《美国文学史选读》复习思考题答案
吴伟仁《美国文学史及选读》(重排版)笔记和考研真题详解
20.1复习笔记 20.2考研真题与典型题详解
21.1复习笔记 21.2考研真题与典型题详解
22.1复习笔记 22.2考研真题与典型题详解
23.1复习笔记 23.2考研真题与典型题详解
24.1复习笔记 24.2考研真题与典型题详解
25.1复习笔记 25.2考研真题与典型题详解
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第26章埃 兹拉·庞德
目录分析
第1章约翰·史密斯
第2章威廉·布拉德 福德和约翰·温思罗
普
第3章约翰·科顿和 罗杰·威廉姆斯
第4章安妮·布雷兹 特里特和爱德华·泰 勒
1.1复习笔记 1.2考研真题与典型题详解
2.1复习笔记 2.2考研真题与典型题详解
3.1复习笔记 3.2考研真题与典型题详解
4.1复习笔记 4.2考研真题与典型题详解
11.1复习笔记 11.2考研真题与典型题详解
12.1复习笔记 12.2考研真题与典型题详解
13.1复习笔记 13.2考研真题与典型题详解
14.1复习笔记 14.2考研真题与典型题详解
15.1复习笔记 15.2考研真题与典型题详解
16.1复习笔记 16.2考研真题与典型题详解
17.1复习笔记 17.2考研真题与典型题详解
第5章本杰明·富兰 克林
第6章托马斯·佩恩
第7章托马斯·杰斐 逊
第8章菲利普·弗瑞 诺
5.1复习笔记 5.2考研真题与典型题详解
6.1复习笔记 6.2考研真题与典型题详解
7.1复习笔记 7.2考研真题与典型题详解
8.1复习笔记 8.2考研真题与典型题详解
第9章华盛
1
顿·欧文
第10章詹姆
2
27.1复习笔记 27.2考研真题与典型题详解
美国文学选读课后题答案
美国文学选读课后题答案1.Do you think Gatsby deserves to be called “the great”? Why?-------from F.Scoot.Fitzgerald The Great GatsbyGatsby pursuit ―a universe of ineffable gorgeous‖ in his young age. In fact, Gatsby from West Egg insists his Platonic fantasy. He fell in love with the blonde and his ineffable gorgeous ideal is combined with Daisy’s breathing and desire. Daisy becomes the image of ideal in his mind; though she marries Tom and may does not love him, though he can realize her soul full of money and desire, he cannot change his mind which back his love and be together as before. Maybe that is the shining and great part of his soul. Maybe that is the American dream which can show to us. But through the novel, we can have the clear idea that Daisy’s desire was not hi s dream, it is not Daisy’s fault but his dream has giant vitality and energy. His dream is far behind Daisy and everything exists. He does his best to build the perfect world and aim in his mind. So his spirit which pursuits on ideal and dedication is also far behind secular frolicking in the bed. For realizing his dream, he donated himself to mud of money in New York; he showed no interests in wealth itself and the life of debauchery. Just like the lotus lives in the pound around with mud but not be polluted. His soul no doubt is suffering in the social life but without any complain.3.What do “petals” and “bough” stands for?-----from Ezra Pound In A Station of the Metro.First of all, this poem stands the points of economy by Imagism. Every word in this poem has its own unique meaning. For example, the color of black in this poem may represent thetrain’s color, the railway’s color, the pillar’s color or the dim light of the metro station. Ezra Pound was very sensitive to the color and usually used the ir different meanings in his poetry. He used the skill of painting in his process of creating the poem. In this poem, every word is used as the pigment. Petals stand for the mean ing of color from their unique image. The word ―wet‖ brings the feeling of fre sh and bright to the people. And the word ―apparition‖ gives the dim color of pale and weak to the ―faces‖ and ―petals‖. And the author put the petals and faces together let the faces have the feeling of tender and red. Several pretty faces appear in the metro station from the dimly lit, and they become the shining petals in the black bough which was wet by the rain. This transformation is based on our vision, but it also shows that the same point between the quiet nature scenery and the noisy industrial environment. Ezra Pound wants tell us that we can find the beauty everywhere in our daily life. And it also shows the metaphor of Imagism.1.Do you think Gatsby deserves to be cal led “the great”? Why?（1）I think it is too complicated to simply say Gatsby des erves to be ―great‖ or not.For one thing, Gatsby was ambitious, hardworking, generous and passionate. He was so extremely loyal to his love and Daisy that he could do anything to get Daisy back: he did shady business to earn money and social position; he threw luxurious parties just to draw Daisy’s attention; he could take the blame for a death that he did not cause.（2）In this respect, he is much ―greater‖ than his contemporarie s. For another thing, Gatsby never realized that Daisy wasn’t the girl he loved anymore. Gatsby was so innocent that he staked everything on his dreams, not realizing that his dreams areunwort hy of him. He wasn’t sober enough to be great.2.Does “the green light” Gatsby believed in exist in reality? Why or why not ?（1）I think ―the green light‖ does not exist in reality. Because the green light which situated at the end of Daisy’s East Eg g dock and barely visible from West Egg lawn represents Gatsby’s un attainable dream. Although the color itself can be seen as hope and bright future, Gatsby’s quest for Daisy back is doomed to be impossible. Daisy lived in ―a material world without being r eal, where poor ghosts, breathing dream like air‖.（2）After five years when Gatsby met Daisy again, the miracle Daisy had lost her original glory. Therefore, there is no delaying that Gatsby’s dream would not come true. In the novel, the green light not only represents that innocent Gatsby looked forward to the future, but also means his longing for the history –his happy past with Daisy. The distinction between ideal and reality was huge. As if American dream between golden past and golden future always suffered from the realistic betrayal and crush.3.Wha t does Gatsby’s Schedule reveal about him and how does it relate to the American Dream?（1）The schedule is a reflection of Gatsby’s determination and ambition. It reveals that he is hard on himself in pursuit of his goal—to be an upper-class man.（2）On one hand, we can know that he is persistent in pursuing his American Dream-- to attain wealth and happiness through his struggle. On the other hand, he is too idealistic and naive.（3）He tries his best to make money and learns everything required to be an upper-class man so that he can get access to his beloved girl.Money is important，but there are other barriers difficult to penetrate. The girl he lovesis as vulgar and superficial as others in her circle, she is unable to meets Gatsby’s romantic fantasy. So his dream is dest ined to shatter, which indicates the disillusion of American Dream. 4.Whe n you read the line “He (the man with owl-eyed glasses) took off his glasses and wiped them again, outside and in ,” what images does it create in your mind, given the novel’s numero us references to the strikingly strange scene of the spectacled eyes?（1）From this line , superficially, owl-eyes is a person with thick and blurry glasses who can not see clearly all the things in the world. However, we know he is actually an owl-wise observer and sees more clearly than anyone else in the novel. Owl-Eyes, except Nick, is the only friend to appear at the rain-soaked burial of Gatsby, when others are unwilling to come. He feels sympathy for Gatsby’s tragedy.（2）After reading this line, I cannot help thinking of the Dr.Eckleburg billboard with its huge yellow sp ectacles in this novel. In many rainy days, Dr. Eckleburg’s eyes are also dimmed and seem blind. But in fact this is a pair of "all-seeing" eyes. The Owl-Eyed Man is similar to Dr. Eckleburg, sadly looking at the people’s life and idealism of this time. Both of them symbolize an uninvolved spectator god. They watch all the activities of the humans. Owl-eyes is the avatar of the sightless Dr. Eckleburg.1. How do you interpret the irony of the title after reading the story?（1）The title ―A Clean Well-Lighted Place‖ refers to the café in the text. The café was very clean and well- lighted. From the literary meaning, we may feel this place was very warm and comfortable, was a place where people need warmth wanted to go.So the old man, who was rich but deaf and lonely came hereto find warmth and avoided nada. It was the only place he could go and could find some comfort.（2）However, the younger waiter was very selfish. As his wife was waiting him on the bed, he wanted to go home early. Therefore, he refused to offer the old man another cup of wine by the excuse that the business was finished. In fact, there was still an hour from closing time. The younger thought an hour was more important to him than to the old man. The old man needed to leave the only place where he could get far away from nada/ nothing. This café should be warm but the younger waiter forced the lonely and deaf to leave without any sympathy. This is the irony of the title.2. Do you think youth and confidence can help one withstand the metaphorical dark？Why or why not?（1）I don’t think so.In our opinion, the metaphorical dark means nada，nothing in one’s inner heart. In the article, the younger waiter had both youth and confidence; however, he never made full use of them. As we can see, he didn’t understand the old man’s suicide and excessive drinking, and failed to see his tomorrow through the old man’s present situation.（2）What’s more, he had no idea that youth is not permanent, which cannot guarantee love and wo rk. From above, there is no denying that he didn’t realize his nada. Therefore, his youth and confidence never contributed to withstanding his metaphorical dark.（3）I think that, nowadays, youth and confidence do can help to withstand the metaphorical dark, for one can bravely face the reality and overcome the nada with youth and confidence. But they only serve as two main factors. In fact, we need some other factors such as courage, dignity and so on if we want to withstand the metaphorical dark successfully.3.The older waiter said to the younger waiter:“We are of twodifferent kinds.” In what way do you think they are different?（1）I think they are different from each other in the following four aspects：In the beginning, they are in different ages.The older waiter was in his middle age; while the other was much younger.