
在撰写一个英语论文的摘要时，有几个关键要点需要考虑，以确保摘要的质量和信息量。

以下是撰写英语论文摘要的六个步骤。

1.确定摘要的类型：
-描述性摘要：简要概述论文的主要内容和结论。

-说明性摘要：除了提供主要内容和结论外，还解释研究的意义和方法。

-评论性摘要：除了提供主要内容和结论外，还对论文进行评估和批判。

2.单独撰写摘要：
摘要应该是一个独立的部分，不应与论文的其他部分混淆。

即使读者只阅读摘要，也应该能够理解论文的主要内容和结论。

3.按照一定的结构撰写：
摘要应该包括以下几个部分：
-引言：介绍研究的背景和目的。

-方法：简要描述研究所用的方法和研究对象。

-结果：总结研究的主要结果。

-讨论：讨论研究结果的意义和可能的局限性。

-结论：阐述研究的主要结论。

4.保持简洁：
摘要应该尽量精炼、简明扼要地表达论文的主要内容。

避免冗长的插入语和过多的细节。

5.不要引用：
6.仔细校对：
在撰写完摘要后，仔细校对并检查语法、拼写和语句结构。

确保摘要的清晰、准确和流畅。

总之，在撰写英语论文摘要时，应该多花时间思考和规划摘要的结构和内容。

通过提供简明的综述和清晰的结论，摘要应该能够吸引读者并引起他们对论文的兴趣。

SCI论文摘要写作及表达_论文格式_

SCI论文摘要写作及表达sci论文摘要是一篇sci论文中最核心的部分，在撰写这部分的内容的时候，我们常常会因为表达的问题而使得摘要的内容表达不够清晰准确。

那么我们应该如何撰写sci论文摘要呢?同时在表达上我们应该注意些什么?1 写出文章正文中所采用的材料及简要的处理方法切记勿将所有的正文大部分截取作为摘要，摘要主要是体现论文的大纲，不用过多作为一个详细介绍，简明扼要描述出正文中实验所采用的材料和简要不可少或者特殊的处理方法，吸引读者，也增加文章的趣味性和可阅读性。

2 重要的结果在摘要就体现出来，比如多重比较结果，或者是因素方差分析结果正文的重要结果可在摘要体现出来，这样一来道出文章主旨，也给读者一目了然的信息，或者还可以是简单介绍实验，再列出分析结果，不要将读者误导，也不要过多留悬念。

读者可能会因为你的论文摘要表现太多迂腐，从而对你的文章提前作出反感心态。

3 最后写出本文的一些重点意义摘要部分还是要透出文章的科研意义，和实验的价值意义所在，体现出文章的特殊性和现发现等信息。

读者是首先透过摘要信息对正文的大致了解的，对摘要的截取要细心斟酌。

4 将结果部分比较重要信息复制过来就可以了正文的表达中最后会写出结果部分，这些也可以作为摘要的选择。

在最后一句提出实验的意义和展望就算是完成了。

关于句子表达的规范性应注意如下几点：(1)如果数字位于句首，应该用英文的完整表达，不用阿拉伯数字。

例如“30 patients were performed operation.”应改为“thirty patients were performed operation.”。

(2)状语位置不当。

许多作者习惯将时间状语、方式状语、条件状语、原因状语等状语成分置于句首或句中，但在许多国外著名检索系统中更习惯于将状语成分置于句末。

例如：“after cik transfusion, 6 cases’ liver function (alt and/or bil) got much better, and the other 6 cases continued normal.” 应改为：“six cases’ liver function (alt and/orbil) got much better, and the other 6 cases continued normal after cik transfusion.”。

英语论文摘要应该如何写？How-to-Write-Abstract？

STRUCTURE of Abstract
Classification of abstracts Structure of an informative abstract Features of an abstract
Structure of abstract | Classification of abstracts
(participants/materials)
To DESCRIBE research method and procedures
Detailed information has been acquired by the authors using.. Several sets of experiments have been performed to test the validity of… The technique the author adopted is referred to as… The experiments consisted of four steps, which are described in… The method/approach used in the present study is… The experiment/investigation in the paper is conducted by adopting… The procedure the present study followed can be briefly described as… The experiment/study consisted of the following steps: … Included in the experiment were… Based on the idea that…, we conducted the present study, categorized…, and evaluated…

