英美概况第3章英译汉
英美概况内容及翻译
英美概况复习此为大学英语专业考试内容，下文含翻译。
USAI. Geography1. Geographic Features1.1 The Eastern HighlandsFormed by the Appalachian Range.?1. An average elevation of 800 meters above the sea level.?2. The highest peak:? Mount Mitchell (1856 m)：the highest peak of the Appalachian Range ?3. East: the narrow Atlantic Coast plain1.2 The Central Plains1. Vast plains between the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky Mountains?2. Drained by the Mississippi River and its tributaries?3. Usually divided into two regions:?1) the Great Plains in the west: vast treeless prairies in the west and agricultural areas in the east?2) the Central Lowland in the east: from the five Great Lakes to central Texas1.3 The Western MountainsHigh plateaus and mountainous country?1. The Rocky Mountains: over 3,000 meters above the sea level?The continental divide of the United States ?2. West of the Rockies:? the Columbia Plateau in the north ?the Colorado Plateau in the southGrand Canyon,the Great Basin in between?The Pacific Mountain System consists of three regions: The Cascade Range, the Sierra-Nevada, and the Pacific Coast Range.?The Sierras contain Mount Whitney (4421m), the highest peak in the US outside Alaska.?Death Valley in eastern California, 85 meters below sea level2. ClimateThe United States has a large size and a wide range of geographic features. Every type of climate is represented in the country: The climate is temperate in most areas, tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida, polar in Alaska, semi-arid in the Great Plains west of the 100th meridian, desert in the Southwest, Mediterranean in Coastal California, arid in the Great Basin?Extreme weather is common: the states bordering the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes, and most of the world's tornadoes occur within the continental United States, primarily in the Midwest.3. RiversThe Mississippi River (Great River, Big River in Indian language) is 3,770 km long: the second longest river in the United States. It originates from Minnesota and empties into the Gulf of Mexico.?The Missouri River is 4,090 km long. It is the longest river (longest branch of the Mississippi). It is a Mississippi tributary, flowing from the confluence of the Jefferson, Madison, and Gallatin and emptying into the Mississippi River.The length of the Mississippi-Missouri-Jefferson combination is approximately 6,262 km?The Arkansas River (2,364 km) is the second longest tributary of the Mississippi River. The Ohio River is the largest Mississippi tributary measured by water volume.?The Yukon River is a major watercourse of northwestern North America. Rising in British Columbia, Canada, it runs 3,700 km long, emptying into the Bering Sea.5 great lakesII． American History1. Where did the first Americans come from and why did they migrate to America?Book P 4-52. American Civil warThe American Civil War (1861–1865), also known as the War Between the States, was a civil war in the United States of America. Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the U.S. and formed the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy). Led by Jefferson Davis, they fought against the U.S. federal government (the “Union”), which was supported by all the free states and the five border slave states.2.1 The CausesThe coexistence of a slave-owning South with an increasingly anti-slavery North made conflict likely. Lincoln did not propose federal laws against slavery where it already existed, but he had, in his 1858 House Divided Speech, expressed a desire to “arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction”. Much of the political battle in the 1850s focused on the expansion of slavery into the newly created territories. All of the organized territories were likely to become free-soil states, which increased the Southern movement toward secession. Both North and South assumed that if slavery could not expand it would wither and die.The coexistence of a slave-owning South with an increasingly anti-slaveryNorth made conflict likely. Lincoln did not propose federal laws against slavery where it already existed, but he had, in his 1858 House Divided Speech, expressed a desire to “arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction”. Much of the political battle in the 1850s focused on the expansion of slavery into the newly created territories. All of the organized territories were likely to become free-soil states, which increased the Southern movement toward secession. Both North and South assumed that if slavery could not expand it would wither and die. Southern fears of losing control of the federal government to antislavery forces, and Northern fears that the slave power already controlled the government, brought the crisis to a head in the late 1850s. Sectional disagreements over the morality of slavery, the scope of democracy and the economic merits of free labor vs. slave plantations caused the Whig and “Know-Nothing” parties to collapse, and new ones to arise (the Free Soil Party in 1848, the Republicans in 1854, the Constitutional Union in 1860). In 1860, the last remaining national political party, the Democratic Party, split along sectional lines.2.2 Factors Affecting the Process and ResultsWhat greatly affected the process as well as the result of the war were the differences between the South and the North in their strategies, geographical features, technology, and manpower and finance.2.2.1 StrategiesAs men poured into the armies, Northern and Southern leaders discussed strategies that would achieve victory.Northern armies would have to invade the Confederacy, destroy its capacity to wage war, and crush the will of the Southern people to resist. The Confederacy could win by prolonging the war to a point where the Northern people would consider the effort too costly in lives and money to persist.The South had a compelling example in the American Revolution of a seemingly weaker power defeating a much stronger one. If the North chose not to mount a military effort to coerce the seceded states back into the Union, the Confederacy would win independence by default.Lincoln and other Northern leaders, however, had no intention of letting the Southern states go without a fight. The most prominent American military figure in the spring of 1861 was Winfield Scott, the general-in-chief of the United States Army. With a brilliant mind, Scott conceived a long-range strategy to bring Northern victory. Scott’s plan sought to apply pressure on the Confederacy from all sides. A combined force of naval and army units would sweep down the Mississippi River, d ividing the Confederacy’s eastern and western states. At the same time, the Union navy would institute a blockade to deny the Confederacy access to European manufactured goods. Should the South continue to resist evenafter the loss of the Mississippi and the closing of its ports, Scott envisioned a major invasion into the heart of the Confederacy.2.2.2 GeographyGeography played a major role in how effectively the two sides were able to carry out their strategies.The sheer size of the Confederacy posed a daunting obstacle to Northern military forces. Totaling more than 1,940,000 km2 and without a well-developed network of roads, the Southern landscape challenged the North’s ability to supply armies that maneuvered at increasing distances from Union bases.It was also almost impossible to make the North’s blockade of Southern ports completely effective because the South’s coastline stretched 5600 km and contained nearly 200 harbors and mouths of navigable rivers.The Appalachian Mountains also hindered rapid movement of Northern forces between the eastern and western areas of the Confederacy while the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia offered a protected route through which Confederate armies could invade the North.The placement of Southern rivers, however, favored the North. The Mississippi, Tennessee, and Cumberland rivers provided excellent north-south avenues of advance for Union armies west of the Appalachians.2.2.3 TechnologyTechnological advances helped both sides deal with the great distances over which the armies fought. The Civil War was the first large conflict that featured railroads and the telegraph. Railroads rapidly moved hundreds of thousands of soldiers and vast quantities of supplies; the North contained almost twice as many miles of railroad lines as the South. Telegraphic communication permitted both governments to coordinate military movements on sprawling geographical fronts.The combatants also took advantage of numerous other recent advances in military technology. The most important was the rifle musket carried by most of the infantrymen on both sides. The rifle musket, with an effective range of 225 to 275 meters, allowed defenders to break up attacks long before they reached the defenders’ positions.Other new technologies included ironclad warships, which were used by both sides; the deployment of manned balloons for aerial reconnaissance on battlefields, used mainly by the North. The technology for all of these weapons had been present before the Civil War, but never before had armies applied the technology so widely.2.2.4 Manpower and FinanceAt the beginning of the war, state militias provided most of the troops for both Union and Confederate armies. Soon large numbers of civilianswere volunteering for military service. Throughout the war, the bulk of the forces consisted of volunteers.When the number of volunteers lagged behind the growing battle casualties, both the Northern and Southern governments resorted to drafting men into the armies. The Confederacy passed the first draft act in April 1862. The Union followed almost a year later.Although the draft itself did not produce a sufficient number of soldiers, the threat of being drafted led many to volunteer and collect a bounty, which was paid to volunteers. Some soldiers were unscrupulous enough to enlist, desert, and reenlist to collect the bounty more than once.The Civil War, like all wars, called for great sums of money to pay troops and supply them with equipment. At the outset of the war the Confederacy depended on loans, but this source of finance soon disappeared as Southerners began to be affected financially by the cost of the war and unable to buy bonds. Instead it relied on paper money, freely printed. The Confederacy suffered greatly from severe inflation and debt throughout the war. The Confederate rate of inflation was about 9200%.The Union financed its armies by loans and taxes to a much greater degree than the Confederacy, even resorting to an income tax. The people of the North were more prosperous than those of the South. A national banking system was established by Congress to stimulate sales of U.S. bonds. Northerners had savings with which they could buy the bonds and had earnings from which taxes could be taken.2.3 The Process2.6.1 Eastern Theater (1861-1863)2.6.3 Western Theater (1861-1863)2.6.4 Trans-Mississippi Theater (1861-1865)3. America in World War IWorld War I, military conflict, from August 1914 to November 1918, that involved many of the countries of Europe as well as the United States and other nations throughout the world.World War I was one of the most violent and destructive wars in European history.Of the 65 million men who were mobilized, more than 10 million were killed and more than 20 million wounded.The term World War I did not come into general use until a second worldwide conflict broke out in 1939. Before that year, the war was known as the Great War or the World War.1.1 Coalitions InvolvedThe war began as a clash between two coalitions of European countries.The first coalition, known as the Allied Powers, included the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Serbia, Montenegro, and the Russian Empire.The Central Powers, which opposed them, consisted of the empires of Germany and Austria-Hungary.1.2 The Immediate CauseThe immediate cause of the war was the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by a Serbian nationalist.The fundamental causes of the conflict, however, were rooted deeply in the European history of the previous century, particularly in the political and economic policies that prevailed in Europe after 1871, the year that Germany emerged as a major European power.2. The Great DepressionOn October 24, 1929, the American stock market crashed. Billions of dollars of paper profits were wiped out within a few hours. This led to a long economic depression.However, the post-war industrial boom and the prosperity were soon to vanish. The Great Depression in the United States, worst and longest economic collapse in the history of the modern industrial world, began from the end of 1929 until the early 1940s.2.1 The CausesThe depression was caused by a number of serious weaknesses in the economy.It is a common misconception that the