History of Water Supply专业给排水外文翻译

History of Water Supply
Man’s search for pure water began in prehistoric times. Much of his earliest activity is subject to speculation. Some individuals might have led water where they wanted it through trenches dug in the earth, a hollow log was perhaps used as the first water pipe. Thousands of years must have passed before our more recent ancestors learned to build cities and enjoy the convenience of water pipes to the home and drains for water-carried wastes. Our earliest archeological records of central water supply and wastewater disposal date back about 5000 years, to Nippur of Sumeria. In the ruins of Nippur there is an arched drain with the stones set in full "voussoir" position, each stone being a wedge tapering downward into place. Water was drawn from wells and cisterns.An extensive system of drainage conveyed the wastes from the palaces and residential districts of the city.
The earliest recorded knowledge of water treatment is in the Sanskrit medical lore and Egyptian Wall inscri ptions. Sanskrit writings dating about 2000 B.C. tell how to purify foul water by boiling in copper vessels,exposing to sunlight, filtering through charcoal, and cooling in an earthen vessel.
The earliest known apparatus for clarifying liquids was pictureed on Egyptian walls in the fifteenth and thirteenth centuries B.C. The first picture represents the siphoning of either water of settled wine. A second picture shows the use of wick siphons in an Egyptian kitchen.
The first engineering report on water supply and treatment was made in A.D. 98 by Sextus Julius Frontinus, water-commissioner of Rome. He produced two books on the water supply of Rome. In these he described a settling reservoir at the head of one of the aqueducts. His writings were first translated into English by the noted hydraulic engineer Clemens Herschel in 1899.
In the eight century A.D. an Arabian alchemist,Geber,wrote a rather specialized treatise on distillation that included various stills for water and other liquids.
The English philosopher Sir Francis Bacon wrote of his experiments on the purification of water by filtration, boiling, distillation and clarification by coagulation. This was published in 1627, one year after his death. Bacon also noted that clarifying water trends to improve health and increase the "pleasure of the eye".
The first known illutrated descri ption of sand filters was published in 1685 by Luc Antonio Porzio, an Italian physician. He wrote a book on conserving the health of soldier in camps, based on his experience in the Austro-Turkish War. This was probably the earliest published work on mass sanitation.He described and illustrated the use of sand filters and sedimentation. Porzio also stated that his filtration was the same as "by those who built the wells in the Palace of the Doges in Venice and in the palace of Cardinal Sachett,at Rome."
The oldest known archeological examples of water filtration are in Venice and the colonies she occupied. The ornate heads on the cisterns bear dates,but it is not known when the filters were placed.Venice,Built on a Series of islands, depended on catching and storing rainwater for its principal freshwater supply for over 1300 years. Cisterns were built and
many were connected in stone-grated catch basins and then filtered through sand into cisterns.
A comprehensive article on the water supply of Venice appeared in the Practical Mechanics Journal in 1863.The land area of Venice was 12.85 acres and the average yearly rainfall was 32 inches(in). Nearly all of this rainfall was collected in 177 public and 1900 private cisterns. These cisterns provided a daily average supply of about 4.2 gallons per capita per day(gpcd).This low consumption was due in part to the absence of sewers, the practice of washing clothes in the lagoon,and the universal drinking of wine. These cisterns continued to be the principal water supply of Venice until about the sixteenth century.
Many experiments were conducted in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in England,France Germany,and Russia.Henry Darcy patented filters in france and England in 1865 and anticipated all aspects of the American rapid sand filter except coagulatin.He appears to be the first to apply the law of hydraulics to filter design.
The first filter to supply water to a whole town was completed at Paisley,Scotland,in 1804,but this water was carted to consumers. In Glasgow, Scotland,in 1807 filtered water was piped to consumers.
In the United States little attention was given to water treatment until after the Civil War. Turbidity was not as urgent a problem as in Europe. The first filters were of the slow sand type,similar to British design. About 1890 rapid sand filters were developed in the United States and coagulants were introduced to increase their efficency. These filters soon evolved to our present rapid sand filters with slight modification.
历史上的水供应
人类对纯净水的搜寻开始于史前时代。

