山东大学博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲
博士研究生英语综合教程第二版
新编研究生英语系列教程博士研究生英语综合教程（第二版/教师用书）北京市研究生英语教学研究会主编陈大明徐汝舟副主编刘宁王焱华许建平编者赵宏凌邹映辉杨凤珍来鲁宁张剑柳君丽曹莉郑辉中国人民大学出版社KEY TO THE EXERCISESUnit One ScienceText 1 Can We Really Understand Matter?I. Vocabulary1. A2. B3. A4. C5. D6. B7. B8. CII. Definition1. A priority2. Momentum3. An implication4. Polarization5. the distance that light travels in a year, about 5.88 trillion miles or 9.46 trillion km.6. a contradictory or absurd statement that expresses a possible truth7. a device that speeds up charged elementary particles or ions to high energiesIII. Mosaic1. The stress: (Omitted)Pronunciation rule: An English word ended with–tion or –sion has its stress on the last syllable but one.2. molecule3. A4. B5. C6. B7. A8. AIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B.In September 1995, anti-hydrogen atom—an anti-matter atom—was successfullydeveloped in European Particle Physics Laboratory in Switzerland. After the startling news spread out, scientists in the West who were indulged in the research of anti-matter were greatly excited. While they were attempting to produce and store anti-matter as the energy for spacecraft, they raised a new question: Many of the mysterious nuclear explosions in the recent one hundred years are connected with anti-matter. That is to say, these hard-to-explain explosions are tricks played by anti-mat ter. They are the “destruction”phenomenon caused by the impact between matter and anti-matter.V. GroupingA.Uncertainty:what if, illusory, indescribable, puzzle, speculation, seemingly, in some mysterious wayB.Contrast:more daunting, the hardest of hard sciences, do little to discourage, from afar, close scrutiny, work amazingly wellC. Applications of Quantum mechanics:the momentum of a charging elephant, building improved gyroscopes1. probabilities2. illusory3. discourage4. scrutinyVI. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING•STRATEGY•DEFINITIONI. Complete the following definitions with the help of dictionaries.1. To bribe means to influence the behavior or judgment of others (usually in positions ofpower) unfairly or illegally by offering them favors or gifts.2. Gravity is defined as the natural force by which objects are attracted to each other,especially that by which a large mass pulls a smaller one to it.3. The millennium bug refers to the computer glitch that arises from an inability of thesoftware to deal correctly with dates of January 2000 or later.4. Globalization is understood as the development so as to make possible internationalinfluence or operation.II. Write a one-paragraph definition of the following words.1. hypothesisA hypothesis is an idea which is suggested as a possible way of explaining facts,proving an argument, etc. Through experiments, the hypothesis is either accepted as true (possibly with improvements) or cast off.2. scienceScience is defined as the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment.3. superstitionSuperstition refers to a belief which is not based on reason or fact but on old ideas about luck, magic, etc. For example, it is a common superstition that black cats are unlucky.4. pessimismPessimism is a tendency to give more attention to the bad side of a situation or to expect the worst possible result. A person with pessimism is a pessimist who thinks that whatever happens is bad.5. individualismIndividualism is the idea that the rights and freedom of the individual are the most important rights in a society. It has a bad sense in that little attention is paid to the rights of the collective or a good one in that independence is emphasized rather than dependence on others.Text 2 Physics Awaits New Options as Standard Model IdlesI. Vocabulary1. C2. A3. B4. A5. C6. D7. D8. BII. Definition1. A refrain2. A spark3. A jingle4. Symmetry5. develops or studies theories or ideas about a particular subject.6. studies the origin and nature of the universe.7. studies the stars and planets using scientific equipment including telescopes.III. Mosaic1. gravity2. anti-/opposite3. D4. B5. A6. A7. B8.AIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B.The Standard Model of particle physics is an unfinished poem. Most of the pieces are there,and even unfinished, it is arguably the most brilliant opus in the literature of physics. With great precision, it describes all known matter – all the subatomic particles such as quarks and leptons –as well as the forces by which those particles interact with one another.These forces are electromagnetism, which describes how charged objects feel each other’s influence: the weak force, which explains how particles can change their identities, and the strong force, which describes how quarks stick together to form protons and other composite particles. But as lovely as the Standard Model’s description is, it is in pieces, and some of those pieces – those that describe gravity – are missing. It is a few shards of beauty that hint at something greater, like a few lines of Sappho on a fragment of papyrus. V. GroupingA.Particle physics:supersymmetry, equation, superpartners, stringB.Strangeness:bizarre, beyond the ken ofC.Antonyms:gravity–antigravity1. novelty2. revelatory3. Symmetry4. gravityVII. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING • STRATEGY• EXEMPLIFICATION AN D ILLUSTRATION(Omitted)Text 3 Supporting ScienceI. Vocabulary1. D2. C3. A4. C5. C6. A7. B8. A9. C 10. D 11. B 12. AII. Definition1. A portfolio2. A vista3. Cryptography4. Paleontology5. a business or an undertaking that has recently begun operation6. a group of people having common interests7. a person with senior managerial responsibility in a business organizationIII. Rhetoric1. pouring money into2. column3. unbridled4. twilight5. blossomed intoIV. Mosaic1. phenomenon criterion datum medium(because these words originated from Latin and retain their Latin plural form)2. A3. A4. B5. B6. B7. C8. BV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. The five scientists who won the 1996 Nobel Prize point out that the present prosperityand development are based on the fruits of basic scientific research and the negligence of basic scientific research will threaten human development of the 21st century.EU countries noticed that one of their weaknesses is “insufficient investment in research and development.” Korea and Singapore do not hesitate to pour money into research and development. The developed countries in the West have used most of the scientific and technological development resources for the research and development of new and high technology. This has become an obvious trend at present. It is evident from the experiences of various countries that new and high technology can create and form new industries, open up and set up new markets. The innovation of traditional industries with new and high technology is a key method to strengthen the competitive competency of an enterprise.VI. Grouping:A.Negligence of basic research:corporate breakups, cut back on research, ignore it, subject to a protracted dissection and review, second-guessing, dropped dramatically, subjected to a scrutiny, skirling our supportB.Significant examples of basic research:computing, biotechnology, the Internet, number theory, complex analysis, coding theory, cryptography, dinosaur paleontology, genetics research)C.Ways to intensify arguments:moved support for science from a “want to have” squarely into the “need to have”column1. resounding2. second-guessing3. downsized4. subjectedVII. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING • STRATEGY • COMPARISON, CONTRAST, AND ANALOGY (Omitted)Text 4 Why Must Scientists Become More Ethically Sensitive Than They Used to Be?I. Vocabulary1. B2. B3. A4. C5. B6. D7. D8. A9. D 10. B 11. B 12. DII. Definition1. A constraint2. Algorithm3. A prerequisite4. Ethics5. an important topic or problem for debate or discussion6. a person’s principles or standards of behaviour; one’s judgement of what is important inlife.7. a formal plan put forward for consideration to carry out a projectIII. Rhetoric1. brushed under the carpet2. smell3. hands and brains4. battle front5. module . . . moduleIV. Mosaic1. /z/ /s/ /s/ /z/ /s//s/ /iz/ /z/ /s/ /z//iz/ /z/ /s/ /z/ /z//z/ /s/ /s/ /z/ /z//s/ after voiceless consonants/z/ after voiced consonants/iz/ after a word ended with –es2. B3. D4. A5. D6. A7. CV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. Scientists and medical ethicists advocate the prohibition of human cloning as a way toproduce life. They all agree that human cloning exerts severe threats on human dignity.Social critics point out that cloned children will lack personality and noumenon. G. Annas, professor of health laws in Boston university, points out that “human cloning should be banned because it may fundamentally alter the definition of ourselves.”VI. Grouping:A.The change of attitudes towards ethical consideration:occupy media slots and Sunday supplements, latest battle front, can no longer be swept aside, more sensitiveB.Academic science:a worldwide institutional web, peer review, respect for priority of discovery,comprehensive citation of the literature, meritocratic preferment, smuggle ethical considerations from private life, from politics, from religion, from sheer humanitariansympathyC.Industrial science:intimately involved in the business of daily lifeD.Post-academic science:a succession of “projects”, compound moral risks with financial risks, largely the work ofteams of scientists1. individualistic2. energized3. comprehensive4. heterogeneousVII. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING • STRATEGY • CAUSE AND EFFECT(Omitted)Text 5 Beauty, Charm, and Strangeness: Science as MetaphorI. Vocabulary1. B2. A3. C4. B5. C6. B7. A8. B9. A 10. CII. Rhetoric1. pitch2. landscape3. unblinking4. yawn5. wringsIII. Mosaic1.physical poetic political scientific optical atomic2. (Omitted)3. B4. B5. A6. C7. DIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. There are only two forms of human spiritual creation: science and poetry. The formergives us convenience; and the latter gives us comfort. In more common words, the former enables us to have food to eat when we are hungry; and the latter makes us aware that eating is something more than eating, and it is very interesting as well. To have science without poetry, atomic bomb will be detonated; to have poetry without science, poets will starve to death.Scientists should not despise poets; and poets should not remain isolated from scientists.If the two fields conflict each other, human beings would be on the way to doom. In fact, the greatest scientists like Newton, Einstein and Mrs. Currie were all endowed with poetic spirit.I assert that in observing the apple falling to the ground, Newton not only discovered thegravity of the earth, he also wrote a beautiful poem.V. GroupingA.Human reason:guilty of hubris, cramped imagination, commonsense logic, an ignorant manB.Differences between art and science:different in their methods and in their ends, a scientific hypothesis can be proven, new combinations of old materials, transform the ordinary into extraordinary, a practical extension into technology, the sense of an endingC.Similarities between art and science:in their origin, quest to reveal the world1. indistinguishable2. transform3. poetic4. extension5. subdueVI. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING • STRATEGY • DIVISION AND CLASSIFICATIONI. Organize the following words into groups.People: physician; driver; boxer; mother; teacherSchools: school; college; institute; kindergarten; universityColors: brown; purple; violet; black; yellowPrepositions: along; toward; upon; without; intoVerbs:listen; read; write; hear; lookII. Complete the following lists.1. College students can be classified according to:A.academic achievementB.attitude toward politics, friendship, etc.C.sexD.heightE.place of originF.value of lifeG.major2. Transportation means can be classified according to:A.speedB.sizeeD.fuelfortF.historyG.water, land, or airIII. Write a paragraph of classification on the books which you like to read.