环境工程专业英语翻译Disposal-of-Solid-Wastes
环境工程专业英语汇总
专业英语环境：environment 环境工程：environmental engineering环境保护：environmental protection 环境意识：environmental consciousness/awareness 环境问题：environmental issue/problem 环境效应：environmental effect环境污染：environmental pollution 环境要素：environmental elements环境因子：environmental factors 环境化学：environmental chemistry环境生态学：environmental ecology 环境质量：environmental quality环境自净作用：environmental self-purification/self-cleansing水环境：watershed 水体：water body流域：watershed 水质：water quality水资源：water resources 供水：water supply废水：waste water 水处理：water treatment物理性水质指标：physical indicate of water quality 水污染物：water pollutant生物性水质指标：biological water-quality index 水质标准：water quality standard化学性水质指标：chemical water-quality indexDS：dissolved solids BOD：biochemical oxygen demand TDS：total dissolved solids COD：chemical oxygen demand TSS：total suspended solids DO：dissolved oxygenTOC：total organic carbon PH值：TN：总氮total nitrogen TP：总磷phosphorusZn：zinc Cu：CopperAs：arsenic Cd：CadmiumCr：chromium Ni：NickelHg：mercury Pb：plumbum物理处理：physical treatment 过滤：screening生物处理：biological treatment 沉淀：sedimentation化学处理：chemical treatment 气浮：flotation物理化学处理：physical-chemical treatment蒸发：evaporation 稀释：dilution扩散：dispersion 吹脱：stripping好氧处理：aerobic treatment 生物膜法：bio-membrane process 厌氧处理：anaerobic treatment 生物滤池：trickling filters活性污泥法：activated sludge process 生物接触氧化：biological contact SBR：苯乙烯-丁二烯Styrene Butadiene RubberUASB（流式厌氧污泥床）：Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket 活性污泥：activated sludge 改进型：modification 一级处理：primary treatment二级处理：secondary treatment 三级处理：tertiary treatment高级氧化处理：advanced treatment 生活污水：domestic wastewater生产废水：industrial wastewater 城市生活污水：municipal wastewater电镀废水：metalplating plants印染废水：pulp and paper industries wastewater 浊度：turbidity硬度：hardness 水质净化：water quality purifies混凝沉淀：coagulate flocculating agent 活性炭吸附：activated carbon adsorption隔油池：oil separation tank 中和池：neutralization tank调节池：adjusting tank 生物反应池：biological reactor加药设备：physical equipment 沉淀池：sedimentation tank初沉池：primary sedimentation tank 二沉池：secondary sedimentation tank絮凝剂：flocculant 混凝剂：coagulate flocculant生物降解：biodegradation 生物累积：bioaccumulation飘尘：floating dust 可吸入颗粒物：inhalable particles能见度：visibility 酸雨：acid rain一次污染物：primary pollutant二次污染物：secondary pollutant 氮氧化物：nitrogen oxides硫氧化物：sulfur oxides硫化氢：hydrogen sulfide 碳氧化物：carbon oxides硝酸：nitric acid 盐酸：hydrochloric acid硫酸：sulfuric acid 二氧化硫：sulfur dioxide除尘工艺：Dust removal吸收：absorption 吸附：adsorption静电除尘：electric dust precipitation 重力除尘：gravitational settling臭氧：ozone光化学烟雾：photochemical smoke 喷淋（洗涤）：scavenging土壤：soil 热污染：temperature change/thermal pollution 噪声：noise 放射性：radioactivityEIA：environmental impact assessment CAD（计算机辅助设计）：computer aided design大气污染控制工程：air pollution control水污染控制工程：water pollution control固体废物污染控制工程：solid waste management污染源：pollution source同化作用：assimilation 固体废物：solid wastes危险废物：hazardous wastes化学污泥chemical sludge：生物污泥：biological sludge工业固废：industrialwastes 分选处理：separation treatment 矿业固废：mine solid wastes 破碎处理：processing农业固废：agriculture solid wastes 压实处理：reduction in volume污泥脱水：disposal of the sludge ？污泥浓缩：sludge thickening带式压滤：Belt filter press离心脱水：centrifugal dewatering筛分：screening堆肥和堆肥化：compost and composting沼气和沼气化：biogas热解与焚烧：pyrolysis and incineration生物转化作用：biotransformation热化学转化作用：thermo-chemical固化和稳定化作用：solidification and stabilization资源化：resource减量化：pollution control无害化：harmlessness固体废物全过程控制：solid waste integrated control固体废物污染控制：solid waster pollution control固体废物处理：processing and recovery处置：disposal物质回收：materials recovery 物质转化：material conversion能量回收：energy recovery 能量转化：energy conversion1.Environmental engineering has been defined as the branch of engineering that is concernedwith protecting the environment from the potential, deleterious effects of human activity, protecting human populations from the effects of adverse environmental factors, and improving environmental quality for human health and well-being.（2页）环境工程学是环境工程的分支学科，其研究内容包括①保护环境免受人类活动改造形成的潜在和不利影响②保护人类免受不利环境因素的影响③持续改善环境质量，以造福于人类健康与福祉。
环境专业英语10solidwaste
Municipal solid waste
Municipal solid waste
Industrial solid waste
IndustriΒιβλιοθήκη l solid wasteAnd according to new legislation waste is also classified in two types: general waste and hazardous waste.