（2）Then, they have different attitudes towards the old man. From the article, we know the older waiter had suffered a lot. He had maintained a clean and well-lighted place in his heart, and he could understand the old man and show sympathy to him. However, the young man was very selfish. He wanted to go home early so that he finished the business one hour earlier and forced the old man to leave. He showed hatred rather than sympathy to the old man.（3）Next, they have different attitudes towards life. The older waiter had a deep sense of life. He was brave and wanted to fight again nada. Besides, he cared about others. The younger one was totally different; he has a shadow understanding of life. He satisfied with his present love and work, he only care about himself and was reluctant to take others into consideration. He even never thought of his future.（4）Finally, they have different attitudes towards nada. The older waiter had realized that it is impossible to avoid nada in one’s whole life. The only thing he can do is to keep a kind of clearness in his own mind. So he was willing to work late for the lonely old man and was pleased to help those who are suffering nada. But out of youth and confidence, he failed to overcome nada. On the contrary, the younger waiter had the two most importantfactors for withstanding nada; however, he didn’t realize the nada in his heart at all. Then his youth and confidence became useless.1. What are the qualities that Granny possesses which helpher live successfully?（1）Granny Weatherall is hard-working and able. She cooks food, keeps a good house for her family. She stays up throughout the night to look after sick horses, sick children or sick black servants.（2）She has endurance and is tough. She is able to face downfalls and frustrations in life. She gets over the jilting by George, herhusband-to-be and later the death of her husband, John. She single-handedly brings up her children, works on the land and keeps a good farm.（3）She is rather proud and will not admit that she is old and weak. She rebukes Cornelia and Dr.Harry for taking care of her. She even gets over the idea of dying when she was 60 years old.2. Does Granny have any weaknesses? If so, what are they?Yes. Her weakness is that she refuses to face the fact that she is badly hurt when George jilts her by not appearing at the wedding. She represses her anger and tries hard to believe she has had a successful life. However, the anger is hidden deep at heart all her life and explodes as she is dying. In a way, she does not have a happy life.3. What intelligent advice and wisdom does Granny give her family?She gives advice to Lydia about how to bring up children, to Jimmy about how to do business, even how to move the furniture to Cornelia.4. Try to reorder the events told in the story as they would have happened in real lif e or as they flashed through Granny’s mind.(1)Sixty years ago, when Ellen Weatherall was young, she was to marry George. But he did not appear at the wedding.(2)She is later married to John, another young man.(3)She then has severalchildren with John—George, Jim, Cornelia, Lydia, and Hapsy.(4)John dies and she has to bring up the children and take care of the house and the land totally on her own.(5)At 60, she pays a farewell visit to each of her children because she thinks she is going to die soon.(6)Now she is 80 and is dying when the story opens.。
西南大学网络教育0171美国文学史及选读期末考试复习题及参考答案
0171美国文学史及选读1、艾伦坡（Edgar Allan Poe）的小说表现出怎样的艺术特征？答：作品主题爱伦·坡的恐怖小说带有浪漫主义的特色。
纵观爱伦·坡的恐怖小说创作，其故事主题大都“揭示了人类意识及潜意识中的阴暗面”，这一点显然迥异于同时代的其他浪漫主义作家。
爱伦·坡以恐怖小说这样一种特殊的文学形式深入刻画与呈现了非现实状态下人的精神状态和心理特征，试图“以非现实、非理性的表达方式来揭示现代人的精神因顿”。
他借助想象奇特、恐怖怪异的故事情节，通过夸张、隐喻和象征等修辞手段表现人性的危机，激起读者浓厚阅读兴趣的同时，震撼心灵，发人深省。
爱伦·坡的创作原则是其“效果说”理论，他选择“死亡”作为其文学创作的主题是由他的这个创作原则决定的。
坡认为，无论是创作诗歌还是小说，作家必须讲究效果的统一，必须时刻想到预定的结局，要使每一个情节变得必不可少。
他在《评霍桑的“故事重述”》中曾经这样阐述自己的创作原则：“聪明的艺术家不是将自己的思想纳入他的情节，而是事先精心策划，想出某种独特的、与众不同的效果，然后再杜撰出这样一些情节——他把这些情节联结起来，而他所做的一切都将最大限度地有利于实现在预先构思的效果”。
使“每一事件，每一描写细节，甚至一字一句都收到一定的统一效果，一个预想的效果，印象主义的效果”。
他强调作品对读者所能唤起的情绪和产生的效果。
在“创作的哲学”中，他认为，故事的首要目的是要在情感上扣住读者的心弦，产生最激动人心的效果。
死亡主题是通过谨严紧凑的结构和作品的简洁而表现的。
爱伦坡的作品形式精美，技巧圆熟。
爱伦坡在《评霍桑的“故事重述”》里，强调了作品的简洁和统一效果。
在写作中，他还平萍理留情节和结构的高度简洁，小说中通常只有两个，最多三个人物，也没有离题的枝节和无关的装饰品。
在他看来，一位技巧高明的文学家在写作之前，必须成竹在胸，深思熟虑，为实现预期效果而选择和组织情节，并且不应该有一个词的意向直接或间接与预先的构思无关。
西南大学《美国文学史及选读》复习思考题及答案
（0171）《美国文学史及选读》复习思考题I. Write out the authors’ names of the following works. (15)1. Poor Richard’s Almanac2. The Wasteland3. The Pioneers4. The Leaves of Grass5. Go Tell it on the Mountain6. For Whom the Bell Tolls?7. Catch 22 8. Of Mice and Men9. The Sound and the Fury 10.Huck Finn11. The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 12. The Old Man and the Sea13. Mending Walls 14. Beloved15. Invisible Man 16. Beyond the Horizons17. Of Mice and Men 18. The Raven19. The Great Gatsby 20. The Streetcar Named Desire21. Rip van Winkle 22. Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 23. The Scarlet Letter 24. Moby Dick25. Desire Under the Elms 26. The Gilded Age27. The Sound and Fury 28. The Road Not Taken29. The Death of a Salesman 30. The Pathfinder31. Walden 32. Daisy Miller33. Song of Myself 34. The Call of the Wild35. Martin Eden 36. Long Day’s Journey into NightII. Define the following literary terms. (20)1. Beat Generation2. Protagonist3. Biography4. Novel5. Anti-hero6. Free Verse7. Drama 8. Jazz Age9. Biography 10. Blank Verse11. Black Humor 12. Head Rhyme13. Surprise ending 14. Transcendentalism15. Imagery 16. Stream of Consciousness17. Lost Generation 18. Short storyIII. Give brief answers to the following questions. (15)1.Who is the father of American literature?2.Who is the father of American poetry?3.What is Poe’s theory concerning poetry?4.What is Poe’s theory concerning the short story?5.What are the major characteristics of Twain’s writing style?6.What are the major characteristics of Irving’s writing style?7.What is “black humor?8.What is the Harlem Renaissance?9.What is the New England Renaissance?10.What are the major characteristics of colonial American literature?11.What is the Lost Generation?12.What are Benjamin Franklin’s contributions to American culture?13.Why is colonial American literature neither American nor literary?14.What is the Jazz Age?15.What is American transcendentalism?16.What is imagism?17.What is O. Henry Ending?18.What is free verse?IV. Read the following poem and try to understand and explain it.(20)FogTHE FOG comesOn little cat feet.It sits lookingOver harbor and cityOn silent haunchesAnd then moves onIn a Station of the Metro(Ezra Pound)The Apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough.(Consult your book)The Road Not Taken(By Robert Frost)TWO roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel bothAnd be one traveler, long I stoodAnd looked down one as far as I couldTo where it bent in the undergrowth; Then took the other, as just as fair, Though as for that, the passing thereHad worn them really about the same, And both that morning equally layIn leaves no step had trodden black.Oh, I kept the first for another day!Yet knowing how way leads to way,I doubted if I should ever come back.I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence:Two roads diverged in a wood, and I-I took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the difference. (Consult your book)Dreams(by Langston Hughes)Hold fast to dreamsFor if dreams dieLife is a broken-winged birdThat cannot fly.Hold fast to dreamsFor when dreams goLife is a barren fieldFrozen with snow.(Consult your book)（0171）《美国文学史及选读》复习思考题答案I. Write out the authors’ names of the following works. (15)Benjamin Franklin T. S. EliotJames Cooper Walt WhitmanJames Baldwell Ernest HemingwayJoseph Heller John SteinbeckWilliam Faulkner Mark TwainWashington Irving Ernest HemingwayRobert Frost Toni MorrisonRalph Ellison Eugene O’NeillJohn Steinbeck Allan PoeF. Scott Fitzgerald Tennessee WilliamsWashington Irving Robert FrostNathaniel Hawthorne Herman MelvilleEugene O’Neill Mark TwainWilliam Faulkner Robert FrostArthur Miller James CooperH. D. Thoreau Henry JamesWhitman Jack LondonJack London O’NeillII. Define the following literary terms. (20)Beat generation:The term was coined by Jack Kerouac in 1948 to refer to a group of disillusioned writers following World War Two. Later, this literary and cultural movement continued into the 1960s. The Beat Generation must not be confused with the Lost Generation of writers. Spokesmen and representatives of the Beat Generation were Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg and others. They revolted against an America that was materialistic, belligerent and frustrating. Social, intellectual and sexual freedom was advocated. Traditional culture and normal social behavior were attacked and violated. Many of them were drug addicts wearing long hair and dirty clothes. They were fond of slangs and jazz. Masterpieces created by writers of this group include Kerouac’s On the Road and Ginsberg’s Howl and Other Poems, which were regarded as pocket Bibles of that generation. Other prominent Beats include William S. Burroughs, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Gregory Corso, Michael McClure, and Neal Cassady. The Beat Generation, had greatly influenced the countercultural movements of the 1960s and the adolescents and adults in other countries. In England, the “angry young men” made an echo and imitated the American “beatnik.”Protagonist: the principal character in a play or story; the central character who serves as a focus for the work’s themes and incidents and as the principal rationale for its development; and one who is opposed to the antagonist. In the beginning of ancient Greek drama, there were only a chorus and one actor—the leader of the chorus. Thespis invented the first actor. Then Aeschylus and Sophocles added the second and third actors to the tragedy respectively. The three actors were names Protagonist, Deuteragonist and Tritagonist. In discussions of modern literature, the protagonist is sometimes referred to as the hero or anti-hero.Biography:an account of a person’s life written by somebody else, or biographical writing