新托福考试近期题型解析---推理题
托福阅读推理题考察点解析
Word 文档1 / 1托福阅读推理题考察点解析托福阅读考试中，不同的题型考察的目的和重点是不一样的。
所以在实际的备考中，针对各种考试题型，大家也要把握考察的重点。
那么关于阅读推理题部分，具体的考察内容是什么?下面我为大家整理了具体的内容，供大家参考! 托福阅读 推理题考察点解析一、托福阅读推理题的两大分类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。
这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。
根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。
一般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。
对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。
返回原文找信息点，接受排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。
二、托福阅读推理题的三个具体的解题思路：1、一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否认掉就可以。
2、时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。
当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否认掉就可以了。
3、集合概念推理 ：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的削减。
反之，相同。
这个比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half centuryfollowing the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution. What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers. (B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined. (C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation. 文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。
托福阅读推理题解题实例示范
托福阅读推理题解题实例示范应该说推断题属于难度比较大，混淆选项比较难排除的一种。
但如果掌握一定的技巧也不是无章可循。
OG的说明是：如果文章提到结果，很可能让你推断原因;如果提到二者比较，很可能问你比较的基础;正确答案不是文章明显提到的，而是明显可以推出来的。
最重要的一句话就是：You should be able to defend your choice by pointing to explicitly stated information in the passage that leads to the inference you have selected.正确的答案一定要有原文某句话作支持。
这为排除法提供了良好依据。
因为错误选项往往就是在句中加入了与原文完全无关的些许成分。
这些成分就成了我们戳穿谎言的标准。
做这种题一定要本着抬杠的方法，只要说的不完美，含糊不清，故意夸大或隐瞒事实，无中生有，都算错。
这种题是我认为最需要感觉的一类题了。
比较容易出推断题的地方，一个明显的标志是时间状语：before 2000，after 1999之类的。
很可能就问你what can be inferred about XXX after 2000或者before 1999. 看到这样的话，你要小心可能在此出推断题了。
OG上的例子就是一个perfect example：一看见这个题，首先就回到文中找相关信息，关键词：nineteenth century; 只要找到after nineteenth century就可以了。
因为这种类型的题，给出时间状语，问某时点之后，文中给出的必然是该时点之前的内容。
快速找到第一行和第三行都有19世纪的内容。
第一句…。
Was available to all，必然取反，选择19世纪之前，蜡烛是not available to all.而剩下三个错误选项说的全是19世纪以后才出现的内容。
托福阅读难点剖析——推理题解法
托福阅读难点剖析——推理题解法托福阅读部分高分关键在于推理题解法。
尽管托福考试中此类题所占比例较少， 但却是考生获得 满分或高分的最大障碍。
此类题特点在于原文中未明确说明，其含义在其中( implied ) ，也就是说， 要考生通过适当的理解并运用推理、判断、归纳等方式，找出文中某个词或句子的特殊含义，或者判 断出句子与句子之间或段落与段落之间关系。
有些考生对此类题往往不知从何入手， 凭一般感觉解题， 这样虽然可以解对几题，但获得全对可能性极小。
下面根据本人多年托福阅读教学经验，对此类题进 行具体论述。
一、 推理模式 其特点是利用文中某个词汇、词组、句子含义进行外延及相关性引伸。
如根据“ teacher ”——教 师，可推现教师经常上课，应保护嗓子，或根据舞蹈演员推理出身体灵活等。
此类题关键在于文中关 键词汇的合理引伸，一般寻找此类引伸方法可以用如下图形表达：具体、抽象 方式、内容 语气强、弱中心词来源 中心词应用场合 主客观转换 人物、关系 例 1： After the administration of lighthouses was taken over in 1852by the United States Lighthouse Board, an agency of the Treasury Department, the keeper corp gradually became highly professional. It can be inferred from the passage that the Treasury Department, after assuming control of the lighthouses, improved which of the following? (A) The training of the lighthouse (B) The sturdiness of the lighthouses (C) The visibility of the lights (D) The locations of the lighthouses 提示： 原文中提到在 1852 the United States Lighthouse Board 接管灯塔管理之后， 看灯人就日趋专 业化。
托福阅读10种题型举例分析——推断题
托福阅读10种题型举例分析——推断题托福阅读大家都想能更好地把题目做对，不过托福阅读题型还是很多的，不同的托福阅读题也有着不同的解决办法，具体该如何做呢?下面介绍的就是一种很常见的题目：推理题，希望能给大家一些好的建议。
