学位英语翻译

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2018年辽宁学位英语教材英语原文配翻译

2018年辽宁学位英语教材英语原文配翻译Unit One EducationText AThe History of Education in ChinaMany scholar believe the history of education in China can be traced back to as far as the16th century B.C.，during the late Xia Dynasty(1523 B.C.-1027 B.C.).Throughout this period of time，education was the privilege of the elites.In the teaching of Confucianism during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods (770B.C.-221B.C.），the curriculum was mainly based on The Four Books and The Five Classics.Confucianism probably has the biggest influence on education of China throughout the entire Chinese history. Later in Han Dynasty，a form of public education system was established. Not only elites from upper class families can study in schools，but also common people.In Confucianism，a gentleman(Chun Tzu)considers what is right，while the peasant considers what will pay.A gentleman trusts in justice, while the peasant trusts in favor.A gentleman is generous and fair,while the peasant is biased and petty.A gentleman is easy to serve,and hard to please.The peasant is hard to serve，and easy to please.A gentleman is to know what we know,and know what we do not know. The basic concept of gentleman in Confucianism often emphasizes thedifferent behaviors between the gentleman and the peasant.A peasant in ancient Chinese society can be better described as today's common man or average citizen.As a result,not everyone can be a gentleman in ancient Chinese society.In fact.studying Confucianism itself was limited to very few people in ancient China.Most of them are from ruling and upper class families.They were the group of people in need to educate in the classics and understand morality.They needed to understand why things have to be done as they had the duty to their families,ancestors and the empire.Gentleman with knowledge will then carry out Chinese cultural traditions or even set rules of society for others.On the other hand，the common people should follow the traditions and rules.In ancient Chinese culture,there was no need for the common people to know why.For common people,studying Confucianism and being a gentleman had been the most efficient way for them to advance into upper class.During Han Dynasty,the first civil service exam was set up.Confucianism,with no surprise,was one of the key subjects to study for the civil service exam.Provincial schools were established countrywide and the Confucianist tradition of education was spread all over China."To enrich your family,there is no need to buy good land:books hold a thousand measures of grain.For an easy life, there is no need to build mansion:in books are found houses of gold. When you go out,do not be upset if no one follows you:in books therewill be a crowd of horses and carriages.If you wish to marry,don't be upset if you don't have a go-between:in books there are girls with faces like jade.A young man who wishes to be somebody will devote his time to the Classics.He will face the window and read."There were people who spend their entire lifetime studying on Confucianism in order to get respected,not only for themselves,but also for the pride of their family lines.The civil service exam system from the Han Dynasty had been used until the Qing Dynasty,Changes had been made throughout thousands of years of history,and more western influence was brought into the Chinese education system during the Qing Dynasty.With the humiliating defeat under the hands of British army in the Opium War(1840-1842), scholars and government officials suggested a major restructure of education system,developing new areas such as foreign languages, science and technology.In1911,the Qing Dynasty itself was overthrown by revolution,and a republican form of government was established.At that time,government completely abandoned the traditional way of education.New educational models from Europe,America and Japan were set up in China.Before1946,the country had only1,300kindergartens,289,000 primary schools and4,266secondary schools.With the adoption of the policy of reform and opening to the outside world in1978,basiceducation entered a new era of progress.In1985,the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party issued the"Decision on the Reform of the Educational Structure",laying down the principle that local governments should be responsible for basic education.The new policy was an incentive for local governments,especially those of the counties and townships.In1986,the National People's Congress promulgated the "Compulsory Education Law of the People's Republic of China",thus placing basic education in the country on a firm legal basis.In1993,the Central Committee and the State Council jointly issued the"Guidelines for the Reform and Development of Education in China", clarifying the directions and basic policies for the development of basic education till the early years of the21st century.In early1999,the State Council ratified the"Action Plan for Educational Vitalization Facing the 21st Century"formulated by the Ministry of Education(MOE),laying down the implementation of the strategy of"Invigorate China through Science,Technology and Education"and drawing the blueprint of reform and development for the cross century education based on the"Education Law of the People's Republic of China"and the"Guidelines for the Reform and Development of Education in China".In June1999, the Central Committee and the State Council jointly promulgated the"Decision on the Deepening of Educational Reform and the Full Promotion of Quality Education",clarifying the direction for theestablishment of a vital socialistic education with Chinese characteristics in the21st century.During the past60years since the founding of the People's Republic of China,basic education in China has gained tremendous achievements. By the end of2002,the Nine-Year Compulsory Education(NYCE)had been universalized in the area where90%of the population inhabits,the highest rate among the E-9countries.中国教育史。

学位英语(句子翻译)真题回顾

附：部分真题（学员回忆版）名词解释：1、我正计划去巴黎旅游I'm planning a trip to Paris.2、我让她把所有的盘子都刷了I asked her to brush all the dishes3、经理不在时，他负责这个商店In the absence of the manager, he is in charge of the shop.4、Tom不愿意去奶奶家过周末Tom doesn't want to go to Grandma's house for the weekend.5、我们要好好爱护我们的环境We should take good care of our environment.6、你介意我看电视吗？Do you mind if I watch TV?7、他很快就会安全的回来He'll be back safe soon.8、初次见面，对方相互喜欢First time meeting, each other likes each other.9、星期五之前我们无法完成这些We won't be able to do that until Friday.10、据说美国总统会访问中国It is said that the President of the United States will visit China 11、多年以前我的梦想是上清华大学Years ago, my dream was to go to Tsinghua University12、那家商店在学校附近The shop is near the school.13、很多人在战争中死去Many people died in the war14、许多人认为狗是一种聪明的动物Many people think that dogs are clever animals15、他有很多钱但他感觉不幸福He has a lot of money, but he feels unhappy16、他的长相比实际年龄要年轻He is younger than his age.17、他被公司解雇了He was fired by the company18、周末我宁愿在家看书I'd rather read at home on weekends19、学生积极复习为期末考试准备Students actively review for final exam preparation20、第一次见面，他们就很喜欢对方。

2019-2020年学位英语考试翻译试题及答案

2019年学位英语考试翻译试题及答案11. 我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。

We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.2. 在建立个人网站前，先问问自己，为什么想要一网站，想要达到的目标是什么。

Before you build a personal site，ask yourself why you want one，and what you want to accomplish.3. 在造访一个提供网站空间服务的网站时，你会看到种类繁多的方案可供选择，哪一种价位可以给你多少网络空间及多大的传输流量。

When you visit the site of a Web host，you’ll see a wide variety of plans-so much space and so much network traffic for so much money.4. 典型的网站包括图像、文字及图片，比较精心制作的网站还有动画、影像、声音和其他额外的内容。

