2014年中国石油大学--科技英语总复习-答题篇

中国石油大学《科技英语》综合复习资料
Part I Vocabulary and Structure（词汇与结构）
1. As parts of the world become __B____, millions of people will try to migrate to more ___B___ areas.
A. hospitable… uninhabitable
B. uninhabitable… hospitable
C. habitable… inhospitable
D. inhospitable … uninhabitable
2. A(n) ___C___ is someone who is being considered for a position, for example someone who is running
in an election or applying for a job.
A. astronomer
B. scientist
C. candidate
D. researcher
3. There are scientific satellites in ____B______ that measure wave heights, but too few to give reliable
worldwide coverage.
A. mark
B. orbit
C. store
D. line
4. The first-year courses provide short introductions to these areas, while the second-year courses
_____B_____ the areas in greater depth.
A. classify
B. investigate
C. clear
D. examine
5. Their marriage was in danger of breaking up last year but it seems quite __D____ now.
A. favorable
B. critical
C. profitable
D. stable
6. If individuals are awakened each time as they began a dream phase of sleep, they are likely to become
irritable even if their total amount of sleep has been ___B___.
A. efficient
B. sufficient
C. deficient
D. proficient
7. Linda didn’t like the work because it lacked ____C______; she was doing the same thing all the time.
A. anxiety
B. priority
C. variety
D. society
8. She wanted to ask him all about his private life, but wisely _____C_____ herself.
A. rescued
B. held
C. restrained
D. curbed
9. After he was attacked, he managed to ____D______ to the phone and call for help.
A. pound
B. come
C. turn
D. stagger
10. The issue was whether or not the bacteria (细菌) in his body would _____C_____ the local ecosystem.
A. break
B. balance
C. contaminate
D. contain
11. Moving to a new school can ____C______ a child’s education, especially between the ages of eleven
and sixteen.
A. upset
B. balance
C. disrupt
D. disorder
12. China’s news media is following world trend by marketization and ___D_______into enterprises.
A. conversion
B. translation
C. transplanting
D. transforming
13. Up to 22 people were killed and 187 others injured in a suicide bomb attack which __B____ a
demonstration in a northern Iraqi city.
A. transported
B. targeted
C. yielded
D. aimed
14. The general secretary’s decision to inv est was a __C____ mistake, resulting in a heavy loss of money.
A. firm
B. private
C. costly
D. incentive
15. I feel nervous about the __A____ of the experiment as it determines the future of this domain.
A. outcome
B. outlook
C. output
D. outline
16. Once attached to the host Program, the computer viruses then look for other programs to ___C___.
A. affect
B. effect
C. infect
D. perfect
17. Their government always looks at problems from the financial viewpoint, and the social ___C___ is
never considered.
A. inspect
B. prospect
C. aspect
D. respect
18. One’s appearance does not always __B____ with his quality, so don’t judge people by looks.
A. compare
B. coincide
C. collide
D. content
19. We work best in a peaceful and comfortable ____B______ so as to increase our productivity and relieve
our exhaustion.
A. pace
B. atmosphere
C. rhyme
D. hemisphere
20. The new ____B_____ of this dictionary has not been in use yet, but its appearance has aroused quite a
lot of attention.
A. vision
B. version
C. variation
D. verification
21. The news slowly ____C______ through to everyone in the office; finally everybody felt worried about
the uncertainty of the future.
A. melted
B. froze
C. filtered
D. flowed
22. We do remember your initial objections, but unfortunately you didn’t place them __D____.
A. in register
B. to document
C. in between
D. on record
23. The cost may be lower than we first thought, but __B____ it will still be quite substantial.
A. in no case
B. in any case
C. in case of
D. in case
24. Sometimes you can __A_____ valuable antiques by chance – for example when you’re clearing out an
old building.
A. come by
B. come in
C. come out
D. come down