During landfill operations the waste collection vehicles are weighed at a weighbridge on arrival and their load is inspected for wastes that do not accord with the landfill’s waste acceptance criteria. Afterward, the waste collection vehicles use the existing road network on their way to the tipping face or working front where they unload their contents. After loads are deposited, compactors or bulldozers are used to spread and compact the waste on the working face. Before leaving the landfill boundaries, the waste collection vehicles pass through a wheel cleaning facility. If necessary, they return to the weighbridge in order to be weighed without their load. Through the weighing process, the daily incoming waste tonnage can be calculated and listed in databases. In addition to trucks, some landfills may be equipped to handle railroad containers. The use of 'rail-haul' permits landfills to be located at more remote
环境工程专业英语翻译(中英对照)
Unit one Environmental Engineering环境工程What is this book about？这本书是关于什么的？The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the interdisciplinary study of environment problems；their cause，why they are of concern，and how we can control them. The book includes:这本书的目的是使理工科的学生了解跨学科间的研究环境问题;它们的起因，为什么它们受到关注，以及我们怎样控制它们。
这本书包括：●Description of what is meant by environment and environmental systems描述环境和环境系统意味着什么●Information on the basic causes of environmental disturbances关于引起环境干扰基础原因的基本信息●Basic scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmental problems and to be able toquantify them理解环境问题本质，并能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识●Current state of the technology of environmental control in its application to water，air and pollution problems目前适用于水，空气和环境污染问题的环境控制技术的现状●Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding and controlling many of the complexinteractions between human activities and nature我们目前的科学知识在理解和控制人类活动和自然之间复杂的相互作用的科学知识上存在相当大的缺陷●Many environmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by the application of current technology，butwhich are not dealt with because of society’s lack of will to do so，or in many instance because of a lack of resources to do so.许多环境问题可以应用现有技术消除或减少，但没有得到处理是因为社会缺乏这样做的意愿，或者像许多例子那样因为缺乏资源。
环境工程专业英语归纳
欢迎阅读专业英语环境：environment 环境工程：environmental engineering环境保护：environmental protection 环境意识：environmental consciousness/awareness环境问题：environmental issue/problem 环境效应：environmental effect环境污染：environmental pollution 环境要素：environmental elements环境因子：environmental factors 环境化学：environmental chemistry环境生态学：environmental ecology 环境质量：environmental quality环境自净作用：environmental self-purification/self-cleansing水环境：watershed 水体：water body流域：watershed 水质：water quality水资源：water resources 供水：water supply废水：waste water 水处理：water treatment物理性水质指标：physical indicate of water quality 水污染物：water pollutant生物性水质指标：biological water-quality index 水质标准：water quality standard化学性水质指标：chemical water-quality indexDS：dissolved solids BOD：biochemical oxygen demandTDS：total dissolved solids COD：chemical oxygen demandTSS：total suspended solids DO：dissolved oxygenTOC：total organic carbon PH值：TN：总氮total nitrogen TP：总磷phosphorusZn：zinc Cu：CopperAs：arsenic Cd：CadmiumCr：chromium Ni：NickelHg：mercury Pb：plumbum物理处理：physical treatment 过滤：screening生物处理：biological treatment 沉淀：sedimentation化学处理：chemical treatment 气浮：flotation物理化学处理：physical-chemical treatment蒸发：evaporation 稀释：dilution扩散：dispersion 吹脱：stripping好氧处理：aerobic treatment 生物膜法：bio-membrane process厌氧处理：anaerobic treatment 生物滤池：trickling filters活性污泥法：activated sludge process 生物接触氧化：biological contactSBR：苯乙烯-丁二烯Styrene Butadiene RubberUASB（流式厌氧污泥床）：Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket 活性污泥：activated sludge 改进型：modification 一级处理：primary treatment二级处理：secondary treatment 三级处理：tertiary treatment高级氧化处理：advanced treatment 生活污水：domestic wastewater生产废水：industrial wastewater 城市生活污水：municipal wastewater电镀废水：metalplating plants印染废水：pulp and paper industries wastewater 浊度：turbidity硬度：hardness 水质净化：water quality purifies混凝沉淀：coagulate flocculating agent 活性炭吸附：activated carbon adsorption欢迎阅读隔油池：oil separation tank 中和池：neutralization tank调节池：adjusting tank 生物反应池：biological reactor加药设备：physical equipment 沉淀池：sedimentation tank初沉池：primary sedimentation tank 二沉池：secondary sedimentation tank絮凝剂：flocculant 混凝剂：coagulate flocculant生物降解：biodegradation 生物累积：bioaccumulation飘尘：floating dust 可吸入颗粒物：inhalable particles能见度：visibility 酸雨：acid rain一次污染物：primary pollutant二次污染物：secondary pollutant 氮氧化物：nitrogen oxides硫氧化物：sulfur oxides硫化氢：hydrogen sulfide 碳氧化物：carbon oxides硝酸：nitric acid 盐酸：hydrochloric acid硫酸：sulfuric acid 二氧化硫：sulfur dioxide除尘工艺：Dust removal吸收：absorption 吸附：adsorption静电除尘：electric dust precipitation 重力除尘：gravitational settling臭氧：ozone光化学烟雾：photochemical smoke 喷淋（洗涤）：scavenging土壤：soil 热污染：temperature change/thermal pollution 噪声：noise 放射性：radioactivityEIA：environmental impact assessment CAD（计算机辅助设计）：computer aided design大气污染控制工程：air pollution control 水污染控制工程：water pollution control固体废物污染控制工程：solid waste management污染源：pollution source同化作用：assimilation 固体废物：solid wastes危险废物：hazardous wastes化学污泥chemical sludge：生物污泥：biological sludge工业固废：industrialwastes 分选处理：separation treatment矿业固废：mine solid wastes 破碎处理：processing农业固废：agriculture solid wastes 压实处理：reduction in volume污泥脱水：disposal of the sludge ？污泥浓缩：sludge thickening带式压滤：Belt filter press离心脱水：centrifugal dewatering筛分：screening堆肥和堆肥化：compost and composting 沼气和沼气化：biogas热解与焚烧：pyrolysis and incineration 生物转化作用：biotransformation热化学转化作用：thermo-chemical固化和稳定化作用：solidification and stabilization资源化：resource减量化：pollution control无害化：harmlessness固体废物全过程控制：solid waste integrated control固体废物污染控制：solid waster pollution control固体废物处理：processing and recovery 处置：disposal物质回收：materials recovery 物质转化：material conversion能量回收：energy recovery 能量转化：energy conversion1.Environmental engineering has been defined as the branch of engineering that isconcerned with protecting the environment from the potential, deleterious effects of human activity, protecting human populations from the effects of adverse environmental factors, and improving environmental quality for human health and well-being.（2页）环境工程学是环境工程的分支学科，其研究内容包括①保护环境免受人类活动改造形成的潜在和不利影响②保护人类免受不利环境因素的影响③持续改善环境质量，以造福于人类健康与福祉。