Web site typically contain graphics，texts and pictures，while more elaborate ones include animation，video，audio and other extras.5. 关于网站设计，有许多是很吸引人的，也有许多则令人泄气。

There are many things about Web sites that are appealing and many that are just plain frustrating.6. Pizza came to the U. S. with Italian immigrants; the first U. S. piz zeria opened in 1905，and pizza became one of the nation’s favourite f oods after World War Ⅱ。

学位英语翻译练习题

第一单元Translate the following underlined sentences into Chinese.passage1(1) There are four major types of education in China; basic education, vocational and technical education, higher education and adult education. Basic education refers to preschool, primary and general secondary education. Vocational education mainly includes education provided by specialized secondary schools, professional technical schools, including diverse forms of short-term vocational and technical training courses. Higher education refers to short 2-to 3-year higher education programs, 4-year undergraduate education programs, and 3-to 4-year postgraduate education programs. (2) And adult education includes literacy classes, night school education and other forms of education provided for adults.Passage 2(3) The Chinese government is devoting increasing attention to preschool education. The main tasks of child-care institution are to help children cultivate desirable and healthy habits, develop their talents, (4) help them express themselves orally and encourage them to get into a good habit of learning, ingrain in their minds with senses like honesty, courage, discipline, cooperation, friendliness and good manners, and teach the, basic knowledge on culture, simple arithmetic and common senses about music, drawing and dancing.答案：（1）中国的教育主要有4种类型：基础教育、职业技术教育、高等教育和成人教育。

研究生学位英语课文及翻译-Unit Four

Textual Selection1、When, at the beginning of The Iliad/伊利亚特/-and Western literature-King Agamemnon steals Achilles' slave-girl/奴隶女人/, Briseis, the king tells the world's greatest warrior/战士勇士/ that he is doing so "to let you know that I am more powerful than you, and to teach others not to bandy words with me/跟我犟嘴/ openly defy/不服从，公然反抗/ their king"'. But literary scholar/文学家/ Jonathan Gottschall believes that the true focus of Homer's epic is not royal authority/皇家权威/, but royal genes/皇家基因，皇家遗传/.2、Gottschall is one of a group of researchers/研究团队/, calling themselves literary Darwinists/文学达尔文主义者/, devoted to studying literature/文学/ using the concepts/概念/ of evolutionary/演化，进化/ biology and the empirical/以实验为依据的/, quantitative/量化的/ methods of the sciences. "Women in Homer/荷马史诗/ are not a proxy/代理人/ for status/显赫的地位/ and honour; says Gottschall. "At bottom/事实上/, the men in the stories are motivated/驱使/ by reproductive concerns/繁衍后代/. Every Homeric raid involves/荷马式的袭击/ killing the men and abducting/抢夺/ the women:' The violent world of the epics史诗中的残暴世界/, he says, reflects a society where men fought for scarce mates/少数的配偶/ and chieftains/首领/ had access to as many women as slaves/奴隶/ and concubines/宫女/. And he thinks that everything written/文学撰述/ since Homer is open to similar analysis.3、Literary Darwinism is a mode of analysis; it's also a bit of/一些，少许/ a crusade/运动/, an attempt/试图/ to shake up/撼动/ literary criticism/文学评论/. "Literary theory requires a theory of human nature/人性本质/, because literature is shaped/形状/ by human motives/动机/ and cognitive biases/认知偏见/; says Joseph Carroll of the University of Missour/密苏里/, St Louis. The problem, say the literary Darwinists/文学达尔文主义者/, is that for the past few decades/过去几十年/ the humanities/人类，人性/ have, in the case of/如果发生/ critics/评论，批评/ deconstructing texts/解构文本时/, denied/否定了/ the need for a theory of human nature, asserting/坚持/ that the study of texts can be concerned/不安的/ with nothing outside those texts. Or else/要不/ they have been stuck on theories of human nature that are rooted in/使根深蒂固/ the subjective/主观的/ and the social.4、Those influenced by Freudianism/洛伊德主义/, for example, might read a novel looking for hints/暗示提示/ of a child's sexual desire/性欲/ for its parent. A Marxist/马克思主义者/ would seek out economic and class/阶级/ conflicts/冲突/. Carroll has no truck with/不理/ this: "The theories up to/胜任/ this point have all had a little bit of the truth, but have also all been fundamentally/基本/ flawed/瑕疵/; he says. "None comes to terms with/对某事妥协/ the fundamental facts/基本事实/ of human evolution."5、Literary darwinists believe that literature/文学/ reflects a universal/普遍一般/ human nature shaped by natural selection, and as a result/作为结果/, read texts in terms of /依据/animal concerns/关系/ such as mate choice/配偶选择/, relations between kin/亲属关系/, and social hierarchies/社会阶级/. Such a scientistic approach/方法，途径/ can meet with hostility/敌对/. "At one meeting of the Modern Languages Association/协会/, someone stood up and called me a proto-fascist/原始的法西斯/; says Nancy Easterlin, an expert in Romantic literature/罗马语系专家/ at the University of New Orleans/新奥尔良/, Louisiana.///伊丝特琳利用认知学的一些观点来分析华尔华滋（William Wordsworth ）《前奏》（the Prelude ）的母子关系。

北京学位英语历年翻译真题

81.他们试图想出一个解决那个问题的方法。

They are trying to come up with a solution to the problem.82．你离开教室时，别忘了关灯。

Don‘t forget to turn off the lights when you leave the classr oom..83．他喜爱一边做作业，一边听音乐。

He likes to listen to music while doing his homework.84．我已了解清楚，他的结论是以事实为依据的。

I have made sure that his conclusion is based on facts.85．关于年轻人来讲，独立试探问题的能力很重要。

As for the young , the ability to think on their own is impo rtant81.今年他们建造的屋子跟去年一样多。

They have built as many houses this year as they did last year82.对不起，我忘了把你要的书带来了。

I am sorry. I forgot to bring the book you want.83.这项工作太难了，你干不了。

The work (job) is too difficult for you to do.84 .不管何等困难，我也可不能失去信心。

No matter how difficult it is, I will never lose my faith 85.物体离咱们越远，看起来就越小。

The farther an object (a body) is away from us, the smaller it looks.81．每一个人都明白，学习对一个人的成长是相当重要的。

As we all know , learning is vital to one‘s growing-up . 82．咱们的新产品超级受欢迎，对此咱们感到十分自豪。