stock market crash of October 1929 was the cause of the Great Depression. The two events were closely related, but both were the results of deep problems in the modern economy that were building up through the “prosperity decade” of the 1920s.As is typical of post-war periods, Americans in the Roaring Twenties turned inward, away from international issues and social concerns and toward greater individualism.The self-centered attitudes of the 1920s seemed to fit nicely with the needs of the economy. Modern industry had the capacity to produce vast quantities of consumer goods, but this created a fundamental problem: Prosperity could continue only if demand was made to grow as rapidly as supply. Accordingly, people had to be persuaded to abandon such traditional values as saving, postponing pleasures and purchases, and buying only what they needed. Advertising methods were used to persuade people to buy such relatively new products as automobiles and such completely new ones as radios and household appliances. The resulting mass consumption kept the economy going through most of the 1920s.But there was an underlying economic problem: Income was distributed very unevenly, and the portion going to the wealthiest Americans grew larger as the decade proceeded. This was due largely to two factors: While businesses showed remarkable gains in productivity during the 1920s, workers got a relatively small share of the wealth this produced. Between 1923 and 1929, manufacturing output per person-hour increased by 32 percent, but workers’ wages grew by only 8 percent. Corporate profits shot up by 65 percent in the same period.As a result of these trends, in 1929 the top 0.1 percent of American families had a total income equal to that of the bottom 42 percent. This meant that many people who were willing to purchase new products did not have enough money to do so. To get around this difficulty, the 1920s produced another innovation—“credit,” an attractive name for consumer debt. People were allowed to “buy now, pay later.”International problems also weakened the economy. After World War I the United States became the world’s chief creditor as European countries struggled to pay war debts and reparations. Many American bankers were not ready for this new role. They lent heavily and unwisely to borrowers in Europe, especially Germany, who would have difficulty repaying the loans, particularly if there was a serious economic downturn. These huge debts made the international banking structure extremely unstable by the late 1920s.In addition, the United States maintained high tariffs on goods imported from other countries, at the same time that it was making foreign loans and trying to export products. This combination could not be sustained: If other nations could not sell their goods in the United States, they could not make enough money to buy American products or repay American loans.The rising incomes of the wealthiest Americans fueled rapid growth in the stock market, especially between 1927 and 1929. Soon the prices of stocks were rising far beyond the worth of the shares of the companies they represented. People were willing to pay inflated prices because they believed the stock prices would continue to rise and they could soon sell their stocks at a profit.In 1928 the Dow Jones industrial average, an index that tracks the stock prices of key industrial companies, doubled in value in less than two years. But the stock boom could not last. The great bull market of the late 1920s was a classic example of a specul ative “bubble” scheme. In the fall of 1929 confidence that prices would keep rising faltered, then failed.Starting in late October the market plummeted as investors began selling stocks. On October 29, known as Black Tuesday, the worst day of the panic, stocks lost $10 billion to $15 billion in value. By mid-November almost all of the gains of the previous two years had been wiped out, withlosses estimated at $30 billion.The stock market crash announced the beginning of the Great Depression.2.3 R oosevelt’s New DealThe initial government response to the Great Depression was ineffective, as President Hoover insisted that the economy was sound and that prosperity would soon return.But business owners saw no reason to increase production while unsold goods clogged their shelves. By 1932 investment had dropped to less than 5 percent of its 1929 level. By the election year of 1932, the depression had made Hoover so unpopular that the election of the Democratic presidential candidate Franklin Delano Roosevelt was all but assured. Shortly after his inauguration in 1933, Roosevelt quickly lifted the nation’s spirits with the rapid and unprecedented actions of the New Deal.The New Deal produced a wide variety of programs to reduce unemployment, assist businesses and agriculture, regulate banking and the stock market, and provide security for the needy, elderly, and disabled. The basic idea of early New Deal programs was to lower the supply of goods to the current, depressed level of consumption. The government sought to raise farm prices by paying farmers not to grow surplus crops and to create codes for many industries that regulated competition while guaranteeing minimum wages and maximum hours for workers. The New Deal also tried to increase demand, pumping large amounts of money into the economy through public works programs and relief measures.Public works projects not only provided jobs but built schools, dams, and roads. The New Deal helped people to survive the depression. Unemployment was reduced, but remained high through the 1930s. Farm income rose from a low of $1.9 billion in 1932 to $4.2 billion in 1940. The demands of the depression led the United States to institute social-security programs and accept labor unions, measures that had been taken decades earlier in many European nations.3.2.1 US and Japanese ConflictIn the final result, however, the United States had little choice in the matter. When France had fallen to Germany, Japan had begun to move into French Indo-China, which had been France's source of rubber and was thought to be rich in oil. The United States government had no desire to see Japan in possession of its own stocks of these essential resources and so threatened to place an embargo on these goods. The Japanese responded in an unexpected way. On Sunday, 7 December 1941, Japanese naval aircraft attacked the U.S. Pacific fleet at anchor at Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian islands. The Pearl Harbor Attack brought the United States into the war on December 8. Germany and Italy declared war on the United Stateson DecemberThe CongressThe United StatesCongress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives. Both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election.As provided by the United States Constitution, each of the 435 members of the House of Representatives represents a district and serves a two-year term. House seats are apportioned among the states by population. The 100 Senators serve staggered six-year terms. Each state has two senators, regardless of population. Every two years, approximately one-third of the Senate is elected.checks and balances:The government is divided into three branches, the legislative, the executive and the judicial, each has part of the powers but not all the power. And each branch of government can check, or block, the actions of the other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. This called “checks and balances”.What is American General Education?见书English2.1 The Iberians1) They are the earliest settlers on the British Isles.2.2 The Celts1) From 700 B.C. Celts came in several successive waves from the Upper Rhineland and began to inhabit British Isles.2) The fair-haired Celts imposed themselves as an aristocracy on the conquered tribes of Iberians throughout Britain and Ireland.3) These people found refuge in the mountains to the north and west.4) At least two big waves of Celtic invasion can be distinguished: first the Gaels or Goidels, still found in Ireland and Scotland, came over as early as 600 B.C.; secondly the Cymric and Brythons, still found in Wales, come over before 300 B.C.3. Roman Britain3.1 Roman InvasionRoman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410.The Romans referred to their province as Britannia.Prior to the Roman invasion, Iron Age Britain already had cultural and economic links with Continental Europe, but the invaders introduced new developments in agriculture, urbanization, industry and architecture, leaving a legacy that is still apparent today.It is believed that the Celts were related with the ancient people in what is now France. They gave some help in the struggle to resist the Roman invasion of France. As a result, the Roman army, commanded by Julius Caesar, invaded England in 55 BC. He landed in Kent with several thousand Roman troops, but meeting resistance and bad weather, the Roman withdrew soon after. In the following year, Julius Caesar and the Romans went across the English Channel and invaded Britain for the second time. Julius Caesar and his soldiers did not stay long in England before they withdrew again. The invasion marked the beginning of English recorded history because Julius Caesar kept a diary and wrote down what he saw in England. The successful invasion of England by the Romans did not take place until nearly a century later, in 43 AD, headed by the Emperor Claudius I. The Romans did not meet with much resistance on the part of the natives and soon got possession of what is now England by driving many of the native Celts into mountainous Scotland and Wales. The Romans failed to conquer Scotland, they built two great walls, the Hadrian’s Wall and the Antonine Wall, along the northern border of England to prevent the Picts in Scotland from invading England.3.2 Influences of Roman InvasionThe 3d and 4th centuries witnessed the decline of the Roman Empire. In 410 Rome abandoned Britain.1. Roman urban civilization, baths and amphitheaters, as well Hadrian’s Wall. People who spoke Latin and wore togas. Numerous villas——vast estates worked by slaves and featuring sumptuous noble dwellings—were also established. Beyond these, the countryside remained Celtic.2. A network of roads, still in use for 1400 years;3. A number of towns. They introduced a system of organized government and built a network of towns, mostly walled. These town used names ending with “ster”, “cester”, or “shire” -- Leicester, Worcester and Yorkshire—deriving from castra, the Latin word for camp; the Roman capital was London.4. Christianity; the Romans brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain. This came at first by indirect means, probably brought by traders and soldiers, before the first Christian Emperor, Constantine, we proclaimed in 306 AD.5. Water and sewage systems.1.1 Anglo-SaxonSoon after the Romans left, a band of new invaders landed in the southern part of England, in what is now the country of Kent. They were known in history as the Jutes. Other Germanic tribes came trooping after them. This continued for many years. The Saxons came from northern Germany and established their kingdoms in Essex (East Saxow), Succes (South Saxon) and Wessex (West Saxon). In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, also from northern Germans, came and settled in the east part of England. After the newcomers had taken possession of all the land now known as England, the movement, know in history as the Anglo-Saxon Conquest, was complete. But we must bear in mind that theses Germanic tribes never obtained possession of what we now call Scotland, Wales and Ireland. The inhabitants of these countries were still Celts.The England was divided into seven principal kingdoms, known as Heptarchy in English history: Northumbria, Mercia, Kent, East Anglia, Essex, Sussex and Wessex were the main polities of south Britain.The influence of Anglo-Saxon?The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. They divided the country into shires, with shire courts and shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law.?They devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century. In this system, the arable land around a village was divided into three hedgeless (open) big fields. These fields were divided into narrow strips which were shared out among the villagers. Good land was thus fairly distributed. One great field was left “fallow” each year so that its soil could recover its richness after two years’ cultivation.?They set up the basis of the English agrarian civilization and subsistence farming. There were wastelands, known as commons, which were used by villagers to graze livestock and get firewood. This system was the basis of the English agrarian civilization and subsistence farming. It helped to shape the English community life and the Anglo-Saxon concept of equality.?They created the Witan（council or meeting of the wisemen） to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.2. Viking Invasion (800–1066)In the 8th century, the Vikings from theScandinavian countries of northern Europe, Norway and Denmark, began to attack the English coast. In the process of resisting the Vikings, the 7 Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in England gradually became united under Alfred the Great.Alfred was a king of Wessex. He was not only an able warrior but also adedicated scholar and a wise ruler. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.He founded a strong fleet and is known as “ the father of the British navy”. He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He translated a Latin book into English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system.After the death of Alfred, his successors were not as capable as he had been. Taking advantage of the situation, more Dane came and set about taking possession of the entire country. The Anglo-Saxon king didn’t care for fighting, but he dreamed of buying off the Danes. As a result, more invaders came. In 1016, the Witan chose Canute, the Danish leader, as king of England. Canute, who made England part of a Scandinavian empire which included Norway as well as Denmark.3. Norman Conquest3.1 Norman Conquest: CauseAfter the death of Canute’s son, the crown was passed to Edward the Confessor, the last Anglo-Saxon king.When Edward was on his death-bed, several men laid claim to the English throne, the king of Norway, the Duke of Normandy (Edward’s cousi n), and Harold Godwinson( a brother of Edward’s wife).William, the Duke of Normandy, claimed the Edward had promised the crown to him before his death. He became very angry when he heard that Harold had taken the crown. Harold knew that William would come to measure swords with him. he was prepared to fight, placing an army on the southern coast of England to watch for William’s coming. Several months passed by and William failed to appear. He was abiding his time. When the harvest time in England came, ma ny of Harold’s soliders went back home to gather in the crops/. The coast was thus left undefended.William seized the chance and landed his army in Southeastern England in Sep. 1066. Harold, who had been fighting in the north, hurried back with the exhausted troops. They fought at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October. It was a close battle at first, but in the final hours William’s superiority in cavalry and archers proved decisive. Harold was killed, along with his brothers Earl Gyrth and Earl Leofwine, and the English army fled.William became known as William the Conqueror, the first Anglo-Norman king of England.3.2 Control of EnglandAfter Willam became the king, he took a few measures to control England Soldiers rewarded: The Normans received from William lands and titles in return for their service in the invasion.All land was the king’s: William claimed ultimate possession of。
英美概况笔记（中英文对照整理版）[1]
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英美国家概论路人整理2011-7-27目录第一章英国的国土与人民LAND AND PEOPLE (3)第二章英国的起源THE ORIGINS OF A NATION (9)第三章英国的形成THE SHAPING OF THE NATION (16)第四章向现代英国的过渡TRANSITION TO THE MODERN AGE (22)第五章大英帝国的兴衰THE RISE AND FALL OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE (28)第六章英国经济THE ECONOMY (40)第八章法律与司法机构JUSTICE AND THE LAW (49)第九章英国社会SOCIAL AFFAIRS (55)第十章体育运动SPORTS (60)第十三章美国地理位置GEOGRAPHY (66)第十四章美国人口种族POPULATION.RACE AND ETHNIC GROUPS (70)第十五章美国历史（一）AMERICAN HISTORY(I) (73)第十六章美国历史（二）AMERICAN HISTORY(II) (77)第十七章美国历史（三）AMERICAN HISTORY(III) (81)第十八章美国经济THE ECONOMY (84)第十九章政治制度POLITICAL INSTITUTION (88)第二十章美国教育EDUCATION (93)第二十一章文化建筑和音乐LITERATURE, ARCHITECTURE AND MUSIC (98)第二十二章节日和假期HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVALS (102)第二十二章节：HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVALS 节日和假期 (102)第一章英国的国土与人民Land and PeopleI. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
英美概况名词解释（英文）
英美概况名词解释（英⽂）1. the Hardian’s Wall:It was one of the two great walls built by the Romans to keep the Picts out of the area they had conquered.2. Alfred the GreatAlfred was a strong king of the Wiseman. It was created by the Anglo-Saxons to advise the king. It’s the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.3. William the ConquerorWilliam was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct, 1066 and defeated king Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christmas Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England.4. the battle of HastingsIn 1066, King Edward died with no heir, the Witan chose Harold as king. William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England. On October 14, the two armies met near Hasting. After a day’s battle, Harold was killed and his army completely defeated. So this battle was very important on the way of the Roman conquest.5. Doomsday BookUnder William, the feudal system was established. William sent officials to compile a property record known as Doomsday Book, which completed in 1086. It was the result of a general survey of England made in 1085. It stated the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership ofthe land. It seemed to the English like the Book of doom on Judgment Day.6. the Great CharterKing John’s reign caused much discontent among the barons. In 1215, he was forced to sign a document, known as Mangna Cara, or the Great Charter. It has 63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties, its spirit was the limitation of the king’s powers, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.7. the Hundred Years’WarIt referred to the intermittent war between France and England that last from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to recognize, the war broke out. At first the English were successful, but in the end, they were defeated and lost almost all their possessions in France. The expelling of the English was a blessing for both countries.8. Joan of ArcShe was a national heroine of France during the Hundred Years’War. She successfully led the French to drive the English out of France.9. the Black DeathIt was the deadly bubonic plague who spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England without warning and any cure, and sparing no victims. It killed between half and one-third of the population of England. Thus, much land was left untended and labor was short. It caused far-reaching economic consequences.10. the Wars of RosesThey referred to the battles between the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. The former was symbolized by the red rose, and the latter by the white one. After the wars, feudalism received its death blow and the king’s power became supreme. Thdor monarchs ruled England and Wales for over two hundred years.11. Bloody MaryHenry VIII’s daughter and a devout Catholic. When she became Queen, she persecuted and burnt many Protestants. So she was given the nickname “Bloody Mary”. Mary is also remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais.12. Elizabeth IOne of the greatest monarchs in British history. She reigned England, Wales and Ireland for 45 years and remained single. Her reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle.13. Oliver CromwellThe leader during the Civil War who led the New Model Army to defeat the king and condemned him to death. Then he declared England a Commonwealth and made himself Lord of Protector. He ruled England till the restoration of Charles II in 1660.14. the Bill of RightsIn 1689, William and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights to be crowned jointly. The bill excluded any Roman Catholic from the succession, confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy and guaranteed free speech within both the two Houses. Thus the age of constitutional monarchy began.15. Whigs and ToriesIt referred to the two party names which originated with the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Whigs formed a coalition with dissident Tories and became the Liberal Party. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.16. James WattThe Scottish inventor who produced an efficient steam engine with rotary motion that could be applied to textile and other machinery.17. Winston ChurchillPrime Minister of Britain during the Second World War. He took over Chamberlain in 1940 and received massive popular support. He led his country to final victory in 1945. He was defeated in the general election of 1945, but returned to power in 1951.18. AgribusinessIt refers to the new farming in Britain, because it’s equippedand managed like an industrial business with a set of inputs into the farm of processes which occur on the farm, and outputs or products which leave the farm. The emphasis is upon intensive farming, designed to give the maximum output of crops and animals.19. the British ConstitutionThere is no written constitution in the United Kingdom. The British Constitution is not set out in any single document, but made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interpret statues.20. Queen Elizabeth IIThe present Sovereign, born in 1926, came to the throne in 1952 and was crowned in 1953. The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation, the center of many national ceremonies and the leader of society.21. the OppositionIn the General Election, the party which wins the second largest number of seats becomes the offcial Opposition, with its own leader and “shadow cabinet”. The aims of the Opposition are to contribute to the formulation of policy and legislation, to oppose government proposals, to seek amendments to government bills, and to put forward its own policies in order to win the next general election.22. the Privy CouncilFormerly the chief source of executive power. It gave the Sovereign private (“privy”) advice on the government of the country. Today its role is mainly formal, advising the Sovereignto approve certain government decrees and issuing royal proclamation. Its membership is about 400.23. common lawA written law gathered from numerous decisions of the courts and other sources.24. the juryA legal system established in England since king Henry II. The jury consists of ordinary, independent citizens summoned by the court: 12 persons in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and 15 persons in Scotland. In criminal trials by jury, the judge passes sentence but the jury decide the issue of guilt or innocence.25. the NHSThe National Health Service was established in the UK in 1948 and based first on Acts of Parliament. This Service provides for every resident a full range of medical services. It is based upon the principle that there should be full range of publicly provided services designed to help the individual stay healthy. It is now a largely free service.26. comprehensive schoolsState secondary schools which take pupils without reference to ability and provide a wide-ranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district. About 90 per cent of the state secondary school population in GB attend comprehensive school.27. public schoolsFee-paying secondary schools which are long-established andhave gained a reputation for their high academic standards, as well as their exclusiveness and snobbery. The boys’public schools include such well-known schools as Eton and Harrow, and girls’famous schools include Roedean. Most of the members of the British Establishment were educated at a public school.28. the Great LakesThe Great Lakes are the most important lakes in the United States. They are Lake Superior, which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan ——the only one entirely in the U.S. ——Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. They are all located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan.29. New EnglandNew England is made up of six states of the North-East. They are Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. It is sometimes called the birthplace of America.30. baby boom“baby boom”refers to the great increase of birth rate between 1946 and 1964.31. the Chinese Exclusion ActIt was passed by the U.S. Congress in may, 1882. It stopped Chinese immigration for ten years.32. the Bill of RightsIn 1789, James Madison introduced in the House of Representations a series of amendments which later weredrafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification. Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and became the first ten amendments to the Constitution ——the Bill of Rights.33. the Emancipation ProclamationDuring the Civil war, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to get more support for the Union at home and abroad. It granted freedom to all slaves.34. the Constitutional ConventionIn 1787, a conference was held in Philadelphia to consider what should be done to make the Articles of Confederation adequate. All the delegates agreed to revise the Articles of Confederation and draw up a new plan of government. After struggle, the Constitution was ratified at last. This conference is called the Constitutional Convention.35. the Progressive MovementThe Progressive Movement is a movement demanding government regulation of the economy and social conditions. Itspread quickly with the support of large numbers of people across the country. It was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals.36. the Peace ConferenceThe Peace Conference or the Paris Conference, began on January 18, 1919. The conference was actually a conference of division of colonies of Germany, Austro-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire and the grabbing of as much as possible from the defeated nations. It was dominated by the Big Four (the United States, Britain. France and Italy)37. the Truman Doctrine:On March 12, 1949, President Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine in a speech to the joint session of Congress. The Truman Doctrine meant to say that the U.S. government would support any country which said it was fighting against Communism.38. the Marshall PlanOn June 5, 1947, the Secretary of State George Marshall announced the Marshall Plan, which meant that in order to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion, the United States decided to offer Western European countries economic aid.39. the New FrontierIt was the President Kennedy’s program which promised civil rights for blacks, federal aid to farmers and to education, medical care for all and the abolition of poverty.40. checks and balances:The government is divided into three branches, the legislative, the executive and the judicial, each has part of the powers but not all the power. And each branch of government can check, or block, the actions of the other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. This called “checks and balances”. 41.The New DealIt refers to a series of measures taken by Franklin Roosevelt in 1932 to prevent the possible collapse of the American economic and political system.42.counterculture movementIt was a movement of revolt in the 1960s against the moral values, the aesthetic standards, the personal behavior. and the social relations of conventional society.43. Constitutional monarchyA constitutional monarchy is a county in which head of the state is a king or a queen. In practice, the Sovereign reigns, but does not rule. In English history, constitutional monarchy was established after Glorious Revolution in 1688.44. The Great Depression On October 24, 1929, the American stock market crashed. Billions of dollars of paper profits were wiped out within a few hours. This led to a long economic depression.45. Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequences in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Britain was the first country to industrialize. The Industrial Revolution in Britain first began in the textile industry.46. Melting PotSince the United States is a nation of many ethnic groups, it is also known as a “melting pot,”meaning immigrants from different nations all over the world have mixed to make up the American nation.47. Black DeathBlack Death was the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas. It spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England in the summer of 1348 without warning. It killed many people. As a result of the plague, much land was leftuntended and there was a terrible shortage of labor.48. American ConstitutionThe Constitution of the United States is the basic instrument of American government and the supreme law of the land. It is the oldest written constitution in the world. It was drawn up in 1787 and went into effect in 1789. It founded federalism and introduced checks and balances into government for the first time in history.49．The Muckrakers(⿊幕揭发者)The Muckrakers were a group of reform-minded journalists who made investigations and exposed the dark sides of the society.50.the Progressive Movement(进步运动/进步主义)（Progressivism）it was a movement at the turn of the 20th century which demanded government regulation of the economy and social conditions, spread quickly with the support of large number of people across the country. The Progressive Movement was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals. Rather, it was a number of diverse efforts at political,social and economic reforms./doc/78ef54e86d85ec3a87c24028915f804d2a168795.html issez faire(放任主义)it was an economic practice which stressed that the management of the economy should be left to the business people and the government should merely preserve order and protect property.52.the Red scare(红⾊恐惧)Between 1919 and 1920,the Red Scare happened in America where at that time a highly aggressive and intolerance nationalism existed. On November 7,1919 and January2,1920,the Justice Department launched two waves of mass attests. Over 4000 suspected Communists and radicals were arrested and many were forced to leave the U.S.53.the Ku Klux Klan(KKK)三K党The KKK was first organized in 1866 and then reformed in 1867 after the Civil War in the South and by 1924 it claimed a membership of four to five million. It was a violent society which terrorized and attacked on not only blacks ,but also progressives, Communist and socialist party members, etc. 54.the New Deal(罗斯福新政)it was put forward by American President Roosevelt who wanted to do something to deal with the Great Depression at that time. It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up some efficient social security systems. The New Deal helped to "save American democracy" and to overcome the most serious economic crisis of the capitalist system up to that time.55.Isolationism(孤⽴主义)it was the American foreign policy in the early 1930s.it tried to keep the U.S out of the fighting that was going on in Europe and Asia.56. The Hispanics 讲西班⽛语的（⼈或民族）The Hispanics usually are Spanish-speaking person ofLatin-American origin who live in the United States. Now there are three major Hispanic groups which have great influence on the U.S. They are Mexico-American of Chicano, Puerto Ricans and Cuban-American.[/size][/size][/size][U]1.The "first American "were the Indians. The first English colony in the Americas was founded atJamestown ,Virginaia,in 1607.Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North American.“57. The Gunpowder Plot was the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies. On November 5,1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the Houses of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gunpowder in the cellars .58. The Puritans(1) The Puritans were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen. They wanted to purify the Church of England.(2) Dissatisfied with the political corruption in England and threatened with religious persecution , the Puritan Leaders saw the New World as a refuge provided by God for those He meant to save . So in (March)1630 , the great Puritan migration began .(3) The Puritans did not allow religious dissent. They went to America to establish what they considered the one true church. / Puritan tradition also involved a respect for learning which led to the establishment of schools and the spread of literacy. 59. ThatcherismThe election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party to power and Margaret Thatcher became the first woman prime minister in Britain. Her policies are popularly referred to as Thatcherism. It included the return to private ownership of state - owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weakening of trade unions, the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order.60. Diversity of American educationDiversity is considered to be an outstanding characteristic of American education. This can be seen not only in type, size and control of the institutions, but educational policies and practices. As is stated by the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, education is a function of the state, not the federal govemment. As each state has the freedom to develop its own school system and delegates its power over education to local districts, many variations can be found in the education system of the 50 states.61. The New DealIn order to deal with the Depression, President Franklin Roosevelt put forward the New Deal program. It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up many efficient social security systems. The New Deal helped to save American democracy and the development of American economy.62. Sinn FeinSinn Fein was the Irish guerrilla movement that wrested independence from the British in 1921. It spit in 1921 over the Anglo - Irish Treaty and became two parties, Fianna Fail and Fine Gael, which remains to be the two major political parties in Ireland today.。
英美概况Unit1-2Summary
英美概况Unit1-2Summary英美概况Unit1-2 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom1. It is an island country by the sea.Northwest Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. 2. Geographical NAMESthe British Isles Great Britain England the United Kingdom (UK) 3.The British Isles:the island of Great Britainthe island of Irelandsurrounding islesUK=Great Britain + Northern IrelandGreat Britain =England +Scotland + Wales4.Official name:the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland5. Other names:the British Empire (大不列颠帝国)British Commonwealth of Nations（英联邦国家）England6.London1) Capital city Largest city Largest port2) Largest population (one seventh of the nation’s population)3) Financial and Commercial centre4) Culture (host the Olympic Games in 1908 ,1948, 2012)7.Political centre1) Westminster central government administrative area2)Palace of Westminster Houses of parliament (Big Ben)3)Westminster Abbey ancient church4)Whitehall (street)8.Downing street, the house of No.10 official residence of the Prime Minster9. Buckingham palace royal residence of the Queen10.A complicated country1) imperial country2)Commonwealth of Nations3) member of European Union4) a member of Group of Seven5) multiracial6) a society with a class structure7) region difference (just like China)11 The people1) Total population : about 60 million2) unevenly distributed3) Highly urbanized4) Mutiracial/Mutinational12.The origins or ancestors of the people:Anglo-Saxons →the EnglishCelts →the Scots, Welsh and Irishnon-European ethnicity →( Indian, Pakistan, Caribbean, etc.) immigrants/doc/062589667.html,mon characteristics1) Cautious 2) Adaptable 3) Conservative4)Have strong national consciousness14.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.(2) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff(3) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north；the Central lowlands；the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK.Capital: Belfast15.A History of invasionsEngland was occupied by Celtic people.1) in 43AD →the Roman empire2) The 5th century AD →the Angle-Saxon3) The late 8th centu ry →the Vikings and Danes4) 1066 The Norman →the important battle of Hastings Scotland The second largest nationHave the most strong national confidence.Topography: the most rugged part three natural zonesthe Highland in the north, the central Lowlands, and the Southern Uplands.1.The history of invasionsa. Scotland was not conquered by the Romans.b. Most of Scotland wasn’t conquered by Anglo- Saxons.c. In 9th century the Vikings invaded Scotland.2.PoliticsIn 1707, Scotland joined the Union by agreement of the English and the Scottish parliament.3.PartyThe Labour PartyThe Scottish National PartyThe Conservative PartyWales In the west of Great Britain.The smallest on British mainland, larger than Northern Ireland Topography: Pasture Capital: Cardiff(320,000 people) Language: English/Welsh(19%), Localism is deep-rooted. Economy: Traditional industry: Coal-mining, coal and steel New industries by attracting investment.1.History of invasiona. Wales was conquered by the Romans.b. Wales wasn’t c onquered by Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings.c. Wales was invaded by the NormansNorthern IrelandOld name: Ulster the smallest in area and population Topography: Low hills and lake district, rugged coastlines Landmark: Giant’s CausewayCapital: Belfast (about 480 000 people, Titanic was built there ) Industry: shipbuilding and aircraft manufacture Economy: stagnant forLow crime and murder rateLow wealth per headLow living cost1.Partylegal: a. the Sinn Fein partyb. SDLP: Social Democratic and Labour Party Illegal: IRA: Irish Republican Army2.Results: most of the casualties of civilians1) 1969 event2) The Provisional IRA3) Paramilitary groups4) Gettoes in Northern Irish cities5) The policy of Internment6) The Bloody Sunday。
英语国家概况 Chapter_3
significance of the war
It was a blessing to both countries: France and Britain could be more concentrating on their own interior affairs and make more development independently.