环境工程专业英语翻译
风干系统windrow systems分散相diffu siona l phase分贝计decib el meter分贝量度dec ib el scale非哺乳动物no n-mammali an露点the dew point冷却系统cold system冷凝器cond enser决定因素det ermini ng factors径流runoff气载疾病air b orned isease s气溶胶喷雾air aerosol sprayer逆温thermal inversi on内部调节机制i nterna l regulatory mechani sms市政污水处理厂municip al sewage treatment plant 食物链food Chain声强sound intensi ty声能sound power声级sound level声波sound wave生活污水domestic sewage神经系统ner vous systems热血动物war m-blooded animals热污染ther mal polluti on热能回收energyr ecover y or heat recover y热能thermal energy热力学第二定律 the secondlaw of thermod ynamic s 热冲击ther mal shocks消声器muff ler需氧aerob ic听力丧失hea ring loss听得见的aud ible水载Water b orne响度loudness吸声介质acoustical media吸声材料aco u stica l materia ls土壤调节剂so il conditi onor易腐烂的putrefactive易腐烂的putrescib l e传质梯度mas s transfe r gradien t膜membra n e or film反渗透reverse osmosis活性炭acti vatedcarbon界面面积int erfaci al area表面积surface area沉淀sedim entati on混凝coagula tion絮凝flocc u latio n高级处理advanced treatment一级处理primary treatment二级处理seconda ry treatment卫生污水san itary sewage净化purific a tionor deconta mination工艺性能pro c ess performa nceVSS volatil e suapend ed solidsSS suspend ed solidsTOC total organic carbon溶解的diss olvedor soluble沉降柱settling columns多管高效旋风除尘器multitubeh igh efficie ncy cyclone 多氯联苯pol ychlor obiphenyl多氯联笨并呋喃p olych lorodi b enzofurans杂质forei gn matter工业规模ful l-scale生物降解bio d egrad ation生物过滤bio filtra tion光化学烟雾ph otochemical smog土壤床soil bed生物降解能力b i od egr adatio n capacity易生物降解的e a silyb iodegr adable尾气offga s污泥sludge污水sewag e一百万千瓦on e-million-kilowatt滴滤池trickli ng filter弹性波elastic wave弹性介质elastic media音调pitch永久性失聪permanen t hearing loss监管计划reg ulator y mechani smsVOC volatil e organic compoun dAPC air polluti on controlBOD biochem ical oxygendemandCOD chemica l oxygendemand爱河lovecanal澄清池clar ifiers桶谷Valle y of the Drums焚化incin eratio n垃圾refuse危险废物haz ardous wastes保留时间ret ention time充满be Laden with停留时间det ention time or residen ce time净化池clar ifier tank均质池equa lizati on basin沉降池sedi mentation pond or sedimen tation tanks固体废物sol id wastes水生生物aqu atic life氧化剂oxid izingagents or oxidizer水载疾病waterborn e d isease s格栅screeni ng格栅池barrack隔离segrega tion or screeni ng胶体collo id普通沉淀法pl ain sedimen tation高浊水high ly turbidw ater中浊水moderately turbidw ater弄脏foule d with单元操作uni t operati on氯消毒chlo rinati on预处理pretreatment财政支持financi al support沉砂室grit chamber补充燃料sup p lemen tary fuels曝气沉砂池aeratedgrit chamber一沉池prim ary settlin g tank溢流负荷overflowloading ratesThe newer municip a l inciner ators are usually the continu ouslyb urning type ，and many have “waterwa ll”constru ctionin the combustion chamber in place of the older ，more commonrefractory lining。
环境工程专业英语词汇 双英对照
Terms of EnvironmentAbandoned Well: A well whose use has been permanently discontinued or which is in a state of such disrepair that it cannot be used for its intended purpose.Abatement: Reducing the degree or intensity of, or eliminating, pollution.Abatement Debris: Waste from remediation activities.Absorbed Dose: In exposure assessment, the amount of a substance that penetrates an exposed organism's absorption barriers (e.g. skin, lung tissue, gastrointestinal tract) through physical or biological processes. The term is synonymous with internal dose.Absorption: The uptake of water , other fluids, or dissolved chemicals by a cell or an organism (as tree roots absorb dissolved nutrients in soil.)Absorption Barrier: Any of the exchange sites of the body that permit uptake of various substances at different rates (e.g. skin, lung tissue, and gastrointestinal-tract wall)Accident Site: The location of an unexpected occurrence, failure or loss, either at a plant oralong a transportation route, resulting in a release of hazardous materials.Acclimatization: The physiological and behavioral adjustments of an organism to changes in its environment.Acid Aerosol: Acidic liquid or solid particles small enough to become airborne. High concentrations can irritate the lungs and have been associated with respiratory diseases like asthma.Acid Deposition: A complex chemical and atmospheric phenomenon that occurs when emissions of sulfur and nitrogen compounds and other substances are transformed by chemical processes in the atmosphere, often far from the original sources, and then deposited on earth in either wet or dry form. The wet forms, popularly called "acid rain," can fall to earth as rain, snow, or fog. The dry forms are acidic gases or particulates.Acid Mine Drainage: Drainage of water from areas that have been mined for coal or other mineral ores. The water has a low pH because of its contact with sulfur-bearing material and is harmful to aquatic organisms.Acid Neutralizing Capacity: Measure of ability of a base (e.g. water or soil) to resist changes in pH.Acid Rain: (See: acid deposition.)Acidic: The condition of water or soil that contains a sufficient amount of acid substances to lower the pH below 7.0.Action Levels: 1. Regulatory levels recommended by EPA for enforcement by FDA and USDA when pesticide residues occur in food or feed commodities for reasons other than the direct application of the pesticide. As opposed to "tolerances" which are established for residues occurring as a direct result of proper usage, action levels are set for inadvertent residues resulting from previous legal use or accidental contamination. 