25. Obviously you came here intending to ___D____ the United States and you will need a work visa.
A. rest with
B. resort to
C. render into
D. reside in
26. The new __D____ edition of this book focuses specifically on the complexities of grammatical choices
that students need to master.
A. altered
B. converted
C. modified
D. revised
27. The poor condition of this apartment block is a danger to all its ____B______.
A. habitats
B. inhabitants
C. habits
D. inherits
28. Enough lava had ____C______ from the volcano to bury the entire village.
A. disrupted
B. splashed
C. erupted
D. spilt
29. You are legally ___B___ to take faulty goods back to the store where you bought them.
A. devoted
B. entitled
C. accessed
D. contributed
30. Time and time again, women seem to __B____ on promotion and career opportunities.
A. fall out
B. lose out
C. wipe out
D. put out
31. ___A____ in the office had a mistake, and the firm regretted causing the customer inconvenience.
A. Someone
B. Anyone
C. No one
D. Everyone
32. Rod is determined to get a seat for the concert __C____ it means standing in a queue all night.
A. as if
B. provided
C. even if
D. whatever
33. This magazine is very __B___ with young people, who like its content and style.
A. familiar
B. popular
C. similar
D. Particular
34. _B____ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog.
A. Being bitten
B. Bitten
C. Having been bitten
D. To be bitten
35. The morning paper __A____a story about demonstrations in New York and Washington D.C..
A. carried
B. extended
C. brought
D. took
Part II Identification（判断正误）
1. No sooner had they entered the room when the telephone rang. 错
2. As a graduate from high school, Tom is faced with three choices: attending college, finding a job or joining the army. 对
3. It was his nervousness in the interview which probably caused him to lose the job. 错
4. You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting though you don’t mind taking the night train. 错
5. Why not stay at home now that the road is so slippery after the heavy snow？对
6. But for the help of my English teacher, I would not have won the first prize in the English Writing Competition. 对
7 .Those brave army soldiers would rather die with their heads high than lived with their knees bent. 错
8. It is no good try to remember grammatical rules. You need to practice what you have learned. 错
9. The Great Wall is such a well-known tourist attraction that millions of people pour in every year. 对
10. Over the past 20 years, the internet has helped change our world in either way or another 错
for the better.
Part III Word-filling (单词填空)
1. Georgia said it would take a___ aggressive__（咄咄逼人的）diplomatic steps to respond to the Russian action in order to defend its rights.
2. In most western countries, upon reaching an a__ appropriate__（适当的）age, children are encouraged, but not forced, to ―leave the nest‖.
3. Among all the voting people, the great majority agreed to a _abolish____(废除) this kind of cruel punishment as it is against morality.
4. It took the authorities a long time to make _ identification __(identify) of the accident victims.
5. Supplies may_ fluctuate__(fluctuation) according to seasonal availability but you’ll always find a wide selection.
6. The __ extraction__ (extract) of mineral resources from the ground has left huge scars on the landscape.
7. The inflation rate cannot be properly __ quantified__(quantity) but the official figure is 46%.
8. He is very aggressive, totally _ dominating__(dominant) everyone he works with.
9. Many experts gave opinions at the meeting, but u_ ultimately__(最终地) the decision lay with the president before it was released to the public.
10. He condemned the w_ wastefulness__(浪费) of having everyone driving around in private cars instead of using public transport.
Part IV Sentence translation（句子翻译）
A. E-C Translation（英汉翻译）
1. But dependency is no vice when the habit is healthful —and you don’t have to be an Olympian to benefit.
但依赖性也并非坏事，只要它是有益于健康的—你不必非是个奥运选手才能获益。