IV. Henry III and the beginning of Parliament 1. Conflicts between the King and the barons a. Loss of the King’s favor b. Loss of land and money c. Rebelling under Simon de Montfort, and taking the King prisoner 2. The beginning of Parliament
Chapter 3
The Shaping of the Nation
I. William’s Rule 1.feudalism king Barons
(tenants-in-chief)
all the land large estates
less land
lesser nobles
(knights and freemen) Villeins and serfs
亨利五世身为王子时沉湎于声色犬马，不思进取， 后来在父亲的病榻前立誓痛改前非，誓要重振祖宗 疆业。年轻的亨利五世长于谋略且善于用兵，更能 鼓舞士气，赢得部属的爱戴。1415年时，由于英国 国王亨利五世受到大臣与主教的鼓动，以及来自法 国王子和侮辱，决定出兵法国远征艾吉宫战场。凭 着过人的勇气，他率领王公贵族及市井小民勇往直 前。其时英国兵力远在法军之下，英军主力为轻装 步兵，而且老弱病残、良莠不齐。经过一番远途跋 涉后，粮草告罄，士气更是低迷。而对手则重甲骑 兵，又有火炮助阵，兵强马壮，粮秣充沛，斗志十 足。 在天时、地利、人和尽失的恶劣局面下，如何 战胜强大的敌人成为亨利五世面临的最大挑战。生 死存亡之际，亨利五世积极面对眼前的天大逆境， 显示出作为一代雄主的智慧与霸气，以其三寸不烂 之舌与气吞天下的领袖魅力，终于一振士气。
英美概况各章节重点知识点总结整理
Section one：Origin of the English NationThe native Celts●The Celtic tribes are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish, and the Welsh. And the Celtic language is thebasis of Welsh and Gaelic.●Religion: Druidism.●Stonehenge: the circular arrangement of large stones in Wiltshire, near Salisbury, England, was probably builtbetween about 3000 and 1000 B.C by Celts, but its function remains unknown.Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)●Romans got possession of England by driving native Celts into Scotland and Wales. They failed to conquerScotland. They built two great walls: the Hadrian's Wall, the Antonine Wall, along the northern border of England to prevent Picts in Scotland from invading England.●Many towns’ names end with: ster, cester, and shire. e.g., Lancast er, Winchester, Y orkshire, deriving fromcastra (Latin word for camp).●Religion: Christianity.The Anglo-Saxon Conquest (446-871)(mainly occupied the Lowland Zone)●New invader: Jutes (now the county of Kent), became the king of Kent. Soon after their relat ives and othertribes came trooping after them——●It is a collective name for the seven Anglo—Saxon kingdoms from the 7th century to the 9th century. They areKent, Essex, Sussex, Essex, East Anglia, Mercia and North Umbria. After the 9th century, the seven kingdoms were conquered one after another by the invading Danes.●Saxons and Angles came from northern Germany. After they had taken possession of all the England, theywere divided into 7 principal kingdoms, known as Heptarchy. those tribes were constantly at war with one another, each trying to get the upper hand.(hero: King Arthur)●Religion: Teutonic, practicing multi-goddism. Tiu(the god of war, Tuesday), Woden(heaven, Wednesday),Thor(storms, Thursday),Freya(peace, Friday)●Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine to convert the English to Christianity. With the help of the king of Kent, hebecame the first Archbishop of Canterbury.●The A-S nominated local officials: sheriffs.●Open-field farming system: 3 big fields+commons. This system is the basis of the English agrarian civilizationand subsistence farming.●Witan: the A-S created the Witan (a group of wise man) to advice the king, the Witan was the forerunner of thepresent-day Privy Council.●Alfred the Great: the father of the British Navy & his writings were the beginning of prose literature. Made atreaty with Danes----Dane law.●Viking invasions: in the 8th, 9th, 10th centuries A.D. V ikings from North Europe, brought a new wave ofinvasion and colonization which produced lasting influence on parts of Briton.●Canute: Witan chose the Danish leader, as king of England. he included England part of a Scandinavianempire(inc luded Norway and Denmark)●Edward the Confessor: built Westminster Abbey.The Norman Conquest (1066)●William the Conqueror: the first Anglo-Norman king of England.●Battle of Hastings: ?Influence of the Norman Conquest●Feudalism: the nobles got fief, from the sovereign. But they were obliged to pay certain dues and armed manaccording to their estates to the king. They (known as barons or the king's tenants=in -chief, made up the upper landed class. They give fiefs to sub-vassals (known as lesser nobles, knights, and free man).They should take oaths of loyalty to the king directly as well as to their immediate overlords.●William built the Tower of London as a military fortress. He replaced the Witan with the Great Council thatwas composed of his tenants-in-chief.●Domesday Book: in order to have a reliable record of all lands and discover how much his tenants-in-chiefcould be called upon to pay by way of taxes, William sent his clerks to make investigations. These clerks finally compiled a property record known as Domesday Book in 1085.this book stated the extent, value, population, and ownership of the land.Section two：The Great Charter and Beginning of ParliamentHenry II 'Reforms●William died and left his Normandy to Robert, England to William Rufus, all his money to Henry. William IIwas killed when hunting, Henry I succeeded him.●Henry I had no male heir, his nephew Henry II became the founder of the Plantagenet dynasty金雀花王朝.●The new king strengthened the Great Council. Chancellor is the chief number, in charge of the administrativeand judicial system. The present day Lord Chancellor is his successor.●Administrative reform：Replaced the traditional land tax based on hides with a new tax based on annual rentsand chatells.●Judicial reform: divided the country into 6 circuits. Itinerant judges focused their attention on baron’s propertyand abuse of privileges. Decisions made by a circuit court was regarded as a precedent judgment, becoming the basis of the Common Law习惯法.✓the Common Law is a judge-made or case-made law based on the various of local customs of the A-S, it was common to the whole people as distinct from law governing only a little community;✓Lead to the founding of the jury system, (the juries were chosen from among local freeman to help circuit judges from London. Function: bring accusation against malefactors and swear to the innocence of the accused, the judge gave verdict at first but gradually the jury was empowered to give verdict. Principle: no free man should be punished without a just trial by his peers.✓It replaced the primitive English trials----by ordeals or battles. Abolished the benefit of clergy.●Thomas Becket: the king’s chief secretary. In 1162, Henry made him the Archbishop of Canterbury, hoping hewould assist him in church reforming. But Thomas was against the king, and finally he was killed by the King.After his death, he was put upon the list of English saints as a martyr to the church.●Geoffrey Chaucer wrote “The Canterbury Tales”(24 tales)King John●Many people believed that Robin Hood, a legendary outlaw, was a contemporary of John.●In fear of the Pope suspend public services, John promised to send a yearly tribute to him; John became avassal of the Pope.The great charter 大宪章P93●In 1215, the insurgent nobles met the king at Runnymede, and forced his to sign: the Great Charter (the MagnaCarta), the most important documents in English history.Beginning of Parliament●After John died, his 9 years old boy Henry III was put on the throne.和父亲是一丘之貉●Simon de Montfort, the king’s brother in law, was the defender of the Great Charter. But king refused to acceptthe Provisions of Oxford was finally put into prison. In 1265,.each county sent two knights, and each town tworepresentatives to join the meeting at Westminster,(the earliest English parliament)●Edward I succeeded, conquered Wales, gave his new-born son the title Prince of Wales, a title held by the heirto the throne ever since.Section 3: decline of feudalism of EnglandThe hundred years’ war (1337—1453)●This war refers to the war between France and England, and ended in victory for the French, leading toexpulsion of English from France. The reason of the war: territorial and economic disputes.（direct course:Edward 3 claimed his succession to French throne, but being denied）●Joan of Arc圣女贞德: A national heroine in French history during the hundred year's war. She leaded peasantssuccessfully to drive the English out of France.●The war sped up the decline of feudalism. Gunpowder is a blow to the knights, who are pillars of feudal orderand the “flower of feudalism”.●The Black Death: It is a modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread throughEurope in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning, and without any cure. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences. (change serfdom农奴身份to paid labour)●The government issued a Statute of Labour, saying it is a crime for peasants to ask more wages. Otherwise,they will be branded with the letter“F” on their forehead.The peasant uprising (1381)●The government imposed a flat rate poll tax to fund the hundred years’ war. Wat Tyler led the rebels. Theuprising dealt a telling blow to villeinage隶农制. A whole new class of yeomen farmers 自耕农emerged, paving the way for the development of capitalism.The wars of the Roses (1455-1485)●The wars of Roses ：After the Hundred Y ear's War, in order to decide who would rule England, a war brokeout between the House of Lancaster （won）and the House of Y ork, which were symbolized by the red and white roses respectively. The war lasted from 1455 to 1485. In nature it was a war between the commercial-minded gentry in the south and the backward landowners in the north and west. It is usually regarded as the end of English Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern world history.Section 4:the Tudor Monarchy and the Rising BourgeoisieThe new monarchy●Henry VII is the founder of the Tudor Monarchy, served as the transitional stage from feudalism to capitalismin English history.●American was discovered.Henry VIII and reform of the church●Henry VIII: the quintessential Renaissance sovereign famous for founding the Church of England.●Martin Luther desired the reform of the church.●The reform of the church coincided with the Renaissance. The immediate course was Henry VIII’s divorcecase.●Henry didn’t want to alter theology in any way. What he did was only to get rid of Papal interferences inEngland’s internal affairs.●Henry VIII was followed by Edward VI, switching to Protestant theology and his drastic reform has beencalled “the Reformation” in English history.●Bloody Mary: Mary was Henry VIII’s daughter and she was a Catholic. After she became Queen, about 300Protestants were burnt as heretics, for they held Protestant views. As a result, people call her "Bloody Mary". Elizabeth 1(1533-1603)●Externally, Elizabeth successfully played off against each other two great Catholic powers, France and Spain.●Establish charter companies, such as East India Company.●The Spanish king Philip finally made war with Armada (the Invincible Fleet).Elizabeth was regarded as thefoundation-layer of the British Empire.●Elizabeth Age refers to the English golden age.Section five: the English civil war(Bourgeois Revolution)Background of Revolution●Enclosures and the peasant uprising created a new working class, proletariat.●James 6 of Scotland was welcomed to the throne as James 1.this marks the major step to the unification of the two kingdoms.James 1(1603-1625) and the parliament●James said:"no bishop, no king", relations between the Puritans and the king deteriorated.●The Catholics were also opposed to the king for his staunch support of the Church of England. The night bonfire festival is celebrated on November 5, with fireworks and bonfire on which Guy Fawkes was burnt in effigy to remember the day Gunpowder Plot of 1605,reminding the English people the danger of Catholic restoration.●Many puritans refused to conform the King James V ersion, so they became "nonconformists", in 1620,201 nonconformists sailed from Plymouth in a ship named Mayflower. They were called Pilgrims.●James 1 believed "Divine Right of Kings", dissolved the parliament for 7 years. He was called the wisest fool. Charles 1●He followed a pro-Catholic ism policy.(In Elizabethan times, puritans were popular)●The puritans were noted for simple dress, high moral standards, demand of equality, and egalitarian [i,ɡæli'tεəriən]attitudes.The civil wars●The puritans made up the most revolutionary section. So the Bourgeois Revolution was also known as the Puritan Revolution.●The left wing of the revolutionary forces found a leader: Oliver Cromwell.●Oliver Cromwell was one of the commanders of the New Model Army which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War. After the execution of King Charles I in 1649, Cromwell dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England, conquered Ireland and Scotland, and ruled as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658.●"Roundhead" was the nickname given to the supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War. Also known as Parliamentarians, they fought against King Charles I who claimed absolute power and the divine right of kings.●The civil war is the beginning of modern world history.Restoration●Charles II put an end to the Republic. They took over Manhattan Island from Dutch and named it New Y ork.