学位英语作文及翻译模板

学位英语作文及翻译模板Title: The Importance of Continuous Learning。

Introduction:Education is an essential part of personal and professional development. In today's rapidly changing world, continuous learning plays a crucial role in staying competitive and adapting to new challenges. This essay will discuss the importance of lifelong learning and its benefits.Body:1. Enhanced Knowledge and Skills:Continuous learning allows individuals to expandtheir knowledge and acquire new skills. This is especially important in fields that are constantly evolving, such as technology, medicine, and business. By staying updated withthe latest developments, individuals can enhance their expertise and remain relevant in their respective industries.2. Career Advancement:A commitment to continuous learning often leads to career advancement opportunities. Employers value employees who are proactive in upgrading their skills and knowledge. By pursuing additional education or certifications, individuals can improve their job prospects and climb the career ladder more effectively.3. Adaptability and Resilience:Lifelong learners are more adaptable and resilientin the face of change. They embrace new ideas and technologies with enthusiasm rather than resistance. This adaptability is crucial in today's dynamic work environment, where innovations and disruptions occur frequently.4. Personal Growth and Fulfillment:Learning is not just about professional growth but also personal development. Continuous learning challenges individuals to step out of their comfort zones, explore new interests, and broaden their perspectives. This leads to greater fulfillment and a sense of accomplishment.5. Networking and Collaboration:Engaging in continuous learning often involves interacting with peers, instructors, and experts in various fields. This networking can lead to valuable collaborations, mentorship opportunities, and a supportive community oflike-minded individuals. These connections can be instrumental in one's personal and professional journey.Conclusion:In conclusion, continuous learning is indispensable in today's knowledge-driven society. It not only enhances knowledge and skills but also opens doors to new opportunities, fosters adaptability, promotes personalgrowth, and facilitates meaningful connections. Therefore, individuals should embrace lifelong learning as a lifelong pursuit rather than a one-time endeavor.Translation:标题，持续学习的重要性。

各类学士学位英语翻译

各类学士学位英语翻译Bachelor of Arts B. A. 文学士Bachelor of Arts in Education B. A. Ed. , B. A. E. 教育学文学士Bachelor of Arts in Computer Science B. A. CS 计算机文学士Bachelor of Arts in Music B. A. Mus,B. Mus 音乐艺术学士Bachelor of Arts in Social Work B. A. S. W 社会工作学文学士Bachelor of Engineering B. Eng. , B. E 工学士Bachelor of Engineering in Social Science B. Eng. Soc 社会工程学士Bachelor of Engineering in Management B. Eng. Mgt 管理工程学士Bachelor of Environmental Science/Studies B. E. Sc. , B. E. S 环境科学学士Bachelor of Science B. S 理学士Bachelor of Science in Business B. S. B. , B. S. Bus 商学理学士Bachelor of Science in Business Administration B. S. B. A 工商管理学理学士Bachelor of Science in Education B. S. Ed. , B. S. E 教育学理学士Bachelor of Science in Engineering B. S. Eng. , B. S. E 工程学理学士Bachelor of Science in Forestry B. S. cF 森林理学士Bachelor of Science in Medicine B. S. Med 医学理学士Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology B. S. M. T. , B. S. Med. Tech 医技学理学士Bachelor of Science in Nursing B. S. N. , B. S. Nurs 护理学理学士Bachelor of Science in Nutrition B. SN 营养学理学士Bachelor of Science in Social Work B. S. S. W 社会工作学理学士Bachelor of Science in Technology B. S. T 科技学理学士Bachelor of Computer Science B. CS 计算机理学士Bachelor of Computer Special Science B. CSS 计算机特殊理学士Bachelor of Architecture B. Arch. 建筑学士Bachelor of Administration B. Admin. 管理学士Bachelor of Business Administration B. B. A. 工商管理学士Bachelor of Education B. Ed. , B. E 教育学士Bachelor of Fine Arts B. F. A. 艺术学士Bachelor of General Studies B. G. S 通识学士Bachelor of Liberal Studies B. L. S 文理学学士Bachelor of Health Science BHSc 健康科学学士Bachelor of Music B. M. , B. Mus 音乐学士Bachelor of Music Education B. M. Ed. , B. M. E 音乐教育学士Bachelor of Nursing B. N 护理学士Bachelor of Professional Studies B. P. S专业进修学士Bachelor of Law LL. B 法学士Bachelor of Commerce B. Com. , B. Com. 商学士Bachelor in Social Work B. S. W 社会工作学士Bachelor of Technology B. T 科技学士Bachelor of Kinesiology B. K. , B. Kin 运动机能学学士Bachelor of Landscape Architecture B. LA 景观建筑学士Bachelor of Nursing B. N 护理学士Bachelor of Physical B. PE 体育学士Bachelor of Resource Management B. RM 资源管理学士Bachelor ofTheology B. Th 神学士。

学位英语英汉互译翻译题

1.They have agreed that they will stick to the policy and will not change it.他们一致同意，要求坚持这个政策，绝不改变。

2.How can you turn down the offer? I'm afraid she will feel hurt.你怎么能拒绝他的请求呢？恐怕他会伤心的。

3.Each term our professor would write out a list of books for us to read.每学期教授都会列出一系列书目让我们阅读。

4.I believe you have left behind your purse in the living room.我想你是把钱包丢在卧室里了。

5.We have run out of paper and ink. Ask Mrs Edward to lend us some.纸和笔用完了，让爱德华太太借给我们一些吧。

6.English is used by more people than any other language except Chinese.除了汉语以外，英语比其他任何一种语言使用的都多。

7.Take the medicine now, I believe it will relieve your pain.现在就吃药，我相信他会减轻你的痛苦的。

8.The results of the survey are interesting and they bring about more questions than they can answer.调查的结果非常有趣，带来了许多无法回答的问题。

9.The company has to balance the benefits against the coast in the last three months.公司在最后三个月内要达到收支平衡。

研究生学位英语课文全文翻译-unit6

Unit6 和自然和睦相处温德尔·伯利1和他们的对手工业经济的保护者一样，大自然的保护者有时也认为自然和人类是完全不同完全不相关联的两个实体。

就像工业家常常明确表明他们致力于对自然的完全占有或者如同他们所说，彻底征服自然一样，他们所说，彻底征服自然一样，大自然的保护者往往反对任何人类对大自然的侵犯。

大自然的保护者往往反对任何人类对大自然的侵犯。

2这两种极端对立的观点是危险的，最好是让人们意识到自然和人类彼此毫无关联的设想只是一种纯粹的理念；而实际情况并非如此。

3纯自然的环境不适合人类生活，人类不愿意也不能在此环境中长期生活，如果我们身处恶劣的气候达几个小时之久，就会渴望得到一些生活的必需品，抵御风寒的衣物、住所、熟食、亲友的陪伴——甚至想洗个热水澡，看看书，听听音乐。