as aform of literature.Novel: Generally speaking, it is an imaginative prose narrative of extended length dealing with fictional characters and events. The constituent elements of a novel include plot, character, conflict, and setting. But there can be exceptions. Some novels are short. Some novels are not fictional. Some novels are in verse. And some novels do not even tell a story. There have been many debates over the appropriate length of a novel. No established length for a novel has been agreed upon. It is generally held, however, that a full-length novel is longer than a novella or short novel, and a short novel is longer than a shot story. A novel should be long enough so as to appear in print in an independent volume. The great length of a novel makes it possible for the characters and themes in it to be developed more fully and subtly.Antihero: a main character in a story, novel, play or film who behaves in a completely different way from what people expect a hero to do. A non-hero is without the qualities and features of a traditional or old-fashioned hero. He is doomed to fail. Antiheroes of early days were Don Quixote, Macbeth, Rip Van Winkle, and Tristram Shandy. Examples of antiheroes in modern literature include Leopold Bloom, Jim Dixon, Jimmy Porter, Herzog, and Yassarian.Free verse:a form of poetry without rhyme, meter, regular line length, and regular stanzaic structure. It depends on natural speech for rhythm. Robert Frost compared it to “playing tennis with the net down.” Though much simpler and less restrictive than conventional poetry and blank verse, free verse does no mean “formlessness.” T. S. Eliot once said that “no verse is free for the man who wants to do a good job.” Though its origin is unknown, it was attempted by such early poets as Surrey, Milton, Blake, and Macpherson. It was Whitman who did the greatest contribution to the development and popularity of free verse. Whitman favored the simplicity and freedom of expression. According to him, “The art of art, the glory of expression and the sunshine of light of letters is simplicity. Not ing is better than simplicity.”Drama: a form of literature written for actors to perform. A drama is divided into acts. An act can be subdivided into scenes. The constituent elements of a drama include dialogue, plot, characters, setting, stage direction, and others. A drama can be as long as three parts called trilogy, or as short as one act only. Greek drama originated in religious ceremonial in honor of Dionysus. Medieval drama developed out of rites celebrating the life events of Jesus Christ. Dramatists of great importance in literary history include Sophocles, Shakespeare, Ibsen, and Shaw. In America, thefirs important dramatist was Eugene O’Neill who wrote the first serious plays. Before O’Neill, America had theatre. Starting from O’Neill, it began to have drama.Jazz age: Jazz is a form of dance music that is derived from early Afro-American folk music, ragtime, and Negro blues. It is marked with exciting rhythm, pronounced syncopation, and constant improvisation. The musical instruments used are mainly drums, trumpets, and saxophones. Major composers of Jazz music include Irvin Berlin and W. C. Handy. The term Jazz Age was specifically employed by Fitzgerald to denote the 1920s, which was characterized by the loss of traditional moral standards, indulgence in romantic yearnings, and great social excitement. According to Malcolm Cowley, the Jazz Age was “a legend of glitter, of recklessness, and of talent in such profusion that it was sown broadcast like wild oats.” F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Tales of the Jazz Age, like Mark Twain’s The Gilded Age, was an epoch-making work.Autobiography: a story a writer writes about his or her own life experiences. It is narrated from the first-person point of view. The term was probably first used by Southey. But the first important autobiography was Confessions written by Augustine of Hippo. Other examples include Franklin’s Autobiography, Adams’s The Education of Henry Adams, John Stuart Mill’s Autobiography, Carlyle’s Reminiscences, Henry David Thoreau’s Walden, and so on. Sometimes, an autobiography can be fictionalized. An example of this kind is Rousseau’s Confessions. Some novels and long poems are used for autobiography. Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Whitman’s “Song of Myself” and Wordsworth’s The Prelude fall in this category. Dickens’s David Copperfield, Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers and O’Neill’s Long Day’s Journey into Night have strong autobiographical elements in them.Blank verse: poetry that does not rhyme but has iambic pentameter lines. Though not originated in England or America, it has been the most important and most widely used English verse form. Blank verse is popular because it is closest to the rhythm of daily English speech. Thus most English poems which are dramatic, reflective or narrative are in the form of blank verse. This verse was probably first used in England by Surrey who translated Aeneid, by Sackville and Norton who composed Gorboduc. It was developed and perfected by Marlowe, Shakespeare and Milton. In the 18th century, most poets favored heroic couplets. But Young and Thomson were able to write in the tradition of blank verse. The 19th century saw a renewed interest in this poetic form. Masters of blank verse included Wordsworth, Coleridge and Bryant. The fact that blank verse isstill practiced by writers like T.S. Eliot, Yeats, Frost and Stevens shows how influential and favorable it really is.Black humor:a term frequently used in modern literary criticism. It is sometimes called ‘black comedy’ or ‘tragic farce.’ It is humor or laughter resulting from great pain, despair, horror and the absurdity of human existence. Black humor is a common quality of modern anti-novels and anti-dramas. Examples are Franz Kafka’s stories like “Metamorphosis”, “The Castle” and “The Tria l”, Joseph Heller’s novel Catch-22and Albee’s The Zoo Story. Other writers who did much contribution to the popularity of black humor were Beckett, Camus, Ionesco, V onnegut, Pynchon and so on.Head rhyme: the use in verse or prose of several words close together which all begin with the same letter. It is done for special musical effect comparable to the effects of end rhyme. In most cases, alliteration is the repetition of identical initial consonant sounds. Examples are Pope’s “For fools rush in where an gels fear to tread,” Poe’s “The weary, wayworn wanderer bore,” and Coleridge’s “Five miles meandering with a mazy motion.” Alliteration of initial vowels is quite limited in number. An example of vowel alliteration is “It is impossible to enjoy idling thor oughly unless one has plenty of work to do.”Surprise Ending:Also called “O. Henry ending,” it is a completely unexpected turn or revelation of events at the conclusion of a story or play. An example is “The Necklace” by Guy de Maupassant. Another instanc e is O. Henry’s story “The Gift of the Magi.”III. Give brief answers to the following questions. (15)19.Who is the father of American literature? (Consult your book)20.Who is the father of American poetry? (Consult your book)21.What is Poe’s theory concerning p oetry? (Consult your book)22.What is Poe’s theory concerning the short story? (Consult your book)23.What are the major characteristics of Twain’s writing style? (Consult your book)24.What are the major characteristics of Irving’s writing style? (Consult your book)25.What is “black humor? (Consult your book)26.What is the Harlem Renaissance? (Consult your book)27.What is the New England Renaissance? (Consult your book)28.What are the major characteristics of colonial American literature? (See your book)29.What is the Lost Generation? (Consult your book)30.What are Benjamin Franklin’s contributions to American culture? (See your book)31.Why is colonial American literature neither American nor literary? (See your book)32.What is the Jazz Age? (Consult your book)33.What is American transcendentalism? (Consult your book)34.What is imagism? (Consult your book)35.What is O. Henry Ending? (Consult your book)36.What is free verse? (Consult your book)IV. Read the following poem and try to understand and explain it.(20)FogTHE FOG comesOn little cat feet.It sits lookingOver harbor and cityOn silent haunchesAnd then moves on(An imagist poem by Carl Sandburg; depicting the fog and its movement; free verse written in the tradition of Whiman.)In a Station of the Metro(Ezra Pound)The Apparition of these faces in the crowd;Petals on a wet, black bough.( a poem of the Imagist school, written by Ezra Pound.)The Road Not Taken(By Robert Frost)TWO roads diverged in a yellow wood,And sorry I could not travel bothAnd be one traveler, long I stoodAnd looked down one as far as I couldTo where it bent in the undergrowth;Then took the other, as just as fair,Though as for that, the passing thereHad worn them really about the same,And both that morning equally layIn leaves no step had trodden black.Oh, I kept the first for another day!Yet knowing how way leads to way,I doubted if I should ever come back.I shall be telling this with a sighSomewhere ages and ages hence:Two roads diverged in a wood, and I-I took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the difference.(A poem by Robert Frost. It is about the difficulty of making a choice.)Dreams(by Langston Hughes)Hold fast to dreamsFor if dreams dieLife is a broken-winged birdThat cannot fly.Hold fast to dreamsFor when dreams goLife is a barren fieldFrozen with snow.(Consult your book)。
《美国文学史选读》复习思考题答案