(Omitted)Text 6 Is Science Evil?I. Vocabulary1. C2. A3. D4. B5. B6.A7. C8. C9. D 10. AII. Definition1. Canon2. Validity3. A premise4. Disillusionment5. the process of establishing the truth, accuracy, or correctness of something6. a mode of thinking based on guessing rather than on knowledgeIII. Mosaic1. 1) / / illusion dis-=not -ment=noun ending2) / / science pseudo-=false3) / / conscious -ness=noun ending4) / / question -able=adjective ending5) / / extenuate -ation=noun ending6) / / indict -ment=noun ending7) / / rebut -al=noun ending8) / / perpetrate -ion=noun ending9) / / problem -ic=adjective ending10) / / dissolute -ion=noun ending2. Para. 13: Only when scientific criticism is crippled by making particulars absolute can aclosed view of the world pretend to scientific validity –and then it is a falsevalidity.Para.14: Out of dissatisfaction with all the separate bits of knowledge is born the desire to unite all knowledge.Para. 15: Only superficially do the modern and the ancient atomic theories seem to fit into the same theoretical mold.1) Para. 13: Only + adverbial clause of time + inverted orderPara. 14: Prepositional phrase + inverted orderPara. 15: Only + adverb + inverted order2) Inverted order is used to emphasize.3. C4. B5. A6. CIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. At present there exist two conflicting tendencies towards the development of science andtechnology. The opponents of science hold that the development of modern science has not brought blessings to human beings, instead it has brought human beings to the very edge of disaster and peril. On the other hand, the proponents of scientific and technological progress maintains that the crises facing human beings today—such as environmental pollution, ecological unbalance, natural resource exhaustion—are the natural consequences of the development of science, and the solution to which lies in the further development of science. Both of the above tendencies are reasonable in a sense with their respective one-sided view. If we view the development of modern science and technology from the point of view of our times and with dialectic viewpoints, we can find out that the problem facing modern science and technology is not how to understand the progress of modern science and technology, but how to find out the theoretical basis for the further development of science and technology in order to meet the needs of the times.V. GroupingA.Attitudes toward science:expect to be helped by science and only by science, the superstition of science, the hatred of science, the one great landmark on the road to truthB.Characteristics of science:powerful authority, solve all problems, thoroughly universalC.Scientific knowledge:a concrete totality, cannot supply us with the aims of life, cannot lead usD.Contrast between ancient and modern science:progress into the infinite, making particulars absolute, not as an end in itself but as a tool of inquiry1. corruption2. totality3. inquiry4. superstition5. landmarkVI. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING • STRATEGY • GENERALIZATION AND SPECIFICATIONWRITING • STRATEGY • COMBINATION OF WRITING STRATEGIES (Omitted)Unit Two EngineeringText 7 Engineers’ Dream of Practical Star FlightI. Vocabulary1. D2. C3. B4. D5. A6. C7.CII. Definition1. Annihilation2. A skeptic3. A cosmic ray4. Anti-matter5. A workshop6. the curved path in space that is followed by an object going around another larger object7. any one of the systems of millions or billions of stars, together with gas and dust, heldtogether by gravitational attractionIII. Mosaic1. 闭音节, 字母u 发/ / 的音，如A, C and D.2. (Omitted)3. (Omitted)4. C5. C6. B7. A8. BIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. Human beings have long been attempting sending unmanned devices, called interstellarprobes, into the outer space to understand the changes of climates, geological structures and the living beings on the stars and planets out there. A probe is usually sent into the orbit of the earth by “riding” a spacecraft or carrier rockets. After its orbital adjustments are made, the rocket engine is ignited and the probe continues its journey to the orbit of the other star or planet. With the rocket engine broken off, the probe immediately spreads its solar-cell sails and antenna, controlling its posture with sensors. When convinced that it is in the orbit of the targeted star, the probe starts its propeller and flies to the preset destination.V. GroupingA.Astronomical phenomena:interstellar medium, a wind of particles, galaxy, reserves of comets, the Kuiper Belt,orbit, Pluto, the Oort Cloud, the bombardment photonB.Space equipment:interstellar probe, gravitational lens, chemical rocket, thruster, reflective sailC.To explore the universe:scoop, bend, sampleD.Challenges and solutions in interstellar flights:carry its own supply of propellant, matter-antimatter, nuclear power1. gravitational2. propulsion3. probed4. interstellarVI. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING • RHETORIC • SIMILE AND METAPHORI. Complete the following similes with the words given, using one word once only.1. as drunk as a ___ bear 11. as cool as ___ cucumber______2. as faithful as a ___ dog_____ 12. as white as ____ snow ________3. as greedy as ____Jew_____ 13. as cunning as a ____ fox__________4. as rich as _____ king_____ 14. to fight like a ____ _lion_________5. as naked as a ___ frog_____ 15. to act like a stupid __ ass_________6. as red as a _ _lobster_ 16. to spend money like __ water_______7. as beautiful as a _ butterfly__ 17. to eat like a _ wolf________8. as busy as a ____ bee______ 18. to sleep like a _____ log ______9. as firm as a ____ rock _____ 19. to swim like a ____ fish________10. as rigid as a ___stone____ 20. to tremble like a _____ _ leaf_________II. Explain the following metaphors.1. Creaking doors hang the longest.creaking door: anything or anybody in a bad condition2. I could hardly put up with his acid comment.acid comment: bitter remark.3. Her eyes were blazing as she stormed at me.blazing: filled with angerstormed: shouted; screamed4. She burnt with love, as straw with fire flames.burnt with love: extremely excited with love5. The talk about raising taxes was a red flag to many voters.a red flag: a danger signal (that might stop the support of many voters)6. The charcoal fire glowed and dimmed rhythmically to the strokes of bellows.glowed and dimmed: became bright and gloomy7. The city is a jungle where nobody is safe after the dark.a jungle: a disorderly place8. To me he is power—he is the primitive, the wild wolf, the striking rattlesnake, thestinging centipede.the primitive, the wild wolf, the striking rattlesnake, and the stinging centipede: the most terrifying creatureText 8 Blinded By The LightI. Vocabulary1. A2. C3. A4. C5. D6. A7. BII. Rhetoric1. riveted2. pack3. pours4. creepsIII. Mosaic1. 开音节发字母读音, 如A, B and C.2. (Omitted)3. (Omitted)4. C5. D6. D7. C8. AIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. The energy released from nuclear fusion is much more than that from nuclear fission, andthe radioactivity given out from fusion is only one hundredth of that from fission. The major fuel used for nuclear fusion is hydrogen and its isotopes, deuterium and tritium, among which deuterium could be directly extracted from sea water. The energy of deuterium contained in one liter of sea water is equal to 300 liters of petroleum. In the ocean there are about 35,000 billion tons of deuterium, which could be used for more than one billion years. Compared to the fission energy, the fusion energy on the earth is nearly limitless.V. GroupingA. Nuclear-fusion:the doughnut-shaped hollow, reactor, the Tokamak Fusion reactor, fusion, generate, consumeB. Verbs related to nuclear-fusion reaction:ignite, release, stickC. Excitement and cool-down:not a few tears, The experiment is an important milestone, but fusion power is still along way . . . , But no one knows for sure whether…, Even then it will take decades of engineering before…1. nuclear fusion2. repel3. blastVI. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)W RITING • R HETORIC • METONYMY AND SYNECDOCHEI. Study the uses of metonymy in the following sentences and then put them into Chinese.1.The election benched him in the district court.他在这次竞选中当上了地区法官。
山东大学考博英语部分试题及参考答案详解
2015年山东大学考博英语部分试题完形填空A recent poll indicated that half the teenagers in the United States believe that communication between them and their parents is__1__and further that one of the prime causes of this gap is __2__listening behavior. As a(an)__3__ in point，one parent believed that her daughter had a severe__4__problem. She was so __5__that she took her to an audiologist to have her ear tested. The audiologist carefully tested both ears and reported back to the parent：“There‘s nothing wrong with her hearing. She’s just __6__you out.”A leading cause of the __7__divorce rate(more than half of all marriages end in divorce)is the failure of husbands and wives to __8__effectively. They don‘t listen to each other. Neither person__9__to the actual message sent by the other.In __10__fashion，political scientists report that a growing number of people believe that their elected and __11__officials are out of__12__with the constituents they are supposedly __13__. Why?Because they don‘t believe that they listen to them. In fact，it seems that sometimes our politicians don’t even listen to themselves. The following is a true story：At anational__14__conference held in Albuquerque some years ago，then Senator Joseph Montoyawas__15__a copy of a press release by a press aide shortly before he got up before the audience to__16__ a speech. When he rose to speak，__17__the horror of the press aide and the__18__of his audience，Montoya began reading the press release，not his speech. He began，“For immediate release. Senator Joseph M. Montoya，Democrat of New Mexico，last night told the National……”Montoya read the entire six-page release，__19__ with the statement that he“was repeatedly __20__by applause.”1.[A] scarce [B] little [C] rare [D] poor2.[A] malignant [B] deficient [C] ineffective [D] feeble3.[A] case [B] example [C] lesson [D] suggestion4.[A] audio [B] aural [C] hearing [D] listening5.[A] believing [B] convinced [C] assured [D] doubtless6.[A] turning [B] tuning [C] tucking [D] tugging7.[A] rising [B] arising [C] raising [D] arousing8.[A] exchange [B] interchange [C] encounter [D] interact9.[A] relates [B] refers [C] responds [D] resorts10.[A] like [B] alike [C] likely [D] likewise11.[A] nominated [B] selected [C] appointed [D] supported12.[A] connection [B] reach [C] association [D] touch13.[A] leading [B] representing [C]delegating [D] supporting14.[A] legislative [B] legitimate [C] legalized [D] liberal15.[A] distributed [B] awarded [C] handed [D] submitted16.[A] present [B] publish [C] deliver [D] pursue17.[A] to [B] with [C] for [D] on18.[A] joy [B] enjoyment [C] amusement [D] delight19.[A] conclude [B] to conclude [C] concluding [D] concluded20.[A] disrupted [B] interfered [C] interrupted [D] stopped阅读理解第一篇I’ve been writing for most of my life. The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction(区别)and one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously. The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so.Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting (稍纵即逝的) thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is.The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls “free writing.” In free writing, the objective is to get words down on paper non-stop, usually for 15-20 minutes. No stopping, no going back, no criticizing. The goal is to get the words flowing. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen.Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you’ve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly. Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near.Instead of staring at a blank start filling it with words no matter how bad. Halfway through your available time, stop and rework your raw writing into something closer to finished product. Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices.1 When the author says the creative mind and the critical mind “cannot work in parallel” inthe writing process, he meansA．one cannot use them at the same time B．they cannot be regarded as equally important C．they are in constant conflict with each other D．no one can be both creative and critical2 What prevents people from writing on isA．putting their ideas in raw form B．ignoring grammatical soundnessC．attempting to edit as they write D．trying to capture fleeting thoughts3 What is the chief objective of the first stage of writing?A．To organize one’s thoughts logically. B．To get one’s ideas down.C．To choose an appropriate topic. D．To collect raw materials.4 One common concern of writers about “free writing” is thatA．it overstresses the role of the creative mind B．it does not help them to think clearly C．it may bring about too much criticism D．it takes too much time to edit afterwards5 In what way does the critical mind help the writer in the writing process?A．It allows him to sit on the side and observe. B．It helps him to come up with new ideas. C．It saves the writing time available to him. D．It improves his writing into better shape.第二篇 2002年1月六级"The world's environment is surprisingly healthy. Discuss." If that were an examination topic, most students would tear it apart, offering a long list of complaints: from local smog ( 烟雾 )to global climate change, from the felling ( 砍伐 ) of forests to the extinction of species. The list would largely be accurate, the concern legitimate. Yet the students who should be given the highest marks would actually be those who agreed with the statement. The surprise is how good things are, not how bad.After all, the world's population has more than tripled during this century, and world output has risen hugely, so you would expect the earth itself to have been affected. Indeed, if people lived, consumed and produced things in the same way as they did in 1900 (or 1950, or indeed 1980), the world by now would be a pretty disgusting place: smelly, dirty, toxic and dangerous.But they don't. The reasons why they don't, and why the environment has not been mined, have to do with prices, technological innovation, social change and government regulation in re- sponse to popular pressure. That is why, today's environmental problems in the poor countries ought, in principle, to be solvable.Raw materials have not run out, and show no sign of doing so. Logically, one day they must: the planet is a finite place. Yet it is also very big, and man is very ingenious. What has happened is that every time a material seems to be running short, the price has risen and, in response, people have looked for new sources of supply, tried to find ways to use less of the material, or looked for a new substitute. For this reason prices for energy and for minerals have fallen in real temp3s during the century. The same is true for food. Prices fluctuate, in response to harvests, natural disasters and political instability; and when they rise, it takes some time before new sources of supply become available. But they always do, assisted by new famp3ing and crop technology. The long temp3 trend has been downwards.It is where prices and markets do not operate properly that this benign ( 良性的 ) trend begins to stumble, and the genuine problems arise. Markets cannot always keep the environment healthy. If no one owns the resource concerned, no one has an interest in conserving it or fostering it: fish is the best example of this.1. According to the author, most students________.A) believe the world's environment is in an undesirable conditionB) agree that the environment of the world is not as bad as it is thought to beC) get high marks for their good knowledge of the world's environmentD) appear somewhat unconcerned about the state of the world's environment2. The huge increase in world production and population ________.A) has made the world a worse place to live inB) has had a positive influence on the environmentC) has not significantly affected the environmentD) has made the world a dangerous place to live in3. One of the reasons why the long-temp3 trend of prices has been downwards is that________.A) technological innovation can promote social stabilityB) political instability will cause consumption to dropC) new famp3ing and crop technology can lead to overproductionD) new sources are always becoming available4. Fish resources are diminishing because________.A) no new substitutes can be found in large quantitiesB) they are not owned by any particular entityC) improper methods of fishing have mined the fishing groundsD) water pollution is extremely serious5. The primary solution to environmental problems is________.A) to allow market forces to operate properlyB) to curb consumption of natural resourcesC) to limit the growth of the world populationD) to avoid fluctuations in prices第三篇 2005年6月六级Low-level slash-and-burn farming doesn’t harm rainforest. On the contrary, it helps farmers and improves forest soils. This is the unorthodox view of a German soil scientist who has shown that burnt clearings in the Amazon, dating back more than 1,000 years, helped creates patches of rich, fertile soil that farmers still benefit from today.Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because they lack minerals and because the heat and heavy rainfall destroy most organic matter in the soils within four years of it reaching the forest floor. This means topsoil contains few of the ingredients needed for long-term successful farming. But Bruno Glaser, a soil scientist of the University of Bayreuth, has studied unexpected patches of fertile soils in the central Amazon. These soils contain lots of organic matter.Glaser has shown that most of this fertile organic matter comes from “ black carbon” --- the organic particles from camp fires and charred (烧成炭的) wood left over from thousands of years of slash-and-burn farming. “ The soils, known as Terra Preta, contained up to 70 times more black carbon than the surrounding soils,” says Glaser.Unburnt vegetation rots quickly, but black carbon persists in the soil for many centuries. Radiocarbon dating shows that the charred wood in Terra Preta soils is typically more than 1,000 years old.“Slash-and-burn farming can be good for soils provided it doesn’t completely burn all the vegetation, and leaves behind charred wood,” says Glaser. “It can be better than manure (粪肥).” Burning the forest just once can leave behind enough black carbon to keep the soil fertile for thousands of years. And rainforests easily regrow after small-scale clearing. Contrary to the conventional view that human activities damage the environment, Glaser says: “ Black carbon combines with human wastes is responsible for the richness of Terra Preta soils.”Terra Preta soils turn up in large patches all over the Amazon, where they are highly prized by farmers. All the patches fall within 500 square kilometers in the central Amazon. Glaser says the widespread presence of pottery (陶器) confirms the soil’s human origins.The findings add weight to the theory that large areas of the Amazon have recovered so well from past periods of agricultural use that the regrowth has been mistaken by generations of biologists for “virgin” forest.During the past decade, researchers have discovered hundreds of large earth works deep in the jungle. They are up to 20 meters high and cover up to a square kilometer. Glaser claims that these earth works, built between AD 400 and 1400, were at the heart of urban civilizations managed to feed themselves.1. We learn from the passage that the traditional view of slash-and-burn farming is that _______.A) it does no harm to the topsoil of the rainforestB) it destroys rainforest soilsC) it helps improve rainforest soilsD) it diminishes the organic matter in rainforest soils2. Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because _________.A) the composition of the topsoil is rather unstableB) black carbon is washed away by heavy rainsC) organic matter is quickly lost due to heat and rainD) long-term farming has exhausted the ingredients essential to plant growth3. Glaser made his discovery by __________.A) studying patches of fertile soils in the central AmazonB) examining pottery left over by ancient civilizationsC) test-burning patches of trees in the central AmazonD) radiocarbon-dating ingredients contained in forest soils4. What does Glaser say about the regrowth of rainforest?A) They take centuries to regrow after being burnt.B) They cannot recover unless the vegetation is burnt completely.C) Their regrowth will be hampered by human habitation.D) They can recover easily after slash-and-burn farming5. From the passage it can be inferred that __________.A) human activities will do grave damage to rainforestsB) Amazon rainforest soils used to be the richest in the worldC) farming is responsible for the destruction of the Amazon rainforestsD) there once existed an urban civilization in the Amazon rainforests第四篇 2006年12月六级In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the body's system for reacting to things that can harm us- the so-called fight-or-flight response. "An animal that can't detect danger can't stay alive," says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals, humans evolved with an elaborate mechanism for processing information about potential threats. At its core is a cluster of neurons(神经元) deep in the brain known as the amygdala (扁桃核).LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories of significant events in our lives. The amygdala receives input from many parts of the brain, including regions responsible for retrieving memories. Using this information, the amygdala appraised a situation- I think this charging dog wants to bite me-and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body. These signals produce the familiar signs of distress: trembling, perspiration and fast-moving feet, just to name three.This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than humans know they're afraid. That is, as LeDoux says, "if you put that system into a brain that has consciousness, then you get the feeling of fear."Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate future events. Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwired danger-detection systems, and you get a near-universal human phenomenon: worry.That's not necessarily a bad thing, says Hallowell. "When used properly, worry is an incredible device," he says. After all, a little healthy worrying is okay if it leads to constructive action-like having a doctor look at that weird spot on your back.Hallowell insists, though, that there's a right way to worry. "Never do it alone, get the facts and then make a plan," he says. Most of us have survived a recession, so we're familiar with the belt-tightening strategies needed to survive a slump.Unfortunately, few of us have much experience dealing with the threat of terrorism, so it's been difficult to get facts about how we should respond. That's why Hallowell believes it was okay for people to indulge some extreme worries last fall by asking doctors for Cipro and buying gas masks.1. The "so-called fight-or-flight response" (Line2, Para. 1) refers to "________".A) the biological process in which human beings' sense of self-defense evolvesB) the instinctive fear human beings feel when faced with potential dangerC) the act of evaluating a dangerous situation and making a quick decisionD) the elaborate mechanism in the human brain for retrieving information2. Form the studies conducted by LcDoux we learn that __________.A) reactions of humans and animals to dangerous situations are often unpredictableB) memories of significant events enable people to control fear and distressC) people's unpleasant memories are derived from their feelings of fearD) the amygdale plays a vital part in human and animal responses to potential danger3.Form the passage we know that__________.A) a little worry will do us good if handled properlyB) a little worry will enable us to survive a recessionC) fear strengthens the human desire to survive dangerD) fear helps people to anticipate certain future events4. Which of the following is the best way to deal with your worries according to Hallowell?A) Ask for help-from the people around you.B) Use the belt-tightening strategies for survival.C) Seek professional advice and take action.D) Understand the situation and be fully prepared.5. In Hallowell's view, people's reaction to the terrorist threat last fall was _________.A) ridiculous B) understandable C) over-cautious D) sensiblePassage六选五How Poison Ivy WorksAccording to the American Academy of Dermatology, an estimated 10 to 50 million people in this country have an allergic reaction to poison ivy each year. Poison ivy is often very difficult to spot. It closely resembles several other common garden plants, and can also blend in with other plants and weeds. But if you come into contact with it, you'll soon know by the itchy, blistery rash that forms on your skin. Poison ivy is a red, itchy rash caused by the plant that bears its name. Many people get it when they are hiking or working in their garden and accidentally come into direct contact with the plant's leaves, roots, or stems. The poison ivy rash often looks like red lines, and sometimes it forms blisters.1. ______About 85 percent of people are allergic to the urushiol in poison ivy, according to the American Academy of Dermatology. Only a tiny amount of this chemical -- 1 billionth of a gram -- is enough to cause a rash in many people. Some people may boast that they've been exposed to poison ivy many times and have never gotten the rash, but that doesn't necessarily mean they're not allergic. Sometimes the allergy doesn't emerge until you've been exposed several times, and some people develop a rash after their very first exposure. It may take up to ten days for the rash to emerge the first time.2. ______Here are some other ways to identify the poison ivy plant. It generally grows in a cluster of low, weed-like plants or a woody vine which can climb trees or fences. It is most often found in moist areas, such as riverbanks, woods, and pastures. The edges of the leaves are generally smooth or have tiny "teeth". Their color changes based on the season -- reddish in the spring; green in the summer; and yellow, orange, or red in the fall. Its berries are typically white.3. ______The body's immune system is normally in the business of protecting us from bacteria, viruses, and other foreign invaders that can make us sick. But when urushiol from the poison ivy plant touches the skin, it instigates an immune response, called dermatitis, to what would otherwise be a harmless substance. Hay fever is another example of this type of response; in the case of hay fever, the immune system overreacts to pollen, or another plant-produced substance.4. ______The allergic reaction to poison ivy is known as delayed hypersensitivity. Unlike immediate hypersensitivity, which causes an allergic reaction within minutes of exposure to an antigen, delayed hypersensitivity reactions don't emerge for several hours or even days after the exposure.5. ______In the places where your skin has come into contact with poison ivy leaves or urushiol, within one to two days you'll develop a rash, which will usually itch, redden, burn, swell, and form blisters. The rash should go away within a week, but it can last longer. The severity of the reaction often has to do with how much urushiol you've touched. The rash may appear sooner in some parts of the body than in others, but it doesn't spread -- the urushiol simply absorbs into the skin at different rates in different parts of the body. Thicker skin such as the skin on the soles of your feet, is harder to penetrate than thinner skin on your arms and legs.A Because urushiol is found in all parts of the poison ivy plant -- the leaves, stems, and roots -- it's best to avoid the plant entirely to prevent a rash. The trouble is, poison ivy grows almost everywhere in the United States (with the exception of the Southwest, Alaska, and Hawaii), so geography won't help you. The general rule to identify poison ivy, "leaflets three, let it be," doesn't always apply. Poison ivy usually does grow in groups of three leaves, with a longer middle leaf -- but it can also grow with up to nine leaves in a group.B Most people don't have a reaction the first time they touch poison ivy, but develop an allergic reaction after repeated exposure. Everyone has a different sensitivity, and therefore a slightly different reaction, to poison ivy. Sensitivity usually decreases with age and with repeated exposures to the plant.C Here's how the poison ivy response occurs. Urushiol makes its way down through the skin, where it is metabolized, or broken down. Immune cells called T lymphocytes (or T-cells) recognize the urushiol derivatives as a foreign substance, or antigen. They send out inflammatory signals called cytokines, which bring in white blood cells. Under orders from the cytokines, these white blood cells turn into macrophages. The macrophages eat foreign substances, but in doing so they also damage normal tissue, resulting in the skin inflammation that occurs with poison ivy.D Poison ivy's cousins, poison oak and poison sumac, each have their own unique appearance. Poison oak grows as a shrub (one to six feet tall). It is typically found along the West Coast and in the South, in dry areas such as fields, woodlands, and thickets. Like poison ivy, the leaves of poison oak are usually clustered in groups of three. They tend to be thick, green, and hairy on both sides. Poison sumac mainly grows in moist, swampy areas in the Northeast, Midwest, and along the Mississippi River. It is a woody shrub made up of stems with rows of seven to thirteen smooth-edged leaflets.E The culprit behind the rash is a chemical in the sap of poison ivy plants called urushiol. Its name comes from the Japanese word "urushi", meaning lacquer. Urushiol is the same substance that triggers an allergic reaction when people touch poison oak and poison sumac plants. Poison ivy, Eastern poison oak, Western poison oak, and poison sumac are all members of the same family -- Anacardiaceae.F Call your doctor if you experience these more serious reactions:Pus around the rash (which could indicate an infection).A rash around your mouth, eyes, or genital area.A fever above 100 degrees.A rash that does not heal after a week.2015年山大考博英语真题部分答案完形填空答案及翻译：1.D2.B3.A4.C5.B6.B7.A8.D9.C 10.A11.C 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.C 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.C 20.C最近的一项民意测验显示：美国一半的青少年认为他们与父母的交流不好，而且造成这种隔阂的一个首要原因是有不理想的倾听行为。
昆明理工大学博士研究生入学考试《英语》考试大纲
昆明理工大学博士研究生入学考试《英语》考试大纲第一部分考试形式和试卷结构一、考试方式：考试采用闭卷笔试方式，试卷满分为100分。
二、考试时间：180分钟。
三、试卷内容结构：客观题占55%，主观题占45%。
四、试卷题型结构试卷由四部分组成：词汇、阅读理解、翻译（英汉互译）、写作。
其中：1.词汇，占15%。
测试考生词汇量及对常用词汇、短语和语法的熟练掌握程度。
2.阅读理解，占40%。
测试考生对篇章结构和阅读内容的理解能力，区分论点和论据的能力，以及阅读速度。
3.翻译（英汉互译），占25%。
测试考生对英汉两种语言转换的掌握程度。
4.写作，占20%。
测试学生的书面表达能力。
第二部分考试内容和要求一、词汇语法本部分主要测试考生是否具备一定的词汇量和根据上下文对词和词组意义判断的能力。
理解掌握5,000个左右的常用词和500个常用词组，熟练掌握其中2,000个左右的基本词，认知120个左右的常用词根和词缀，并能用构词法识别派生词。
考生应具备借助于词汇、句法及上下文线索对语言进行综合分析和应用的能力。
语法测试包括语态、语气、时态、动词非限定形式等。
要求考生从所给的四个选项中选出可用在句中的最恰当词或词组。
二、阅读理解本部分测试考生理解书面英语的能力，能熟练地运用各项阅读技能，具有语篇水平上的分析能力。
能较顺利地阅读并正确理解有相当难度的一般性题材文章和其他读物。
有四篇文章，每篇文章长度为400词左右，阅读速度达到每分钟60-70词，读后能理解中心思想及内容。
要求考生能：1.掌握篇章的组织结构，主题，主要论点和论据、具体细节，以及结论。
2.进行相关的判断和推理。
3.准确把握某些词和词组在上下文中的特定含义。
4.领会作者的观点和意图，判断作者的态度。
三、翻译1.英译汉要求考生将一篇近200词、有一定难度的一般性题材的英语短文翻译成汉语。
主要测试考生从语篇角度正确理解英语原句，并能用准确的书面汉语忠实、通顺地表达出来。
博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解
博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解Doctoral Entrance Examination in EnglishPart I: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this section, there are four passages followed by questions or incomplete statements. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question or complete each statement.Passage 1:Climate Change and Global WarmingClimate change refers to long-term changes in average weather patterns in a specific region or globally. Global warming, on the other hand, specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities. While some argue that global warming is a natural phenomenon, the overwhelming majority of scientists agree that human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, are the primary causes of climate change.1. According to the passage, what is the main cause of global warming?A. Natural phenomenaB. Human activitiesC. Average weather patternsD. Long-term changes in climateAnswer: B. Human activities2. What is the difference between climate change and global warming?A. Climate change is caused by human activities, while global warming is natural.B. Global warming refers specifically to changes in average weather patterns.C. Climate change refers to long-term changes in climate, while global warming is due to human activities.D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Answer: D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Passage 2:The Importance of BiodiversityBiodiversity refers to the variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of the environment and supporting the overall health of ecosystems. Loss of biodiversity is a significant concern as it can lead to negative impacts on food security, climate stability, and overall ecosystem function.3. What is biodiversity?A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.B. The balance of the environment.C. The health of ecosystems.D. The stability of climate.Answer: A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.4. Why is loss of biodiversity a concern?A. It leads to an increase in food security.B. It has no impact on climate stability.C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.D. It supports overall ecosystem function.Answer: C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.Part II: Writing (60 points)Directions: In this section, write an essay on one of the following topics. Your essay should be approximately 400 words in length.1. The Impact of Technology on Society2. Education in the Digital Age3. The Importance of Cross-Cultural Communication4. Sustainable Development and Environmental ConservationPart III: Speaking (60 points)Directions: In this section, you will be asked to discuss one of the following topics. You will have five minutes to prepare your response and three minutes to present it.1. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Learning2. The Influence of Social Media on Relationships3. Effective Strategies for Time Management4. The Role of Government in Promoting Renewable EnergyDetailed explanations and model answers for Part II and Part III will be provided during the examination.Good luck with your doctoral entrance examination in English!。
硕博研究生英语综合教程郭巍第十单元讲解
第十单元讲解：学术写作1. 论文写作概述在硕博研究生阶段，学术论文的写作是非常重要的一环。
良好的学术写作能力不仅是评定学生学术能力的一项重要指标，同时也是学术研究和交流的基础。
本单元将就学术写作进行详细的讲解和指导。
2. 学术写作的特点学术写作与一般的日常写作有着明显的区别。
学术写作要求精确、严谨、规范，使用语言的准确性和严密性，注重逻辑推理和事实证据的支撑。
学术写作还要求引用他人的观点和研究成果，不能存在抄袭和剽窃的行为。
学术写作具有一定的规范性和专业性。
3. 论文写作的结构一篇学术论文通常包括概述、文献综述、理论分析、实证研究、结论等部分。
概述部分应该明确阐述研究的目的和意义，文献综述则要对相关研究进行梳理和总结，理论分析部分是对研究问题进行深入的解析，实证研究则是通过实际的数据和案例进行论证，最后结论部分对研究结果进行总结和展望。
这种结构既能保证论文的逻辑性和连贯性，又能满足读者对文章内容的理解和掌握。
4. 学术写作中的语言规范在学术写作中，语言的规范性和准确性是非常重要的。
一篇好的学术文章不仅要求逻辑严密，还要求语言精炼、准确流畅。
一些常见的语言错误，比如主谓不一致、句子结构混乱、用词不当等都会影响文章的质量。
学生在写作过程中需要注意语言的规范性和准确性。
5. 如何做好文献综述和理论分析文献综述是学术论文中非常重要的一部分，它不仅是对相关研究进行了系统的梳理和总结，同时也为研究提供了理论和实证基础。
在文献综述中，学生需要对相关研究进行全面的收集和整理，确保对研究领域的了解和掌握。
而理论分析则是对研究问题进行深入的探讨和分析，需要结合实际情况和相关理论进行阐述，以达到全面深入的效果。
6. 学术写作中的引用规范在学术写作中，对他人观点和研究成果的引用是非常常见的。
然而，对引用的规范性和正确性要求也很高。
学生需要清楚自己所使用的引用格式，严格按照要求进行引用，同时也要确保引用的准确性和权威性。