托福阅读10种题型举例分析——推断题无论是OG还是Delta，都把阅读的题目分成十类，即：Understanding Facts and Details, Identifying Negative Facts, Locating Referents, Understanding Vocabulary in Context, Making Inferences, Determining Purposes, Recognizing Paraphrases (Simplifying sentences), Recognizing Coherence (Sentence inserting), Summarizing Important Ideas and Organizing information.还有很重要的一点，做题的时候，无论考试还是练习，不光要分析对的选项为什么对，更要分析错的选项为什么错。
有时候分析错误的原因更为重要。
有助于你把握出题的思路，培养感觉。
这是非常有用的。
五、推断题应该说推断题属于难度比较大，混淆选项比较难排除的一种。
但如果掌握一定的技巧也不是无章可循。
OG的说明是：如果文章提到结果，很可能让你推断原因;如果提到二者比较，很可能问你比较的基础;正确答案不是文章明显提到的，而是明显可以推出来的。
最重要的一句话就是：You should be able to defend your choice by pointing to explicitly stated information in the passage that leads to the inference you have selected。
托福阅读考试的推理题
官方网站：托福阅读考试的推理题推理题的标志是在题干中出现infer/imply/suggest/indicate/most likely 这样的词汇，它和细节题属于同源题目，都需要定位并且根据文中信息来选择答案。
与细节题不同的是，推理题在找到原文中定位点之后考察的是学生对于文中信息的总结概括，或者反向推理的能力。
以下是托福阅读推理题的介绍我们来看一道例题，It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke3 and blowhole4 cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?○It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like○There were great numbers of them.○They lived in the sea only.○They did not leave many fossil remains.首先我们来对题目的出题范围进行定位，题干的blowhole可以作为定位词汇，定位到原文的第四句话：“However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.”在这句话里交代了“unlike the casess of sea otters”，即与sea otters不一样的是，whales的陈述是：it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.即，不容易看出第一头鲸长什么样子。
【锦囊】托福阅读推理类题目怎么做
托福阅读推理类题目怎么做托福阅读大家都想能更好地把题目做对，不过托福阅读题型还是很多的，不同的托福阅读题也有着不同的解决办法，具体该如何做呢?下面介绍的就是一种很常见的题目：推理题，希望能给大家一些好的建议。
一、推理题的标志托福阅读题型中推理题的题干中一般含有infer, imply, most likely, least likely, probably等词，分为有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题两大类。
二、推理题的做法对于无共性的推理题，也就是托福阅读题干中无线索的，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。
对于有共性的推理题，也就是托福阅读题干中有线索的，可以先圈定题干中的关键词，根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。
推理题主要有下列思路：1.一般对比推理ETS设计推理题的手段不多，根据两个事物的对比特征出题是其中之一。
问其中一个事物的特征时，只要将与之形成对比的另一个事物的特征否定掉就可以了。
例如：It should be obvious that cetaceans–whales, porpoises, and dolphins–are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.2. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?&<61;It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.&<61;There were great numbers of them.&<61;They lived in the sea only.&<61;They did not leave many fossil remains.根据关键词sea otters定位第四句：However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds…，由原文的unlike可知sea otters 和pinnipeds两种动物与whales形成对比，而且很难想象原始的。
托福阅读推断题解题方法及实例讲解
托福阅读推断题解题方法及实例讲解托福阅读中，推断题是特别常见的一类考题。
那么遇到推断题应当怎么做呢?今日我给大家带来了托福阅读推断题解题方法及实例讲解，盼望能够关心到到大家，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
托福阅读技巧丨托福阅读推断题解题方法及实例讲解一. 托福阅读推断题常见提问方式推断题的题目特点(怎样推断是否为推断题)及提问方式推断类问题的题干中常常会消失infer、suggest或者imply这类单词。
Which of the following can be inferred about X?The author of the passage implies that X...?Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about X?二.做对托福阅读推断题需要具备什么样的力量这类问题主要考查考生对文章中的一个观点或立场的理解程度，而这种观点或立场是在文章中剧烈示意但并没有明确表明的。
例如，假如文章陈述了一个大事的结果，那么推论类问题很可能问考生缘由是什么;假如文章消失了一个对比，那么推论类问题很可能问考生其对比的基础是什么。
解答这类问题时，考生不仅需要理解所写的句子的字面意思，还必需搞清晰这些句子之间的规律示意。
(以上内容来自《托福考试官方指南》)依据《托福考试官方指南》的对推论题的介绍，我们清晰地知道这类题型考查的力量：对句意的理解和对规律的把握，二者缺一不行。
三.托福阅读推断题做题方法及实例讲解依据真题分析，我们将托福推断题分为两类：因果推理和对比推理。
这两类推断题也有相应的答题方法，如下：因果推理—已知缘由C，推结果E(C=E)。
考查的是对缘由的改写，并不是真刚要去做推理。
对比推理—时间对比：时间点前后取反;直接对比：对比项属性取反;比例对比：总量、构成不变，此消彼长。
以上答题方法详细是什么意思呢，我们将一一给大家举例说明。
实例讲解托福阅读推理题的解题技巧_0
实例讲解托福阅读推理题的解题技巧.content {font-size:16px !important;font-family:Tahoma,”Simsun” ;line-height:28px !important;color:#333;}.content p {font-size:16px !important;padding:0 15px !important;margin:20px 0 !important;text-align:left;}在新托福阅读包含有十大经典题型。