<0171）《美国文学史及选读》复习思考题答案15>I. Write out the authors’ names of the following works. (Benjamin Franklin T. S. EliotJames Cooper Walt WhitmanJames Baldwell Ernest HemingwayJoseph Heller John SteinbeckWilliam Faulkner Mark TwainWashingtonIrving Ernest HemingwayRobert Frost Toni MorrisonRalph Ellison Eugene O’NeillJohn Steinbeck Allan PoeF. Scott Fitzgerald Tennessee Williams WashingtonIrving Robert FrostNathaniel Hawthorne Herman MelvilleEugene O’Neill Mark TwainWilliam Faulkner Robert FrostArthur Miller James CooperH. D. Thoreau Henry JamesWhitman Jack LondonJack London O’NeillII. Define the following literary terms. (20>Beat generation:The term was coined by Jack Kerouac in 1948 to refer to a group of disillusioned writers following World War Two. Later, this literary and cultural movement continued into the 1960s. The Beat Generation must not be confused with the Lost Generation of writers. Spokesmen and representatives of the Beat Generation were Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg and others. They revolted against an America that was materialistic, belligerent andfrustrating. Social, intellectual and sexual freedom was advocated. Traditional culture and normalsocial behavior were attacked and violated. Many of them were drug addicts wearing long hair anddirty clothes. They were fond of slangs and jazz. Masterpieces created by writers of this groupHowl and Other Poems, which were regarded as include Kerouac’sOn the Road and Ginsberg’spocket Bibles of that generation. Other prominent Beats include William S. Burroughs, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Gregory Corso, Michael McClure, and Neal Cassady. The Beat Generation, had greatly influenced the countercultural movements of the 1960s and the adolescents and adults inother countries. In England, the “angry young men” made an echo and imitated the American “beatnik.”Protagonist: the principal character in a play or story。
陶洁《美国文学选读》课后习题详解(薇拉 凯瑟)【圣才出品】
第11单元薇拉•凯瑟1. What do you think ar e Sarah Orne Jewett’s poetic principles?Key: In the process of writing, Miss Jewett has two main poetic principles: the first, it is full of perception and feeling but rather fluid and formless; the second, it is tightly built and significant in design. She knows her hometown very well and writes with those pithy bits of local speech. She writes for a limited audience, both in America and abroad.2. What does Willa Cather admire in Jewett both as a writer and as a person? Key: Willa Cather admires Miss Jewett both as a writer and as a person very much. Cather thinks that Jewett, as a person, has many charming characteristics: she is a lady in the old high sense; she has an ease, graciousness, a light touch in conversation, and a delicate unobtrusive wit; her gift with the pen was one of many charming personal attributes; she does not live to write, but lives for a great many things. As a writer, Jewett has her own writing style. She focuses on the places where she lives and loves, and makes them subject-matters of her stories. She writes with delightful humor that comes from her delicate and tactful handling of her native language. And, the distinctive thing about Miss Jewett is that she has her own individual voice.3. What do you think are Cather’s poetic principles?Key: She agrees with Walter Pater’s similar opinion that a good work should have lasting influence on the reader’s mind. She thinks that a writer’s great gift is the gift of sympathy, which can make his work fine. More importantly, a writer should have his own writing style, which is a very personal quality of perception, a vivid and intensely personal experience of life.4. What do you think is good literature?Key: In my mind, the most important quality of good literature is that it must be meaningful and valuable. We can obtain something special and new from it. If it cannot achieve this, at least, it should be interesting or attractive or entertaining. Good literature should exert influence on the reader’s mind.。
吴伟仁《美国文学史及选读》章节题库(含考研真题)(理性时代和革命时期文学)【圣才出品】
第二章理性时代和革命时期文学填空题1. In Philadelphia, ______ edited the Pennsylvania Magazine, and contributed to the Pennsylvania Journal.【答案】Thomas Paine2. On January 10, 1776, Thomas Paine’s famous pamphlet ______ appeared.【答案】Common Sense【解析】1776年美国独立的风潮开始，托马斯·潘恩支持美国独立，反对英国的殖民专政，撰写了他的成名小册子《常识》，为美国从英国殖民中独立出来辩论，批评英国国王残暴无能，认为独立后的美国应该建立共和国。
3. Except Common Sense, Paine’s the other two famous works were______ and ______.【答案】The Rights of Man，The Age of Reason【解析】潘恩著名的作品包括，《常识》、《人的权利》、《理性的时代》。
4. Thomas Paine’s second most important work ______ was an impassioned plea against hereditary monarchy.【答案】The Rights of Man【解析】1791年3月，托马斯·潘恩在伦敦出版《人权论》，激烈抨击埃德蒙·伯克（Edmund Burke，1729-1797）的《法国革命感言录》（Reflections on the Revolution in France）（1790）。
《人权论》的可贵之处还在于，它冲破了当时笼罩于整个西方思想界对英国君主立宪政体的迷信，深入骨髓地批判了这一政体，给当时还处于摸索状态的法国革命指明了共和主义的崭新方向。
(0171)《美国文学史及选读》网上作业题及答案
[0171]《美国文学史及选读》第一次作业[判断题]Faith in Christianity is one of the main ideas advocated by Raph Waldo Emerson, the chief spokesman of American Romanticism.参考答案：错误[判断题]In Desire Under the Elms by Eugene G. O'Neill, Abbie is the second wife of Cabot after his first wife dies.参考答案：错误[判断题]Langston Hughes is often entitled "New England Poet”.参考答案：错误[判断题]Franklin was a symbol of the American dream.参考答案：正确[判断题]Rip Van Winkle was written by James Cooper.参考答案：错误[判断题]Fitzgerald was the spokesman of the Jazz Age.参考答案：正确[判断题]Allan Poe wrote the first detective stories in America.参考答案：正确[判断题]The Beat Generation and the Lost Generation are the same.参考答案：错误[判断题]Beyond the Horizon was the first full-length play of O'Neill.参考答案：正确[判断题]Irving was the first American writer to get an international reputation.参考答案：正确第二次作业[判断题]Chinese poetry and philosophy had exerted great influence on Ezra Pound.参考答案：正确[判断题]Howl is a symbol in the movement of the Beat Generation, which was written by Allen Ginsberg.参考答案：正确[判断题] Joseph Heller was an American satirical novelist, poet and short story writer.参考答案：错误[判断题]Mark Twain was the Lincoln of American literature.参考答案：正确[判断题]The best work of Whitman was The Leaves of Grass参考答案：正确[判断题]Anne Bradstreet was father of American poetry.参考答案：错误[判断题]The Autobiography was the masterpiece of Franklin.参考答案：正确[判断题]The Legend of Sleepy Hollow is a short story参考答案：正确[判断题]The Scarlet Letter is a novel of symbolism.参考答案：正确[判断题]The Sun Also Rises is a novel about the Lost Generation.参考答案：正确第三次作业[单选题]The time setting of Looking for Mr. Green by Saul Bellow is ______.A：springB：summerC：autumnD：winter参考答案：D[单选题]_______was the leader of a new movement in poetry which he called "Imagist” movement.A：T. S. EliotB：Robert FrostC：Ezra PoundD：Emily Dickinson参考答案：C[单选题]Allen Ginsberg is the representative poet of ________.A：The Lake PoetsB：The Lost GenerationC：The Beat GenerationD：The Imagist参考答案：C[单选题]____ was Sherwood Anderson's most important work.A：Windy McPherson's SonB：Beyond DesireC：The triumph of the EggD：Winesburg, Ohio参考答案：D[单选题]Transcendentalists recognized as the "highest power of the soul”.A：intuitionB：logicC：data of the sensesD：thinking参考答案：A[单选题]Ralph Waldo Emerson's is regarded as the "Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.A：NatureB：The Conduct of LifeC：Representative MenD：The American Scholar参考答案：D[单选题]Which may NOT be one of the causes for the rise of American Romantic Movement? A：The westward territorial expansionB：The great increase in populationC：The victory of the settlers in the Indian warD：The rapid economic transformation参考答案：C[单选题]Edgar Allan Poe occupies an important position in American literature as a poet and a .A：short story writerB：novelistC：dramatistD：translator参考答案：A[单选题]The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of the .A： QuakersB：AnglicansC：CatholicsD：Puritans参考答案：D[单选题]Herman Melville described as "master of each and mastered by none―the type and genius of his land.”A： John SmithB：Thomas JeffersonC：Benjamin FranklinD：Thomas Paine参考答案：C第四次作业[单选题]"Ripeness was all” in the chapter 41 of Catch-22 by Joseph Heller is quoted from Shakespeare's play______.A：The Merchant of VeniceB：OthelloC：Romeo and JulietD：King Lear参考答案：D[单选题]The four survivors in "The Open Boat” by Stephen Crane are_______.A：The oiler, the cook, the businessman, and the correspondentB：The captain, the sailor, the cook, and the correspondentC：The captain, the oiler, the cook, and the sailorD：The captain, the oiler, the cook, and the correspondent参考答案：C[单选题]As to American naturalism, which of the following statements is NOT true?A：Artistically, naturalistic writings are unpolished in language and unwieldy in structure.B：Philosophically, the naturalists believe that the real and true is partially from peo ple’s eyes.C：The tone in the writing more ironic and pessimistic than that of realism.D：They usually chose their subjects from the higher ranks of society.参考答案：D[单选题]Willa's novel, ____, is the story of a female singer's growth and development from childhood to maturity.A：My AntoniaB：The Song of the LarkC：The Professor‘s HouseD：Death Comes for the Archbishop参考答案：B[单选题]The time setting of Looking for Mr. Green by Saul Bellow is ______.A：springB：summerC：autumnD：winter参考答案：D[单选题]What is Ralp W. Ellison's attitude toward Booker T. Washington's philosophy of race relations in Invisible Man?A：He embraces it wholeheartedly.B：He advocates it with some reservations.C：He regards it with ambivalence.D：He rejects it fiercely and repeatedly.参考答案：D[单选题]What is the essay Once More to the Lake by E.B. White about?A：the writer and his son’s camping experience on the lakeB：the great changes that took place on the lakeC：the natural beauty of the lakeD：the writer’s pilgrimage b ack to a lakefront resort he visited as a child参考答案：D[单选题]Who is called "the Singer” of the Lost Generation?A：William FaulknerB：Ernest HemingwayC：F. Scott FitzgeraldD：Dos Passos参考答案：B[单选题]Faulkner set many of his short stories and novels in______.A：MississippiB：OxfordC：Yoknapatawpha CountyD：Massachusetts参考答案：C[单选题]Which literary school does F. Scot Fitzgerald belong to? A：modernismB：realismC：romanticismD：post-modernism参考答案：A第五次作业[论述题]Define the Lost Generation.