硕博英语综合教程郭巍听力原文
硕博英语综合教程郭巍听力原文1.引言1.1 介绍硕博英语综合教程郭巍听力原文的背景和意义硕博英语综合教程是一套专门为硕士和博士研究生设计的英语教材，旨在帮助他们提高英语综合能力，提高学术研究水平。
而郭巍听力原文作为该教程的重要组成部分，致力于帮助学生提高听力水平，从而更好地进行学术交流和研究工作。
在如今全球化的学术环境下，英语已经成为学术交流和研究的重要工具，而良好的听力能力是进行学术交流必不可少的一部分。
通过学习硕博英语综合教程郭巍听力原文，学生可以接触到真实的学术讲座、学术讨论和学术报告，从而提高对学术英语的理解能力和听力水平。
这对于学生未来的学术研究工作具有非常重要的意义。
通过学习硕博英语综合教程郭巍听力原文，学生还可以更好地了解国际学术前沿动态，接触到不同领域的学术资讯和观点，拓宽学术视野，从而提升自己的学术水平。
硕博英语综合教程郭巍听力原文的背景和意义是非常重要的，它不仅是帮助学生提高英语综合能力的重要途径，也是培养学生学术交流能力和学术研究水平的重要支持。
1.2 强调听力训练在英语学习中的重要性听力训练在英语学习中的重要性不可忽视。
在学习英语的过程中，听力是非常重要的一个方面，因为它直接关系到语言的输入和理解。
通过不断地进行听力训练，学生们可以提高自己的听力水平，更好地理解并掌握英语。
随着全球化的发展，英语已经成为一种国际通用语言，因此具备良好的听力能力对于学生未来的学习和工作都至关重要。
在日常生活中，我们经常需要通过听力来获取信息，比如听取老师的讲解，听取会议的内容，听取新闻的报道等等。
良好的听力能力不仅对于学术研究有着积极的促进作用，也对于社交和沟通有着重要的影响。
通过提高听力水平，学生们能够更好地融入英语国家的生活和工作环境，为自己的未来发展打下良好的基础。
我们应该认识到听力训练在英语学习中的重要性，并且采取积极的措施来加强听力训练。
硕博英语综合教程郭巍听力原文正是一个非常好的听力训练教材，它通过丰富的听力材料和专业的指导，为学生们提供了一个良好的听力训练平台。
2024全国博士英语考试大纲
2024全国博士英语考试大纲The 2024 National Doctoral English Examination Syllabus provides a comprehensive overview of the expectations and requirements for candidates preparing to take the exam. Designed to assess proficiency in English language skills at the doctoral level, the syllabus outlines the key areas of focus and the types of tasks that candidates can expect to encounter. 。
The examination covers four main components: Listening Comprehension, Reading Comprehension, Writing, and Translation. Each component is designed to evaluate different aspects of language proficiency, including understanding, analysis, synthesis, and expression.Listening Comprehension tests candidates' ability to understand spoken English in academic and professional contexts. Candidates will listen to a variety of recordings, including lectures, discussions, and presentations, and answer questions to demonstrate their comprehension of the content, main ideas, supporting details, and speaker's attitude or opinion.Reading Comprehension assesses candidates' ability to understand and analyze written English texts. Candidates will encounter a range of text types, such as academic articles, reports, essays, and literary passages. They will be required to demonstrate their comprehension of the texts by answering questions that test their understanding of main ideas, supporting details, vocabulary, inference, and rhetorical devices.The Writing component evaluates candidates' ability to produce coherent and well-organized written English. Candidates will be presented with prompts or topics and asked to write essays, reports, or other text types. They will need to demonstrate their ability to generate and develop ideas, organize information logically, use appropriate language and style, and support their arguments with relevant examples and evidence.Translation tests candidates' ability to accurately translate English texts into Chinese and vice versa. Candidates will be required to translate passages that cover a range oftopics and genres, including academic, scientific, technical, and literary texts. They will need to demonstrate their understanding of both languages' grammar, vocabulary, and idiomatic expressions, as well as their ability to convey the original meaning and tone of the text.Overall, the 2024 National Doctoral English Examination Syllabus provides a clear outline of the expectations and requirements for candidates preparing to take the exam. By familiarizing themselves with the content and format of the exam, candidates can better prepare and improve their chances of success.。
威海分校-山东大学研究生招生信息网
01中国现当代文学与诗学
02现代中外文学关系研究
杨慧
杨慧
①501英语
②621中国现当代文学与诗学
③813中国新文学思潮
同等学力加试：
1.文学理论
2.欧美文学史
050210亚非语言文学
01韩国文学
02韩国语语言学
金哲
金柄珉
金哲
金柄珉
①501英语
②757韩国文学史
③821韩国文学作品分析
备注
0202Z3公共经济学
01老龄化与社会保障
02劳动就业与劳资关系治理
03老龄化经济学
04东北亚人口与经济
05财政理论与政策
06公共经济与公共管理
07政府投融资
罗润东
罗润东
刘文
刘文
杨林
张建波
杨林
张建波
①501英语
②601公共经济学
③802公共政策学（含政府收支管理、卫生经济学、社会福利理论与政策）
③850粒子物理或856原子核物理
同等学力加试：
1.群论
2.核物理实验方法
070800地球物理学
01太阳大气与行星际动力学
02磁层-电离层物理
03行星遥感与光谱学
04卫星定位与遥感
夏利东
陈耀
李波
史全岐
张清和
凌宗成
许国昌
徐天河
赫尔曼·考夫曼*
①501英语
②632空间等离子体物理或635行星科学导论或794卫星导航定位
1.机械制造技术基础
2.计算机辅助制造
080500材料科学与工程
01金属熔体结构及其成形技术
王丽
①501英语
2024哈工大博士英语考核大纲
2024哈工大博士英语考核大纲English Answer:Text: This text discusses the potential of advances in artificial intelligence (AI) to transform a wide range of fields, including healthcare, education, business, and transportation. It argues that AI could lead to significant breakthroughs in disease diagnosis, personalized learning, automation of tasks, and safer and more efficient travel. However, the text also acknowledges the ethical and social challenges that need to be considered as AI becomes more advanced.Questions:1. In what ways could artificial intelligencecontribute to the field of medicine?2. How might AI transform the educational experience?3. What are some of the potential benefits of AI for businesses?4. How could AI improve transportation systems?5. What ethical and social issues need to be addressed as AI advances?6. How can we ensure that AI is used for the benefit of society and not to the detriment?Answers:1. Artificial intelligence has the potential to revolutionize healthcare by automating routine tasks, enabling more precise disease diagnosis, facilitating personalized treatment plans, and expediting drug discovery.2. AI can personalize the learning experience, provide real-time feedback to students, and identify areas where additional support is needed. It can also make education more accessible to people who may not have traditionalaccess to schools or universities.3. AI can help businesses streamline operations, increase efficiency, and create new products and services.It can also assist with customer service, marketing, and supply chain management.4. AI can be used to develop safer and more efficient transportation systems. It can be applied to traffic management, vehicle safety, and route optimization. It can also contribute to the development of self-driving cars and other autonomous vehicles.5. Ethical and social issues that need to be addressed as AI advances include data privacy, algorithmic fairness, and the potential for job displacement.6. To ensure that AI is used for the benefit of society, it is essential to establish ethical guidelines, promote transparency, and invest in research on the social and economic impacts of AI.中文回答：文本，本文讨论了人工智能（AI）进步在医疗保健、教育、商业和运输等广泛领域的变革潜力。
英语专业博士点
应届研究生想考上博士，除非考自己导师的，要不就是自己实力超强，起码研究生阶段发个几篇核心期刊论文，然后对研究方向有相当深刻认识，否则......全国英语专业博士点(2009-03-05 17:09:39)标签：考研杂谈设有“英语语言文学”博士点的高校（共27所）北京大学、清华大学、北京师范大学、中国社会科学院研究生院、北京外国语大学中国人民解放军外国语学院、中国人民解放军通信指挥学院厦门大学、山东大学、四川大学、河南大学复旦大学、上海外国语大学、华东师范大学南京大学、苏州大学、南京师范大学东北师范大学、湖南师范大学南开大学、中山大学2006年新增英语博士点福建师范大学、华中师范大学北京语言大学、浙江大学中南大学、西南大学设有“外国语言学及应用语言学”博士点的高校（共9所）北京外国语大学复旦大学、上海交通大学、上海外国语大学南京大学广东外语外贸大学06年新增英语博士点同济大学、中山大学、南京师范大学同时设有1:“外国语言学及应用语言学”和2:“英语语言文学”博士点的高校（共6所）北京外国语大学复旦大学、上海外国语大学南京大学中山大学、南京师范大学英语专业考研考博全国重点院校推荐(2009-08-14 22:17:25)标签：教育北京大学英语语言文学为国家重点学科、与外国语言学及应用语言学均为一级博士点1919年北京大学建立英语系，胡适任系主任。
至今已有83年的历史。
北大英语系是我国第一批硕士点和博士点之一，也是外国语言文学专业的博士后流动站和国家第一批重点学科点。
研究门类齐全、研究实力雄厚。
英语系研究生共设有英语文学、英语语言学、美国研究、翻译研究、和英语教育等五个专业方向，学制为3年。
现任院长程朝翔教授。
教授23名。
具有博士学位的22名。
英语系出版了大量学术专著、骨干教材和优秀译作。
攻读博士学位继续深造、在国家部委、外事部门、各级政府、新闻出版等外事部门任职北京外国语大学语语言文学为国家重点学科、与外国语言学及应用语言学均为一级学科博士点英语学院成立于2001年，现任院长为孙有中教授。
山东大学研究生英语Blevel网上学习新闻英语2标准答案(1-10) (1)
山东大学研究生英语Blevel网上学习新闻英语2标准答案(1-10)(1)（在使用时用 word 打开，启用导航窗格来做每单元较方便，第三单元由于格式问题，没写标题，但不影响内容，）第 1 单元准备阶段1.Exercise 1: Listen to the passage and answer each question by giving the best choice. 听力原文：Global Unemployment Concerns RiseAs the latest U.S. corporate earnings reports start to come out, overseas markets are bracing for some difficult numbers.Overall weak economic indicators coupled with depressed corporate data are seen as the main obstacles blocking a sustained rally in shares over the coming weeks and months. Asian markets downIn Asia, Japan?s market was closed Monday for a national holiday but elsewhere, therewas not much to be optimistic about.Hong Kong?s Hang Seng index was down for a fifth straight day, dropping nearly three percent. The South Korean market lost two percent, dragged down by an announcement by carmaker Hyundai that it would cut production by atleast 25 percent at its domestic plants.Here in Europe, similar worries kept most shares on the downside with large energy stocks taking the biggest hits as crude oil fell below the $40-a-barrel mark. US unemployment rate also troublesomeMeanwhile, rising unemployment in the U.S. and elsewhere around the world is forcing some governments to act now. Here in Britain, Prime Minister Gordon Brown has pledged to spend at least $750 million to try to stem growing unemployment caused by the worldfinancial crisis.“It i s our determination that Britain can lead the world in showing what we can do to help those who become unemployed and what we can also do to create the jobs of the future. And I believe we can do it working in partnership. Britain works best when Britain works together and I believe that we can show this in the partnership to create jobs.” Brown determined to keep British jobless rate under controlSpeaking at a meeting of British business and union leaders, Brown said he was determined to not let unemployment spiral out of control.“We will be able to help 500,000 people into work or work-focusedtraining over the next two years. Now, I believe that by acting together and working together, we can help families and businesses through the downturn and at the same time and by the same measures, we can also secure our future competitiveness as a global economy.” He reiterated that providing train ing now for the jobs of the digital future when the downturn is over is thecorrect way to proceed.But not everyone here agrees with his spending plans. Opposition leader David Cameron says rapidly-rising government debt will unduly burden the nextgeneration of taxpayers. 题目：1.Which country's market was closed Monday for a national holiday? 文本：A) Japan B) China C) US D) Britain 你的答案: A 正确答案:A 得分:20.00题目：2.How much has Prime Minister Gordon Brown pledged to spend to try to stem growing unemployment caused by the world financial crisis? 文本：A) at least $750 millionB) at least $500,000C) at least $75 millionD) at least $25 million 你的答案: A正确答案:A 得分:20.00题目：3.Opposition leader David Cameron believes next generation of taxpayers. 文本：will unduly burden theA) rapidly-rising unemploymentB) rapidly-rising bankruptcyC) financial crisisD) rapidly-rising government debt 你的答案: D 正确答案:D 得分:20.002.Exercise 2: Listen to the passage and decide whether the following statements are true or false, write T for true, F for false.听力原文：Global Unemployment Concerns RiseAs the latest U.S. corporate earnings reports start to come out, overseas markets are bracing for some difficult numbers.Overall weak economic indicators coupled with depressed corporate data are seen as the main obstacles blocking a sustained rally in shares over the coming weeks and months. Asian markets downIn Asia, Japan?s market was closed Monday for a national holiday but elsewhere, there was not much to be optimistic about.Hong Kong?s Hang Seng index was down for a fifth straight day, dropping nearly three percent. The South Korean market lost two percent, dragged down by an announcement by carmaker Hyundai that it would cut production by atleast 25 percent at its domestic plants.Here in Europe, similar worries kept most shares on the downside with large energy stocks taking the biggest hits as crude oil fell below the $40-a-barrel mark. US unemployment rate also troublesomeMeanwhile, rising unemployment in the U.S. and elsewhere around the world is forcing some governments to act now. Here in Britain, Prime Minister Gordon Brown has pledged to spend at least $750 million to try to stem growing unemployment caused by the world financial crisis.