之前曾大家介绍过细节题、指代题、简化句子题的具体解答方式。
现在，点课台教育再为大家带来一种，推断题的解答细节。
在十大题型中，推断题可以说是比较容易的一种题目，想要搞定推断题的要点其实只有一个，那就是理清作者的逻辑。
在看懂每句话句义的基础上，就是需要明白前后句之间的关系，了解他们在作者的论证或者叙述中所起的作用，在此之后，阅读选项，直接选出正确选项，或者排除所有错误选项得到正确选项就好，下面就看看几个例题。
Paragraph 1: Groundwater is the word used to describe water thatsaturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the mostabundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater thatcirculates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water thathas soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow)and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods,before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible thatthere can be enough space in the ―solid‖ ground underfoot tohold all this water.1. Which of the following can be inferredfrom paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on?A.It cannot hold rainwater for long periodsof time.B.It prevents most groundwater fromcirculating.C.It has the capacity to store large amountsof water.D.It absorbs most of the water it containsfrom rivers.这个题目其实只需要关注段落中的最后一句就可以了，因为这是唯一一句据提到了“我们脚下的土地”的，句中说，乍一想起来，我们脚下结实的土地居然能有空间容纳这么多的水，这似乎有点不可思议。
阅读真题十种题型之推断题
阅读真题十种题型之推断题阅读真题十种题型之推断题在准备和复习阶段，充分了解和熟悉新托福考试的真题题型，考生们才能更有针对性的提高自己各方面的英语能力。
而新托福考试阅读部分共有10种题型，下面我们就来为大家一一介绍和解读，希望能帮助大家对托福考试的阅读部分有更准确的把握。
新托福考试阅读真题十种题型:Basic Information and Inference questions (12 to 14 questions per set )1. Factual Information questions (3 to 6 questions per set )细节题2. Negative Factual Information questions (0 to 2 questions per set )排除题3. Inference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )推断题4. Rhetorical Purpose questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )修辞目的题5. Vocabulary questions ( 3 to 5 questions per set ) 词汇题6. Reference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )指代题7. Sentence Simplification questions ( 0 to 1 questions per set )简化句子题8. Insert Text questions ( 0 to 1 questions per set )插入句子题Reading to Learn questions (1 question per set )9. Prose Summary 文章内容小结题10. Fill in a Table 完成图表题新托福考试阅读真题题型之Inference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )推断题推断题最关键的本质就是作者强烈暗示，但是绝不明说。
托福阅读推理题题型介绍和解题思路实例讲解
托福阅读推理题题型介绍和解题思路实例讲解托福阅读推理题题型介绍和解题思路实例讲解托福阅读推理题题型介绍1.时间对比推理在这种推理中,一般有两个形成对比的时间段,它们所具有的特征一般相反.当题干问一个时间段的特征时,只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了.2.集合概念推理一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比,两者之间存在着互补性关系,也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少.反之,相同.3.一般对比推理在文章中介绍事物1的特征,并给出了事物1.2的特征对比,然后问事物2的特征,解答题目时只要将事物1的特征否定掉就可以.托福阅读推理题解题思路实例讲解遇到这类题型,考生先不要盲目看选项,而要有个大致的解题思路.题干中一般给出关键词A,学生根据题目出现位置对应到段落,找到关键词所在句子;然后根据内容依据以上说明判断题目属于三种推理类型的哪一种;最后根据类型对应的解题方法答题.实例解析The story of the westward movement of population in the US is, in the main,the story of the e_pansion of American agriculture of the development of newareas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco,and cotton. After __, improved transportation enabled more and more westernfarmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westwardmigration increased spectacularly.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to__?A. They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco andcotton.B. They were able to sell their produce at high pricesC. They had not been successful in raising cattle.D. They did not operate in a national market economy.