参考答案：Lost Generation: A term invented by Gertrude Stein, it denotes a group of writers after the First World War. They were characterized with their loss of ideals and values resulting fromthe War and other social evils. When talking with Hemingway, Stein said: "You are all a lost generation.” Hemingway later used it as a preface to his novel The Sun Also Rises, the hero of which is often referred to as the archetype of the generation. Other major representatives of theLost Generation were F. Scott Fitzgerald, Hart Crane, Louis Bromfield, and Malcolm Cowley. These writers had either participated in the War or lived for a long time in Europe. Disillusioned and disenchanted, they were anti-traditional, cynical, desperate, and hedonistic. The term is sometimes used for those killed in the War and those who survived it but could not find their spiritual belonging.[论述题]Why is looking for Green so important to Grebe in Saul Bellow's Looking for Mr. Green? What you think Green symbolize?参考答案：From the short story we can know that Grebe is a rather diligent, careful and persistent man. He treats his work seriously. To him, to fulfill his responsibility is a great issue, therefore to deliver the check to Mr. Green becomes important. Besides, the setting of this short story is in the Great Depression, in the process of looking for Mr. Green, Grebe witnesses the miserable life of the lower class. This makes himmore insistent to the search. To some extent, Green has been endowed with more profound meaning. He is transfigured into a belief, an attitude of life.第六次作业[论述题]What is the relationship between man and nature as presented in Stephen Crane's The Open Boat?参考答案：Key points:1. the plot of the story;2. Nature seems to be indifferent to man;3. Nature consists of opposite force;4.Man should form a dialogue with nature and learn from nature.[论述题]What is naturalism in American literature?参考答案：Naturalism was a literary movement taking place from 1880s to 1940s that used detailed realism to suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character. It was depicted as a literary movement that seeks to replicate a believable everyday reality, as opposed to such movements as Romanticism or Surrealism, in which subjects may receive highly symbolic, idealistic, or even supernatural treatment. Naturalism Naturalistic writers were influenced by the evolution theory of Charles Darwin. They believed that one's heredity and social environment determine one's character. Naturalism also attempts to determine "scientifically" the underlying forces (e.g. the environment or heredity) influencing the actions of its subjects.。
陶洁《美国文学选读》课后习题详解(厄内斯特 海明威)【圣才出品】
第16单元厄内斯特•海明威1. How do you interpret the irony of the title after reading the story?Key: The title “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place” refers to the café in the story, which is very clean and well-lighted. According to the literal meaning, we can find that the café is very warm and comfortable. People li ke going there. And the old man, in the story, also likes to have drink there. However, the younger waiter in it ruins such kind of quality of the café. He is selfish and impatient. Thinking of his wife waiting for him in bed, he refuses to serve the old man and drives him away. He thought that one hour is more important for him than for the old man. The younger waiter shows no sympathy for the old man at all, and he is very cold-blooded. The clean and well-lighted café and the selfish and cold-hearted waiter form the sharp contrast. Thus, it shows the irony of the title.2. Do you think youth and confidence can help one withstand the metaphorical dark? Why or why not?Key: I don’t think youth and confidence can help one withstand the metaphorical dark. Bec ause the metaphorical dark is rooted in one’s heart that no one can free from it, even cannot remove or ease it. Although, sometimes, youth and confidence bring great hope for young people, and with which they foresee their bright future, they cannot take good advantage of it, because thatthey do not understand life and human beings. As in the story, the young waiter has both youth and confidence, but he cannot understand why the old man wants to suicide, and he also cannot anticipate his own future by the old man’s situation. He has no idea that youth is not permanent, and all people will be faced with the universal nada. So, he shows no sympathy for the old man and is impatient to him. His youth and confidence do not contribute to withstanding his metaphorical dark.3. The older waiter said to the younger waiter: “We are of two different kinds.” In what way do you think they are different?Key: They are different in many ways. Firstly, they are at different ages: one is younger and the other is in his middle age. Secondly, they have different life experiences and different understandings of life and people. The middle-aged waiter has went through much more than the younger waiter, and he has a better understanding of life and people, so he can understand more about the old man and his situation. Thus, thirdly, they have different personalities and have different attitudes towards the old man. The elder waiter is kind-hearted and sympathetic. He shows great sympathy for the old man, while the younger waiter is very selfish and he is very impatient to the old man and drives him away from the café. Last, they have different attitudes towards nada. The elder waiter has realized that it is impossible to avoid nada in one’s whole life, and the only thing that he can do is to keep cleanness in his mind and heart. So, he is willing to worklate for the lonely old man and help those who suffer from nada. On the contrary, the younger waiter has not realized nada in his heart, thus he uselessly cherishes his blind confidence.。
常耀信《美国文学简史》(第3版)笔记和考研真题详解(5-8章)【圣才出品】
第5章霍桑•麦尔维尔5.1复习笔记I.Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864)（纳撒尼尔·霍桑）1.Life（生平）Hawthorne was born in Salem,Massachusetts.Some of his ancestors were men of prominence in the Puritan theocracy.One of his ancestors was a colonial magistrate,notorious for his part in the persecution of the Quakers,and another was a judge at the Salem Witchcraft Trial in1692.Gradually,the family fortune declined.Hawthorn was intensely conscious of the wrongdoing of his ancestors,and this awareness led to his understanding of evil being at the core of human life,so he seemed to be haunted by his sense of sin and evil in his life.霍桑出生于马萨诸塞州的萨勒姆镇，他的一些祖先是17世纪新英格兰清教神权统治中的显赫人物。
他的一位祖先是殖民地行政官，因参与迫害贵格党人而臭名昭著。
另一位祖先则是1692年萨勒姆审巫案的法官。
家族渐渐走向没落。
霍桑强烈地意识到他祖先的恶性，这也让他明白了邪恶存在于人生命的核心部分，因此他的一生心中的罪恶感都挥之不去。
2.Ideas（思想）(1)He was haunted by his sense of sin and evil in life,therefore we see“black vision”in his works—the power of blackness.Evil seems to be man’s birthmark.In almost every book he wrote, Hawthorne discussed sin and evil.(2)He rejected the Transcendentalists'transparent optimism about the potentialities of human nature.(3)Whenever there is sin,there is punishment.Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation.In his opinion,evil educates.(4)He believed that romance was the predestined form of American narrative.He took a great interest in history and antiquity.To him these furnished the soil on which his mind grew to fruition.(5)Hawthorne had a negative attitude toward science.(1)霍桑一生心中都萦绕着罪恶感，因此我们可以在他的作品中感受到“黑色视觉”——邪恶的力量。
陶洁《美国文学选读》课后习题详解(拉尔夫 华尔多 爱默生)【圣才出品】
第3单元拉尔夫•华尔多•爱默生1. What is the author’s attitude towards charity? Why does he hold such an attitude?Key: The author thinks that not all charity is good, especially when malice and vanity wear the coat of philanthropy. And it is not his obligation to give money to the poor. What’s more, he feels shameful when sometimes he succumbs and gives the dollar, and it is a wicked dollar. He objects to the charity.Because he thinks that people’s good actions, such as doing charity, are done as an apology or extenuation of their living in the world. However, he holds that people should not wish to expiate, but to live.2. According to the author, what do most people believe to be virtue? And what is real virtue?Key: Most people believe that virtues are rather the exception than the rule, and they are penances. The real virtue is the rule that people must do what concerns them rather than what the people think.3. Why does the author dislike “consistency”? Do you agree with him? Do you think that people should give up consistency?Key: Because that consistency scares us from self-trust, and makes us lessconfident. It also makes us have a reverence for our past act or word because the eyes of others have no other data for computing our orbit than our past acts, and we are loath to disappoint them. What’s more, a foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds, adored by little statesmen and philosophers and divines. And with consistency a great soul has simply nothing to do. It will ruin a man’s creativity.I cannot totally agree with him. Although I confess that there are some positive meanings in his proposal, I cannot neglect the positive aspects of consistency. Because that we sometimes need consistency to restrict people’s behaviors. For example, nature has its own law that we must follow, or we will violate the order of it.In my mind, whether people should give up consistency or not depends on the specific situation. That is, Keeping it firmly or giving it up is not wise choice. We should treat it case-by-case.4. What is the agreement of one’s actions? Why is it important for people? Key: The agreement of one’s actions is that the actions will be harmonious, no matter how unlike they seem.Because only with this agreement, can people be each honest and natural in their hour. Conformity explains nothing, and people’s genuine action will explain itself and their other genuine actions. So, it is important for people.。
(完整word版)美国文学选读课后习题答案(word文档良心出品)
3.Is it significant that Thoreau mentioned the Fourth ofJuly as the day on which he began to stay in the woods?Why?