4纯人文的环境同样也不适合人类生活，人类也不想长久地生活于这种环境之中。

很显然人类所处的环境越人造化，“天然”这个词就越被人珍视。

确实，我们可以说，我们当今的自然资源保护运动在很大程度上是工业革命的产物。

然资源保护运动在很大程度上是工业革命的产物。

渴望得到新鲜的空气，渴望得到新鲜的空气，渴望得到新鲜的空气，清澈的溪流，清澈的溪流，看到原始森林，大草原和大沙漠的人是哪些不再享有这些自然资源的人们。

5人们不可能离开自然生活，这是生态环境保护主义者的重要观点，，这是生态环境保护主义者的重要观点，但是人们又不可能在纯但是人们又不可能在纯自然的环境中生活而不对它作丝毫的改造。

这一点也适用于所有的生物。

人和其它生物都依赖于自然并且需要改造自然。

从某种意义上讲，我们所说的自然是各种各样生物和自然的力量在它们错综复杂的活动相互影响和变化的过程中所造成的变化的总和。

因为有了啄木鸟，自然就因此而有所不同，自然也因为有了生活在树干中的穿孔虫和蚂蚁以及在树下土壤里的细菌而有所不同，这些不同的组合就形成了世界。

6有些野生动物制造的变化是有利的，海狸制造水塘是出了名的，这些水塘后来成了肥沃的牧场，树和草原上的草可以防止水土流失。

学位英语翻译题

学位英语翻译题六、翻译题1.我想知道如何解释空间通讯的重要性。

I’d like to know how to explain the impo rtance of the space communication.2.我在这⾥读书，到明年七⽉将近三年了I will have been studying here for nearly three years in July next year.3、我建议你们早点动⾝去机场（suggest）。

I suggest you leave for the airport earlier. 4，我恳求他们不要在她⾯前提起我的名字。

I beg them not to mention my name before her.5. 我在专⼼致志地看书，没听见你叫我(absorb)。

I was absorbed in a book and did not hear you call.6，如果我见到她我会叫她等⼀下If I see her, I will ask her to wait a moment. 7，我们就⽜奶的供应与农场主计价还价。

(bargain)。

We bargain with the farmer about the supply of the milk.8.我们的军队在那场战⽃中获得胜利。

Our army won that battle.9，我们完全意识到局势的严重性(aware)。

We are totally aware of the serious situation.10. 他⼼跳得如此之快，以⾄于他⼏乎喘不过⽓来(beat)。

His heart beats so fast that he could hardly breathe.11.他到达时，我们已经在那⾥等了2个⼩时。

We’ve been waiting two hours when he a rrived.12.她想知道是否下午5点后打电话更会省钱。

学位英语课文全文翻译

Let's Go Veggie!咱们吃素吧! 第二单元 text A如果有一件事，既能增进健康、减少患上食物引起的疾病的危险，又有助于保护环境、保护千万动物安全生存，你做不做？我说的这件事就是每次坐下来就餐时挑选菜肴。

一百多万加拿大人已经行动起来：他们决定不吃肉。

变化速度之快令人惊叹。

素食品的销售额大大增加，前所未有。

尤受欢迎的是无肉汉堡包和热狗，以及以蔬为主的印度、中国、墨西哥、意大利和日本的菜肴。

推动人们转向素食的是医学研究提出的关于如何增进健康的建议。

一项又一项的研究都揭示了同样的基本事实：果蔬降低患慢性病的危险；肉类食品则增加这种危险。

美国饮食学协会指出，“科学资料表明，素食与降低多种慢性变性疾病的患病危险肯定有关系。

”去年秋天，在检验了4500个饮食与癌症的研究报告之后，世界癌症研究基金会直截了当地指出：“我们一向利用不合适的养料来维持人类生理引擎的运转。

”据威尔夫大学营养科学教授布鲁斯?霍拉勃称，这一“不合适的养料”致使加拿大每年用于治疗变性疾病的费用高达4000亿（加）元。

肉类食品存在严重的营养缺陷：它们不含纤维，含有过多的饱和脂肪和胆固醇，甚至可能含有微量的激素、类固醇和抗菌素。

牛肉、猪肉、鸡肉或鱼肉都一样。

肉类食品也是越来越广为人知的大肠杆菌、弯曲菌以及其他致病细菌的孳生地。

据加拿大食品检验机构称，十分之六的鸡染有沙门氏菌。

吃肉无异于玩俄式轮盘赌，拿你的健康做赌资。

既然如此，政府为什么不采取任何措施？很遗憾，政府屈服于强有力的院外活动集团的压力，如牛肉信息中心、加拿大禽蛋营销公司、加拿大乳牛场场主协会等。

根据信息自由法案获得的有关文件记载，这些集团迫使加拿大最新食品指南在1993年公布前作出修改。

这并不奇怪。

即使建议动物蛋白质的摄入量减少一丁点儿都会给这些企业带来每年数十亿元的损失。

健康和食品安全是选择素食生活方式令人信服的理由，但此外还有更为重大的因素要考虑。

以饲养动物为基础的农业是世界上对环境破坏最严重的产业之一。

学位英语历年翻译真题

2015年11月翻译真题76. He was healthy and strong, but he had very little formal education.答案：他身体健康、强壮，但是接受的正规教育很少。

77.The team paid him only $15 a week.答案：这个棒球队每周只付他15美元。

78. They often use text messages to stay in touch with customers.答案：他们通常使用短信来与顾客保持联系。

79. Hopefully these types of gyms will successfully grow in numbers in the future.答案：希望这类健身房在未来会大量增多。

80. No one claimed responsibility.答案：无人对此事担责。

汉译英Directions :In this part there are five sentences in Chinese. You should translate them into English. Be sure to write clearly.第81题同学们都在忙着准备考试。

答案：The students are busy preparing for the exam.第82题你应该听老师的话。

答案：You should listen to your teacher.第83题请带把雨伞以防下雨。

答案：Please take an umbrella with you in case it rains.第84题汤姆每天下午打篮球。

答案：Tom plays basketball every afternoon.第85题足球是一项培养孩子跟别人合作的运动。

答案：Football is a sport that encourages kids to cooperate with each other.2015年5月翻译真题Doctors have long known that breast-feeding can be good for a baby’s health.This program became very popular with schoolchildren.78.Her idea was to get new members to join the organization.79.Critics of the ban say cell phones are important safety devices for kids during an emergency.80.It will include rules about not using the phones during class or to cheat on tests.81.周末，我宁愿待在家里看看书。