●His brother James 2 succeeded, reviving Catholicism.●Glorious Revolution of 1688 also called the White Revolution, because it caused no bloodshed. It was the overthrow of King James II of England in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians . Finally, William III (Jamea’2 son in law)and Mary ascended the English throne.●W and M childless. Mary’s sister succeeded. Scots accepted the Act of Union, in1707, Great Britain was born.Hanover dynasty.Section six: the industrial revolution and the chartist movementBackground of industrial revolution●The new class managed to accomplish “primitive accumulation of capital” through plunder and exploitation. It plundered America and Africa through colonization and the notorious triangular trade.●James watt made the steam engine practiced for industrial use.●Enclosure movement: to make a profit by selling grain, landowners began to replace the small“open fields” with hedge-divided large fields. (A new system of crop rotation was introduced.) Under enclosure, such land is fenced (enclosed) and deeded or entitled to one or more owners. Tenants were driven off their lands.●Farmer George.Effects of the industrial revolution (1750-1850)●The workshop of the world.●As a result, class contradiction between the capitalists and the proletariat, or capital and labour, became the major problem.●The forests of chimneys turned Birmingham to “Black C ountry”●The transition from an agrarian civilization to industrial civilization was criticized by Luddites.●Theory: social Darwinism (Origin of Species---natural selection) and Malthusianism and Adam Smith (laissez-fair).The chartist movement (1836-1848,3times)●The chartist movement Was a mass movement of working class to fight for equal political and social rights.●Document: the People’s Charter人民宪章，drawn by London Workingmen’s Association.●Two groups: moral force chartists and physical force chartists.Queen Victoria (“the grandmother of Europe”, suffered hemophilia ) “The Polite Society”●The V ictoria Age: a time of industrial, political, and military progress within the United Kingdom. The 63-year reign of Victoria was the longest of any monarch in British history. She was official head of state not only of the United Kingdom but also the British Empire, which included Canada, Australia, India, New Zealand, and large parts of Africa.●In 1840,the Opium War against China.●The trade union act of 1871 legalized the trade unions, ------- set up Labor Representation Committee (LRC) ----------- it changed this name to Labor Party.。
英概unit3TheGovernmentofTheUnitedKingdom
Unit 3 The Government of The United Kingdom Questions for Thinking⏹What is Cabinet?⏹Talk about “Bill of Right of 1689”⏹What is the Constitution of Britain?Britain is arguably the oldest representative democracy in the world, with roots that can be traced over a thousand years. This long, unbroken history is still apparent in Britain’s current political institution and in its political culture.I The Monarchy(君主制）The oldest institution of government is the Monarchy (ruled by the king). This dates back to the Saxons who ruled from the 5th century AD until the Norman conquest in 1066. The Queen Elizabeth II, is directly descended from King Egbert. The power of the monarchy was largely derived from the ancient doctrine of the ―divine right of kings‖. While the king in theory had God on his side, in practice in medieval times it was thought that he should not exercise absolute power.Divine Right of KingsThis ancient doctrine held that the sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subjects. This was used by the king as an excuse for abusing power. And the dispute over the power of the king and the parliament led to the civil war.The Civil W arCaused by a dispute over the power of the king against Parliament, the Civil War broke out in the 17th century. The Republican ―Roundheads‖, led by Oliver Cromwell, want to abolish the monarchy and to reassert the rights of Parliament. In 1642, the royalists were defeated and King Charles I was executed in 1649.Charles IHe was the King who ruled from 1625 to 1649. He insisted on the divine right of kings and therefore roused the protest from the Parliament. He was tried as a traitor to his country and executed.Magna CartaThis is a medieval Latin name meaning ―Great Charter‖. In 1215, King John was forced by a group of feudal barons and the church to grant them a charter of liberty and political rights. Magna Carta placed some limits on the king’s ability to abuse his royal power. This is still regarded asBritain’s key expression of the rights of citizens against the Crown.II The Birth and Development of the Parliament(1) The Great Council (大议会）--first established by William the Conqueror, only included the French aristocrats. Later, Kings needed money, so he began to summon feudal barons by name to borrow money.–the House of Lords(2) in 1236, the word ―Parliament‖ was first introduced. In the 13th century the Great Council was widened to include representatives of countries, cities and towns—the House of Commons. The Commons quickly gathered power in politics; they were willing to help the king raise taxes and pass laws, but in return they demand for an increasing say in the parliament. In 1407, Henry IV decreed that all money grants should be considered and approved by the Commons before being considered by the Lords. Besides, by the 15th century, the Commons also acquired law-making powers.The King or Queen met regularly with some important MPs (Members of Parliament) to ensure a good tie between the Monarch and the Parliament. This group of MPs were called the Cabinet(内阁). The MPs were appointed by the sovereignIn 1714, George I was borrowed to succeed the throne because the Queen Ann died without an heir. The King spoke badly English and had least interest in Politics, so he left the job of chairing the cabinet meeting to one of his ministers. In time he came to be called the prime minister.The Bill of Right of 1689In 1688, King James II’s daughter Mary and her husband William were invited by the politicians and church authorities to take the throne, on condition that they would respect the rights of Parliament. The Bill of Right was passed in 1689 to ensure that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.III The Birth of the Prime Minister and CabinetCabinet--To ensure good relations between Crown and Parliament, the king or queen met regularly with a group of important parliamentarians, a group which became known as the Cabinet.Prime Minister–Members of Parliament (MPs) assembled themselves into group which eventually would become political parties, organized groups which presented their policies and ideas to the electorate for approval. The party with the most supporters in the Commons forms the government, and by tradition, the leader of that party becomes Prime Minister.The British Government TodayToday, Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy. While the official head of state is the Queen, her powers are largely traditional and symbolic. The government at national and local levels is elected by the people and governs according to British constitutional principles.The ConstitutionBritain has no written Constitution. The foundations of the British state are laid out in statute law, which are the laws passed by Parliament; the common laws, which are laws which have been established through common practice in the courts; and conventions.Parliament Today –Functions and PowerTo pass lawsTo provide the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation.To supervise or scrutinize government policy, administration and expenditureTo debate the major issues of the dayParliament is supreme in the British state because it alone has the power to change the terms of the Constitution.There are no legal restraints upon Parliament. It has to follow the common laws and acts according to precedent.The Roles of the MonarchThe primary role of the monarch today is to symbolize the tradition and unity of the British state. Other roles: being legally head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, commander in chief of the armed forces and ―supreme governor‖ of the Church of England.The Queen also acts as a confidante to the Prime Minister, offering valuable observations on the running of the government.The House of LordsThe House of Lords consists of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public.The roles of the House of LordsReceiving no salary though can enjoy a small allowance for each day of attendance.Are not electedFew attending the parliament sittingsRepresenting their own interestsThe House of CommonsThe House of Commons is the real center of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives (Members of Parliament) make and debate policy. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them.The Roles of The House of CommonsReceiving salaryAre electedRepresenting the public interest of the electorateMost MPs belong to a particular party。
英语国家概况Chapter 3
Judiciary (non-political)
House of Commons (political)
House of Lords (semi-political)
Prime Minister & Cabinet (political)
House of Lords
Ministers & Civil service (non-political)
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
2.1.2
Queen
Queen Elizabeth II
Born: April 21, 1926 Queen since June 2, 1953
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
2.2 The Executive
Government: Prime Minister, Cabinet ministers 2.2.1 The Prime Minister—powerful leader the leader of the majority party in Parliament controls the Parliament head of the government
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
2.1.2
Queen
Buckingham Palace
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
英美概况课件unit3
5. Who is William the Conqueror?
Unit 3: People of Britain
Mixed people Why British people are called mixed people? ----products of invasion and immigration from different ethnic groups in the course of history ----ethnic origin have been complicated by intermarriage and relocation
The British Identity?
Jews
Later arrivals
Gypsies
Later Arrivals
16th and 17th centuries, large numbers of refugees from Europe, add to the agricultural population After 1700, there was no more large immigration into Britain
2. The Celts
3. Roman Britain (55 BC---410 AD)
英美概况3
③ Natural gas was discovered in 1965 and the first oil was discovered under the North Sea in 1975. ④ In 1989 oil accounted for 44.6% of all the energy used in Britain. The transport and domestic heating systems mostly depend on oil. So does the food supply. Modern farming requires things which are all oil-based.
③ Economic recovery in the 80s a. Medium-term Financial Strategy: Privatization, deregulation （缩小国家对经济干预的范围）and market liberalization replaced prices and incomes control and state interventionism. It emphasis on improving the long-run supply-side performance of the economy. b. Features: An outstanding feature of the economic recovery in the 80s was its length. Another feature was the improved financial position of the government（财政状态得到改善）, with stronger current account of the balance of payments.
英美概况Chapter 3
2. Henry II’s Reforms
• (1) background: Henry II was the founder of the Angevin dynasty（安茹王朝）， usually known as the Plantagenet dynasty(金雀花王朝). • His position was rather weak • Many pressing problems had to be solved • Want to keep the barons under control • (2) His reforms • A. Abolished the annual land tax to levied only occasionally to meet emergencies • B. Strengthened the king’s Court • C. Reduced the barons’ military strengths by destroying all the fortresses and disbanding their foreign soldiers
(4) What was the quarrel between Henry II and Thomas Becket?
• Thomas Becket was Henry’s intimate friend. Henry made Thomas Archbishop of Canterbury, hoping that he would assist him in carrying out legal reforms. • A. Henry planned to reform the old Church Courts, to increase the jurisdiction of the civil courts at the expense of the church courts, to deprive the privileges enjoyed by the clergy • B. Thomas refused to allow this, and the King became angry • The King said in a fit of anger “Is there no one to avenge me of this miserable churchman?” ---4 knights killed Thomas---Thomas immediately became a saint as a martyr to the course of the church---pilgrims to Canterbury.
英美概况(第二版)UK chapter 3 British Politics
An Outline of the UK and the USA
British Politics— The Monarchy
• British monarchy—Including United Kingdom and its overseas territories
• The present monarch—Elizabeth II, reigned since Feb 2, 1952
British Politics— The Parliament
The House of Commons
• Also known as the Lower House is where the real power lies • 651 seats totally, distributed among the four countries: 524 for
• Two kinds of lords: the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal
• The House of Lords does not control the term of the Prime Minister or of the Government.