2. Despite our preference for giving up privacy in exchange for convenience, our experiences online may make us yearn for the anonymity of the past.
尽管我们愿意牺牲隐私来换取便利，网络经历可能让我们渴望回到“隐姓埋名”的过去。

3. While cautioning that margin of error was large enough for render data from the early centuries untrustworthy, they found that 20th century was the warmest of the millennium.
尽管他们告诫误差幅度较大，有关早前几个世纪的数据可能不太可靠，但同时他们也发现，20世纪的确是上一千年中最热的一个世纪。

4. There has been some concern that the larger denomination notes — a 500 note is worth approximately 315 at the current exchange rate — will be rich pickings for counterfeiters, especially in the early days as people get used to the new currency.
目前令人担心的是高面值欧元纸币可能出现的假币问题，500欧元的纸币按目前的汇率值315英镑，这为造假者牟取暴利提供了很大便利，尤其是在人们对欧元还不太熟悉的初期阶段。

5. Chemically any petroleum is an extremely complex mixture of hydrocarbon (hydrogen and carbon) compounds, with minor amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur as impurities.
从化学上讲，任何石油都是由烃（碳和氢）化合物组成的极其复杂的混合物，并含有少量作为杂质的氮、氧及硫。

B. C-E Translation（汉英翻译）
1. 请允许我向你的成功表示祝贺。

(congratulate on)
Permit me to congratulate you on your success.
2. 管理者的层次越低，越有可能花时间去执行非管理性任务。

(the mor e…, the mor e…)
The lower the level, the more likely a manager is to spend time performing nonmanagerial tasks.
3. 山起着稳定地球外壳的作用。

（play a role in）
Mountains play an important role in stabilizing the crust of the earth.
4. 他日益发现一份奔波于全球的职业同传统的家庭生活很难兼具。

(combine with)
He increasingly finds a globe-hopping career hard to combine with a traditional family life.
5. 任何人也不能把台湾从中国分离出去。