研究生学位英语课文全文翻译-unit2

Unit2 家庭企业：下一代的前景美国正处在人类历史上最大的一个财富交接的过程中。

在今后的20年里，估计有150亿美元的资产将会转移到下一代的手中。

大多数的财富交接会以家庭企业的方式进行。

但是很多情况下，财富交接的成功与否令人怀疑。

事实上，多数的交接工作将会失败。

一般来说，只有1／3的企业才能成功地移交到下一代手中。

一个家庭企业能生存到第三代是寥寥无几的。

在下—个十年里，数以千计的家庭企业，其中有些是家喻户晓的企业将会消失。

糟糕的是许多企业只有进行适当的规划才能勉强生存。

然而，很多企业已为时太晚了。

一个家庭企业着手规划交接的适当时机不是提前一年，三年甚至是五年进行的。

确切地说，一个包括复杂的财产规划策略的综合性的交接计划一般至少要在十年的基础上才能适当地完成。

无论规模的大小，技术的高低或名气是否响亮，每一个家庭企业都是不一样的。

但是无论怎样不同，在一个企业顺利地交接到下一代之前，以下四个关键性的因素应计划到位。

计划你的交接管理机构业主／企业创建者不仅进取心强而且精力充沛。

他们往往擅长多种技能。

在很多情况下，他们既是生产专家，又是营销天才或经验丰富的金融家。

要接替他们的工作则需要较多的人。

因此，家庭企业的业主应当通过制定组织机构图来明确规定企业该怎样运作。

参与交接过程的每个主要成员也应制定他们自己的组织机构图。

然后，对它们进行比较。

各机构图之间的不同点将表明管理体制上的差异、存在误会的主要方面及观念上的分歧。

以朱蒂为例。

朱蒂拥有一家软件公司，她共有三个孩子：一个是电脑天才，一个是赛车手，还有一个拿到了商业方面的文凭但对经营公司却毫无兴趣。

另外，朱蒂有一个强有力的管理队伍。

根据她的情况，她应该考虑把公司的所有权移交给她的孩子们，但是依然让她的管理队伍来经营公司。

在家庭内或家庭外物色适当人选担任这些职位是不容易的，或者说不是一夜之间可以敲定的。

因此，提前制定一个行动计划和时间表是非常重要的，以便职责的过渡井然有序地进行。

学位英语翻译

1、His success was due in part to luck.他的成功一部分原因是运气。

2、When you learn a foreign language, you have many difficulties to overcome。

学外语是，你的克服好多的困难。

3、If anything happened to the children, I’d never forgive myself.要是孩子们出事，我永远不会原谅自己。

4、The doctor’s discover will have a profound effect on mankind.医生的发现将会对人类有意义深远的影响。

5、Every day he set aside some time to be with his family.每天他都留出点时间跟家人在一起。

6、I can assure you that this examination is worth taking.我向你保证，这个考试值得参加。

7、 The plan we made can not be put into practice because of various reasons.我们制定的这个计划由于多种原因不能付诸实施。

8、The experiment resulted in the discovery of a cure for cancer.这项试验的结果使人们发现了医治癌症的方法。

9、We need to be more sensitive to the needs of young students.我们对青年学生的要求更加敏感。

10、In general children are health and better educated than ever before.总的来说，孩子们比过去任何时候都更健康，受到了更好的教育。