2. In the Superfund program, the existence of a contaminant concentration in the environment high enough to warrant action or trigger a response under SARA and the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Contingency Plan. The term is also used in other regulatory programs. (See: tolerances.)Activated Carbon: A highly adsorbent form of carbon used to remove odors and toxic substances from liquid or gaseous emissions. In waste treatment, it is used to remove dissolved organic matter from waste drinking water. It is also used in motor vehicle evaporative control systems.Activated Sludge: Product that results when primary effluent is mixed with bacteria-laden sludge and then agitated and aerated to promote biological treatment, speeding the breakdown of organic matter in raw sewage undergoing secondary waste treatment.Activator: A chemical added to a pesticide to increase its activity.Active Ingredient: In any pesticide product, the component that kills, or otherwise controls, target pests. Pesticides are regulated primarily on the basis of active ingredients.Acute Exposure: A single exposure to a toxic substance which may result in severe biological harm or death. Acute exposures are usually characterized as lasting no longer than a day, as compared to longer, continuing exposure over a period of time.Acute Toxicity: The ability of a substance to cause severe biological harm or death soon after a single exposure or dose. Also, any poisonous effect resulting from a single short-term exposure to a toxic substance. (See: chronic toxicity, toxicity.)Adaptation: Changes in an organism's physiological structure or function or habits that allow it to survive in new surroundings.Add-on Control Device: An air pollution control device such as carbon absorber or incinerator that reduces the pollution in an exhaust gas. The control device usually does not affect the process being controlled and thus is "add-on" technology, as opposed to a scheme to control pollution through altering the basic process itself.Adequately Wet: Asbestos containing material that is sufficiently mixed or penetrated with liquid to prevent the release of particulates.Administered Dose: In exposure assessment, the amount of a substance given to a test subject (human or animal) to determine dose-response relationships. Since exposure to chemicals is usually inadvertent, this quantity is often called potential dose.Administrative Order: A legal document signed by EPA directing an individual, business, or other entity to take corrective action or refrain from an activity. It describes the violations and actions to be taken, and can be enforced in court. Such orders may be issued, for example, as a result of an administrative complaint whereby the respondent is ordered to pay a penalty for violations of a statute.Administrative Order On Consent: A legal agreement signed by EPA and an individual, business, or other entity through which the violator agrees to pay for correction of violations, take the required corrective or cleanup actions, or refrain from an activity. It describes the actions to be taken, may be subject to a comment period, applies to civil actions, and can be enforced in court.Administrative Procedures Act: A law that spells out procedures and requirements related to the promulgation of regulations.Administrative Record: All documents which EPA considered or relied on in selecting the response action at a Superfund site, culminating in the record of decision for remedial action or, an action memorandum for removal actions.Adsorption: Removal of a pollutant from air or water by collecting the pollutant on the surface of a solid material; e.g., an advanced method of treating waste in which activated carbon removes organic matter from waste-water.Adulterants: Chemical impurities or substances that by law do not belong in a food, or pesticide.Adulterated: 1. Any pesticide whose strength or purity falls below the quality stated on its label. 2. A food, feed, or product that contains illegal pesticide residues.Advanced Treatment: A level of wastewater treatment more stringent than secondary treatment; requires an 85-percent reduction in conventional pollutant concentration or a significant reduction in non-conventional pollutants. Sometimes called tertiary treatment.Advanced Wastewater Treatment: Any treatment of sewage that goes beyond the secondary or biological water treatment stage and includes the removal of nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen and a high percentage of suspended solids. (See primary, secondary treatment.)Adverse Effects Data: FIFRA requires a pesticide registrant to submit data to EPA on any studies or other information regarding unreasonable adverse effects of a pesticide at any time after its registration.Advisory: A non-regulatory document that communicates risk information to those who may have to make risk management decisions.Aerated Lagoon: A holding and/or treatment pond that speeds up the natural process of biological decomposition of organic waste by stimulating the growth and activity of bacteria that degrade organic waste.Aeration: A process which promotes biological degradation of organic matter in water. The process may be passive (as when waste is exposed to air), or active (as when a mixing or bubbling device introduces the air).Aeration Tank: A chamber used to inject air into water.Aerobic: Life or processes that require, or are not destroyed by, the presence of oxygen. (See: anaerobic.)Aerobic Treatment: Process by which microbes decompose complex organic compounds in the presence of oxygen and use the liberated energy for reproduction and growth. (Such processes include extended aeration, trickling filtration, and rotating biological contactors.)Aerosol: 1. Small droplets or particles suspended in the atmosphere, typically containing sulfur. They are usually emitted naturally (e.g. in volcanic eruptions) and as the result of anthropogenic (human) activities such as burning fossil fuels. 2. The pressurized gas used to propel substances out of a container.Aerosol: A finely divided material suspended in air or other gaseous environment.Affected Landfill: Under the Clean Air Act, landfills that meet criteria for capacity, age, and emissions rates set by the EPA. They are required to collect and combust their gas emissions.Affected Public: 1.The people who live and/or work near a hazardous waste site. 2. The human population adversely impacted following exposure to a toxic pollutant in food, water, air, or soil.Afterburner: In incinerator technology, a burner located so that the combustion gases are made to pass through its flame in order to remove smoke and odors. It may be attached to or be separated from the incinerator proper.Age Tank: A tank used to store a chemical solution of known concentration for feed to a chemical feeder. Also called a day tank.Agent: Any physical, chemical, or biological entity that can be harmful to an organism (synonymous with stressors.)Agent Orange: A toxic herbicide and defoliant used in the Vietnam