思路分析根据题干关键词western farmers prior to __定位(重点关注年代),可以看到关于〝After__〞的信息,这里就可以猜测解题用到时间对比.只要把__年之后的内容看懂了,并且在这个内容前面加not即可.文中说到,改善的交通使得越来越多的西部农民摆脱了自给自足的生活,并且进入了国家性的市场经济,那个时候货物的价格很多,所以向西迁移的速率也大幅增长.所以选项D是正确的.托福阅读背景材料之性格决定魅力If you e_hibit positive traits such as honesty and helpfulness, the chancesare that you will be perceived as a good looking person, for a new study hasfound that the perception of physical attractiveness is influenced by a person spersonality.The study, led by Gary W. Lewandowski, Jr, found that people who e_hibitnegative traits, such as unfairness and rudeness, appear to be less physicallyattractive to observers.In the study, the participants viewed photographs of opposite-se_individuals and rated them for attractiveness before and after being providedwith information on personality traits.After personality information was received, participants also rated thedesirability of each individual as a friend and as a dating partner.Information on personality was found to significantly alter perceiveddesirability, showing that cognitive processes modify judgments ofattractiveness.Perceiving a person as having a desirable personality makes the personmore suitable in general as a close relationship partner of any kind, saidLewandowski.The findings show that a positive personality leads to greater desirabilityas a friend, which leads to greater desirability as a romantic partner and,ultimately, to being viewed as more physically attractive.The findings remained consistent regardless of how attractive the individual was initially perceived to be, or of the participants currentrelationship status or commitment level with a partner.What would you think of this lady s physical attractiveness if shee_hibited bad personal traits?This research provides a more positive alternative by reminding peoplethat personality goes a long way toward determining your attractiveness; it caneven change people s impressions of how good looking you are, saidLewandowski.如果你表现出诚实和乐于助人等美好品质,那么别人会觉得你的外表也很迷人.一项最新研究发现,一个人的性格会影响别人对他或她的外表吸引力的看法.该项由盖里?W?勒万多维斯基负责的研究发现,人们认为,表现出不诚实和粗鲁等恶劣品质的人外表也不够吸引人.研究对象首先观看了一组异性的照片,随后分别在得知照片中人物的性格特点之前和之后给他们的外表评分.研究对象在得知照片中人物的性格特点后,还对与其中每个人交朋友或做恋人的期望值进行了评分.研究人员发现,有关人物性格特点的信息大大改变了之前的喜好度评分,研究对象的认知过程改变了他们对照片中人物外表的评价.勒万多维斯基说:〝总的来说,如果人们认为一个人的性格较好,那么他们会觉得无论与这个人做朋友还是做恋人都更合适.〞研究结果表明,人们更期望与性格较好的人交朋友.成为恋人,从而会认为他们的外表更迷人.无论照片中人物给人的〝第一印象〞怎样.或者研究对象目前的情感关系状况以及与伴侣的亲密程度如何,研究结果都是一致的.勒万多维斯基说:〝该研究提出了一个更为积极的观点,它提醒人们,性格在很大程度上能决定你的吸引力;性格甚至能够改变人们对于你外表的印象.〞大量的托福阅读背景知识积累对于托福阅读非常有帮助,不管是英文原版还是中文翻译版,同学们都可以大量去阅读,熟悉内容即可.托福阅读背景知识之水烟的危害World health e_perts warned Thursday that smoking water pipes, long popularin the Middle East and North Africa and with a growing fan base elsewhere, canbe more harmful than cigarettes.世界卫生专家近期警告称, 在中东和北非盛行的水烟危害程度可能比香烟更大,全球其他地区也有越来越多的水烟爱好者.A single puff from a water pipe is nearly equal to the volume of smokeinhaled from an entire cigarette, said The Tobacco Atlas launched at the WorldConference on Tobacco OR Health in Abu Dhabi.在阿布扎比的世界烟草或健康大会上推出的世界烟草图册显示; 从水烟管吸入一口的烟量几乎等于吸入一整只香烟的量.〞And World Health Organization tobacco e_pert Edouard Tursan d Espaignet said one session of shisha (water pipe) can be equal to smoking 20 to 30cigarettes in one go, which can be very dangerous.世界卫生组织烟草专家爱德华·图尔桑·艾斯帕内特说〝吸食一次什莎(水烟)的量可能等于一口气吸食20到30只香烟的量,这是很危险的.