学位英语4000单词词汇

学位英语400单词词汇1、differ vi.不同，相异2、pretend vt.假装，装作vi.假装3、tend vi.走向，趋向4、powerful adj.强有力的5、summary adj.简短的，扼要的n.摘要，总结6、academic adj.学院的，学术的7、scan vt.浏览；扫描8、cart n.二轮运货马车9、suitable adj.适宜的；恰当的10、support vt.支持；供养；承受11、fence n.栅栏12、drunk a.醉的，陶醉的13、calm adj.平静的14、destination n.目的地，终点，目标15、gas n.煤气，气体16、anger n.怒，愤怒vt.使发怒17、cycle n.循环18、cushion n.垫子，坐垫，靠垫19、hopeless adj.没有希望的，绝望的20、disagree vi.不同意；不一致21、significance n.意义，意味；重要性22、attract vt.吸引，诱惑23、construction n.建造，建筑物24、combine vt.使结合，兼有25、voyage n.航海vi.航海，航空26、occupy vt.占领，占有；忙碌27、owe vt.欠；归功于28、grocer n.杂货商29、ripe adj.成熟的；时机成熟的30、focus vi.聚焦，注视n.焦点31、communist n.共产党员32、lecture vi.演讲；讲课n.演讲；讲课33、staff n.全体工作人员34、humour v.纵容，迁就35、oxygen n.氧，氧气36、damage vt.损害，毁坏n.损害37、accurate adj.准确的，正确无误的38、brief adj.简短的vt.作简报39、distance n.距离，远处40、cure vt.医治n.治愈41、mountainous adj.多山的42、credit n.信用，分数43、shot n.射击，发射；投篮44、press vi.压，按vt.压；压榨n.印刷；新闻，报刊；出版社45、tax n.税（款）vt.征税46、onto prep.到…上47、punishment n.惩罚48、root n.根（部）；根源vi.生根，扎根49、production n.产品；产量50、pile n.堆vt.堆叠51、understanding n.理解，理解力52、distant adj.在远处的，疏远的53、prefer vt.宁可，宁愿54、link vt.连接n.联系55、curtain n.帘，窗帘，幕(布)56、digest vt.消化，领会n.文摘57、sheet n.被单；纸张，薄片58、extraordinary adj.非同寻常的，特别的59、favor n.好感，赞同，恩惠60、counter n.柜台，计数器61、graduation n.毕业62、blame vt.责备，把…归咎于63、content adj.满意的，满足的64、guide n.导游vt.指导65、diagram n.图解，图表，简图66、embarrass vt.使窘迫，使为难67、annoy vt.使恼怒，打搅68、nowhere adv.任何地方都不69、bleed vi.流血70、flame n.火焰，光辉，热情71、practical adj.实用的72、comb n.梳子vt.梳理73、sponsor n.发起者vt.发起74、motor n.发动机，机动车75、pence n.penny的复数76、nuclear adj.原子核的；核心的77、frequently adv.时常，频繁地78、timetable n.时间表；时刻表79、passer-by n.过路人80、independent adj.独立的，自主的81、panic n.恐慌，惊慌82、accuse vt.指责，归咎于83、instant n.瞬间a.立即的84、evidence n.根据，证据，证人85、forgive vt.原谅，宽恕86、beginning n.开始，开端，起源87、typewriter n.打字机88、decrease vi.n.减少89、means n.方法，手段90、media n.媒体91、comfort n.舒适，安慰vt.安慰92、continent n.大陆，洲93、greatly adv.大大地，非常地；伟大地，崇高地94、seaside n.海边95、later adv.后来96、length n.长度97、especially adv.特别，尤其，格外98、evaluate vt.评价，估…的价99、tradition n.传统，惯例100、chief adj.主要的，首席的101、thus adv.如此，这样；因而102、loaf n.一条面包103、sink vi.下沉，降低n.水槽，水池104、cage n.笼，鸟笼，囚笼105、oral adj.口头的106、upward adj.向上的，上升的ad.向上，往上107、income n.收入，收益108、channel n.海峡，渠道，频道109、musical adj.音乐的110、net adj.净的，纯的n.网，网状物111、effect n.效果，效力112、arrest vt.逮捕，拘留113、self n.自我，自己114、appreciate vt.欣赏，领会，感谢115、typist n.打字员116、librarian n.图书馆馆员117、pain n.痛苦；疼痛118、journey n.旅行，旅程119、native adj.本土的n.本地人120、steady adj.稳固的vt.使稳定121、best adj.最好的122、whistle n.口哨vi.吹口哨123、pin n.别针，钉子vt.钉住124、cream n.奶油125、custom n.习惯，风俗，海关126、seize vt.抓住；夺取，占据127、needle n.针vt.缝补，编织128、eastern adj.东方的，朝东的129、attitude n.态度，看法，姿势130、average n.平均数adj.平均的131、reception adj.接待；接待处132、extra adj.额外的ad.特别地133、false adj.不真实的，伪造的134、interpreter n.翻译135、skyscraper n.摩天大楼136、postcode n.邮递区号137、politics n.政治138、sex n.性别，性139、firm adj.坚定的n.公司，商号140、principle n.原则，原理141、globe n.地球，世界，地球仪142、mild adj.温柔的；温暖的143、pack vt.捆扎，打包；挤满n.包144、medal n.奖章，纪念章145、bite vt.咬，叮，螫146、discriminate vt.vi.区别对待，歧视147、million num.百万148、relevant adj.有关的；中肯的149、greet vt.问候，招呼，反应150、grain n.谷物，谷粒，颗粒151、debate n.vi.争论，辩论152、broadcast n.广播，播音153、diet n.饮食，食物154、load vt.装，装满n.负载；负担155、event n.事件，事变156、diamond n.钻石，菱形157、violent adj.猛烈的，狂暴的158、engine n.发动机，引擎159、benefit n.利益，恩惠，津贴160、ordinary adj.平常的，平凡的161、leak vi.漏；泄露n.漏洞162、architecture n.建筑学，建筑式样163、compete vi.比赛，竞争，对抗164、sincere adj.真诚的，真挚的165、expense n.花费，消费，费用166、precious adj.珍贵的，宝贵的167、suit n.起诉，诉讼vt.适合168、navy n.海军169、casual adj.偶然的，随便的170、finance n.财政，金融，财源171、athlete n.运动员172、butcher n.屠夫，屠户173、actual adj.实际的，现行的174、indeed adv.真正地，确实175、risk n.风险，危险vt.冒险176、balance vt.使平衡，称n.天平177、profit n.利润vi.得益178、policy n.政策，方针179、button n.扣子，按钮vt.扣紧180、trial n.试验；审判181、harmony n.协调，和谐182、beer n.啤酒183、check n.支票184、misunderstand vt.误解，误会185、therefore adv.因此，所以186、ceremony n.典礼，仪式，礼节187、chimney n.烟囱188、sunshine n.阳光189、ladder n.梯子190、possession n.财产191、ignore vt.不顾，不理，忽视192、responsible adj.有责任的；尽责的193、niece n.侄女，外甥女194、soil n.土壤；土地195、infer vt.推论，推断，猜想196、lip n.嘴唇197、material n.材料，原料；素材a.物质的198、delight n.快乐vt.使高兴199、goal n.球门，得分，目的200、worse adj.更坏的ad.更坏201、garbage n.