How to Write an Abstract怎么写摘要

How to Write an Abstract(Draft 10/20/97)Phil Koopman, Carnegie Mellon UniversityIntroductionNow that the use of on-line publication databases is prevalent, writing a really good abstract has become even more important than it was a decade ago. Abstracts have always served the function of "selling" your work. But now, instead of merely convincing the reader to keep reading the rest of the attached paper, an abstract must convince the reader to leave the comfort of an office and go hunt down a copy of the article from a library (or worse, obtain one after a long wait through inter-library loan). In a business context, an "executive summary" is often the only piece of a report read by the people who matter; and it should be similar in content if not tone to a journal paper abstract. 现在，上线发布数据库的使用是普遍的，写一个很好的抽象变得更加重要比十年前。

（完整word版）如何写英文Abstract

（完整word版）如何写英文AbstractHow to Write an Abstract一、什么是摘要Abstract?an abstract comprises one paragraph which describes the main content of a paper and appears at the very beginning of the paper.摘要是叙述文章主要内容的一个段落，并且位于文章的开头部分。

摘要是以梗概形式呈现的一篇文章要点的总结，它强调了一篇文章所包含的重要的信息。

它也可以帮助读者快速的了解到是否这篇文章是他们感兴趣的，是否他们需要来阅读整篇文章。

而且，国家或国际出版社的编辑通常通过浏览投稿文章的摘要来决定是否投稿人的文章是可以被录用的。

因此，对于学者和研究人员来说，写一份好的摘要至关重要。

二、写作Abstract的目的对于科技论文的摘要，Abstract的目的有以下几点：1.Introduce journal articles./doc/529728219.html,rm readers about article`s content.3.Help readers decide whether or not to read article.4.Overview conference programs,abstract collections,and book chapters.三、学习写作Abstract的必要性1.Helps you present complex information in a clear,concise manner.2.Helps you read abstracts more effectively.3.Helps you conduct research.4.Helps you write abstracts for future publications.5.Helps you condense report information into a short format for database searches.四、Abstract的写作要求/doc/529728219.html,e one or more well-developed paragraphs,which areunified,coherent,concise,and able to stand alone（200-300 words)./doc/529728219.html,e an introduction-body conclusion structure in which the parts of the parts of the report are discussed inorder:purpose,researcquestions,method,findings,conclusion s,recommendations.3.Follows strictly the chronology of the report.五、Abstract的分类/doc/529728219.html,rmative abstract 内容摘要- the primary research objective or purpose- method employed in solving the problems- principal findings or results- major conclusions and serves as a substitute for the full paper2.descriptive abstract指示性摘要outlines the topics covered in the paper and is like a table of contents in paragraph form.六、Abstract的结构1.Background – why do you want to do the research?2.Research question –what question are you trying to answer and what is the research topic of your paper?3.Method –how (what material, what method, and what procedures) do you get answers to your research question?4.Results – what is your answer to the question?5.Conclusions – what implications does the answer imply?七、Abstract的特点1.Concise –write everything relevant to the paper in as simple terms as possible.2.Objective – states objectively the main points of the paper.3.Consistent – be consistent with the other parts of the whole paper, and never include what has not been mentioned in the paper./doc/529728219.html,plete –cover all the main points of the paper and be a miniature of the paper.5.Brief – conveys in as few words as possible the essential information contained in the body of the paper.八、Abstract的常用句式1、介绍文章背景和目前研究的问题(1) Although (the research subject)…, (the related problem)…is as yet undetermined.