〞The water pipe, variously known as a hubbly-bubbly, hookah, shisha or nargileh, has become a major worry for anti-tobacco campaigners as its ispopularised across university campuses, overlooked by regulators.水烟的叫法五花八门,如hubbly-bubbly,hookah,shisha或者nargileh,而因为其在大学校园颇为流行并被管理者忽视,所以水烟已成为反烟运动者主要的担忧.In recent years, its use has spread to the United States, Europe and, to alesser e_tent,South America.近年来,水烟已流入美国.欧洲和南美的部分地区.Gemma Vestal of the WHO s Tobacco Free Initiative told AFP that whileshishas were previously the domain of older males, younger people between _-and 24-years old living in cities and educated are increasingly smokingthem.世界卫生组织无烟倡议行动的杰玛·维斯塔说,虽然先前吸食水烟的群体是老年男性,但是越来越多年龄在_岁到24岁之间.住在城市且受过教育的年轻人都开始吸食水烟.The chairman of pathology and laboratory medicine at the AmericanUniversity of Beirut, Ghazi Zaatari, says aromatic flavourings known as maasaladded to the tobacco offer younger smokers a smoother and more toleratedalternative to the taste of traditional tobacco.贝鲁特美国大学的病理学和实验室医学主席加齐·扎泰里说,水烟中添加的一种叫做maasal的芳香味道给年轻烟民提供了比传统烟草〝更顺畅,更易接受〞的味道.And the water pipe has an interesting design because it somewhat engagesyour five senses. You re holding the hose, there’s something you re looking at,there is the aroma, there is the sound of the bubbling and there is this kind ofsensational thing with the social gathering.而且水烟的设计很有趣,因为它从某种程度上同时调动吸烟者的五官感受.你拿着烟管,你看着它,它有香味,它有冒泡的声音,此外,在社交聚会中吸水烟是一件多么美妙的事.In social gatherings that last for an average of an hour, the smoker canquickly get hooked on it because of the nicotine.在持续平均一小时的社交聚会中,水烟吸食者会迅速对它上瘾,因为它含有尼古丁.Moreover, the smoke from charcoal used to heat the tobacco containsto_ins.此外,用于加热烟草木炭释放的烟雾也含有毒素.The WHO said harmful effects include impact on the respiratory system,cardiovascular system, oral activity and teeth.世界卫生组织称,它会对人的健康造成危害,包括损坏呼吸系统,心血管系统,口腔活动和牙齿等.In addition to the dangers of lung cancer, data also suggest probableassociations with oral, oesophageal, gastric, and urinary bladder cancer, aswell as chronic bronchitis, cardiovascular disease, stroke as well as otherillnesses.除了肺癌的危险,数据还表明吸食水烟的危害可能与口腔癌.食管癌.胃癌和膀胱癌,以及慢性支气管炎.心血管疾病.中风,以及其他疾病相关联.Global tobacco companies are increasingly investing in the water pipebusiness, e_perts say, while little has been done to curb their use, despite acrackdown on cigarettes.专家表示,全球的烟草公司正越来越多地投资于水烟行业,但是除了打击烟草行业以外,对于水烟的消费没有任何限制措施.According to The Tobacco Atlas, water pipes fall into a less heavily orun-regulated group of tobacco products in most countries.根据烟草图册介绍,水烟在大多数国家是不受严重监管或不监管的烟草产品. There has been a gap for a while andnow hopefully, with this global effort, they (tobacco regulators) are comingback to emphasise the importance of including the water pipe in all thesepolicies and regulations on tobacco, Zaatari said.〝这个缺口已经存在一段时间了,希望通过全球的努力,他们(烟草监管者)能够强调将水烟纳入所有烟草政策和法规监管的重要性,〞扎泰里说.Brazil has taken measures to ban flavourings, while Turkey has e_tendedwarning labelling from cigarette packets to include the water pipe.巴西已经采取措施禁止在水烟中加入香料,同时土耳其已将之前有关香烟烟盒上必须有警告标志的规定执行范围扩展至水烟领域.And the ruler of the UAE emirate of Sharjah has banned the use of waterpipes altogether, earning him an award this week from the WHO.阿拉伯联合酋长国的沙迦酋长国国王已下令彻底禁止吸食水烟,世界卫生组织因此给他颁了一个奖.Vocabularypathology:病理学hose:软管aroma:香味oesophageal cancer:食道癌urinary bladder cancer:膀胱癌托福趣味阅读之麦兜的鱼丸粗面McDull: Fish ball noodle, please.