垃圾，污物，废料202、bath n.洗澡，浴缸203、reserve vt.储备，保留；预定204、hunt n.vt.打猎，搜寻205、customer n.顾客，主顾206、worthwhile adj.值得的207、castle n.城堡208、nephew n.侄子，外甥209、movement n.动作；活动；移动210、noisy adj.嘈杂的，喧闹的211、burst vt.使爆裂vi.n.爆炸212、view vt.看待；看n.见解；风景213、publish vt.公布，发表；出版，刊印214、grand adj.宏伟的，重大的215、neat adj.整洁的；简洁的216、fur n.软毛，毛皮，裘皮217、illegal adj.非法的218、pattern n.式样，模型219、poet n.诗人220、due adj.预期的，应给的221、arrival n.到达，到达者222、telegraph n.电报(机)v.发电报223、bend vt.使弯曲vi.弯曲224、darkness n.黑暗225、innocent adj.清白的，幼稚的226、maximum n.最大量a.最大的227、starve vi.饿死vt.使饿死228、major vi.主修，专攻a.主要的，多数的n.专业229、apart adv.相隔，分开，除去230、folk n.人们，家属，亲属231、pot n.锅232、soul n.灵魂，精神；人233、reliable adj.可靠的234、skin vt.剥皮n.皮，皮肤；兽皮235、rate n.比率；速度；价格vt.评价，估价236、vote n.选举，投票237、flour n.面粉，粉末238、league n.同盟，联盟239、lawyer n.律师240、defeat vt.战胜，击败241、section n.切片；部门；章节242、employ vi.雇用243、pollution n.污染244、apartment n.一套公寓房间245、digital adj.数字的246、harm n.伤害，损害vt.损害247、blank adj.空白的n.空白248、confident n.确信的，自信的249、recycle vt.重复利用250、roll vi.滚动，转动n.一卷；名册251、aircraft n.飞机，飞行器252、federal adj.联邦的，联盟的253、universe n.宇宙，世界254、complex adj.结合的，复杂的255、arrange vt.筹备，整理，调解256、ought aux.应该257、judge n.法官，裁判员258、television n.电视，电视机259、tank n.坦克；大容器260、relative adj.有关系的；相对的n.亲戚，亲属261、transport n.运输vt.运输262、justice n.正义，公正，司法263、fist n.拳头264、hesitate vi.犹豫，踌躇265、exist vi.存在，生存266、assume vt.假定，承担，呈现267、outstanding adj.突出的，杰出的268、character n.性格，特性，角色269、kindergarten n.幼儿园270、merry adj.欢乐的，愉快的271、obtain vt.获得272、feather n.羽毛，翎毛，羽状物273、respond vi.回答；响应274、beg vt.vi.乞求，请求275、base n.基础，底层，基地276、dust n.灰尘277、rank n.军衔vt.归类于278、demand vt.要求，需要279、range vi.变动，变化n.范围280、stare vi.凝视281、downtown adv.在市区，往市区282、midday n.中午283、revise vt.校订，修改284、drawing n.绘画285、mineral n.矿物a.矿物的286、afterward(s)adv.后来，以后，随后287、advance vi.前进，提高n.进展288、tight adj.紧的；紧身的ad.紧紧地289、shock n.冲击；震惊；电击vi.震动290、forever adv.永远，总是，老是291、contain vt.包含，容纳292、wave n.波，波涛；起伏vi.波动；挥手293、slight adj.细长的；轻微的294、nationality n.国籍，民族295、suddenly adv.突然296、suffer vt.遭受，忍受vi.受害，受损失297、boil vi.沸腾，汽化vt.煮沸298、shortcoming n.短处，缺点299、fluent adj.流利的，流畅的300、reject vt.拒绝；丢掉；驳回301、perform vt.执行；演出302、recognize vt.认出，识别303、quantity n.数量；大量304、disappoint vt.使失望305、attack vt.vi.n.攻击，进攻306、consist vi.由…组成307、roof n.屋顶308、aid n.帮助，救护，助手309、pan n.平底锅310、accordingly adv.因此，依照311、noun n.名词312、jazz n.爵士音乐，爵士舞曲313、broom n.扫帚314、symbol n.象征；符号315、grocery n.杂货店316、familiar adj.熟悉的317、badminton n.羽毛球318、adult n.成年人adj.成年的319、constant adj.经常的，永恒的320、nut n.坚果321、lorry n.卡车322、appointment n.任命，约定，约会323、moral adj.合乎道德的n.道德，品行324、sensitive adj.敏感的，灵敏的325、phrase n.短语，习惯用语326、swallow vt.吞，咽vi.吞，咽n.燕子327、bother vt.烦扰，迷惑n.麻烦328、citizen n.公民，市民，居民329、willing adj.心甘情愿的330、overcome vt.战胜，克服331、adapt vt.使适应，改编332、emergency n.紧急情况，突然事件333、recommend vt.推荐334、cash n.现金，现款335、angle n.角，角度336、ahead adv.在前，向前，提前337、orbit n.运行轨道vt.环绕338、living-room n.起居室339、shore n.滨，岸340、fade vi.褪色，逐渐消失341、lately adv.最近342、nation n.民族，国家343、impress vt.给…深刻印象344、occupation n.占领，占据；职业，工作345、degree n.程度，度，学位346、belly n.腹部，胃347、baggage n.行李348、anniversary n.周年纪念日349、female n.a.女性的，雌性的350、bathe vt.给…洗澡，弄湿351、fiction n.小说，虚构，杜撰352、identity n.身分，相同vt.确定身份353、horrible adj.可怕的，极可憎的，极可厌的354、battery n.电池355、spot vt.认出，发现n.点，斑点；地点356、court n.法庭357、defend vt.保卫，防守358、anxious adj.忧虑的，渴望的359、ban n.禁令vt.禁止，取缔360、sneaker n.鬼鬼祟祟做事的人，卑鄙者，运动鞋361、pipe vt.用管道输送n.管子，导管；烟斗362、declare vt.断言，声明363、courtyard n.庭院，院子364、painting n.油画；绘画365、host n.主人，东道主366、destroy vt.破坏，消灭367、jar n.罐子，坛子，广口瓶368、devote vt.将…奉献，致力于369、entire adj.全部的，彻底的370、fasten vt.扎牢，扣住，使固定371、recover vt.恢复，痊愈372、immigrate v.移民373、retire vi.退休374、deed n.行为，功绩，契约375、available adj.可利用的，通用的376、split vt.劈开377、volunteer n.志愿者vt.志愿378、expert n.专家a.熟练的379、concentrate vt.集中，聚集，浓缩380、splendid adj.壮丽的，显著的381、reading n.阅读；读物382、opinion n.意见，看法383、congratulation n.祝词，贺辞384、various adj.各种各样的385、parrot n.鹦鹉386、operate vi.操作；施行手术387、basis n.基础，根据388、represent vt.描绘；代表，象征389、fountain n.泉水，喷泉390、damp adj.潮湿的391、tin n.锡；罐头392、deadline n.最终期限393、calculate vt.计算，估计，计划394、valuable adj.值钱的，有价值的n.贵重物品395、float vi.漂浮vt.使漂浮396、profession n.职业397、pill n.药丸398、spy n.间谍，特务vt.侦察，监视399、phenomenon n.现象400、menu n.菜单。