大多数他们的行动都是推测。

一些人可能会导致水在他们希望通过在地上挖战壕，一个中空的木头或许是作为第一个水管道。

数千年前，必须通过我们最近的祖先学会建造城市，享有便利的水管道和渠道输水废物的家。

我们最早的考古记录中的供水和废水处理日期后约5000年，在尼普尔的苏美尔。

在尼普尔遗址有弧形的流失与宝石设置充分的“楔”的位置，每个石是一个楔形向下逐渐变细到地方。

水是从威尔斯和蓄水池。

广泛的系统排水传达废物从宫殿和住宅区的城市
最早记载了解水处理在梵语医学知识和埃及墙壁冲。

梵文著作年代大约在公元前2000年告诉如何净化污浊的水煮沸在铜器，暴露于阳光中，通过过滤和冷却的木炭，在瓦器里。

已知最早的仪器澄清液体埃及在第十五和第十三世纪公元前的第一张图片是将水的解决酒。

另一个画面显示使用灯芯虹吸管在埃及的厨房
第一次报告在水供应和处理是在公元98年由尤利乌斯成water-commissioner塞克斯，罗马。

他制作的书籍在罗马供水。

在这些他描述了一个解决水库位于头部的一个水道。

他的著作被翻译成英文的第一个由著名水利工程师克莱门斯1899。

在西元八世纪阿拉伯炼金术士，贾比尔，写了一个很专业的论文，包括各种蒸馏器蒸馏水和其他液体。

英国哲学家弗兰西斯爵士熏肉写他的实验净化水过滤，沸点，蒸馏和澄清凝血。

这是在1627出版，一年后他的死亡。

还指出，净化水的趋势，改善健康和增加“快乐的眼睛”。

第一个已知的illutrated说明砂过滤器是发表在1685的
安东尼奥波兹奥，意大利医生。

他写了一本关于保护健康的士兵在难民营中，根据他的经验，在第二次世界大战争。

这可能是最早的出版工作的质量卫生。

他描述和说明使用砂过滤器和沉淀。

波兹奥还表示，他的过滤是一样的”的那些谁建立了威尔斯在皇宫的总督在威尼斯和皇宫的红衣主教沙奇特，在罗马
已知最古老的考古实例水过滤和威尼斯殖民地她占领。

华丽的头上的蓄水池熊的日期，但不知道当过滤器放置。

威尼斯，建立在一系列岛屿，以捕捉和储存雨水的主要淡水供应超过1300年。

蓄水池建造和许多被连接在stone-grated赶上盆地，然后过滤，通过砂为水箱。

一个全面的文章对威尼斯供水的出现在应用力学学报1863。

威尼斯陆地面积12.85亩，年平均降雨量为32英寸（中）。

几乎所有这些雨水收集在177个公共和私人1900水箱。

这些水箱提供平均每日供应4.2加仑每天人均消费低（gpcd）。

这部分是由于缺乏下水道，实践洗衣服的泻湖，和普遍饮用的酒。

这些蓄水池一直是主要的水供应威尼斯直到第十六世纪。

许多实验进行了第十八和第十九世纪在英国，法国，德国，俄罗斯。

·达西专利过滤器在法国和英国在1865和预期的所有方面的美国迅速砂过滤器除凝血。

他似乎是第一个适用法律液压滤波器的设计。

第一个过滤器将水供给到整个城市完成了派斯利，苏格兰，1804，但水被送到消费者。

在格拉斯哥，苏格兰，在1807过滤后的水被输送给消费者。

在美国，很少注意到水处理直到南北战争后。

浊度不紧迫的问题在欧洲。

第一个过滤器的缓慢型，类似英国的设计。

1890迅速砂过滤器进行了在美国和混凝剂，介绍了提高效率。

这些过滤器很快发展到我们目前的迅速砂过滤器略有修改。