(separate... from)
Nobody should separate Taiwan from China.
Part V Reading Comprehension(阅读理解)
Passage 1
Geology is a natural science. With it men can discover all kinds of useful minerals. Geology studies the earth. But of the three spheres, the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the lithosphere, it only directly studies the lithosphere. It studies the composition and distribution of material in the earth’s crust. It studies also the formation, changes and development of rocks and minerals in the earth’s crust.
Geology is a very complex science. There are many branches in geology. Mineralogy is the science of the minerals. Petrology is the science of the rocks. Geomorphology deals with origin of landscapes and changes in them. Historical geology traces the evolution and development of the earth and of the animals and plants on it. Stratigraphy studies the sequence of the rocks in the earth’s crust. Paleontology deals with the ancient animals and plants. These are just a few of the most important branches of geology.
Geology is a very important science. We depend upon geology for the discovery of mineral deposits needed by the various industries. A lot of minerals are used as fuel and raw materials. Without them industrialization is impossible. Minerals are also used as fertilizers in agriculture. China is very rich in mineral deposits of all kinds. The study of geology will help us to discover them.
Petroleum occurs widely in the earth as gas, liquid, semisolid, or solid, or in more than one of these states at a single place. Chemically any petroleum is an extremely complex mixture of hydrocarbon (hydrogen and carbon) compounds, with minor amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur as impurities. Liquid petroleum, which is called crude oil to distinguish it from refined oil, is the most important
commercially. It consists chiefly of the liquid hydrocarbons, with varying amounts of dissolved gases, bitumens, and impurities.
Petroleum gas, commonly called natural gas to distinguish it from manufactured gas, consists of the lighter paraffin hydrocarbons, of which the most abundant is methane gas (CH4). The semisolid and solid forms of petroleum consist of the heavy hydrocarbons and bitumens.
Geology plays an important role in the search for oil and natural gas. Four prerequisites are necessary for oil (and gas) to accumulate in commercial quantities in an area: (1) The oil originates in a source bed, and a marine shale, once a black mud rich in organic compounds, is thought to be a common source rock.
(2) The oil then migrates to a permeable reservoir rock, and to do this it may travel for long distances both vertically and horizontally. Oil cannot move through the tiny openings of the shale source beds rapidly enough to be extracted profitably. (3) A nonpermeable layer must occur above a reservoir bed. Since oil is lighter than water, it tends to move upward through openings and cracks until it encounters impervious beds that it cannot penetrate. The oil may then accumulate beneath the impervious layers. Some gas occurs in solution within the oil, and if enough is present it separates out to occupy the uppermost region of such a trap. (4) A favorable structure must exist to concentrate the oil and anticlines, salt plugs, and faults are common examples. A fault zone may itself be impervious, or faulting may have shifted an impervious bed so that it now blocks a reservoir bed. Stratigraphic traps tend to be more difficult to locate and may form where tilted reservoir beds are overlain unconformably by impervious layers or where the reservoir beds become thinner up-dip and wedge out within enclosing impervious beds. Thus oil that was once distributed in sparse amounts throughout a very large volume of rock may now be richly concentrated within the uppermost portions of favorable reservoir rocks.
The task of the geologist is the location of promising structures in regions where rocks are favorable for the occurrence of the other prerequisites. Drilling a hole is then the only known method of determining whether or not oil is present in the structure.
1. What is mainly dealt with in the passage? C
A. The formation of oil.
B. The formation of rocks.
C. The general introduction of geology.
D. The roles of geology in finding oil.
2. Geology is a natural science and it does NOT study__D____.
A. the minerals in the earth’s crust
B. the rocks in the earth’s crust
C. the evolution and development of the earth
D. the origin of the atmosphere surrounding the earth
3. One prerequisite for oil to accumulate in quantity is that the oil originates in ___A___.
A. a source rock
B. a black mud
C. the seawater
D. organic compounds
4. In the formation of oil, a nonpermeable layer above a reservoir bed is necessary because it can __B____.
A. accelerate the travel speed of the oil
B. hinder the oil to move upward
C. help the oil to move upward
D. help people to discover the oil
5. Which of the following statements is TRUE? ____B____
A. Drilling a hole is one of the known methods of determining whether or not oil is present in the
structure.
B. A geologist usually tries to locate promising structures in regions where rocks are favorable for the
occurrence of the other prerequisites.
C. An unfavorable structure must exist to concentrate the oil.
D. A permeable layer must occur above a reservoir bed.
Passage 2
In order to talk about the nature of the universe and to discuss questions such as whether it has a beginning or an end, you have to be clear about what a scientific theory is. I shall take the simple-minded view that a theory is just a model of the universe, or a restricted part of it, and a set of rules that relate quantities in the model to observations that we make.It exists only in our minds and does not have any other reality. A theory is a good theory if it satisfies two requirements. It must accurately describe a large class of observations on the basis of a model that contains only a few arbitrary elements, and it must make definite predictions about the results of future observations.For example, Aristotle’s theory that everything was made out of four elements, earth, air, fire, and water, was simple enough to qualify, but it did not make any definite predictions. On the other hand, Newton’s theory of gravity was based on an even simpler model, in which bodies attracted each other with a force that was proportional to a quantity called their mass and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Yet it predicts the motion of the sun, the moon, and the planets to a high degree of accuracy.