“It is our determination that Britain can lead the world in showing what we can do to help those who become unemployed and what we can also do to create the jobs of the future. And I believe we can do it working in partnership. Britain works best when Britain works together and I believe that we can show this in the partnership to create jobs.” Brown determined to keep British jobless rate under controlSpeaking at a meeting of British business and union leaders, Brown said he was determined to not let unemployment spiral out of control.“We will be able to help 500,000 people into work or work-focusedtraining over the next two years. Now, I believe that by acting together and working together, we can help families and businesses through the downturn and at the same time and by the same measures, we can also secure our future competitiveness as a global economy.” He reiterated that providing training now for the jobs of the digital future when the downturn is over is thecorrect way to proceed.But not everyone here agrees with his spending plans. Opposition leader David Cameron says rapidly-rising government debt will unduly burden the next generation of taxpayers. 题目：1.The South Korean market was dragged down by an announcement bycarmaker Hyundai that it would cut production by at least 25 percent atits domestic plants. 文本：你的答案: T 正确答案:T 得分:10.00题目：2.Brown believed they would be able to help 500,000 people into work or work-focused training over the next two years. 文本：你的答案: T正确答案:T 得分:10.00题目：3.Hong Kong's Hang Seng index was down for a fifth straight day, dropping nearly two percent. 文本：你的答案: F 正确答案:F 得分:10.00题目：4.Brown reiterated that providing training now for the jobs of the digital future when the downturn is over is the correct way to proceed. 文本：你的答案: T 正确答案:T 得分:10.00听力任务全卷模式分大题显示1.Exercise 1: Listening for Specific Facts: Listen to the passage and decide whether the following statements are true or false, write T for true, F for false.Experts Debate Merits of Spending to Boost US EconomyThe president-elect said only government can provide the short-term boost necessary to lift the economy out of deep recession. In a January 10 radio address, Mr. Obama said his plan to inject billions of dollars into the economy will create from three to four million new感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
山东大学研究生复试英语自我介绍汇总
考研英语复试自我介绍1自我介绍Good morning. I am glad to be here for this interview. First let me introduce myself. My name is Dongzhanji,I am twenty-five years old. I come from zibo city of Shan dong Province. I graduated from Shandong university of technology in July, 2007. In the past one year I have been preparing for the postgraduate examination while I’ve been working in a paint factory as Research and Development person. And the 2 years of work experience let me know that I need to promote myself by the Stage of postgraduate study. Beijing Institute of Technology is my first choice.Like most of the Shandongpeople,I am a straightforward person. In my spare time, I like reading books and playing basketball. I am a diligent student during my college studying ,and In my college, I actively response to the call of the college, take part in all kinds of useful activities and get scholarships for many times.I always believe that one will easily lag behind unless he keeps on learning. Of course, if I am given a chance for advanced studies in this famous University, I will stare to effort to master a good command of advance my capability.早晨好。
2024年医学考博英语统考大纲
2024年医学考博英语统考大纲2024 Medical Doctoral Program English Exam OutlineIntroduction:The Medical Doctoral Program aims to cultivate high-quality medical professionals with solid theoretical knowledge and practical skills. The English exam is an essential part of the admissions process, testing candidates' language proficiency and ability to comprehend medical-related content. The following outline details the topics and format of the 2024 Medical Doctoral Program English exam.I. Reading Comprehension (50%)1. General Medical KnowledgeCandidates will be required to read a series of passages related to various medical fields, such as anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and biochemistry. Questions will test candidates' understanding of key concepts, terminology, and scientific principles.2. Clinical CasesCandidates will be presented with clinical cases, including patient histories, symptoms, and diagnostic results. Questionswill assess candidates' ability to analyze and interpret medical information, identify potential diagnoses, and propose appropriate treatment plans.3. Medical ResearchCandidates will read research articles and studies on current medical topics and advancements. Questions will evaluate candidates' comprehension of research methods, data analysis, and interpretation of results.II. Listening Comprehension (20%)1. Medical LecturesCandidates will listen to recorded medical lectures on various topics, such as internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, and obstetrics. Questions will test candidates' ability to grasp key points, identify important information, and summarize complex medical concepts.2. Doctor-Patient DialoguesCandidates will listen to simulated doctor-patient dialogues, focusing on patient interviews, symptom descriptions, and treatment discussions. Questions will assess candidates' listening skills, as well as their ability to empathize with patients and communicate effectively in medical settings.III. Writing (30%)1. Medical EssayCandidates will be required to write an essay on a given medical topic, expressing their opinions and analysis in a clear and concise manner. Topics may cover issues such as medical ethics, healthcare policies, patient care, and medical education.2. Case AnalysisCandidates will analyze a clinical case study, including patient information, symptoms, and treatment options. Candidates must provide a detailed analysis of the case, offer a differential diagnosis, and propose a course of action based on evidence-based medicine.3. Research ProposalCandidates will develop a research proposal on a specific medical topic, outlining the study objectives, methodology, data collection, analysis plan, and potential implications for clinical practice. Candidates must demonstrate their ability to design and conduct research in a rigorous and ethical manner.Conclusion:The 2024 Medical Doctoral Program English exam aims to assess candidates' language proficiency, critical thinking skills, and readiness for advanced medical studies. By testing candidates' understanding of medical concepts, communication skills, and analytical abilities, the exam ensures that only highly qualified candidates are admitted to the program. Candidates who excel in the exam will have the opportunity to pursue their passion for medicine and contribute to the advancement of healthcare worldwide.。
东北大学博士研究生入学考试英语科目(1101)考试规定
东北大学博士研究生入学考试英语科目（1101）考试规定东北大学博士生入学考试英语试题共有4部分：完形填空（15%）、阅读理解(45%)、翻译（20%）、写作（20%）。
考试时间为180分钟。
一、测试目标：此考试旨在通过笔试形式，检测考生在科研、学习、工作中对于英语的文字处理能力，即读、写、译的准确程度、熟练程度和速度。
二、题型结构：1. 完形填空（Cloze）：本部分以段落为单位，为考生提供一定的语境，旨在考查学生对上下文理解的准确程度，同时，甄选恰当、准确表达的能力。
此部分30小题，每题0.5分，总计15分。
2．阅读理解（Reading Comprehension）：阅读理解分作2部分，仔细阅读（Close Reading）和快速阅读（Fast Reading）。
仔细阅读以段落为单位，为考生提供相对完整的信息链条，要求考生在规定时间内阅读文章，并根据其内容按题目要求从每题所给的四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案回答问题，以检验理解的准确程度，把握细节的敏锐性和信息分析、推理能力。
此部分分为4个相对独立的短文，阅读总量(不包括题目及选择项)为2500词左右，共设30个问题。
每题1分，总计30分。
快速阅读以段落为单位，为考生提供一定长度的文章，要求其在较短时间内通过跳读（skim and scan）获取指定信息，旨在考察考生在日常生活和科研活动中用英文准确、快速获取信息的能力。
此部分分为2-3个相对独立的短文，阅读总量(不包括题目及选择项)为2000词左右，设15个问题。
每题1分，总计15分。
3．翻译：本部分主要测试考生对英语原文理解的准确性，要求将具有一定语境的段落或句子翻译成英文，题型可有两种形式：A.将阅读理解短文中的句子翻译成汉语；B.给出一个短文，翻译短文中的某些段落。
翻译的总量不少于250英文单词。
从译文的语言判断考生的翻译能力。
此部分总计20分。
4．写作：本部分旨在检测考生的英文文字组织能力，语言表述能力，以及英文写作的基本表达、写作格式、学术性文章的标点符号使用的基本知识。
全国高校英语专业研究生考试科目
学校系(部所) 招生专业拟招生人数考试科目北京外国语大学英语学院英美文学①政治②日/法/德/俄/西③基础英语④英美文学语言学①政治②日/法/德/俄/西③基础英语④语言学与应用语言学翻译理论与实践①政治②日/法/德/俄/西③基础英语④英、汉互译（笔译）高翻学院翻译理论与实践①政治②日/法/德/俄/西③基础英语④英汉互译（同传）北京大学英语语言文学①政治②日/法/德/俄③651专业能力④837专业知识北京师范大学英美文学①政治②俄/日/法③基础英语④英语语言文学语言学①政治②俄/日/法③基础英语④英语语言与教学北京航空航天大学英语语言文学①政治②俄/日/德/法③基础英语④822英美文学语言学①政治②俄/日/德/法语③基础英语④821综合英语北京语言大学英美文学①政治②日/法/德③基础英语④英美文学语言学①政治②日/法/德/③基础英语④460普通语言学北京对外经济贸易大学语言学①政治②俄／法德／日／西③基础英英语语言文学语：基础知识④综合英语：高级英语英汉翻译，文化，商务英语阅读清华大学语言学①政治②俄/日/德/法③基础英语英语语言文学④464综合考试中国石油大学英语语言文学①政治②二外俄/日/德/法语③语言学（含英美文学）④综合英语北京交通大学英语语言文学①政治②德/俄/法/日③语言学与英美语言学文学④453专业综合考试首都师范大学英语语言文学①政治②日/俄/法/德/西③英语综合语言学水平（词汇、语法、阅读、翻译、写作等）④英语专业知识（含英语语言学、英美文学、英美概况等）课程与教学论①政治②日/俄/法/德/西③教育学专业基础综合北京林业大学语言学①政治②日/俄/法③基础英语：考察英语语言文学阅读/翻译/写作等④语言文学基础知识④英语专业综合：语言学、英美文学、文化北京理工大学英语语言文学①政治②俄/日/德③基础英语④英语语言学专业综合(语言学、英美文学、英美概况) 中国政法大学英语语言文学①政治②俄/日/德/法③607综合一（含语法、阅读、翻译技能与写作）④809综合二（语言学/文学/翻译理论各50分）中国地质大学语言学①政治②日/俄/法③313基础英语④428综合英语（语言学/翻译）北京第二外国语学院英语语言文学①政治②日/法/德/俄/西③611基础英语（语法词汇30/ 完形30/阅读30/翻译30/作文30分）④411综合英语（1）含：英美文学50分、英美概况50分、语言学50分)。
山东大学网络教育专升本入学模拟考试英语试题 .doc
山东大学网络教育专升本入学模拟考试英语试题(1)PartⅠPhonetics (10 points)Directions: In each of the following groups of words, there are four underlined letter combinations marked A, B,C and D. Compare the underlined parts and identify the one that is different from the others inpronunciation. Then mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.1. A. teacher B. meat C. cheap D. head2. A. sow B. know C. slow D. how3. A. family B. satisfy C. safe D. salary4. A. raid B. lain C. said D. sail5. A. kid B. mile C. ride D. find6. A. sweat B. leap C. flea D. cheat7. A. view B. flew C. few D. new8. A. hope B. coat C. hop D. hold9. A. fear B. dear C. clear D. bear10. A. physics B. quickly C. library D. ticketPart II V ocabulary and Structure (40 points)Directions: In this part, there are 40 incomplete sentences. For each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B,C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and then mark the corresponding letter onthe Answer Sheet.11.The idea is _________ to all of us and you do not needs to tell us more about it.A. apparentB. appearingC. approachingD. apart12. This mountain has many high __________and deep valleys.A. peaksB. hillsC. pathsD. pink13. He gave us a good __________ of his experience.A demonstration B. frequency C. description D. instruction14. The distinguished lawyer had many __________.A. clientsB. customersC. creditorsD. people15. the dead man was ____________ in a blanket.A. inputB. issued D. ensured D. wrapped16. This is military _________, and no body is allowed to get in without permission.A. bond D. zone C. butter D. zoo17. Rock music usually ___________ the young people in most countries.A. applies toB. appeals toC. amazes toD. actress18. Would he have seen you i f you hadn’t ___________ to him.A. intendedB. wavedC. expressedD. debt19. Everyone __________ the right to his own opinion.A. imitatesB. requestsC. deservesD. outlines20. That is a ________ point of view. And I don't agree with you.A. crystalB. proteinC. unionD. confusing21. English has become a communication _______ for people from different countries.A. meritB. streamC. enjoymentD. medium22. During the eight years of war, many people ________ their blood for the country.A. shedB. temptedC. reservedD. devoted23. You have greatly _______ us. What you have done is not what you told us about severalweeks ago.A. disappointedB. desertedC. clarifiedD. opposed24. Before you begin writing your paper, please write ________ first. Then we can have abetter idea about what you are going to talk about.A. an originB. a detailC. an exampleD. an outline25. If you ask why I plan to study in the United States, my answer is simply that it is a________for me.A. chapterB. ceremonyC. chamberD. challenge26. Mr. Green has recently been ______ to director of the president's office.A. pushedB. purchasedC. promoted.D. promised27. We don't think that his ________ ability has been well developed.A. possibleB. potentialC. underneathD. vital28. Our ________ t alks promised a good future for our cooperation.A. interiorB. insuranceC. initialD. invisible29. The ________ can help people see very small objects.A. metropolitanB. microphoneC. microscopeD. microwave30. Physically we feel comfortable, but ________ , we suffer a lot.A. psychologicallyB. moderatelyC. naturallyD. precisely31. Even though he has lived in China for more than twenty years, Mark still can not __________ himself to the Chinese customs.A. adoptB. adjustC. adaptD. accept32. He tried to ________ w ith the manager for a fat salary.A. evaluateB. objectC. bargainD. pause33. To some _______ , Mary still does not understand that workplace completely. But sheherself does want to admit that.A. extendB. partC. extentD. content34. Great Britain and France will hold a _______ regarding some European economic problems.A. conferenceB. referenceC. conversionD. cooperation35. Since he often travels on business, he has learned how to _______ himself to sleeping in anyplace he can find.A. makeB. accustomC. forceD. let36. One of my _______ sayings is " How much you put into it is how much you will get outof it."A. favoriteB. alikeC. favorableD. likely37. M ost of the news on the front page of today's daily newspapers ______ the progress ofpeace conference.A. is concernedB. are concerningC. concernsD. concern38. ______ Everything is a bit depressing at the moment, but I am sticking to my belief thatgood times are __________ , and the future is bright.A. around a cornerB. near the cornerC. in the cornerD. around the corner39. Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication ______ the advertiserpays for the messages to be delivered.A. in thatB. whereasC. whichD. now that40. It is no use ______ me not to worry about his health.A. for you to tellB. your tellingC. you tellD. having told41. He opened the door to ______ were eager to learn knowledge.A. whoB. thatC. those whoD. those42. The camera can be ________ to take pictures in cloudy or sunny conditions.A. treatedB. adjustedC. adoptedD. adapted43. When Mary paid the bill she was given a ________ for her money.A. checkB. receiptC. ticketD. label44. The newly ____ method has brought about great economic benefits to organization menand women.A. adoptedB. acceptedC. receivedD. treated45. A completely new situation will _______ when the new income tax system comes intoexistence.A. riseB. raiseC. arouseD. arise46. The next afternoon I went to ________ Miss Barkley again for the same matter.A. call onB. call forthC. call afterD. call off47. I would rather you _______ next month instead of tomorrow.A. will leaveB. leaveC. would leaveD. left48. Which door does this key _______ to?A. setB. becomeC. fitD. belong49. We suddenly saw the bus about to leave and had to run _________ to catch it.A. stronglyB. nearlyC. hardD. hardly50. When he was in prison, he was not allowed to ________ with his family.A. commitB. communicateC. commissionD. commandPart III Cloze (20 points)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, there are four choices given below and marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that is most suitable and the mark thecorresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.People all know that Muhammad Ali ______51______ a great boxer. “I’m the greatest!” He often said.In addition to _____52_____ a great boxer, Muhammad Ali is a kind and wonderful person. I t’s nice when people help others. Muhammad Ali has often done ____53____.Muhammad Ali helped some older people who lived in a biog city. The people had a place to_____54____ when they needed help. Tyey____55____ it their center. One day the center____56____ money and had to closed down. The people no longer had a place to be together and to____57____ help.Muhammad Ali gave the center 100,000 dollars. The center could stay ____58____for another year. It could keep on helping the old people who needed it. All of the people there are thankful____59____ Muhammad Ali. The center is still open. By helping out, Muhammad Ali ____60____ how great he really is!51. A. are B. am C. is D. was52. A. be B. having been C. has been D. been53. A. so B. it C. the same D. ones54. A. go to B. go C. be going to D. go in55. A. said B. told C. showed D. called56. A. ran out B. used outC. ran out ofD. kept out of57. A. go for B. go to C. go with D. go up58. A. opened B. open C. opening D. opens59. A. for B. with C. of D. to60. A. thought B. supposed C. showed D. lookedPart VI Reading Comprehension ( 60 points )Directions: There are 4 reading passages in the part. Each passage is followed by five questions. For each question there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the bestanswer and mark it on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneJim was intelligent, but he hated hard work. He said, "You work hard, and make a lot of mon-ey, and then the government takes most of it. I want easy work that gives me lots of money and that the government doesn't know about.So he became a thief—but he did not do the stealing. He got others to do it. They were much less intelligent than he was, so he arranged everything and told them what to do.One day they were looking for rich families to rob, and Jim sent one of them to a large beautiful house just outside the town.It was evening, and when the man looked through one of the windows, he saw a young man and a girl playing on a piano.When he went back to Jim, he said, "That family can't have much money. Two people were pla-ying on the same61. The word "intelligent" in the first sentence is closest in meaning to _______ .A. cleverB. honestC. interestingD. modest62. What Jim said can be said to be ______ .A. an excuseB. a lieC. a jokeD. a truth63. Jim did not do the stealing, ______ .A. so he was not a thief in factB. because he was less intelligent than othersC. but he made stealing plans and gave ordersD. for he was afraid of being caught64. Where did one of the thieves go to do the stealing?A. To the village.B. To the country.C. To the city.D. To the town.65. It can be concluded from the story that ________ .• A. J im and his men didn't rob the familyB. the family they were going to rob was not rich in factC. the thief sent to the beautiful house was foolish enoughD. the young man and the girl were husband and wifePassage TwoIn 1638, John Harvard donated some money and about four hundred books to a new university. This was the beginning of the library at Harvard University. The gift was so important that the university was named after John Harvard.Thomas Bray began the first free lending library in the late 1600s. He set up more than 30 of these libraries in the American colonies. However, the idea for this kind of free library ended when Bray died in 1730. In 1731 , Benjamin Franklin and some friends started the first subscription library in the United States. In a subscription library people pay money to become members, but they may borrow the books without paying again. •In the United States, every child had a free education. This idea soon led to free libraries. One of the first libraries that used tax money to buy books was a library in Peterborough, New Hampshire. This library was set up in 1833.66. The main idea of paragraph 2 is _______ .A. Franklin started the first subscription libraryB. in a subscription library people pay money to become membersC. Bray and Franklin were important in the history of public librariesD. Bray died in 1730 and Franklin died in 183367. The word "borrow" in line 7 means _______ .A. read and write with no help from another personB. use for a short time and then returnC. like very muchD. lend68. The reading does not say it, but we can guess that _______ .A. there were free schools in the United States before there were free librariesB. free schools and free libraries in the United States began at about the same timeC. the library in New Hampshire also had a free school in itD. there were free libraries in the United States before there were free schools69. Harvard University began _____ .A.in 1731B.in 1730C.in 1833D.in 163870. At the library that Franklin started, _____ .A. children could use books for no money at allB. people paid a little money in the beginning but none after thatC. people paid a lot of money in the beginning but none after thatD.both A and BPassage ThreeThere was a pilot and four people in a small plane. Suddenly there was something wrong with the machine while it was flying in the air. The smoke was everywhere in the plane. The pilot told the people there were only four parachutes. They all became worried and started to make excuses."I must go and mend the machine," said the pilot, taking one of the parachutes. There was nothing he could do so he jumped out.The first person stood up. "I'm a doctor" , he said. "1 help people live longer and I save lives. " He also took a parachute and jumped out.The next person said, " I must have a parachute. I'm a very clever person. I have to attend an important sports match. I know I'll win the game because I'll be the cleverest person there. " He picked up a pack and jumped out.Two men were left—an old businessman and a young mountain climber. By this time the plane was going down fast. The businessman said, " Young man, I'm old but you're still young. You take the last parachute. " The young mountain climber smiled. "Don't worry," he said, "We can both jump to safety because there are still two parachutes. Just now the clever person jumped out with my back pack.71. All the people became worried because ______ .A. they couldn't find the parachutesB. they were afraid the plane would be broken and knew there were not enoughparachutesfor each personC. there was too much smoke and they couldn't jump out from the planeD. they saw the pilot jump out first72. The clever man jumped out with ______ .A. a parachuteB. nothingC. the pack of the climber'sD. two parachutes73. All the people thought of themselves except _________ .• A. the pilotB. the clever manC. the doctorD. the business man74. From the story we know _____ would be died.A. the clever manB. the businessmanC. the pilotD. the doctor75. _____ was a kind-hearted manA. The pilotB. The mountain climberC. The businessmanD.The doctorPassage FourDanny was just tired about the way things were going. His mom came to the school and kept corn-planing about Rick Jackson on and on. It seemed that she would never stop talking. "Somebody's got to stop that boy!" she was shouting. " Rick's troubling everybody in the neighborhood. And he loves to pick on little boys like Danny. "Mrs. Green, Danny's teacher, was concerned a lot. "I didn't know that Danny was being picked on , " she answered. " He's never said anything about this to me ! " Mrs. Green looked at Danny. " How long has this been going on?" she asked. Danny could only shake his head and look at the floor. He knew if he said a word about this, he would have trouble after school.Danny hadn't said anything about the problem because he wanted to get along with the boys in the neighborhood. After all, most of them were nice to him. He hated to leave the gang just because of Rick. Maybe the time had come to find new friends. He felt it hard to make up his mind.16. We learn from the reading that ___________ .A. Danny was not a good studentB. Danny's mother talked too much about the schoolC. Danny's teacher knew something about Danny's problem beforeD. Danny wanted to get away from Rick17. When Danny's mother came for Mrs. Green, the matter was now _______________ to Mrs. Green.A.seriousmonC.untrueD. similar18. Danny now ________ .A. was tired of the school and his friendsB. had no friends at allC. was not sure what he should do with the problemD. made some new friends in the neighborhood19. Danny didn't say anything about the matter to Mrs. Green becauseA. she had known itB. the other boys told herC. he didn't want to be in troubleD. his mother didn't want him to say it20. The word "gang" in the reading means _____________ .A. a place for boys to play gamesB. a group of young peopleC. a school bus for children to and from schoolPart V Writing ( points )Directions: For this part, you are supposed to write a letter in 100—120 words based on the following situation. Remember to write it clearly.<情景>你是张海.你的朋友王敏写信给你,询问你课余时间都做些什么.你回信给她,信件内容包括:1.