Yes, it is.Because The Fourth of July is known asIndependence Day,the birthdayofthe United States.HereThoreau uses the day to express his beginningof regeneration at Walden.It also means a symbol of hisconquest of being.
This belief fits into the larger Puritan doctrine, which puts heavy emphasis on the idea of original sin—the notion that all people are born sinners because of the initial transgressions of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. he is therefore using the prison building to represent the crime and the punishment which are aspect of civilized life. What is the implication of the description of the roses?The rosebush symbolizes the ability of nature to endure and outlast man's activities. The narrator suggests that roses offer a reminder of Nature's kindness to the condemned; for his tale, he says, it will provide either a “sweet moral blossom” or else some relief in the face of unrelenting sorrow and gloom.
陶洁《美国文学选读》课后习题详解(纳撒尼尔 霍桑)【圣才出品】
第4单元纳撒尼尔•霍桑1. Why is the prison the setting of Chapter I and what is the implication of the description of the roses?Key: Because the protagonist, Hester Prynne is expected to appear here as an infamous culprit. The description of roses carries such implication that Hester Prynne was remaining faithful to nature and morality. In the bottom of her heart, she is still a pure and gracious woman. The roses symbolize hope and future of humankind.2. Describe the appearance of Hester Prynne and the attitude of the people towards her.Key: Hester Prynne was a tall woman with perfect elegance, characterized by a certain state and dignity. She was lady-like, after the manner of the feminine gentility of those days. She appeared so graceful because that she possessed true love, which she thought was something noble and worthwhile and for which she was willing to sacrifice herself. She was strong-minded and independent, and she had power and courage to endure serenely and quietly the public abuse, insult and hardness of reality.In the crowd, different people had different attitude towards Hester. Some were sympathetic, and feel sorry for her. Some are very harsh and critical towardsher, especially those cold-hearted, middle-aged women. They expressed their hatred towards Hester because they thought that Hester has brought shame on them. Even there were some people thought that the present punishment was too mild, and death should be the just penalty.3. What has happened to Hester? Why does she make the embroidery of the letterA so elaborate? How does this tell us about her character?Key: Hester has offended the Puritan rule, sinned, guilty of adultery. Condemned to wear on the breast of her gown the scarlet letter “A”, she was to stand on the platform before the meeting so that her shame might be a warning and a reproach to all who saw her.She makes the letter “A” so elaborate out of her true love for Dimmesdale. She is loyal to her true lover, faithful to morality, honest to herself. She becomes strong and independent in psychology, generous in action, living a life with dignity and great fortitude.。
陶洁《美国文学选读》课后习题详解(亨利 大卫 梭罗)【圣才出品】
第6单元亨利•大卫•梭罗1. Where indeed did Thoreau live, both at a physical level and at a spiritual level? Key: He lived in woods, and pursued his own simple and meaningful lifestyle at a very high physical and spiritual level.2. Had Thoreau ever bought a farm? Why did he enjoy the act of buying?Key: No, he had never bought a farm.Because he liked to have dealings with others, from which he can get a lot of fun.3. Is it significant that Thoreau mentioned the Fourth of July as the day on which he began to stay in the woods? Why?Key: Yes, it is significant. Because the Fourth of July is the Independence Day of America, and from this day on, America has become a new and independent nation. By mentioning it, Thoreau wanted to state that he also began to be independent and self-reliant from the same day, and that will be the regeneration of him.4. How could you answer the question Thoreau asked at the end of this selection? Key: That means his flocks is always out of his control, and he cannot managethem effectively. The shepherd will be disturbed and annoyed by them rather than get some pleasure from feeding and raising them. The shepherd’s life will be a mess.。
美国文学史及选读期末复习题
1.Captain John Smith became the first American writer。
2.The puritans looked upon themselves asa chosen people。
is an annual collection of proverbs written by Benjamin Franklin。
4.Thomas Paine’s famousboldly advo cated a “Declaration for Independence”.5.Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence with John Adams，Benjamin Franklin，Roger Sherman，and Robert Livingston。
has been called the “Father of American Poetry”。
7.In Washington Irving'sappeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature。
8.Cooper’s enduring fame rests on hisWilliam Cullen Bryant’s wok.is considered “father of American detective stories and American gothic stories”。
10.Emerson believed above all inand self-reliance.11.12.Moby Dick is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale。
陶洁《美国文学选读》(第2版)课后习题详解(第16单元 厄内斯特
第16单元厄内斯特•海明威16.1复习笔记Ernest Hemingway(1899-1961)（厄内斯特·海明威）1.Life（生平）Hemingway was born in Oak park,Illinois.His father was a physician and his mother was a music teacher.He had on the whole a happy boyhood.After leaving school at17,he tried to enlist in the army but was rejected because of his injured eye.He went to the Kansas City Star and served as its reporter.Then he was recruited as an ambulance driver working with the Red Cross and went to Europe. This led to the crucial happening of his life.His war experience proved so shattering and nightmarish that his life and writings were permanently affected.Hemingway was a myth in his own time and a myth in American literature.He was a glamorous public hero of sorts whose style of writing and living was probably more imitated than any other writers in human memory.His public image was one of a tough guy.He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in1954.In his later years he often behaved in an odd manner and looked much older than his years.Possibly because he could not write any more,or possibly because he could not act out his code,or because of both and his ill health,he shot himself on July2,1961.The world was shocked into the disconcerting awareness that,withhis death,an era had come to an end.海明威出生于伊利诺州的奥克帕克。
陶洁《美国文学选读》课后习题详解(马克 吐温)【圣才出品】
第8单元马克•吐温1. Why do you think Mr. Wheeler is so eager to tell these stories?Key: Because Mr. Wheeler regards these stories as really important matters, and he admires the two heroes of these stories very much. He is really eager to share his stories with others.2. Does his audience share his enthusiasm in telling the stories?Key: No, his audience does not share his enthusiasm nor has any interest in his stories. Although the narrator tells his stories in a very earnest and sincere way, his audience shows no interest, because that it has nothing to do with his preoccupation. As an educated man, the audience cannot understand the way of laborers for joy, and he will not bother himself to understand it. So, in the end, when the audience gets a chance, he flees away.3. Do you think the narrator and his listener ever suspect the presence of humor? Why? How do you interpret their interactions?Key: No, I don’t think that the narrator and his listener ever suspect the presence of humor. Because both the narrator and the listener show no special response and emotion to these stories, that is, the narrator tells his stories for the story-telling sake, and the listener listening to it for the listening sake. There is nocommunication between them, which causes the failure of interaction.。
陶洁《美国文学选读》课后习题详解(埃德加 爱伦 坡)【圣才出品】
第2单元埃德加•爱伦•坡1. Who is the narrator? What wrong does he want to redress?Key: Montresor is the narrator. He had borne thousands of injuries of Fortunato as best he could, and he decides to take revenge on him. He must not only punish Fortunato but with impunity.2. What is the pretext he uses to lure Fortunato to his wine cellar?Key: He said to Fortunato that he got a pipe of Amontillado, and he was doubt about it, so he wanted someone to make sure for him. At the same time, he deliberately showed his doubts about Fortunato’s connoisseurship in wine and cared about his health, whi ch firmed Fortunato’s decision to go with him to his wine cellar.3. What happens to Fortunato in the end?Key: He was locked in the cellar by Montresor, and can only wait for death.4. Describe briefly how Poe characterizes Montresor and Forcunato as contrasts? Key: Poe characterizes the two characters with striking contrasts between them in many aspects. Firstly, their names are endowed with opposite symbolic meanings: Montresor symbolizes “monstrous”, while Fortunato symbolizes “fortunate”.Montresor is the devil in the story, and Fortunato is fortunate through his life and makes great fortune, but finally, he ends in a very unfortunate way, which is very ironical. Secondly, their clothes are very different: Fotrtunato “wore motley”, while Montresor put on “a mask of black silk” and drew “a roquelaire” closely about his person. Last, their psychological activities and consciousness are in contrast: Montresor knows clearly what is going on and what will happen, while Fortunato is always kept in the dark till the end.。
童明《美国文学史》课后习题详解(超验主义和符号表征)【圣才出品】