Any physical theory is always provisional, in the sense that it is only a hypothesis: you can never prove it. No matter how many times the results of experiments agree with some theory, you can never be
sure that the next time the result will not contradict the theory. On the other hand, you can disprove a theory by finding even a single observation that disagrees with the predictions of the theory. In practice, what often happens is that a new theory that is devised is really an extension of the previous theory.
The eventual goal of science is to provide a single theory that describes the whole universe. However, the approach most scientists actually follow is to separate the problem into two parts. First, there are the laws that tell us how the universe changes with time. If we know what the universe is like at any one time, these physical laws tell us how it will look at any later time. Second, there is the question of the initial state of the universe. Some people feel that science should be concerned with only the first part; they regard the question of the initial situation as a matter for religion. They would say that God could have started the universe off any way he wanted. That may be so, but in that case he also could have made it develop in a completely arbitrary way. Yet it appears that he chose to make it evolve in a very regular way according to certain laws. It therefore seems equally reasonable to suppose that there are also laws governing the initial state.
It turns out to be very difficult to devise a theory to describe the universe all in one go. Instead, we break the problem up into bits and invent a number of partial theories. Each of these partial theories describes and predicts a certain limited class of observations, neglecting the effects of other quantities, or representing them by simple sets of numbers. It may be that this approach is completely wrong. If everything in the universe depends on everything else in a fundamental way, it might be impossible to get close to a full solution by investigating parts of the problem in isolation. Nevertheless, it is certainly the way that we have made progress in the past. The classical example is the Newtonian theory of gravity, which tells us that the gravitational force between two bodies depends only on one number associated with each body, its mass, but is otherwise independent of what the bodies are made of. Thus one does not need to have a theory of the structure and constitution of the sun and the planets in order to calculate their orbits.
Today scientists describe the universe on terms of two basic partial theories — the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. They are the great intellectual achievements of the first half of this century. The general theory of relativity describes the force of gravity and the large-scale structure of the universe. Quantum mechanics, on the other hand, deals with phenomena on extremely small scales, such as a millionth of a millionth of an inch. Unfortunately, however, these two theories are known to be inconsistent with each other — they cannot both be correct. One of the major endeavors in physics today, is the search for a new theory that will incorporate them both — a quantum theory of gravity. We do not yet
have such a new theory, and we may still be a long way from having one, but we do already know many of the properties that it must have.
6. According to the author, a theory is all of the following EXCEPT for ___D___.
A. a model of the universe
B. a restricted part of the universe
C. a set of rules
D. a reality
7. The difference between Aristotle’s theory and Newton’s theory is __D____.
A. Aristotle’s theory can describe a large class of observations, while Newton’s cannot.
B. Newton’s theory can describe a large class of observations, while Aristotle’s cannot.
C. Aristotle’s theory can make a definite prediction of the future observations, while Newton’s cannot.
D. Newton’s theory can make a definite prediction of the future observations, while Aristotle’s cannot.
8. The approach adopted by most scientists to devise a theory to describe the universe is ___A______.
A. to break the problem up into bits and invent a number of partial theories
B. to invent one theory to describe the whole universe
C. to combine general theory of relativity with quantum mechanics
D. to study the origin of the universe
9．It is described in Newton’s theory of gravity that bodies attracted each other with a force which is ___B___.
A. inversely proportional to their mass
B.inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
C. proportional to the square of the distance between them
D. proportional to the constitution of them
10．According the passage, the great intellectual achievements of the first half of the 20th century are __C____.
A. Newton’s theory of gravity and the general theory of relativity
B. Newton’s theory of gravity and quantum mechanics
C. the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics
D. the general theory of relativity and the quantum theory of gravity
Passage 3
So far as I know, Miss Hannah Arendt was the first person to define the essential difference between work and labor. To be happy, a man must feel, firstly, free and, secondly, important. He cannot be really
happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing, or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as if no value or importance. In a society where slavery in the strict sense has been abolished, the sign that what a man does is of social value is that he is paid money to do it, but a laborer today can rightly be called a wage slave. A man is a laborer if the job society offers him is of no interest to himself but he is compelled to take it by the necessity of earning a living and supporting his family.
The antithesis to labor is play. When we play a game, we enjoy what we are doing, otherwise we should not play it, but it is a purely private activity; society could not care less whether we play it or not.