conflict, containing2,4,5-trichlorophen-oxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) and 2-4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) with trace amounts of dioxin.Agricultural Pollution: Farming wastes, including runoff and leaching of pesticides and fertilizers; erosion and dust from plowing; improper disposal of animal manure and carcasses; crop residues, and debris.Agroecosystem: Land used for crops, pasture, and livestock; the adjacent uncultivated land that supports other vegetation and wildlife; and the associated atmosphere, the underlying soils, groundwater, and drainage networks.AHERA Designated Person (ADP): A person designated by a Local Education Agency to ensure that the AHERA requirements for asbestos management and abatement are properly implemented.Air Binding: Situation where air enters the filter media and harms both the filtration and backwash processes.Air Changes Per Hour (ACH): The movement of a volume of air in a given period of time; if a house has one air change per hour, it means that the air in the house will be replaced in a one-hour period.Air Cleaning: Indoor-air quality-control strategy to remove various airborne particulates and/or gases from the air. Most common methods are particulate filtration, electrostatic precipitation, and gas sorption.Air Contaminant: Any particulate matter, gas, or combination thereof, other than water vapor. (See: air pollutant.)Air Curtain: A method of containing oil spills. Air bubbling through a perforated pipe causes an upward water flow that slows the spread of oil. It can also be used to stop fish from entering polluted water.Air Exchange Rate: The rate at which outside air replaces indoor air in a given space.Air Gap: Open vertical gap or empty space that separates drinking water supply to be protected from another water system in a treatment plant or other location. The open gap protects the drinking water from contamination by backflow or back siphonage.Air Handling Unit: Equipment that includes a fan or blower, heating and/or cooling coils, regulator controls, condensate drain pans, and air filters.Air Mass: A large volume of air with certain meteorological or polluted characteristics--e.g., a heat inversion or smogginess--while in one location. The characteristics can change as the air mass moves away.Air Monitoring: (See: monitoring.)Air/Oil Table: The surface between the vadose zone and ambient oil; the pressure of oil in the porous medium is equal to atmospheric pressure.Air Padding: Pumping dry air into a container to assist with the withdrawal of liquid or to force a liquefied gas such as chlorine out of the container.Air Permeability: Permeability of soil with respect to air. Important to the design of soil-gas surveys. Measured in darcys or centimeters-per-second.Air Plenum: Any space used to convey air in a building, furnace, or structure. The space above a suspended ceiling is often used as an air plenum.Air Pollutant: Any substance in air that could, in high enough concentration, harm man, other animals, vegetation, or material. Pollutants may include almost any natural or artificial composition of airborne matter capable of being airborne. They may be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, gases, or in combination thereof. Generally, they fall into two main groups: (1) those emitted directly from identifiable sources and (2) those produced in the air by interaction between two or more primary pollutants, or by reaction with normal atmospheric constituents, with or without photoactivation. Exclusive of pollen, fog, and dust, which are of natural origin, about 100 contaminants have been identified. Air pollutants are often grouped in categories for ease in classification; some of he categories are: solids, sulfur compounds, volatile organic chemicals, particulate matter, nitrogen compounds, oxygen compounds, halogen compounds, radioactive compound, and odors.Air Pollution: The presence of contaminants or pollutant substances in the air that interfere with human health or welfare, or produce other harmful environmental effects.Air Pollution Control Device: Mechanism or equipment that cleans emissions generated by a source (e.g. an incinerator, industrial smokestack, or an automobile exhaust system) by removing pollutants that would otherwise be released to the atmosphere.Air Pollution Episode: A period of abnormally high concentration of air pollutants, often due to low winds and temperature inversion, that can cause illness and death. (See: episode, pollution.)Air Quality Control Region:Air Quality Criteria: The levels of pollution and lengths of exposure above which adverse health and welfare effects may occur.Air Quality Standards: The level of pollutants prescribed by regulations that are not be exceeded during a given time in a defined area.Air Sparging: Injecting air or oxygen into an aquifer to strip or flush volatile contaminants as air bubbles up through The ground water and is captured by a vapor extraction system.Air Stripping: A treatment system that removes volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from contaminated ground water or surface water by forcing an airstream through the water and causing the compounds to evaporate.Air Toxics: Any air pollutant for which a national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS) does not exist (i.e. excluding ozone, carbon monoxide, PM-10, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide) that may reasonably be anticipated to cause cancer; respiratory, cardiovascular, or developmental effects; reproductive dysfunctions, neurological disorders, heritable gene mutations, or other serious or irreversible chronic or acute health effects in humans.Airborne Particulates: Total suspended particulate matter found in the atmosphere as solid particles or liquid droplets. Chemical composition of particulates varies widely, depending on location and time of year. Sources of airborne particulates include: dust, emissions from industrial processes, combustion products from the burning of wood and coal, combustion products associated with motor vehicle or non-road engine exhausts, and reactions to gases in the atmosphere.Airborne Release: Release of