人机工程学应用(ergonomics)

人机工程学应用( ergonomics )The application of ergonomics in transport packagingAbstract: this paper introduces the basic concept of transport packaging and man-machine engineering, analyses the transport packaging and man-machine engineering, the relationship between the and lists some man-machine engineering application examples in transport packaging.Key words: transport packaging; Man-machine engineering; Transport efficiency.1.Basic concepts of transport packaging and ergonomicsPacking and shipping packingAccording to the national standard (GB/T4122. 1-1996), the packaging is defined as: for protection products, convenient storage and transportation in the process of circulation, promote sales, according to certain technical methods and use of containers, the overall name of material and auxiliary material, etc. Also refers to the operation of a certain technical method in the process of the use of containers, materials and auxiliaries for the purposes of the above purposes. The basic functions of packaging include: protection of products, convenient storage and transportation, and promotion of sales.Transport packing (Transport package), China's national standard (GB/T4122. 1-1996) defines it as "to satisfy the transportation storage requirements for the purpose ofpackaging. It is easy to guarantee the safety of the products, storage and transportation loading and unloading, and accelerate the transfer, check, etc. But the most main function of the Transport packaging is to protectthe products and convenient storage and transportation. Transportation need to realize this function protection products, packaging must ensure that the product damage when loading and unloading and storage products, how to avoid product damage in loading and unloading and storage, in addition to ensure the packaging with sufficient buffering capacity, also need to consider machine engineering principle of choose and employ persons to reduce product drop probability.1.2ergonomicsFirst, human-computer engineering is to improve the basic skills of the laborers through improving the equipment and improving the working environment, so as to improve labor efficiency and protect the safety and health of workers. It applied anthropology, biology, psychology, and engineering and technical achievements, research how to adapt to most between laborers and labor, can eliminate the laborer labor tension, reduce the intensity of the machine, labor safety, equilibrium and efficiently.As the example in China (1989 edition), ergonomics is defined as "a new comprehensive discipline. With anthropometry, physiology, psychology and biology mechanics as the research means and methods, such as synthetically to the human body structure, function, psychological problems such as research subject, and mechanics. To design makes the operator canmaximize efficiency of the machinery, instrument and control device, and the research on the console the optimal position of each instrument."Ergonomics, in short, from the physiology and psychology of people, human- machine - environment mutual relations and the law ofinteraction, to optimize the human - machine - environment system of emerging edge discipline.2.Somep roblems that do not conform to the ergonomics principleIn the transport packaging, except for the bulky machine equipment, heavy weight and mechanical loading and unloading (mechanical loading and unloading generally seldom fall); The general household appliance, the life material handling or the manual loading and unloading. Therefore, the design of transport packaging should take into account the general body size and work intensity of the humanb ody, such as "man-machine". The typical packaging that does not meet the ergonomics principle will reduce the efficiency of packaging handling and increase the probability of product drop.Some examples are as follows:2.1 the size of the package that is carried by a person does not match the size of the packageAccording to the data show that arms outreach 5-10 degrees is the person handling the most advantageous Angle, in the range, and muscle fatigue not easily, if the outreach Angle more than 25 degrees, muscle fatigue, work efficiency decreasesobviously [2]. If the size of the package is too large, the Angle of the arm of the handling time is too big, and the handling is very laborious, resulting in lower transport efficiency. If the size of the package is too small, the person's arms will be small and uncomfortable, and may lead to rough handling.2.2open hole design of packing partsThe size of the open hole of the packing piece, if the opening of the package is too wide and the width is too small, the hand will not be able to reach into it, causing the inconvenience in carrying. But the width of the open hole is too wide, affecting the strength of the package, and the hand may slip and cause the product to fall when moving.Package the position of the hole, if improper opening position, may lead to handling, workers can't normal stretch, only when bent over backward to move package, increase the fatigue strength of porters, reduces the working efficiency. If the diagonal of the opening is not in the center of the package, the balance of the package is not guaranteed.The number of holes in the packing pieces, some of which are large and heavy, usually need to be carried by two or more people; If the number of openings is not enough, it is not conducive to handling. Moreover, if two layers of reserved holes are not designed in the open hole, it is very inconvenient to carry the upper staircase. However, the number of opening holes is not as much as the better, too many holes will reduce the compressive strength of the package.Improper packing quantityImproper packing quantity in two situations: the amount is too large, using the workers work on the work load is too small, not conducive to the efficiency, but also may appear casting handling phenomenon, namely rough handling; Packing amount is too large, workers work on the work load is too large, more than the person's physiological fatigue limit, easy to cause muscle fatigue or ligament injury, but also will cause the phenomenon of rough handling.3.Relationship between transportation packaging and man-machine engineeringFirst, ergonomics studies the relationship between people, things and the environment. The aim is to achieve the optimization of the overall coordination of man-machine-environment system by revealing the relationship and regularity of the three. From the design requirements of transportation packaging, transportation packaging and ergonomics are closely related.Transport packaging is the main purpose of transportation and storage. The purpose of design and transport packaging is to minimize the damage to the packaging parts that may appear in the circulation process. The safety, efficiency and ergonomics of the packaging design are closely related. Arguably the man-machine engineering is a basic principle of design of transport packaging, one of the porters in transport packaging, packaging, handling environment a pair of replied ergonomics system of people, objects, environment these three elements.In the design of transportation packaging, not only should consider