(2) (The research subject)…, however, (the related problem)…remains unsolved.(3) (Previous studies) have examined…, (the related problem) is that…, despite…(4) (Problems in certain research area) are…, yet (the present solution) hasfrequently been questioned because…(5) This paper describes/presents…(the argument) within…(a theoreticalcontext)(6) While (the debate on certain research subject) seems to…, (the presentagreement) is still problematic.2、叙述研究目的(1) This pa per advances the view that…(2) The article advocates/discusses/develops/focuses on/gives detailed explanation for/investigates into/proposes/holds that/…(3) The purpose/intention of this paper is…(4) The primary goal/aim of this research is…(5) The ove rall objective of this study is…(6) In this paper/study, we aim at…(7) The work/investigation presented in this paper focuses on…(8) This research is designed to determine/measure/evaluate…(9) The author intends/attempts o outline the framework of/obtain someknowledge of…3、指出观察问题的视角(1) …from the angle of…(2) …in the light of the context that…(3) To view something at a different angle/from various angles…(4) From the point of view of…(5) From the perspective of…4、指出文章参与者(1) The present study has investigated…by using/analyzing…(participants/materials)(2) In this study, we inquired/examined/evaluated…(participants/materials)(3) The experiments/investigations of the present study involved…(participants/materials)5、研究方法和过程(1) Detailed information has been acquired by the authorsusing..(2）Several sets of experiments have been performed to test the validity of…(3) The technique the author adopted is referred to as…(4) The experiments consisted of four steps, which are described in…(5) The met hod/approach used in the present study is…(6) The experiment/investigation in the paper is conducted by adopting…(7）The procedure the present study followed can be briefly described as…(8) The experiment/study consisted of the following steps: …(9) Inc luded in the experiment were…(10) Based on the idea that…, we conducted the present study, categorized…, and evaluated…6、研究结果、发现、结论(1) The results of the experiment indicate/suggest that…; it is also found that…(2) The results are as follows: …(3) The analysis of the samples indicates that..(4) The data obtained seem to be very similar o those reported earlier by…(5) It is concluded that..; the results also imply the further study into…(6) The investigation/experiment varied by…and the results also revealed that…(7) These findings of the research have led the author to the conclusion that…(8) Based on/upon the outcome/findings of the research, …(9) The data/results obtained appear to…, thus we mayconclude that…(10) As a result of the current experiments, we conclude that…(11）The author points out/recommends/concludes that…(12) In summing up it may be stated that…(13) All the preliminary results throw light on the nature of…(14) These findings of the research have naturally led the author to the conclusionthat…九、写一份摘要的步骤（1) 在完成整篇论文之后再来起草你的摘要，因为这样你对文章所表达的观点和发现等才能有一个清楚的轮廓。

学术英语如何写好摘要How-to-Write-an-Abstract教学提纲共51页文档

nAbstract教学提纲
11、获得的成功越大，就越令人高兴。野心是使人勤奋的原因，节制使人枯萎。 12、不问收获，只问耕耘。如同种树，先有根茎，再有枝叶，尔后花实，好好劳动，不要想太多，那样只会使人胆孝懒惰，因为不实践，甚至不接触社会，难道你是野人。(名言网) 13、不怕，不悔(虽然只有四个字，但常看常新。 14、我在心里默默地为每一个人祝福。我爱自己，我用清洁与节制来珍惜我的身体，我用智慧和知识充实我的头脑。 15、这世上的一切都借希望而完成。农夫不会播下一粒玉米，如果他不曾希望它长成种籽；单身汉不会娶妻，如果他不曾希望有小孩；商人或手艺人不会工作，如果他不曾希望因此而有收益。-- 马钉路德。
1、最灵繁的人也看不见自己的背脊。——非洲 2、最困难的事情就是认识自己。——希腊 3、有勇气承担命运这才是英雄好汉。——黑塞 4、与肝胆人共事，无字句处读书。——周恩来 5、阅读使人充实，会谈使人敏捷，写作使人精确。——培根