An Outline of the UK and the USA
British Politics— The Parliament
• The British Parliament is the supreme legislature of the country
• Consisting of three elements: the monarch, the House of Lords and the House of Commons
《英美概况》中文版
第一篇英联邦第一章土地和人民第一节英吉利群岛和大不列颠一、名字和位置当读英文书籍的时候，一个人应当理解下面几个名词：A）英吉利群岛；B）不列颠（大不列颠）；C）英格兰，苏格兰，威尔士；D）北爱尔兰E）联合王国——大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国欧洲大陆西部边缘及西部以外，有数千座岛，通常被叫做英吉利群岛。
群岛中最大的岛屿叫做大不列颠，为了简单起见，简称不列颠，不过官方正式名称仍为大不列颠。
它南北走向近1000公里，东西绵延约500公里，面积大约为23万平方公里。
但是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国的整体面积也只是稍多与24万平方公里，人口为5740万（1990）。
就大不列颠岛本身而言，被分为三部分，也被认为是三个国家：地处南部的英格兰，北部的苏格兰，和东南部的威尔士。
英格兰是三个政治实体中最大、最发达的一部分，土地面积超过13万平方公里，占了整个大不列颠岛近60%；人口超过4700万，约为正个国家的85%。
英格兰在大不列颠的地位如此重要以至于外国人称呼整个大不列颠为“英格兰”，这种习俗也用在了对人的称呼上，占多数的英格兰人被认为等同于“英国人”。
在面积和人口上，苏格兰都居第二位，78760平方公里的土地占不列颠岛不到30%，500万的人口不足整座岛的十分之一。
威尔士在面积和人口上都是最小的，面积20700平方公里，仅为9%，人口300万，约为全岛的5%。
在18世纪（1707）前，整座岛并不叫做大不列颠。
公元5世纪的时候，来自北欧叫做Angle s部落、S axons部落、Ju tes部落的入侵者占据了岛屿南部并据为己有，那时才开始采用英格兰的名字。
英美概况Chapter3
英美概况Chapter3Chapter II The Founding of the NationThe formation of the British is long and complicated, it is a mixture of many races and all these races invaded Britain at various times.Part One. Early Settlement (----55 BC)I. Iberians (伊比利亚人)1. Iberians: from Iberian Peninsular (the Mediterranean lands), about 5,000 years agolanded in present Cornwall and Devon, most on Salisbury Plain.2. Influence:They left no written records and only relics were stone monuments.※Stonehenge:1) They were built by the Iberians about 3,500 ago, on Salisbury Plain of England.2) They are more direct evidence of the social structure of the Iberians.3) Often over 200 feet high, the barrows were burial places and proved the existence of sharplymarked class division.II. CeltsAfter 700 BC, the Celts from Upper Rhine Land of northeast Europe came to Isles.(tall, with red hair and blue eyes)1. The first waveGaels, their language is still spoken in Scotland2. The second waveBrythons, came the English name for Britain3. The third waveBelgae from Northern Gaul, occupied the greater part of the Home CountiesPart Two: Roman Britain (55 BC---410)British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion.(Because Julius Caesar kept a diary and wrote down what he saw in England)I. Julius Caesar (55----54BC)This Roman commander in Gaul, came to Britain twice, but he had no attempt to conquer the island.II. The Emperor Claudius1. In 43 AD, Emperor Claudius invaded BritainThe territory south of the Humber and east of the Severn was annexed to Roman Empire. 2. The Romans invaded the Wales and Scotland.They conquered Wales, but never conquered Scotland.III. The Influence of Roman ConquerThe Roman occupation lasted nearly 400 years from AD 43—407, they brought the Roman civilization into England.1. Many baths, temples, amphitheatres, and fine buildings were set up.2. Many army bases are now important cities.These towns used names ending with “ster”, “cester”or “shire”---- Lancaster, Winchester and Yorkshire---- deriving from “castra”, the Latin word for camp.3. Roman roads were built all across Britain.Along the roads, towns grew up, they were like cities with urban life style and culture.Between the towns are villas. (the centers of agriculturalestates)In 5th century, the Roman government withdrew all their forces from Britain.Part Three: Anglo-Saxon Times1. After the Roman left, Germanic warriors landed in Britain.They included: Angles, Saxon and other JutesThey only occupied England, never possessed Scotland, Wales and Ireland.2. The Angles: East, the Midlands and the NorthThe Saxons: South and MidlandsThe Jutes: South and SoutheastEnglish, the language of the Angles, replaced the old Celtic languageThe country became known as England, “the land of the Angles”3. For 150 years, the Britons were destructed ruthlessly.Roman civilization remained little on the island.4. The Angles, Saxons and Jutes set up many kingdoms.At one time there were seven kingdoms called Heptarchy in history.Heptarchy: seven kingdoms established by the Angles, Saxons and JutesJutes---- Kent 肯特Angles----Northumbria (north) 诺森伯里亚Mercia (mid-land) 麦西亚East Anglia (east) 东安格利亚Saxon ---- Essex (east) 埃塞克斯Sussex (south) 苏塞克斯Wessex (west) 威塞克斯(Some legendary heroes tried to unite the kingdom, like KingArthur often in literature) 5. The Anglo-Saxon were organized into tribes governed by a chief or kingThey had a mixed economy of farming, hunting and animal husbandry.The social union was determined by the village.II. Augustine:He was the Prior of St. Andrew’s Monastery in Rome, and Pope Gregory sent him convert the English to Christianity in 597.He was received by King Ethelbert of Kent. Augustine was successful in converting the king and the nobility to Roman Christianity.He became the first Archbishop of Canterbury in 601. (the head of the Church)By the late 7th century, Roman Christianity became the dominant religion in Britain.III. The Influence of Anglo-Saxon Invasion1. Bring religion to the EnglandTiu, the God of War (Tuesday)Woden, Father of the Gods (Wednesday)Thor, God of Thunder (Thursday)Freya, Goddess of peace (Friday)2. Old English or Anglo-Saxon was formed.(Its vocabulary provided the basic of Modern English)Bede, a great historian, Ecclesiastical History of the English People is valuable.Beowulf, is considered the greatest Old English poem.3. Christianity spread throughout the land.Also Christianity began to flourish in literature.Part Four: The Danish InvasionI. Invasion of the DanesAround the turn of 8th century, the Danes or Vikings from the Scandinavian countries, invaded England.Some came from Norway, but most from Denmark.II. Alfred the GreatHe was the king of Wessex, and united the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in England.1. King Alfred fought with Vikings1) He built boats, thus earning the name of “ the Father of the English Navy.”He reorganized the land army.2) Later King Alfred made a treaty with the Danish king .Let them keep the northern and eastern parts of England which known as the Danelaw.2. Contributions in peacetimeKing Alfred was even greater in peace than in war.1) He was a scholar and writer himselfHis service to literature was highly praised.His writing and translations have been called the beginning of prose literature in England.2) He codified laws and instituted the writing of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.3. Alfred died in 899 and buried in Winchester Cathedral.King Alfred was not only an able warrior but also a dedicated scholar and a wise ruler. He is known as “Alfred the Great”—the only monarch in English history to be given this title.III King EdwardFor next 130 years, the power of Britain shifted between the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes1. In 1042, Edward, the son of Ethelred, was put to the throne.(Since no capable man of the Danish line)Edward the Confessor was the penultimate king of England.He spent most of his time in Normandy.He built famous Westminster Abbey in 1052. (He was buried there)Since then, all of the nation’s coronation ceremonies have been held there.Part Five: The NormansI. King Harold1. In 1066, Edward Confessor died, and his brother-in-law, Harold of Wessex, was chosen as theking.2. The Duke William of Normandy claimed the place of the king.(Edward once made secret promise to have William succeed his position.)3. The Kings of Denmark and Norway would claim the king’s position.(Their family ties with Canute.)4. When Norway’s king occu pied the York, Harold defeated them.5. Hastings Battle:In 1066, Duke William landed on the Sussex coast, Harold rushed south to fight with them. Near Hastings, his men fought bravely, but they had no well equipment and were defeated, Harold was shot to death.II. William the Conqueror1. On Christmas Day 1066, William the Norman was crowned in Westminster Abbey.A new line of Norman king began to rule England.The Norman Conquest marked the establishment offeudalism in England.William was known as William the Conqueror in history.2. His Measures to develop the country:1) The feudal system based on the ownership of land① William took the land away from its English ownersRedistributed in the form of large estates to his Norman lords The King was able to centralize English society in his own person.2) Administration of justice under the control of the king① He had the sheriff rule over the county courts.② He replaced the English bishops with the NormansSet up the Church court to try cases according the laws of Rome.③He built the Tower of London and the Norman castles to watch over the English.3) The Domesday BookIt was the first survey of land and wealth in Britain under William to strengthen his rule. It aimed at getting taxes. (Now it is kept in the Public Records Office in London)In 1086, William sent out his officials to make a detailed record of all the wealth of England. Their work, the Domesday Book, provides a complete property description of the country.Content:It records all land and property, every mill and cottage, every cow and pig.It also records the rights and duties of every landowner and every court.Significance:It is valuable to later history because no other country did such a thorough compilation of facts about the Middle Ages.It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish the feudal system fully in England.III. The Consequences of Norman Conquest1. The Conquest was in effect a French conquest and the imposition upon England of a rulingFrench aristocracy.Norman-French replaced English as an authoritative language.(The conquest started a bilinguistic period in English history, French and English)So Middle English was strongly modified by an extensive infusion of French vocabulary. 2. It tied Engl and’s civilization closely to that of continental Europe.(French civilization) The Norman Conquest was one of the most decisive events in English history.It changed the way of the life of English people greatly.(Norman way of life)3. The Norman Conquest sped up the development of Feudalism and contributed to its finaland firm establishment in EnglandWilliam established a strong monarchy in England.It increased the process of feudalism which had begun during Anglo-Saxon times.The manor system had replaced the village system completely4. It brought changes in the church, the upper ranks clergy were Romanized and feudalized.The Norman Conquest was the last invasion of England by foreigners, but English history books do not treat the Norman Conquest as foreign aggression, rather it is treated as a hiddenblessing because of its positive effect.In fact, few English children are interested in the history prior to the Norman Conquest, and they hear of such historical figures as Alfred and King Arthur, but mostly as legendary heroes.This is partly reflected in the T ess of the Durbervilles, a novel by Hardy. Scott’s Ivanhoe describes the situation in England about a century and quarter after the Norman Conquest.。
英美概况Chapter3
Tony Blair Margaret Thatcher David Cameron
Gordon Brown
1.The Origin of Political Parties -----the Whig Party and Tory Party
Political Parties in England originated in the late 17th century when the parliament was divided into two political group over the dispute whether James II should be the heir to King Charles. The supporters of James II formed the group known as “Tory”,, while the opponents formed the “Whig”. The Tory Party changed its name into the Conservative Party and Whig into Liberal Party in 1833
1.
In Elections 2. In foreign policy 3. In economic policy
III Welfare
Please give a definition to “ welfare state” The English term "welfare state" is believed by Asa Briggs to have been coined by Archbishop William Temple during the Second World War,contrasting wartime Britain with the "warfare state" of Nazi Germany
英美概况Chapter 3
3. Brief Introduction
2.2 Constitutional Role
Key points The Monarch is the ceremonial Head of State Prerogative powers—only exercised on the Prime Minister’s advice; The monarch must accept the decisions of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet
voting; franchise （政治性选举的）选举权, 投票权
court of first instance: 一审法院（庭）
3. Brief Introduction
Outline:
1. 2.
General Introduction The Monarchy
2.1 Origin of the Monarch 2.2 Constitutional Role
3.
The Parliament
3.1 The House of Lords 3.2 The House of Commons
4.
The British Government
4.1 The Cabinet 4.2 The ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้rivy Council 4.3 The Prime Minister
3. Brief Introduction
4.
The British Government
4.1 The Cabinet 4.2 The Privy Council 4.3 The Prime Minister
3. Brief Introduction
英美概况第三章英国历史
8
ter Saxon England (900-1042)
• In the 11th century, Canute united England, Demark and Norway.
6. The Norman Conquest (1042-1066)
• Background: King is also said to have promised the English throne to William, Duke of Normandy. But, when Edward was on his deathbed, four men laid claim to the English throne. Fin ally, the Witan chose Harold as king. Four men:
11
The Making of a Nation: From the Norman conquest to the Renaissance
• 1.Stephen/Matilda and Henry Ⅱ-Civil War • 2. Legal Reform and Henry Ⅱ(1135-1189)
resultmuchlandleftuntendedterribleshortage14世纪中期一场鼠疫也名blackdeath黑死病由老鼠身上的跳蚤传播在欧洲蔓延400万欧洲人口有150万染病死亡受巨大劳动力损失劳动力的缺乏导致许多贵族从农耕业转向畜牧业加上后来的农民起义直接导致了中世纪农奴制的没落黑死病是人类历史上最严重的瘟疫之一起源于亚洲西南部约在十四世纪四十年代蔓延到欧洲
2.Henry chose bishops who would their loyalty to him ; the Pope only gave ceremonial approval to these appointments. 3.Henry also began accepting money from his Barons instea d of requiring military service. 4.To record these payments , he created the ”exchequer ” (财政部).