麦兜:麻烦你,鱼丸粗面!School Principal and Logan: No noodle left.老板:没有粗面了.McDull: Fish ball rice noodle then.麦兜:这样啊……来一碗鱼丸河粉吧.School Principal and Logan: No fish ball left.老板:没有鱼丸.McDull: Chicken wing noodle then.麦兜:这样啊……金钱肚粗面好了.School Principal and Logan: No noodle left.老板:没有粗面.McDull: How about fish ball congee?麦兜:那么要鱼丸油面吧.School Principal and Logan: No fish ball left.老板:没有鱼丸.McDull: Nothing left today? How about beef noodle?麦兜:怎么样样都没了?那要个墨鱼丸粗面吧.School Principal and Logan: No noodle left.老板:没有粗面.McDull: Again? Fried chicken wing with fish ball...麦兜:又没啊?那麻烦来碗鱼丸金钱肚吧.School Principal and Logan: No fish ball left.老板:没有鱼丸.Darby: Hey, fish ball and noodle are both gone... You can t combine themwith other things.得巴:麦兜啊,鱼丸和粗面都卖光了,也就是所有的鱼丸或者粗面的搭配都没有了.McDull: Can t combine them? A bowl of fish ball then.麦兜:哦_没有那些搭配啊?那麻烦要净鱼丸吧.School Principal and Logan: No fish ball left.老板:没有鱼丸.McDull: A bowl of noodle?麦兜:那么净粗面呢?School Principal and Logan: No noodle left.老板:没有粗面托福阅读推理题题型介绍和解题思路实例讲解。
新托福考试阅读听课笔记：推理题备考分析
新托福考试阅读听课笔记：推理题备考分析笔者对于国内外考试研究多年，除了著有相关书籍外，还亲自教授。
关于托福考试，曾与人合著《TOEFL阅读高分对策》，成为坊间流行的参考书。
蛰居剑桥期间，利用ETS出版的新托福资料，加上多家出版机构的新托福资料，对新托福进行了深入研究，并将研究成果证之于实践，辅导新托福考生，效果良好。
为了惠及更多的考生，今将研究成果公之于众。
首先推出的是阅读，笔者将结合新托福样题(ETS官方网站上有)，对新托福的几种题型进行分析，给出正确的做题方法。
这次分析的题型是推理题。
一、推理题的标志推理题的题干中一般含有infer, imply, most likely, least likely, probably等词，分为有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题两大类。
二、推理题的做法对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索的，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。
对于有共性的推理题，也就是题干中有线索的，可以先圈定题干中的关键词，根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。
推理题主要有下列思路：1.一般对比推理ETS设计推理题的手段不多，根据两个事物的对比特征出题是其中之一。
问其中一个事物的特征时，只要将与之形成对比的另一个事物的特征否定掉就可以了。
例如：It should be obvious that cetaceans–whales, porpoises, and dolphins–are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.2. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters??It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.?There were great numbers of them.?They lived in the sea only.?They did not leave many fossil remains.根据关键词sea otters定位第四句：However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds…，由原文的unlike可知sea otters和pinnipeds两种动物与whales形成对比，而且很难想象原始的whales的样子；根据“一般对比推理”思路，可以推出“原始的sea otters的样子不难想象”。
新托福考试近期题型解析---推理题2
例三： “…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century, a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals )with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils, so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles …” Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century? A. They did not smoke when they were burned. B. They produced a pleasant odor as they burned. C. They were not available to all. D. They contained sulfuric acid. 3．集合概念推理 集合概念推理也可以称之为百分⽐推断，它指的是在⼀个集合中，包含两个相对的⽅⾯，共同构成⼀个⼤的集合。
新托福考试近期题型解析---推理题1
⼀、推理题的标志 推理题的题⼲中⼀般含有infer, imply, most likely, least likely, probably等词，分为有共性的推理题和⽆共性的推理题两⼤类。
⼆、推理题的做法 对于⽆共性的推理题，也就是题⼲中⽆线索的，⼀般使⽤排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原⽂定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。
对于有共性的推理题，也就是题⼲中有线索的，可以先圈定题⼲中的关键词，根据关键词回原⽂定位，然后进⾏推理。
推理题主要有下列思路： 1．⼀般对⽐推理 ETS设计推理题的⼿段不多，根据两个事物的对⽐特征出题是其中之⼀。
问其中⼀个事物的特征时，只要将与之形成对⽐的另⼀个事物的特征否定掉就可以了。
例如： It should be obvious that cetaceans, whales, porpoises, and dolphins are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters? A. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like. B. There were great numbers of them. C. They lived in the sea only. D. They did not leave many fossil remains. 2．时间对⽐推理 这种思路常被考到。