如何撰写清晰的SCI论文摘要

如何撰写清晰的SCI论文摘要在科学研究中，SCI论文摘要是发表论文的重要组成部分，它通常作为读者了解论文内容、做出阅读决策的依据。

撰写一篇清晰的SCI 论文摘要对于提高论文的可读性和引用率至关重要。

本文将介绍一些撰写SCI论文摘要的技巧和要点。

1. 简洁明了首先，一个清晰的SCI论文摘要应该简洁明了。

摘要通常限制在几百字以内，因此必须精炼和紧凑。

避免使用复杂的词汇和长句子，尽可能用简洁的语言表达研究目的、方法、结果和结论。

2. 语法和拼写正确正确的语法和拼写是撰写摘要的基本要求。

在撰写完成后，仔细检查摘要中是否存在拼写错误、标点符号错误等语法问题。

这些错误会给读者留下不专业或粗心大意的印象，且可能导致读者误解作者的意思。

3. 突出重点和关键信息一个好的SCI论文摘要应该突出重点和关键信息。

在摘要中，强调研究的目的、方法和最重要的研究结果，以便读者能够快速理解研究的核心内容。

同时，摘要还应该提供作者的主要结论，这对于读者在有限时间内评估论文的价值至关重要。

4. 避免使用缩略词和专有名词为了保证摘要的清晰度，应尽量避免使用缩略词和专有名词。

如果必须使用某些缩略词，应该在第一次出现时进行解释。

这样可以确保读者对论文的理解和阅读没有障碍。

5. 适当使用格式和排版在撰写SCI论文摘要时，可以使用适当的格式和排版来使摘要更具可读性和清晰度。

例如，使用粗体或斜体来强调重点信息，使用空行或分段来分隔不同的内容。

这些格式和排版的应用可以使摘要更加整洁美观，有助于读者的阅读理解。

总之，撰写一篇清晰的SCI论文摘要是一项需要专注和技巧的任务。

通过遵循以上的要点和技巧，我们可以提高SCI论文摘要的质量，为读者提供更好的阅读体验。

How to write the abstract

How to write an abstractI. DefinitionAn abstract of a research paper is the summary of your study which provides the first source of information for a prospective reader. It provides information concerning following aspects: the purpose of the study, the research questions to be addressed, the subjects to be involved, the instruments used to collect the data, the procedures for collecting and analysing the data, the findings and confusions, written after the paper is completed although it is intended to be read first.In an essay written for a humanities class, the abstract appears on a separate page after the table of contents and just before the essay itself. Normally, it should not exceed 250 words.II. FunctionThough the title of the research paper may provide information about the topic of the study, it is the abstract that provides a bird's eye view of the subject matter, the purpose and the content of the the study.III. Elements of the abstractThe format of your abstract will depend on the work being abstracted. An abstract of a scientific research paper will contain elements not found in an abstract of a literature article, and vice versa. However, all abstracts share several mandatory components,and there are also some optional parts that you can decide to include or not.Use the following as a checklist for your abstract.A. Motivation• Why do care about the problem and the results?• What is the importance of the research?• Why should a reader be interested in the larger work?B. Problem statement• What problem are you trying to solve?• What is the scope of your work?In some cases it is appropriate to put the problem statement before the motivation, but usually this only works if most readers already understand why the problem is important.C. Approach• How did you go about solving or making progress on the problem?• Did you use simulation, analytic models, prototype construction, or analysisof field data for an actual product?D. Results• What is the answer (Avoid vague results such as "very" "small""significant") ?E. Conclusions• What are the implications of your answer?• Is it going to change our conventional concept?• Are your results general, potentially generalized, o r specific to a particularcase?F. KeywordsAs the name implies, keywords are the most important words and phrases representative of the theme or subject matter of the paper. Readers can find out the theme of the paper by referring to the keywords.1. Linguistic featuresa. Keywords are usually used in the form of nouns, not verbs.b. The average number of keywords for a paper is four to six.c. The keywords usually come from the title and the abstract, where the keyterms of the words and phrases are usually contained.2. Writing requirementsa. In most cases, keywords are placed below the abstract.b. Keywords are not necessarily all capitalized, except the first letter ofkeywords as a heading. Use comma, or semicolon to separate thekeywords but not full stop.c. Both terms and abbreviations should be in confromity with therequirements of your particular field.IV. Five steps for writing the abstractA. Read through the article carefully.B. Underline or write down its main points and major supporting evidence.C. Extract the gist of each section; give special attention to introductory andconcluding paragraphs.D. Shape your abstract from the points you have underlined or the summariesyou have made of each major part of the article.E. Link your points with helpful transitions.F. Test the abstract against the article, evaluating how well it reflects what thearticle contains.V. Typical types of abstractsA. Descriptive abstractsA descriptive abstract indicates the type of information found in the work. It makes no judgements about the work, nor does it provide results or conclusions of the research. It does incorporate key words found in the text and may include the purpose, methods, and scope of the research. Essentially, the descriptive abstract describes the being abstracted. Some people consider it an outline of the work,rather than a summary. Descriptive abstracts are usually very short-100 words or less.B. Informative abstractsThe majority of abstracts are informative. A good informative abstract is that, the writer presents and explains all the main arguments and the important results and evidence in the complete article. An informative abstract dose not lonely include the information that can be found in a descriptive abstract( purpose, methods, and scope ) , but also includes the results and conclusions of the research and the recommendations of the author. The length varies but is rarely more than 10% of the length of the entire work.VI. Tips for Writing AbstractThere are different approaches to write an abstract. You can work on the thesis statement, list the main points from the outline, use topic sentences of the major paragraphs and produce your abstract. Each person has his or her way of doing things. Hope