any pollutant into the air.Alachlor: A herbicide, marketed under the trade name Lasso, used mainly to control weeds in corn and soybean fields.Alar: Trade name for daminozide, a pesticide that makes apples redder, firmer, and less likely to drop off trees before growers are ready to pick them. It is also used to a lesser extent on peanuts, tart cherries, concord grapes, and other fruits.Aldicarb: An insecticide sold under the trade name Temik. It is made from ethyl isocyanate.Algae: Simple rootless plants that grow in sunlit waters in proportion to the amount of available nutrients. They can affect water quality adversely by lowering the dissolved oxygen in the water. They are food for fish and small aquatic animals.Algal Blooms: Sudden spurts of algal growth, which can affect water quality adversely and indicate potentially hazardous changes in local water chemistry.Algicide: Substance or chemical used specifically to kill or control algae.Aliquot: A measured portion of a sample taken for analysis. One or more aliquots make up a sample. (See: duplicate.)Alkaline: The condition of water or soil which contains a sufficient amount of alkali substance to raise the pH above 7.0.Alkalinity: The capacity of bases to neutralize acids. An example is lime added to lakes to decrease acidity.Allergen: A substance that causes an allergic reaction in individuals sensitive to it.Alluvial: Relating to and/or sand deposited by flowing water.Alternate Method: Any method of sampling and analyzing for an air or water pollutant that is not a reference or equivalent method but that has been demonstrated in specific cases-to EPA's satisfaction-to produce results adequate for compliance monitoring.Alternative Compliance: A policy that allows facilities to choose among methods for achieving emission-reduction or risk-reduction instead of command-and control regulations that specify standards and how to meet them. Use of a theoretical emissions bubble over a facility to cap the amount of pollution emitted while allowing the company to choose where and how (within the facility) it complies.(See: bubble, emissions trading.)Alternative Fuels: Substitutes for traditional liquid, oil-derived motor vehicle fuels like gasoline and diesel. Includes mixtures of alcohol-based fuels with gasoline, methanol, ethanol, compressed natural gas, and others.Alternative Remedial Contract Strategy Contractors: Government contractors who provide project management and technical services to support remedial response activities at National Priorities List sites.Ambient Air: Any unconfined portion of the atmosphere: open air, surrounding air.Ambient Air Quality Standards: (See: Criteria Pollutants and National Ambient Air Quality Standards.)Ambient Measurement: A measurement of the concentration of a substance or pollutant within the immediate environs of an organism; taken to relate it to the amount of possible exposure.Ambient Medium: Material surrounding or contacting an organism (e.g. outdoor air, indoor air, water, or soil, through which chemicals or pollutants can reach the organism. (See: biological medium, environmental medium.)Ambient Temperature: Temperature of the surrounding air or other medium.Amprometric Titration: A way of measuring concentrations of certain substances in water using an electric current that flows during a chemical reaction.Anaerobic: A life or process that occurs in, or is not destroyed by, the absence of oxygen.Anaerobic Decomposition: Reduction of the net energy level and change in chemical composition of organic matter caused by microorganisms in an oxygen-free environment.Animal Dander: Tiny scales of animal skin, a common indoor air pollutant.Animal Studies: Investigations using animals as surrogates for humans with the expectation that the results are pertinent to humans.Anisotropy: In hydrology, the conditions under which one or more hydraulic properties of an aquifer vary from a reference point.Annular Space, Annulus: The space between two concentric tubes or casings, or between the casing and the borehole wall.Antagonism: Interference or inhibition of the effect of one chemical by the action of another.Antarctic "Ozone Hole": Refers to the seasonal depletion of ozone in the upper atmosphere above a large area of Antarctica. (See: Ozone Hole.)Anti-Degradation Clause: Part of federal air quality and water quality requirements prohibiting deterioration where pollution levels are above the legal limit.Anti-Microbial: An agent that kills microbes.Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (ARARs): Any state or federal statute that pertains to protection of human life and the environment in addressing specific conditions or use of a particular cleanup technology at a Superfund site,Applied Dose: In exposure assessment, the amount of a substance in contact with the primary absorption boundaries of an organism (e.g. skin, lung tissue, gastrointestinal track) and available for absorption.Aqueous: Something made up of water.Aqueous Solubility: The maximum concentration of a chemical that will dissolve in pure water at a reference temperature.Aquifer: An underground geological formation, or group of formations, containing water. Are sources of groundwater for wells and springs.Aquifer Test: A test to determine hydraulic properties of an aquifer.Aquitard: Geological formation that may contain groundwater but is not capable of transmitting significant quantities of it under normal hydraulic gradients. May function as confining bed.Architectural Coatings: Coverings such as paint and roof tar that are used on exteriors of buildings.Area of Review: In the UIC program, the area surrounding an injection well that is reviewed during the permitting process to determine if flow between aquifers will be induced by the injection operation.Area Source: Any source of air pollution that is released over a relatively small area but which cannot be classified as a point source. Such sources may include vehicles and other small engines, small businesses and household activities, or biogenic sources such as a forest that releases hydrocarbons.Aromatics: A type of hydrocarbon, such as benzene or toluene, with a specific type of ring