英美概况(第二版) USA chapter 3
• fiscal: a. involving financial matters 财政的, 国库的
• — We are trying to get a thorough understanding of the government’s fiscal policy.
American Politics—
The Executive Branch
• The Constitution of the United States gives only limited powers to the president.
• Presidential elections — every four years
• 我们正努力对政府的财政政策进行全面的了解。
• alleviate: vt. provide physical relief, as from pain; make easier 减轻, 使缓和
• — The doctor gave her an injection to alleviate the pain. • 医生给她注射以减轻疼痛。
The Executive Branch
Voting in America
The Federal Judiciary The Legislative Process
American Politics— the United States Constitution
American Politics— federalism
• Electoral College
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威廉用大议会取代了盎格鲁撒克逊国王的顾问团—贤人会议。大评议会
由他的土地承租人组成, 一旦国王召集, 他们就得到大评议会服务。在南部城
市温切斯特、威斯敏斯特和格洛斯特, 大议会一年开会三次。
为了可靠地记录所有的土地、佃户和他们的财产并查明他们能交多少税,
合法国王, 通过父亲他又继承了安菇伯爵的封号, 通过1152 年与亚奎丹公主的
埃莉诺的婚姻, 他获得了所有从诺曼底至西班牙边境的法国西部。
亨利二世采取措施结束了史蒂芬森国王统治时的混乱局面。
他迫使弗兰芒雇佣军离开英国, 收回史蒂芬森赠出的皇室土地, 拆除几十
座史蒂芬森时造的城堡, 加强并扩大了他的行政长官们的权力, 依靠由英国自
莉诺联姻后云集到伦敦的。1242 年他发动对法战争, 代价昂贵, 丢失了整个普
瓦图地区。1258 年国王又索要金钱以助其儿子加冕为西西里国王, 使矛盾发展
到顶点。
贵族们在亨利三世的内兄西蒙·德·孟福尔的领导下反叛, 迫使国王和其
儿子爱德华王子宣誓接受“ 牛津协定”。其主要的两条条款是: 亨利应任命24
yeoman 自由民
Ⅰ. 诺曼统治( 1066—1381)
1. 威廉一世的统治( 1066—1087 年)
在威廉统治下, 英国的封建制度得到完全确立。根据此制度, 国王个人拥
有全国所有土地。威廉把英国的大片土地分给贵族, 条件是贵族保证服役和交
租。贵族的这些地产分散于各处, 这样土地拥有者就不易联合起来反叛国王。
二人组成, 陪审员的作用是作证人, 而非听取证词作出裁决。
作为法律改革的一部分, 亨利二世希望改革教会管理中的某些弊端。他坚
持一切被控刑事犯罪的教士都应在王室法庭受审, 而不是在主教法庭受审。主
教法庭只能通过责备( 严厉批评) 、开除教籍和苦行的方式进行处罚, 却不能施
加体罚。逐渐地, 这项神职人员的特权不仅教士和修道士享有, 而且被控犯罪
馆里。从此册可以看出, 在1086 年, 农村约有一半的耕地掌握在170 个承租人
( 贵族) 手里, 其中只有两个是英国贵族, 约五分之一土地归国王本人所有。其
余大多数属于主教、修道院院长和其他修道院头领。
威廉对教会在英国的发展极有兴趣。他对教会的政策是完全控制, 同时赞
成它拥有权力。他让意大利裔的贝克主教( 诺曼人) 兰佛兰克担任坎特伯雷大
Chapter 3 The Shaping of the Nation ( 1066 - 1381) 35
the Lor ds 贵族院
the Commons 平民院
Pr ince of Wales 威尔士亲王
the Hundred Yea rs’Wa r 英法百年战争
J oan of Ar c 圣女贞德
人组成的新的大评议会, 其成员一半应由贵族提名; 国王应有一个由15 位贵族
和主教组成的永久咨询团, 没有此团授权, 国王不可单独行动。
亨利在妻子和教皇的鼓动下反抗封建贵族的要求, 拒绝批准牛津协定。国
从前在贵族旧法庭里审问的案件现在越来越多地由皇家巡回法官审问, 他们运
用法律更为公正。
亨利二世统治时, 一部高于地方法和私法的普通法逐渐形成, 普通法取代
了原先贵族领地内的习惯做法。原先的习惯做法不仅各郡各异, 甚至社区与社
区之间也不同。这部习惯法( 普通法) 是不成文法, 适用于所有人, 与仅适用于
38 英语国家概况( 上) 同步训练·同步过关
的任何人只要稍懂几句拉丁语也能享有。
正是神职人员享有的特权导致了亨利国王与坎特伯雷大主教托马斯·贝
克特之间的冲突。托马斯· 贝克特是已定居伦敦的一位诺曼商人之子。1154
年他被任命为英国的枢密大臣、国王的首席秘书, 并且成为亨利的密友。1162
族代表团把他们的宪章———后被称为大宪章—递交给国王和他的顾问们。
1215 年6 月19 日, 国王极不情愿地在大宪章上盖上印鉴。
大宪章共有63 条, 主要条文如下: 没有大评议会批准不得征税; 除依照法
律, 不得随意逮捕、拘禁自由民, 不依照土地法不得剥夺其财产; 教会拥有的权
利和选举自由不受侵犯; 伦敦和其他城市应保留其古老的权利和特权; 全国应
法庭的权力; 国王把罚款据为己有, 而这些罚款以前也是贵族的一部分收入。
国王亨利拒绝了贵族们的要求, 但他在炫耀武力失败后被迫求和。1215 年夏
天, 在离温莎城堡四英里之外的泰晤士河下游的兰尼米德岛上举行了会议, 贵
Chapter 3 The Shaping of the Nation ( 1066 - 1381) 39
尔达的儿子亨利为共同执政者。次年史蒂芬森去世, 以金雀花王朝而著名的安
菇王朝创立了, 亨利成为国王( 亨利二世) , 并继续统治了35 年。
Chapter 3 The Shaping of the Nation ( 1066 - 1381)
2. 亨利二世的改革
亨利二世是金雀花王室的首位国王。他通过母亲的血缘关系成为英国的
统一度量衡。尽管有些条款也允诺普通人更多的权利, 但没有涉及农奴的话。
由24 位贵族和伦敦市长组成的委员会帮助国王执行大宪章, 若国王违反规定,
他们有权对国王宣战。
尽管大宪章长期以来被普遍认为是英国自由的基础, 但它陈述的只是国王
与贵族之间的封ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้关系与法律关系, 保证了教会的自由, 限制了国王的权力, 大
Black Death 黑死病
Adam 亚当
Eve 夏娃
ba ron 贵族
mer cenar y 雇佣军
jur y system 陪审制
jur or 陪审团成员
pr iviledge 特权
mar tyre 殉道
undermine 削弱, 破坏
permanent 永久的
poll tax 人口税
宪章的精神是限制王权, 置王权于封建法律的约束下。
2. 议会的开端
约翰王无视大宪章, 不久他就召集军队洗劫北方。贵族们转而求助于法国
国王路易斯向约翰报仇。但约翰于1216 年去世, 未引起更多的麻烦。
他的儿子亨利三世( 1216—1272) 比他强不了多少。最重要的教会职务和
国家职务都由他宠信的外国人担任。这些外国人是在亨利与普罗旺斯公主埃
Canterbur y Ca thedar al 坎特伯雷大教堂
Geoffr ey Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟
The Canter bur y Tales 《 坎特伯雷故事集》
Ma gna Ca r ta 《 大宪章》
Windsor 温莎
Pr ince Edwar d 爱德华王子
Pr ovisions of Oxfor d 《 牛津条款》
至延续到乔叟时代之后。杰弗里·乔叟( 1340—1400) 是英国诗人, 他的名著是
《坎特伯雷故事集》, 此书叙述了一群朝圣者到坎特伯雷托马斯·贝克特墓的旅
行。结果, 为满足公众的感情, 亨利在贝克特的坟墓前作了自我惩罚。这一事
件是教会的一个大胜利。1173 年贝克特被正式宣布为圣徒。他的殉道一直成
威廉派官员编了一本财产清册, 称为《末日审判书》。因为对英国人来说, 这本
土地清册无疑就是最后审判日那天众王之王所用的《末日书》。此册完成于
1086 年, 它记录了1085 年作的英国全国总调查的结果。此册陈述了土地的范
围、价值、人口、耕种情况和所有权。现在《末日审判书》保存在伦敦的公共档案
第3章
Domesday Book 《 末日审判书》
J udgment Day ( 上帝的) 最后审判日
Angevin dyna sty 安茹王朝
Pla ntagenet dyna sty 金雀花王朝
Archbishop of Canterbur y 坎特伯雷大主教
Chancellor of England 英格兰大法官
广大王国内任何人都不能被逐出教会。在诺曼国王的统治下, 诺曼文化在英国
土壤上遍地开花, 修道院成了新的文化中心。
1087 年威廉去世, 把诺曼底留给大儿子罗伯特, 把英格兰留给二儿子威
廉———因其红润的面色而被称为“ 红脸威廉”。三儿子亨利得了一大笔钱。
1100 年8 月, 红脸威廉( 威廉二世) 在新森林打猎时被暗箭射死。他的弟
已成为国王土地承租人的贵族又把土地分配给小贵族、骑士和自由民, 同样要
他们交租和服役。处在封建等级制底层的是农奴———和奴隶差不多的没有自
由的人们。
36 英语国家概况( 上) 同步训练·同步过关
英国封建制度独有的特点( 这一特点限制了贵族权力的扩大) 是: 所有的土
地拥有者, 无论是土地承租人还是二佃户, 都要为手中的土地不仅要宣誓效忠
主教。他鼓励兰佛兰克用诺曼特色的高效率来管理教会事务, 并进一步密切英
国教会与罗马的关系, 但他又小心地维护自己的独立性。没有他的授权, 英国
不承认教皇; 没有他的批准, 教皇诏书在英国就没有任何影响力; 未经他的允
许, 主教不可以访问罗马, 甚至不可以写信给教皇; 没有他的明确同意, 在他的
弟亨利立刻在威斯敏斯特教堂给自己加冕当上了国王。
亨利一世试图用和平方式对待苏格兰。他娶马尔克姆三世的女儿马蒂尔
达为妻。他死于1135 年, 没留下男性继承人。他的女儿也叫马蒂尔达, 当时已
嫁给法国安菇伯爵、金雀花王朝的杰弗里, 她参与了反对侄子史蒂芬森国王的
亲信的内战。1153 年战争结束, 虽然史蒂芬森控制了王位, 但却被迫接受马蒂