the packaging of the ability to resist vibration and impact, but also take into account the ergonomics problem. For transport packaging, the size of the packaging must meet the requirements of transportation and loading and unloading.Good use and container, tray and other assembly packaging to meet the specification to avoid space waste. However, on the other hand, in the process of transportation, even if the modernization of mechanical loading and unloading is very high, human beings are not able to avoid the need of humant ransport, so the rationalization of human transport is very important. According to ergonomics research, it is also important to rationalize human transport. According to the ergonomics research, adopt different ways of handling and different ways of moving heavy objects, the effects of the rational use of energy, scientific choice ahandling quality and scientific to determine packaging quality can promote the rationalization of humanh andling. Therefore, the packaging weight must be limited to the person's allowable capacity when the manual loading and unloading operation is adopted.4.The application of man-machine engineering in transport packagingIn the process of transportation package design, ergonomics principle mainly considering the volume and weight of the package, in order to achieve suitable for manual handling requirements, improve the efficiency of manual handling.4.1 product packaging structure designThe main purpose of transport packaging is to transport and store. Large machines and equipment are heavy and heavy with mechanical loading and unloading, but daily household appliances, the loading and unloading of life supplies are mainly human. Therefore, the structure of the packaging should conform to the general requirements of the "man-machine" relationship, so that the size and structure of the packaging body can be adjusted to the size and physiological anatomy of the body, so as to facilitate the handling.Finalize the design product such as TV sets, washing machines, refrigerators, microwave ovens and other household electrical appliances, their products size is fixed, so this kind of package size according to the size of the product design.Someo f the packaging parts are larger in size and have a certain weight. On the outer packing box, the hole in the palm of the palm should be designed for two or more people. The number of holes should be determined by the weight of the package and the limit pull of the singlearm. If small color TV or washing machine can be designed to double hole, it can be carried by single or double. Large color TV and refrigerator should be designed into four holes for two or more people to carry. In addition, the outer packing of a few large color TV is designed to make up two floors to make a hole, convenient to carry on stair time. The hole height design should be less than the height of the adult hand, i.e. the average height of the palm to the ground. The diagonal of the hole should be balanced by the center of gravity of the package. The hole mouth should be lined with foam plastic, so that when the porter is moving, the area of the palm of the hand will increase, reducing the pressure on the handle when carrying. The information indicates that the ideal size of the grip thickness is about 30 to 40mm. Another hole according to the size of the thickness and width of the palm of your hand to design, of the general adult thickness and width of the palm in the statistical basis, the size of the hole has certain amplification, while people can easy to reach, but the amplification factor is limited, not the bigger the better, size is too large when carrying hurt fixed package caused by sliding or even fall.4.2design of vanning packaging bodyPacking body of packing body, such as food, beer, fruit, daily necessities, etc.It should consider the comfort and work efficiency of people in loading and unloading and handling under the standing position. The structure size of the packing box depends on the structure size of the human body, the range of human body's effective activity and the appropriate force Angle. Research data show that people in the upper limb activity is the most advantageous Angle on splitting outreach 5 °~ 20 °, in this range, the shoulder muscle fatigue. Such as outreach Angle more than 25 °, muscle fatigue, work efficiency decreases obviously. In the case ofadult males, the maximum number of boxes is no more than 750mm, and womens hould not exceed 700mm. The center of gravity is 300mm above the torso, and the upper extremity muscle is not easy to fatigue. Therefore, it can be seen that the maximumw idth of the packing box is about 440mm. According to the theory of carton stacking and compressive strength, it is advisable to design the maximum height of carton not exceeding the box width. The size of the packing package is limited by the size of the human body, but on the other hand, it is limited by the capacity of the human body. Hardware products, for example, in the human handling of transport packaging size unfavorable design is bigger, because the same volume of packing if the installed hardware product, its weight will be much more than the average in the product package, may be beyond human body can withstand the load; Conversely, if it is puffed food, the size of its packaging can be designed relatively large.4.3selection of packing quantityWhent he packing quantity in the design, according to the size and weight of the single product, namely the physical activity of human body under working load per unit time must be within a certain range, to select the proper packing quantity. In bulk handling and handling, the packing volume is too large, resulting in excessive load and excessive physiological "fatigue limit", which can easily cause muscle fatigue or strain and damage human health. Excessive packing may result in rough handling. However, the packing quantity is too small, the load is too small, it is not conducive to the operation efficiency, and it will also cause the throwing and unloading phenomenon. The packing quantity should conform to the ergonomics principle, otherwise it will reduce the transport efficiency and even lead to product breakage. Therefore, like packing bottle of wine, fruit packing weight, bulk materials bandaging ofroyalty, food bag filling volume, etc., should be the first to take into account the weight of single box, single packet to the loading and unloading of the workers' health and to design the handling operation efficiency.5,conclusionTransport packaging has an inseparable relationship with the man-machine engineering, not only should consider when design of transport packaging to packaging protection products, also want to fully consider the ergonomics principle, protect the health of loading and unloading workers, makes the workers work and comfortable, so as to improve the efficiency of the artificial transportation and handling, reduce packaging manual handling drop breakage.reference[1]zhu jianping. Logistics packaging and ergonomics [J].Packaging engineering, 2005, (01).[2]wang juhuai. The ergonomics of packaging design [J]. China packaging industry, 2003, (12).[3], lina. 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