学位英语翻译练习

5）他们给我们提供了大量信息，实在太好了。
It was so kind of them to provide us with plenty of information.
6）据说他将负责销售工作。
It was said that he would be in charge of the marketing work.
Without steel, there would be no modern industry.
For short, everyone should be responsible for his actions.
学位英语翻译练习
3、我下决心一个月内在功课上要赶上同学们。
I am determined (have made up my mind) to catch up other classmates in study within one month. 4、在我看来，他们很难掩盖事实真相。
学位英语翻译练习
1）尽管有许多的困难，他们还是决心执行他们的计划。
In spite of many difficulties, they are still determined to carry out their plan. 2）他英语讲得太好了，以至我们全都认为他是个美国人。
He speaks English so well that we all think he is an American. 3）只要你不断努力，你一定会成功。
This task / job/ work is too hard for you to do. 16) 无论多么困难，我也不会失去信心。
No matter how difficult it is, we will never lose heart.

研究生学位英语课文及翻译-Unit Three

Who knows1、There have been no shortage of/缺少/ insane/疯狂/, over ambitious/过于野心勃勃的/ ideas on the Internet. Most of them never make it further/更远的/ than the pub/酒吧/ they are conceived/想出/ in. Some generate hype/产生炒作，红火一时/ but quickly fall flat/完全失败/ on their face/栽了跟头/'. Others survive, but prove/证明/ to be minnows/小鱼/ rather than the giants/巨人/ they set out to be/动身去/. However, every so often, one sneaks/溜/ through/然而，偶有不动声色者却能顺利过关/.2、Wikipedia is one of the rare/罕见/ ones that made it. Even by the admission of its founder, the 38-year-old technology entrepreneur/科技企业家/ Jimmy Wales, it was a "completely insane idea/疯狂透顶的想法/”: a free online encyclopedia/百科全书/ that anyone can contribute/贡献/ to and anyone can edit/任何人都可以添加内容并进行编辑/. There is no editor, no army of proofreaders/校对/ and fact checkers/也没有专人检查内容是否属实/; in fact, no full-time staff at all/没有专职人员/. It is, in other words, about as far from/远远地/ the traditional/传统的/ idea of an encyclopedia/百科全书/ as you can get.3、There are dozens/几十，许多，一打/ of reasons why it shouldn't work/玩不转/, and it is sill far form/差得远/ perfect, but in less than/少于，不到/ four years, it has grown to have more than 1 million/100万/ entries/条目/ in 100 languages from Albanian to Zulu/阿尔巴尼亚祖鲁/.4、To its fans/粉丝/, it is a fantastic/极好的/ research resource-albeit/尽管/ one that you should use with caution/谨慎，注意安全/; and an incredible/简直不可思议/ example of what can be achieved/实现/ by collaboration and cooperation/协作与合作/ over the Internet. To its detractors-mostly/大多批评者/ those from the traditional world of encyclopedias and librarianship/图书管理学界/, it is barely worthy of the label/称谓/ "encyclopedia".*5、To put Wikipedia's achievements/成果/ in numerical context/数值语境/, at the same time it was celebrating the publishing/出版/ of its one millionth entry/第100万个词条发布之际/ in less than four years, the Oxford/牛津/ Dictionary of National Biography/传记，档案/launched its latest edition/推出其最新版本/. It had taken 12 years to complete, yet contained a comparatively/比较的，相当的/ tiddly/微不足道的/ 55,000 biographies/传记/. It also cost some 25m/2500万英镑/ to create. Wikipedia has so far been bankrolled/资助/ by Wales, but the total cost so far is still around f300, 000/30万英镑/.6、The current/最近的，最新的/ Encyclopedia Britannica/大英百科全书/ has 44m words/4400万字/ of text. Wikipedia already has more than 250m/2.5亿/ words in it. Britannica's most recent edition/最新版本/ has 65,000 entries in print and 75,000 entries online. Wikipedia's English site/英文网站/ has some 360,000 entries and is growing every day.7、But numbers mean nothing if the quality is no good. And this is where the arguments start./争论的起因/8、"Theoretically/理论上说/, it's a lovely idea/不错的想法/," says librarian/图书管理员/ and Internet consultant/互联网顾问/ Philip Bradley, "but practically/实际上/, I wouldn’t use it; and I’m not aware of a single librarian who would/我觉得任何图书管理员都不会使用这个网站/. The main problem is the lack of authority/权威性/. With printed publications/对于印刷出版物来说/, the publishers have to ensure that their data is reliable/可靠地/, as their livelihood/生计，饭碗/ depends on it. But with something like this, all that goes out the window./过一阵就完了/"9、Wales responds/回应/ by acknowledging/承认/ that Wikipedia's model leaves it anything but error free/维基百科模式所带来的结果决不会没有错误/ (something they make clear on the site) but he also points to an article in a German technology magazine this month, which compares Wikipedia with two established/已建立的/, traditional digital/数字/ encyclopedias: Brockhaus and Microsoft's/微软的/ Encarta. All three were tested on breadth, depth, and comprehensibility/广度，深度，和可理解性/ of content/内容/, ease of searching, and quality of multimedia content./多媒体内容/ Wikipedia won hands down/轻松胜出/.10、Dan Gillmor, the Silicon Valley commentator/硅谷评论员/ and author of We the Media/我们媒体/, is one of many independent fans/自由迷/:”I don’t think anyone is saying Wikipedia is an absolute replacement/绝对替代品/ for a traditional encyclopedia. But in the topics I know something about/但是就我所了解的题目而言/, I’ve found Wikipedia to be as accurate/准确的/ as any other source I’ve found”11、The truth is that Wikipedia is continuously evolving/不断的发展/. There are now around 3,000 new entries being added each day (about 700-800 of which are in English); and as the site has got bigger/规模扩大/, so has the amount of editing that takes place/发生/ on it. In September this year, there was an average/平均/ of 11 edits per article. The entry on the Israel-Palestinian conflict/巴以冲突/ has been edited more than 250 times this year alone.12、The truth is that Wikipedia reveals/揭示了/ what is normally hidden/鲜为人知，通常隐藏/ in an encyclopedia: the countless/无数的/ decisions that lie/位于/ behind each entry. The only difference is that in Wikipedia, the decision-making never stops and the debates/辩论/ are often robust/精力充沛的，激烈的/ to say the least.13、Wales says an entry in his encyclopedia is "like a sausage/香肠/: you might like the taste of it, but you don't necessarily want to see how it's made".14、It might seem like anarchy/无政府状态/. And, given/鉴于/ the lack of central control/中央控制/, it technically is/严格说来，它确实处于无政府状态/. However, there are three elements/因素/ that make it work.15、The first is its ownership/所有权/, and lack of commercial imperative/没有商业需求的压力/. The site is manned/操控/" by volunteers, and now owned by a foundation/基金会/, which means people willingly give their time and intellectual property/知识财产/ to the venture/事业/. It manages to run on less than $100,000/10万美元/ a year.17、The third-and perhaps most critical/最重要的/-has been the evolution /形成/of an incredibly intricate/令人难以置信的错综复杂/ and democratic/民主/ social order/社会秩序/ to keep this vast sprawling/庞大而复杂/ project in order.18、There are hundreds of thousands of "Wikipedians" who have contributed/贡献/ or edited articles. But the core/核心/ community, according to Wales, is about 200 people who, by now, know each other quite well. Outside this inner-inner circle/内圈/ is a core of about 2,000 people who make more than 100 edits each in the last month. Beyond this/在这个核心之外/, you have around 10,000 people who will have made more than five edits. There are administrators/管理员/, bureaucrats/政府官员/, stewards/行政人员/ and developers/开发人员/ all with different levels of technical and administrative authority./管理权限/19、This entire order/整个体系/ is all there for everyone to see online. Policies and strategies/编辑方针及策略/ are posted online, discussed and voted on/投票和讨论/. While the content/内容/ develops automatically/自动/ and anarchically/无序/, nothing happens to the social structure/社会结构，构成/ of Wikipedia without the consent/准许，应允/ of the core community.20、Wales and his community of volunteers are not resting/静止不动的/ on their laurels/桂冠/. He is in negotiations/协商/ to print part of the content, and distribute it in Africa as part of their ambition/抱负，夙愿，追求的目标/ to "put a free encyclopedia in the hands of every person on the planet/每个地球人/". Insane and overambitious? Definitely./疯狂透顶吗？野心勃勃吗？绝对是/ But after everything they have achieved in the last three-and-a-half years, you would be equally insane/同样疯狂/ to bet/打赌/ against/反对/ them.雄心勃勃的维基百科1. 互联网上从来就不乏疯狂透顶、野心勃勃的主意。