第6章超验主义和符号表征Questions for Discussion and Writing Assignments1. Give a brief account of how Transcendentalism came into being.Key: In 1836, an informal group met in Concord, Massachusetts, to discuss theology, philosophy, and literature. At first they called themselves the Symposium of Hedge Club, after Henry Hedge who had initiated the meetings. But good-intentioned neighbors began calling the group members Transcendentalists since they always engaged in lofty discourses. The group accepted the name. Thus, Transcendentalism came into being.2. Discuss the general philosophy of Transcendentalism in terms of its connections with romanticism, its “epistemology,” its emphasis on symbolic representation on individualism, and its philosophical sources.Key: As an intensified expression of romanticism, Transcendentalism shares the characteristics of romanticism such as: the importance of intuition, the exaltation of the individual over society, the new and thrilling delight in nature, fascination with the Gothic and the “Oriental,” and the desire to build a national literature and culture. In addition, Transcendentalism, as a type of romanticism peculiar to New England, took on a specific moral and philosophical tone. The moral implications came from the environment where Puritan idealism persisted, andthe philosophical tone was largely defined by Emerson.As an epistemology, Transcendentalism believes that individuals can intuitively receive higher truths otherwise unavailable through common methods of knowing, thus transcending the limits of rationalism.Translated into literature, this belief became an emphasis on symbolic representation. As formulated by Emerson, this became a call for action encouraging the Young not to be enslaved by customs but to follow the God within, and to live every moment with a strenuousness such as found in the Puritan fathers. However, insofar as nature is believed to be the morally good proving God’s presence everywhere in his creation and that human nature is accordingly all good, Transcendentalism was the reversed form of Calvinism. The kind of mysticism characterizing Transcendentalism had always lurked within Puritanism, not in its main doctrines, but in the rebellious beliefs such as Hutcinson’s belief in “direct revelation.”Transcendentalism does not have the kind of logical consistency one would normally associate with a philosophy, but this inconsistency may not be a weakness. In addition, the inconsistency is due to the fact that Transcendentalism absorbed many sources of influence. Three such sources can be identified. The first source is neo-Platonism, the belief that spirit prevails over matter and that there is an ascending scale of spiritual values rising to absolute Good. The second source is German romanticism, transmitted through the writings of Coleridge and Carlyle, which emphasizes intuition as a means of piercing to the real essence ofthings. The third source of influence is a certain version of Eastern mysticism, gleaned and interpreted from ancient Asian scriptures, including, to a limited extent, those by Confucius.3. With “Nature,” “The Over-Soul” and “Compensation” as examples, discuss Emerson’s philosophy in terms of pantheism, romanticism and his connection with Asian cultures.Key: Emerson is a fervent defender of individualism, which is celebrated by Romanticism fervidly. And his sense of individualism is associated with a certain kind of pantheism. As he envisioned it in his lecture “The Over-Soul,” the souls of all individuals commune with the great universal soul. The all-present spiritual nature corresponds to the divine intuition of an individual. This correspondence or communion in turn defines Emerson’s idea of the organic art. Specifically, art is organic in a double sense: the appropriate form is the expression of the poet’s intuition; this intuition is in turn a welling out from the universal mind, the “Over-Soul” suggestive of pantheism. Since the universal mind is the ultimate creator, an individual who wants to partake in the creative process must submit himself to this primal source.In Nature, Em erson states: “I become a transparent eye-ball. I am nothing. I see all. The currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am a particle of God.” That the individual soul can become the medium of the divine forces of Nature is at the heart of this book.“Compensation” is the essay that should be read in conjunction with “The Over-Soul.” If the Over-Soul is all powerful and at the same time good, does evil exist? Emerson’s answer is that it does not exist. To put it differently, evil—the opposite of good—is powerless to affect anything. Evil deeds do occur, causing temporary unbalances. But for each “evil” deed there is a corresponding “good” one. Every apparent “gain” then carries with it the price tag of a corresponding “loss.” The resemblance of Emerson’s philosophy with ancient Asian philosophy is now evident: the Over-Soul with Brahma, Compensation with Karma.It has been pointed out that Emerson learned from Confucius. Indeed, Emerson, copied aphorisms from Confucius in his Journals, mentioned Confucius in his essays, and published his translation of selected sayings of Confucius in The Dial. But Emerson’s connection with Confucius was more out of a respect for an ancient sage than an affinity with a kindred spirit. In many ways, Emerson’s philosophy is the antidote to Confucianism.4. Write a research essay to compare Emerson’s comments on Jesus Christ in “The Divinity School Address” with Thomas Paine’s in The Age of Reason. Key: “Divinity School Address” is a very famous speech of Emerson. It was delivered at the request of some graduates of the Harvard Divinity School and caused what a scholar later called a “Tempest in a Boston Tea cup.” Emerson asserted the divinity of all men, thus treating Christ too as a human. As it was alsoconspicuous in an address for the Divinity School, Emerson did not quote or discuss the Bible, used no prayer, and denied the truth of miracles as taught by the church. What Emerson emphasized as being divine is the majesty of the individual soul, a theme consistent in all his writings. “If a man is at heart just, then in so far is he God.” This address’s insistence on the importance of intuition also refutes the Church’s authority in asserting or communicating “truth.”Thomas Paine’s The Age of Reason challenges institutionalized religion and the legitimacy of the Bible, the central text of Christianity. It caused a short-lived deistic revival. The Age of Reason presents common deistic arguments. For example, it highlights what Paine saw as corruption of the Christian Church and criticizes its efforts to acquire political power. Paine advocates reason in the place of revelation, leading him to reject miracles and to view the Bible as an ordinary piece of literature rather than as a divinely inspired text. It promotes natural religion and argues for the existence of a creator-God.5. What is M argaret Fuller’ s position regarding women and gender equality? Key: Fuller’s surviving writings, especially her principal book Woman in the Nineteenth Century have established her as a persuasive advocate for women’s rights. In opposition to Emerson, Fuller argued that women, just like men, were also inherently divine. Therefore, women should have the same right and opportunity to inner and outer self-development as men. Fuller thought thatwomen must rely on themselves if they wanted to improve their social Conditions. Fuller’s vision of gender equality is not unrelated to her view that all humans are androgynous: No man is wholly masculine; nor is any woman completely feminine. In her portrait of Miranda, Fuller created the image of her idealized womanhood. This idealized woman should be self-reliant, is willing to help other women, and she must be able to make choices for herself.6. How is Thoreau’s revolt m anifested both in his social actions and in his writing? What is the nature of his revolt? What is his role in Transcendentalism?Key: What Thoreau revolted against in Walden was the materialism of his day. Or, more specifically, he objected to the division of labor that the emerging industrialism threatened to bring about. On July 4, 1845, Thoreau began living in a hut, which was built on Emerson’s land, by the Walden Pond. There he lived simply and deliberately, devoting his time to observations and reflections. And there, he once refused to pay tax to protest against the Mexican War and was imprisoned for it.Thoreau, along with Emerson, was the most important representative of the Transcendentalism. Both his works and his actions have influenced later generations deeply. Although Thoreau was Emerson’s disciple, he was not a lesser Emerson but a unique voice and personality. Thoreau practiced the self-reflective and self-reliant Transcendentalism that Emerson preached. Emerson found Thoreau’s outdoor vig or and sharp individuality captivating.。
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<0171）《美国文学史及选读》复习思考题答案I. Write out the authorsnames of the following5>orks ・(Benjamin Franklin T. S. EliotJames Cooper Walt WhitmanJames Baldwell Ern est Hemin gwayJoseph Heller Joh n Stein beckWilliam Faulk ner Mark Twai nWash ingtonlrving Ern est Hemin gwayRobert Frost Toni Morris onRalph Ellison Eugene O ' NeillJoh n Stein beck Allan PoeF. Scott Fitzgerald Tenn essee WilliamsWash ingtonlrving Robert FrostNatha niel Hawthor ne Herman MelvilleEugene O' Neill Mark Twai nWilliam Faulk ner Robert FrostArthur Miller James CooperH. D. Thoreau Henry JamesWhitman Jack LondonJack Lon don O'NeillII.Define the following literary terms. (20>Beat generation: The term was coined by Jack Kerouac in 1948 to refer to a group of disillusioned writers following World War Two. Later, this literary and cultural movement continued into the 1960s. The Beat Gen erati on must not be con fused with the Lost Gen erati on of writers. Spokesmen and representatives of the Beat Generation were Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg and others. They revolted against an America that was materialistic, belligerent andfrustrating. Social, intellectual and sexual freedom was advocated. Traditional culture and normal social behavior were attacked and violated. Many of them were drug addicts wearing long hair and dirty clothes. They were fond of slangs and jazz. Masterpieces created by writers of this group include Kerouac O'n tshe Road and Ginsberg H'oswl and Other Poems , which were regarded as pocket Bibles of that generation. Other prominent Beats include William S. Burroughs, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Gregory Corso, Michael McClure, and Neal Cassady. The Beat Generation, had greatly influenced the countercultural movements of the 1960s and the adolescents and adults in other countries. In England, the “ angryyoung men” made an echo and imitated the American “ beatnik. ”Protagonist: the principal character in a play or story 。