that you will find the following suggestions helpful when you are preparing your abstracts.1.Make the abstract as informative as the nature of the document willpermit. In that way, readers may decide, quickly and accurately, whether they need to read the entire document.2.Convey information in the original document accurately and concisely,with an absence of any attempt to arouse emotion. The exclamation mark (!) is never used in an abstract, and question mark (?) is seldom used.e standard terms and try to avoid using abbreviations and symbols. Incase you have to use them, give expanded versions of lesser known abbreviations and acronyms, and verbalize symbols that may be unfamiliar to readers the first time they occur in the abstract.4.Omit needless words, phrases, and sentences and keeps the total wordsunder 250.Employ standard English with complete sentences, and follow conventional grammar and punctuation rules. Both active and passive voices, first and third persons can be used.VII. Formalized Sentences for AbstractFrom the dimension of linguistic structure, a comparatively complete abstract usually consists of the following three major parts: topic sentence, supporting sentences, and concluding sentences.1.Topic SentenceThe purpose of the p aper is…The author intends to…The primary goal of this research is to…The problem presented in the paper focused on…The chief aim of the present work is to investigate…The author aims to design a study to find out…The primary object of this fundamental research will be to reveal the cause of…The work presented in this paper lies in…The experiment on…was made to investigate the features of…The problem discussed in this paper deals with the study of…This study emphasizes on the importance and implic ation of…The overall objective of this study is to explain…The author intends to outline the framework of…2.Supporting sentencesA Theoretical explanationsOur theory is based on the assumption that…This theory proceeds form the idea/principle o f…The object of this theory is to…The validity of the theory has become obvious in the light ofrecent findings.The theory received universal recognition.The basic feature of this theory is…The newly-advanced theory has some advantages(deficiencies,drawbacks, inadequacies, flaws…).B Method introductionThe method used in this study can be briefly described as…The approach we applied is referred to as…The experiment consisted of three steps, which are describedin…The technique adopted extensively is called…The present study applies a perspective from…To analyze this school of writing, the author mainly focuseson...A number of experiments were conducted to test out thehypothesis t hat…The research has recorded reliable data using the newly-developedmethod.3.Concluding sentencesAt the conclusion of this study,…Based on the fact, a conclusion of the study can be drawn that…In summing up, these findings of the research have led the author to theconclusion that…From our experiments, the authors came to realize that…The findings of the study have demonstrated that…All our preliminary results throw light on the nature of…This study involving…prove to be valid.It is our recomme ndation that…VIII. ConclusionIn the above sections we have focused on the function, elements, steps and types of an abstract as part of a longer piece of academic writing. The secret of a successful abstract is in giving the most information in the least number of words in a coherent structure. This can be achieved by reading good abstracts and then emulating them when you need to write one.IX. Examples1 Abstract 1Body language or gesture is commonly used in every human society when speaking, thinking and in other situations. Different gestures may raise various reactions amongst people in diverse circumstances. Therefore, kinesics or the study of gestures becomes significant in order to understand people better. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and compare some cases of kinesics in teaching in order to work out the principles. Samples are analyzed from actual data in everyday life and the findings reveal that kinesics is one of the most essential elements in communication, especially in teaching. It helps teachers to win popularity or induce misunderstanding.Kinesics plays an important part especially in modern teaching and it directly affects the validity of students’ feedbac k. (121 words)Key Words: body language, gesture, kinesics2Abstract 2Metaphor is commonly known as the use of a word or phrase denoting one kind of idea or object in place of another word or phrase for the purpose of suggesting a likeness between the two. The present paper attempts to apply recent theories of linguistics, systemic functional linguistic in particular, to the analysis of metaphorical use of language at the pragmatic level, i.e. “Pragmatic Metaphor”. The paper first gives a def inition of pragmatic metaphor and then examines two major kinds of pragmatic metaphors: dysphemistic metaphors and euphemistic metaphors. Dysphemistic metaphor means the use of good-sounding, positive and polite language with an intention to express attitudes of disrespect towards the listener or audience in the communication.Euphemistic metaphor, on the contrary, refers to the use of aggressive, impolite and irregular language with good, friendly and even affectionate feelings from the speaker. The major argument developed in the analysis is that everyday language is thoroughly suffused with metaphors and that this metaphorical use of language exists at different levels of language, lexical, grammatical and pragmatic. They are all pragmatic strategies in communication. (181 words)Key Words: metaphor, dysphemistic metaphor, euphemistic metaphor。