structure. Aromatics are sometimes added to gasoline in order to increase octane. Some aromatics are toxic.Arsenicals: Pesticides containing arsenic.Artesian (Aquifer or Well): Water held under pressure in porous rock or soil confined by impermeable geological formations.Asbestos: A mineral fiber that can pollute air or water and cause cancer or asbestosis when inhaled. EPA has banned or severely restricted its use in manufacturing and construction.Asbestos Abatement: Procedures to control fiber release from asbestos-containing materials in a building or to remove them entirely, including removal, encapsulation, repair, enclosure, encasement, and operations and maintenance programs.Asbestos Assessment: In the asbestos-in-schools program, the evaluation of the physical condition and potential for damage of all friable asbestos containing materials and thermal insulation systems.Asbestos Program Manager: A building owner or designated representative who supervises all aspects of the facility asbestos management and control program.Asbestos-Containing Waste Materials (ACWM): Mill tailings or any waste that contains commercial asbestos and is generated by a source covered by the Clean Air Act Asbestos NESHAPS.Asbestosis: A disease associated with inhalation of asbestos fibers. The disease makes breathing progressively more difficult and can be fatal.Ash: The mineral content of a product remaining after complete combustion.Assay: A test for a specific chemical, microbe, or effect.Assessment Endpoint: In ecological risk assessment, an explicit expression of the environmental value to be protected; includes both an ecological entity and specific attributed thereof. entity (e.g. salmon are a valued ecological entity; reproduction and population maintenance--the attribute--form an assessment endpoint.)Assimilation: The ability of a body of water to purify itself of pollutants.Assimilative Capacity: The capacity of a natural body of water to receive wastewaters or toxic materials without deleterious effects and without damage to aquatic life or humans who consume the water.Association of Boards of Certification: An international organization representing boards which certify the operators of waterworks and wastewater facilities.Attainment Area: An area considered to have air quality as good as or better than the national ambient air quality standards as defined in the Clean Air Act. An area may be an attainment area for one pollutant and a non-attainment area for others.Attenuation: The process by which a compound is reduced in concentration over time, through absorption, adsorption, degradation, dilution, and/or transformation. an also be the decrease with distance of sight caused by attenuation of light by particulate pollution.Attractant: A chemical or agent that lures insects or other pests by stimulating their sense of smell.Attrition: Wearing or grinding down of a substance by friction. Dust from such processes contributes to air pollution.Availability Session: Informal meeting at a public location where interested citizens can talk with EPA and state officials on a one-to-one basis.Available Chlorine: A measure of the amount of chlorine available in chlorinated lime, hypochlorite compounds, and other materials used as a source of chlorine when compared with that of liquid or gaseous chlorines.Avoided Cost: The cost a utility would incur to generate the next increment of electric capacity using its own resources; many landfill gas projects' buy back rates are based on avoided costs.A-Scale Sound Level: A measurement of sound approximating the sensitivity of the human ear, used to note the intensity or annoyance level of sounds.Background Level: 1. The concentration of a substance in an environmental media (air, water, or soil) that occurs naturally or is not the result of human activities. 2. In exposure assessment the concentration of a substance in a defined control area, during a fixed period of time before, during, or after a data-gathering operation..Backwashing: Reversing the flow of water back through the filter media to remove entrapped solids.Backyard Composting: Diversion of organic food waste and yard trimmings from the municipal waste stream by composting hem in one's yard through controlled decomposition of organic matter by bacteria and fungi into a humus-like product. It is considered source reduction, not recycling, because the composted materials never enter the municipal waste stream.Barrel Sampler: Open-ended steel tube used to collect soil samples.Bacteria: (Singular: bacterium) Microscopic living organisms that can aid in pollution control by metabolizing organic matter in sewage, oil spills or other pollutants. However, bacteria in soil, water or air can also cause human, animal and plant health problems.Baffle: A flat board or plate, deflector, guide, or similar device constructed or placed in flowing water or slurry systems to cause more uniform flow velocities to absorb energy and to divert, guide, or agitate liquids. 反射板Baghouse Filter: Large fabric bag, usually made of glass fibers, used to eliminate intermediate and large (greater than 20 PM in diameter) particles. This device operates like the bag of an electric vacuum cleaner, passing the air and smaller particles while entrapping the larger ones. 袋式收尘器Bailer: A pipe with a valve at the lower end, used to remove slurry from the bottom or side of a well as it is being drilled, or to collect groundwater samples from wells or open boreholes. 2. A tube of varying length.抽泥筒Ballistic Separator: A machine that sorts organic from inorganic matter for composting. 冲击式分离机Band Application: The spreading of chemicals over, or next to, each row of plants in a field. Bar Screen: In wastewater treatment, a device used to remove large solids.Basal Application: In pesticides, the application of a chemical on plant stems or tree trunks just above the soil line.。
环境专业英语-10-solid-waste
3R:
Reduce Reuse Recycle
Landfill
A landfill site is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and is the oldest form of waste treatment. Historically, landfills have been the most common methods of organized waste disposal and remain so in many places around the world.