the central character who serves as a focus for the work h'ems ets and incidents and as the principal rationale for its development 。
and one who is opposed to the antagonist. In the beginning of ancient Greek drama, there were only a chorus and one actor —the leader of the chorus. Thespis invented the first actor. Then Aeschylus and Sophocles added the second and third actors to the tragedy respectively. The three actors were names Protagonist, Deuteragonist and Tritagonist. In discussions of modern literature, the protagonist is sometimes referred to as the hero or anti-hero.Biography: an account of a person 's life written by somebody else, or biographical writing as aform of literature.Novel: Generally speaking, it is an imaginative prose narrative of extended length dealing with fictional characters and events. The constituent elements of a novel include plot, character, conflict, and setting. But there can be exceptions. Some novels are short. Some novels are not fictional. Some novels are in verse. And some novels do not even tell a story. There have been many debates over the appropriate length of a novel. No established length for a novel has been agreed upon. It is generally held, however, that a full-length novel is longer than a novella or short novel, and a short novel is longer than a shot story. A novel should be long enough so as to appear in printin an independent volume. The great length of a novel makes it possible for the characters and themes in it to be developed more fully and subtly.Antihero: a main character in a story, novel, play or film who behaves in a completely different way from what people expect a hero to do. A non-hero is without the qualities and features of a traditional or old-fashioned hero. He is doomed to fail. Antiheroes of early days were Don Quixote,Macbeth, Rip Van Winkle, and Tristram Shandy. Examples of antiheroes in modern literature include Leopold Bloom, Jim Dixon, Jimmy Porter, Herzog, and Yassarian.Free verse: a form of poetry without rhyme, meter, regular line length, and regular stanzaic structure. It depends on natural speech for rhythm. Robert Frost compared it to “ playingtennis with the net down. ” Though muchsimpler and less restrictive than conventional poetry and blankverse, free verse does no mean “ formlessness. ” T. S. Eliot once said that for the “ no verse is free man who wants to do a good job. ” Though its origin is unknown, it was attempted by such early poets as Surrey, Milton, Blake, and Macpherson. It was Whitman who did the greatest contribution to the development and popularity of free verse. Whitman favored the simplicity and freedom of expression. According to him, “ The art of art, the glory of expression and the sunshineof light of letters is simplicity. Noting is better than simplicity. ”Drama: a form of literature written for actors to perform. A drama is divided into acts. An act can be subdivided into scenes. The constituent elements of a drama include dialogue, plot, characters, setting, stage direction, and others. A drama can be as long as three parts called trilogy, or as short as one act only. Greek drama originated in religious ceremonial in honor of Dionysus. Medieval drama developed out of rites celebrating the life events of Jesus Christ. Dramatists of great importance in literary history include Sophocles, Shakespeare, Ibsen, and Shaw. In America, the firs important dramatist was Eugene O ' Neilwl ho wrote the first serious plays. Before O' Neill, America had theatre. Starting from O ' Neill, it began to have drama.Jazz age: Jazz is a form of dance music that is derived from early Afro-American folk music, ragtime, and Negro blues. It is marked with exciting rhythm, pronounced syncopation, and constant improvisation. The musical instruments used are mainly drums, trumpets, and saxophones. Major composers of Jazz music include Irvin Berlin and W. C. Handy. The term Jazz Age was specifically employed by Fitzgerald to denote the 1920s, which was characterized by the loss of traditional moral standards, indulgence in romantic yearnings, and great social excitement. According to Malcolm Cowley, the Jazz Age was “ a legend of glitter, of recklessness, and of talent in such profusion that it was sown broadcast like wild oats. ”TaFle. sScoof t thFeitJzagzezrald 's Age, like Mark Twain The'Gsilded Age, was an epoch-making work.Autobiography: a story a writer writes about his or her own life experiences. It is narrated from the first-person point of view. The term was probably first used by Southey. But the first importantautobiography was Confessions written by Augustine of Hippo. Other examples inc lude Franklin ' s Autobiography , Adams' sThe Education of Henry Adams, John Stuart Mill 'Asutobiography , Carlyle 'Rseminiscences, Henry David Thoreau ' sWalden, and so on. Sometimes, an autobiography can be fictionalized. An example of this kind is Rousseau 'Csonfessions. Some novels and long poems are used for autobiography. Joyce A Portrait of the'Asrtistas a Young Man , Whitman ' s “ Song of Myself ” and WordTswheorPthrelud'e sfall in this category. Dickens David ' s Copperfield , Lawrence S'osns and Lovers and O' Neill L'onsgDay 's Journey intoNight have strong autobiographical elements in them.Blank verse: poetry that does not rhyme but has iambic pentameter lines. Though not originated in England or America, it has been the most important and most widely used English verse form. Blank verse is popular because it is closest to the rhythm of daily English speech. Thus most English poems which are dramatic, reflective or narrative are in the form of blank verse. This verse was probably first used in England by Surrey who translated Aeneid, by Sackville and Norton who composed Gorboduc . It was developed and perfected by Marlowe, Shakespeare and Milton. In the 18 th century, most poets favored heroic couplets. But Young and Thomson were able to write in the tradition of blank verse. The 19 th century saw a renewed interest in this poetic form. Masters of blank verse included Wordsworth, Coleridge and Bryant. The fact that blank verse is still practiced by writers like T.S. Eliot, Yeats, Frost and Stevens shows how influential and favorable it really is.Black humor: a term frequently used in modern literary criticism. It is sometimes called comedy' or ‘ tragic farce.' It is humor or laughter resulting from great pain, despair, horror and the absurdity of human existence. Black humor is a common quality of modern anti-novels and antidramas. Examples areFranz Kafka ' s stories like “ Metamorphosis ” , “ The Castle ” Joseph Heller 'nosvel Catch-22 andand “ T Albee ' Tshe Zoo Story. Other writers who did much contribution to the popularity of black humor wereBeckett, Camus, Ionesco, Vonnegut, Pynchon and so on.Head rhyme: the use in verse or prose of several words close together which all begin with the same letter. It is done for special musical effect comparable to the effects of end rhyme. In most cases, alliteration is therepetition of identical initial consonant sounds. Examples are Popefools rush in where angels fear to tread, P”oe' s“ Theweary, wayworn wanderer bore, ”andColeridge 's “Five miles meandering with a mazy motion. ” Alliteration of initial vowels is quite limited in number. An example of vowel alliteration is “It is impossible to enjoy idling thoroughly unless one has plenty of work to do. ”Surprise Ending: Also called “O. Henry endingi,s a co”mpiltetely unexpected turn or revelationof events at the conclusion of a story or play. An example is “ TheNecklace ”by Guy de Maupassant. Another instance is O. Henry 's story “The Gift of the Magi. ”III.G ive brief answers to the following questions. (15>1.Who is the father of American literature? (Consult your book>2.Who is the father of American poetry? (Consult your book>3.What is Poe 's theory concerning poet(rCyo?nsult your book>4.What is Poe 's theory concerning the short sto(rCyo?nsult your book>5.What are the major characteristics of Twain '(sCwonristiunlgt ysotyulre?book>6.What are the major characteristics of Irving '(Csownsriutilnt gyosutyrlbeo?ok>7.What is “ black humo(Cr?onsult your book>8.What is the Harlem Renaissance? (Consult your book>9.What is the New England Renaissance? (Consult your book>10.What are the major characteristics of colonial American literature? (See your book>11.What is the Lost Generation? (Consult your book>12.What are Benjamin Franklin 's contributions to American cu(Slteuerey?our book>13.Why is colonial American literature neither American nor literary? (See your book>14.What is the Jazz Age? (Consult your book>15.What is American transcendentalism? (Consult your book>16.What is imagism? (Consult your book>17.What is O. Henry Ending? (Consult your book>18.What is free verse? (Consult your book>IV.Read the following poem and try to understand and explain it.FogTHE FOG comes On little cat feet.It sits lookingOver harbor and cityOn silent haunchesAnd then moves on(An imagist poem by Carl Sandburg 。