山东大学网络教育专升本入学模拟考试英语试题(2)PartⅠPhonetics (10 points)Directions: In each of the following groups of words, there are four underlined letter combinations marked A, B, C and D. Compare the underlined parts and identify the one that is different from the others in pronunciation. Then mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.1. A. math B. catch C. attend D. stamp2. A. speech B. rich C. chemistry D. teach3. A. kick B. pick C. bike D. live4. A. coffee B. sorry C. doctor D. motor5. A. house B. south C. touch D. mouth6. A. care B. fare C. hare D. are7. A. idea B. cheap C. reach D. team8. A. flood B. loose C. choose D. mood9. A. farmer B. towards C. pardon D. large10. A. cup B. mud C. just D. tunePart II V ocabulary and Structure (40 points)Directions: In this part, there are 40 incomplete sentences. For each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.11. A ______ political and economic situation is very important for the development of anycountry.A. stainB. stableC. peacefulD. pink12. The financial support is decided not only according to your GRE score, but also according toyour _______ in college.A. performanceB. policyC. smartD. statement13. The World Trade Center is often called a _________ Building because it is made up of twoidentical buildings.A. AlikeB. FolkC. TwinD. Former14. It is impossible for us to _______ such a difficult task within a limited time.A. fuelB. frownC. fulfillD. frost15. Please do not _____ ' when somebody else is talking.A. intendB. interpretC. interruptD. invest16. Although Mary has a _______ view of our future, nobody believes in what she said.A. portableB. primaryC. possessionD. positive17. Nobody knows his _______ for helping us.A. motivationB. motionC. moodD. moral18. Both sides agreed to establish a ________ zone between the south and north.A. midstB. mildC. mentionD. neutral19. That is a ________ moment for our research. We should be very much careful.A. criticalB. beltC. conscienceD. copper20. The textbook is for the ________ students, not for the beginners.A. observationB. transportationC. advancedD. transfer21. This university has ________ a great deal since our last visit.A. appearedB. alteredC. approachedD. admired22. She is narrow-minded and always _______ what other people have.A. jealousB. owesC. missesD. envies23. When he woke up from his dream, the frightened boy tried hard to _______ his mother'sarm.A. grapeB. grayC. gripD. grave24. Mary has never been _______ a ship.A. abroadB. aboardC. aboveD. absorb25. The lens of modern cameras may be coated with more than ten ________ of protection.A. levelsB. storiesC. layersD. formations26. The thief was _______ by the police on the spot at the railway station.A. carpetB. minedC. capturedD. mounted27. In fact, there is no_________ liberty in any country.A. adequateB. absoluteC. privateD. practical28. There is too much noise outside, I can not _________ on my work.A. connectB. flatC. fillD. concentrate29. While studying at West Lake University, Mr. Wang _______ h is old friend, whom he has notseen for nearly twenty years.A. encounteredB. whisperedC. swungD. maid30. The ________production of engines in the factory has doubled this year.A. manualB. annualC. amountD. alike31. There is a lot of noise in New York City, ______________ t here isn't much where Daniel lives.A. asB. andC. expectD. but32. That farm land ________ a good crop of potatoes last year.A. plantedB. grewC. raisedD. yielded33. The history of the Olympic Games can ________ b ack to the sixth century B. C.A. dashB. chaseC. traceD. follow34. Two hundred and fifty dollars _, ______ t oo much for that low - quality TV set.A. isB. areC. hasD. have35. _____ a reply, he decided to write again.A. Not receivingB. Not having receivedC. Having not receivedD. Not received36. Penicillin was discovered in 1929, but ________ .A. it was used until twelve years laterB. it was used not until twelve years laterC. not until twelve years later it was usedD. not used until twelve years later37. We have to produce more food to ________ the demand of the ever-growing population.A. suitB. fixC. meetD. respond38. _______ What has been said, it is unlikely that population growth rate will slow down,either in developed or in developing countries.A. For the sake ofB. On behalf ofC. With the exception ofD. In view of39. It is believed that today's pop music can serve as a creative force ___ stimulating thethinking of its listeners.A. byB. withC. onD. at40. New students will come to our school ________ next week.A. sometimesB. some timeC. sometimeD. some times41. It's difficult to cross the desert by car, but not _________ impossible.A. roughlyB. exclusivelyC. necessarilyD. absolutely42. If 1 were in that situation, then it would be about time that I ________ my head in my handsfor a cry.A. buryB. am buryingC. buriedD. would bury43. These handicrafts are very popular _______ tourists visiting this mysterious land.A. toB. forC. withD. among44. He didn't come to the party last night. He _______ to see us.A. might not have wantedB. could not have wanted »C. should not have wantedD. ought not to have wanted45. The professor did ________ r esearch before writing his thesis.A. exhaustingB. exhaustiveC. exhibitedD. executed46.As a commander, you should not _______ t he soldiers to unnecessary danger.A. expressB. explodeC. exploitD. expose47. This newspaper often _____ the government's opinion, not the public opinion.A. affectsB. reactsC. reflectsD. recognizes48. Although in great danger, the wounded soldiers still did not want to ______ from the front.A. feedbackB. backwardC. withdrawD. departure49. This movie has a _______ ending. You can not imagine who will be killed finally.A. dramaticB. originalC. considerableD. temple50. During the graduation _______ , the president gave a wonderful opening speech.A. evolutionB. signC. individualD. ceremonyPart III Cloze (20 points)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, there are four choices given below and marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that is most suitable and the mark thecorresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Not all people got their names____51____ their fathers. Some got their names from the places they ____52____ . For example, a family that lived in a village ____53____ many green trees and plants was called Green or Greenberg. If they lived in a town called Moor, they were ____54____ the Moores.Sometimes people got their names from____55____they looked. A tall person was, perhaps, called Long. If people in a family had ____56____ hair, the family was sometimes called the Blacks or the Browns. If their hair was____57____, they may have been called the Whites.People often took their names from the kind of ____58____they did. A person who sewed clothing was named Taylor. ____59____person who baked bread was called Baker. A person who had a very good ____60____ was named Singer.After a while these names stayed with people and became family names that are still used today.51. A. after B. out of C. with D. from52. A. stayed in B. worked for C. lived in D. played at53. A. of B. with C. for D. at54. A. known B. said C. called D. written55. A. the way B. a way C. what D. why56. A. light B. heavy C. dark D. soft57. A. heavy B. dark C. soft D. light58. A. subject B. work C. major D. course59. A. Another B. Other C. Others D. A60. A. brain B. voice C. body D. namePart VI Reading Comprehension ( 60 points )Directions: There are 4 reading passages in the part. Each passage is followed by five questions. For each question there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the bestanswer and mark it on the Answer Sheet.Passage One" We are more than halfway now: It's only two miles farther to the hotel," said the driver."I'm glad of that!" answered the stranger, in a more sympathetic mood. He meant to say more but east wind blew clear down a man's throat if he tried to speak. The girl's voice was something quite pleasant, however, and presently he spoke again." You don' t feel the cold so much at twenty below zero out in the western country. There is none of this damp chill," he said and then it seemed he had been unhappy. She had not ever said that it was an unpleasant day." You will have a cold drive going back, " he said anxiously, and put up his hand for the twentieth time to see if his coat-collar was as close to the back of his neck as possible."I shall not have to go back!" said the girl with eager pleasantness. "I'm on my way home now. I drove over early just to meet you at the train. We had word that someone was coming to the hotel. "61. How far was the drive from the train to the hotel?A. One mile.B. Two miles.C. A little over four miles.D. Less than four mile.62. Do you know who the driver was?A. An old man.B. A girl.C. A stranger.D. The passage doesn't tell us.63. From the passage we conclude that the two speakers were in ______ .A. the WestB. the EastC. the NorthwestD. the South64. According to the stranger, in the west the winters are _______ .A. dry and coldB. damp and coldC. warmer than in the eastD. neither hot nor cold65. The driver____________.A. had to return to the train station after leaving the stranger at the hotelB. was going home after leaving the stranger at the hotelC. lived at the hotelD. was going away on the hotelPassage TwoThere are many kinds of ants in the world that always live in companies. They are the most hardworking creatures and most of them make their nests under ground. The small black ants that we see running back and forth in the grass are the same ants that bother us by coming to our picnics uninvited. They are not trying to be harmful, but are only doing the house-keeping job they were made for. They are nature's clean-up crew. One of these ants, scouting in the grass, finds the trail of an injured beetle. In some mysterious way the news spreads. Soon there are two ants, then a few more. Then a dozen or more are running around the beetle. Enough ants will come to put an end to it.Then the beetle is dead, the ants carry it away to their underground nests. They leave nothing in the grass but empty shell.66.The ants that come to our picnics are ______ .A. looking for companyB. having funC. doing their jobD. trying to bother us67. According to this passage the black ants' job is to _____ .A. kill all beetlesB. clean up the grassC. help injured insectsD. enjoy our picnics68. As soon as an ant finds an injured insect, it ______ .A. makes friends with itB. kills itC. carries it away and eats itD. lets other ants know69. More ants learn about the beetle _____ .A. by smelling itB. by hearing the sounds it makesC. from other antsD. from the injured beetle70. T he ants clean the grass by ______ .。
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山东大学博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲
时间:2010-02-26 15:04来源:未知作者:admin 点击: 20396次
一、考试目的
全面考查考生是否达到了从事高级研究所需要的英语语言综合运用能力的要求。
二、考试性质与范围
属于标准参照性考试。
考试范围包括听、读、写、译四个方面的能力。
三、考试形式
为了有效地考核考生综合运用英语进行交际的能力，既兼顾考试的科学性、客观性，又考虑到考试的可行性。
采用多种试题形式，以保证考试的效度和信度。
四、考试内容
共有六个部分：听力理解、语法与词汇、阅读理解、语言运用、英译汉、写作。
Ⅰ. 听力理解 (Listening Comprehension)(15 points)
1. 测试要求
(a) 能听懂真实交际场合中的各种英语会话和讲话。
(b) 能听懂有关政治、经济、文化等方面的专题的英文报道。
(c) 能听懂有关文化、教育、科普方面的演讲。
2. 测试目的
测试考生获取口头信息的能力。
Ⅱ. 语法与词汇(Part Ⅱ: Grammar and Vocabulary) (15 points)
1. 测试要求
(a) 掌握并能正确运用从事高级研究所需要的语法知识。
(b) 认知15,000词，并且能正确、熟练地运用其中的8,000个单词及其最基本的搭配。
2. 测试目的
测试考生掌握词汇、短语及基本语法概念的熟练程度。
Ⅲ. 阅读理解(Part Ⅲ: Reading Comprehension) (30 points)
1. 测试要求:
(a) 能理解所读材料的主旨大意，分辨出其中的事实和细节。
(b) 能理解字面意义和隐含意义。
(c) 能根据所读材料进行判断和推理。
(d) 能分析所读材料的思想观点、语篇结构、语言特点和修辞手法。
2. 测试目的
阅读理解部分测试考生通过阅读获取有关信息的能力，考核考生掌握相关阅读策略和技巧的程度。
既要求准确性，也要求一定的速度。
Ⅳ. 语言运用(Part Ⅳ: Use of Language) (10 points)
1. 测试要求
本部分提供一篇英语文章，其中有5个句子被删除。
这5个句子和另外2
个与文章内容不相关的句子一起作为选项附在文章末，要求考生将这5个被删除
的句子挑选出来，并填写到适当的位置。
2. 测试目的
测试考生运用语言知识的能力。
Ⅴ. 英译汉(Part Ⅴ: English to Chinese Translation) (10 points) 1. 测试要求
能运用英译汉的理论和技巧，翻译报刊杂志上的文章和一般文学作品。
译文必须忠实原意，语言通顺、流畅。
2. 测试目的
测试考生的翻译能力。
Ⅵ. 写作(Part Ⅵ: Writing) (20 points)
1. 测试要求
能根据所给题目及要求撰写各类体裁的文章，文章长度约200个单词；能做到内容充实，层次分明，语言通顺，用词恰当，表达得体。
2. 测试目的
测试考生的写作能力。