学术论文英文摘要的写作方法

学术论文英文摘要的写作方法摘要，作为一篇学术论文中的部分，对一篇文章的成功有着举足轻重的作用。

通过浏览一篇好的文章的摘要，能够让读者大致了解到一目了然的了解到这篇文章所要论述的内容，但是在实际写作中，有很多学者在整篇摘要里面都是一些一般性的论述，说来说去，最后让别人读了一半天，也不知道这篇文章是要解决什么问题。

第二篇摘要从前到后都是在陈述光整加工技术，让人很迷惑，不知道这篇文章重点是要论述那一方面的内容。

一篇没有目的性的文章自然也就没有可读性。

研究的方法也应该在英文摘要中体现出来，这一点是很多中国学者很容易忽视的。

从上面两篇摘要对比就可以发现：第一篇中的measures就告诉了读者本文作者是要通过什么方法来解决所提出的问题；而在第二篇，不但没有像measure，method等表达方法的词，而且从根本上忽视了这一点。

解决的方法应该是一篇文章的核心，没有作者自己的解决思路的摘要，从某种意义上说，这是一篇很失败的文章摘要，那么这篇文章也不可能是一篇好文章。

研究的结果作为摘要中一部分也是不可少的，也是作者所采用的解决方法是否合理的一个重要依据。

没有研究的结果，就是你选择的方法再好，也只是在纸上谈兵，侃侃而论，没有自己的立论点。

在第一篇中，我们可以从There are possibilities to improve the target consumption；to reduce the upper stability limit；and to increase thespot velocity，the bias current density in the pulse phase and the plasma power.中了解到作者可能得到的结果。

而在第二篇中，结果不是很明显。

研究的结论这一部分往往在研究的结果中体现出来，所以在一部分你可以结合研究的结果做出自己的见解。

有时候作者可以根据目前的实验结果为了对以后的进一步工作的开展给出自己的结论。