Between labor and play stands work. A man is a worker if he is personally interested in the job which society pays him to do; what from the point of view of society is necessary labor is from his own point of view voluntary play. Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends, not on the job itself, but on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it. The difference does not, for example, coincide with the difference between a manual and a mental job; a gardener may be a worker, a bank clerk a laborer. Which a man is can be seen from his attitude toward leisure. To a worker, leisure means simply the hours he needs to relax and rest in order to work efficiently. He is therefore more likely to take too little leisure than too much; workers die of coronaries and forget their wives’ birthdays. To the laborer, on the other hand, leisure means freedom from compulsion, so that it is natural for him to imagine that the fewer hours he has to spend laboring, and the more hours he is free to play, the better.
What percentage of the population in a modern technological society are, like myself, in the fortunate position of being workers? At a guess I would say sixteen per cent, and I do not think that figure is likely to get bigger in the future.
Technology and the division of labor have done two things: by eliminating in many fields the need for special strength or skill, they have made a very large number of paid occupations which formerly were enjoyable work into boring labor, and by increasing productivity they have reduced the number of necessary laboring hours. It is already possible to imagine a society in which the majority of the population, that is to say, its laborers, will have almost as much leisure as in earlier times was enjoyed by the aristocracy. When one recalls how aristocracies in the past actually behaved, the prospect is not cheerful. Indeed, the problem of dealing with boredom may be even more difficult for such a future mass society than it was for aristocracies. The latter, for example, ritualized their time; there was a season to shoot grouse, a season to spend in town, etc. The masses are more likely to replace an unchanging ritual by fashion which it will be in the economic interest of certain people to change as often as possible. Again, the
masses cannot go in for hunting, for very soon there would be no animals left to hunt. For other aristocratic amusements like gambling, dueling, and warfare, it may be only too easy to find equivalents in dangerous driving, drug-taking, and senseless acts of violence. Workers seldom commit acts of violence, because they can put their aggression into their work, be it physical like the work of a smith, or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist. T he role of aggression in mental work is aptly expressed by the phrase ―getting one’s teeth into a problem.‖
11. From the point view of the author, labor is __C____ for it.
A. a voluntary job to a person, and society pays no money
B. an enjoyable job to a person, and society pays no money
C. a joyless job to a person, but society pays money
D. a manual job to a person, but society pays money
12. According to the passage, one isn’t happy if he __A____.
A. is compelled to take a job
B. has to work unnecessarily long time
C. earns little money by doing a job
D. has too little money to support his family
13. The author considers play as __A____.
A. an enjoyable and private activity
B. a helpful and public activity
C. a forced and private activity
D. a voluntary and public activity
14. A job can be classified as labor or work, depending on __C____.
A. whether the job is easy or hard
B. whether it is a manual or mental job
C. the taste of the individual who does the job
D. the payment of the job
15. The author says that the division of labor and technology has all the following effects on the labor EXCEPT __C____.
A. turning enjoyable work into boring labor
B. reducing the number of laboring hours
C. decreasing productivity
D. eliminating the need for special skill
Passage 4
I spent some of the most exciting days of my life working on the eastern shores of Kenya’s Lake Turkana, searching for the fossilized remains of our early ancestors. We did not always find what we wanted, but every day there was much more to discover than the traces of our own predecessors. The fossils, some quite complete, others mere fragments, spoke of another world in which the ancestors of many of today’s African mammals roamed in the rich grassland and forest fringes between 1.5 million and 2 million years ago. The environment was not too different from the wetter grasslands of Africa today, but it was full of amazing animals that are now long extinct.
One in particular I would have loved to see alive was a short-necked giraffe relative that had huge ―antlers‖, some with a span across the horns of close to almost 3 meters. There were buffalo-size antelopes with massive curving horns, carnivores that must have looked like saber-toothed lions, two distinct species of hippo and at least two types of elephants. We may never know the full extent of this incredible mammalian diversity, but there were probably more than twice as many species a million years ago as there are today.
That was true not just for Africa. The fossil record tells the sam e story everywhere. Most of life’s experiments have ended in extinction. It is estimated that more than 95% of the species that have existed over the past 600 million years are gone.
So, should we be concerned about the current spasm of extinction, which has been accelerated by the inexorable expansion of agriculture and industry? Is it necessary to try to slow down a process that has been going on forever?
I believe it is. We know that the well-being of human race is tied to the well-being of many other species, and we can’t be sure which species are most important to our own survival.
But dealing with the extinction crisis is no simple matter, since much of the world’s biodiversity resides in its poorest nations, especially in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Can such countries justify setting aside national parks and nature reserves where human encroachment and even access is forbidden? Is it legitimate to spend large sums of money to save some species —be it an elephant or an orchid —in a nation in which a sizable percentage of the people are living below the poverty line?。