托福阅读推理题题型介绍和解题思路实例讲解
托福阅读推理题题型介绍和解题思路实例讲解托福阅读题型中大部分题型都可以从原文中找到对应答案，但也有例外题型需要考生进行一定的逻辑推理分析才能得出正确答案，这种题型就是推理题。
今天给大家带来了托福阅读推理题题型介绍和解题思路实例讲解，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读推理题题型介绍和解题思路实例讲解托福阅读推理题题型介绍1、时间对比推理在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。
当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。
2、集合概念推理一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。
反之，相同。
3、一般对比推理在*中介绍事物1的特征，并给出了事物1、2的特征对比，然后问事物2的特征，解答题目时只要将事物1的特征否定掉就可以。
托福阅读推理题解题思路实例讲解遇到这类题型，考生先不要盲目看选项，而要有个大致的解题思路。
题干中一般给出关键词A，学生根据题目出现位置对应到段落，找到关键词所在句子;然后根据内容依据以上说明判断题目属于三种推理类型的哪一种;最后根据类型对应的解题方法答题。
实例解析The story of the westward movement of population in the US is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815, improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?A. They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco and cotton.B. They were able to sell their produce at high pricesC. They had not been successful in raising cattle.D. They did not operate in a national market economy.思路分析根据题干关键词western farmers prior to 1815定位(重点关注年代)，可以看到关于“After 1815”的信息，这里就可以猜测解题用到时间对比。
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新托福考试近期题型解析---推理题
一、推理题的标志
推理题的题干中一般含有infer, imply, most likely, least likely, probably等词，分为有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题两大类。
二、推理题的做法
对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索的，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。
对于有共性的推理题，也就是题干中有线索的，可以先圈定题干中的关键词，根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。
推理题主要有下列思路：
1．一般对比推理
ETS设计推理题的手段不多，根据两个事物的对比特征出题是其中之一。
问其中一个事物的特征时，只要将与之形成对比的另一个事物的特征否定掉就可以了。
例如：It should be obvious that cetaceans, whales, porpoises, and dolphins are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
A. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.
B. There were great numbers of them.
C. They lived in the sea only.
D. They did not leave many fossil remains.
2．时间对比推理
这种思路常被考到。
在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。
当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。
例一：
Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country’s impressive population growth….
…It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.
…
It can be inferred from the passage that before the Industrial Revolution
(A) families were larger.
(B) population statistics were unreliable.
(C) the population grew steadily.
(D) economic conditions were bad.
例二：
Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. From the very beginning, music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment; when the Lumiere films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they
were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes. At first, the music played bore no special relationship to the films; an accompaniment of any kind was sufficient. Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film.
What can be inferred from the passage about the majority of films made after 1927?
(A) They were truly “silent.”
(B) They were accompanied by symphonic orchestras.
(C) They incorporated the sound of the actors’ voices.
(D) They corresponded to specific musical compositions
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