先后从事计算机网络管理网站开发管理维护教务管理高中信息技术教学和全国青少年信息学奥林匹克竞赛辅导等工作
by Huang Lei Hubei University of Technology
Human activity based on the exploitation of natural resources has grown dramatically in recent years, providing a significant improvement in the living conditions of mankind. As a result of this activity, there is an increasing production of waste. The solution to this problem is one of the greatest challenges of humanity.
Solid Waste
Recyclable non-recyclable
Municipal Solid Waste
环境科学与工程专业英语
环境科学与工程专业英语第一篇：环境科学与工程专业英语一、单词/词组（考试时要求：中译英/英译中）环境科学：environmental science环境工程：environmental engineering定量环境科学：quantitative environmental science 定性环境科学：qualitative environmental science 衰减再生：decay and recycling新陈代谢率：metabolic rates外来物质：foreign matter研究和发展：Research and Development一次大气污染物：primary air pollutant 二次大气污染物：secondary air pollutant氧含量：Oxygen content点源：point sources沥青残留物：asphaltic residue酸雨：acid rain设备维护：facilities maintenance废物最小化：waste minimization正常浓度：normal concentration胡乱收集：magpie collection需氧量：oxygen demand/the amount of oxygen required 闭合回路：closed-loop微生物：microbe/microorganisms揭示大的差别;expose the considerable gaps空气质量监测：air-quality monitoring氧化剂：oxidizer石油精炼:petroleum refining活性炭：activated carbon质量控制：quality control海轮：ocean liner挥发性化学物质：volatile chemicals沙漠化：desertification火山喷发：volcanic eruption间歇源：intermittent sources衡量浓度：trace concentrations氯化物和硫化物：chlorides and sulphates风化：wind erosion不完全燃烧：incomplete combustion化石燃料：fossil fuels液滴：liquid dropletsSO3:sulfur trioxidefor managerial and administrative reasons行政管理上的原因stacks of generating stations许多发电站Roman empire罗马皇帝Cloaca maxima 古罗马的大排泄沟Wate phosphorous 亚磷的（三价磷）phosphorous acid亚磷酸phosphoric磷的（五价）carbonates，bicarbonates碳酸盐，碳酸氢盐carbohydrates碳水化合物，主要含氢和碳TOC(total organic carbon)总有机碳COD(chemical oxygen demand)化学需氧量BOD(biological oxygen demand)生化需氧量Biodegradable organic可生物降解的有机物BOD5BOD的测试标准化rborne diseases 水传染的疾病epilimnion 表层水hypolimnion深水层thermocline热变形层become depleted of oxygen 缺氧二、重点句子翻译UNIT21.Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us；that which we can see，hear，touch，smell，and taste.环境是围绕在我们周围物质生命的栖息地，在那里我们可以看到，听到，触到，闻到和品尝到。
环境科学与工程专业英语词汇
环境科学与工程专业词汇包括环境学总论、环境地学、环境生物学、环境化学、环境物理学、环境工程学、环境医学、环境经济学、环境管理学、环境法学、环境教育等11大类;环境学总论原生环境primary environment次生环境secondary environment 生态示范区ecological demonstrate area环境地质学environmental geology环境地球化学environmental geo-chemistry环境土壤学environmental soil science环境微生物学environmental microbiology环境危机environmental crisis 环境保护environmental protection环境预测environmental forecasting环境自净environmental self-purification 环境效应environmental effect 环境容量environmental capacity 环境演化evolution of environment环境舒适度environmental comfort环境背景值本底值environmental background value环境保护产业环保产业environmental production industry环境壁垒绿色壁垒environmental barrier绿色革命green revolution可持续发展sustainable development第三类环境问题社会环境问题the third environmental problem悬浮物suspended solids一次污染物primary pollutant二次污染物secondary pollutant 全球性污染global pollution排污收费pollution charge可再生资源renewable resources 不可再生资源non-renewable resources自然保护区natural reserve area 防护林protection forest公害public nuisance矿山公害mining nuisance工业废水industrial wastewater 矿山废水mining drainage生活饮用水domestic potable water草原退化grassland degeneration 沙漠化desertification人口压力population pressure人口净增率rate of population 全球环境监测系统global environment monitoring system GEMS 中国环境保护工作方针Chinese policy for environment protection“三同时”原则principle of “the three at the same time”二恶英公害dioxin nuisance马斯河谷烟雾事件disaster in Meuse Valley多诺拉烟雾事件disaster in Donora伦敦烟雾事件disaster in London 水俣病事件minamata disease incident骨痛病事件itai-itai disaster incident洛杉矶光化学烟雾事件Los Angeles photochemical smog episode四日市哮喘事件Yokkaichi asthma episode米糠油事件Yusho disease incident环境地学水圈hydrosphere水循环water circulation地表水surface water水位water level下渗入渗sinking蒸发evaporation最高水位highest water level 最低水位lowest water level 平均水位average water level 警戒水位warning water level 流速flow velocity流量discharge洪水期flood season枯水期low-water season冲刷washout含水层aquifer隔水层不透水层aquiclude透水层permeable stratum层间水interlayer water承压水有压层间水confined water 或自流水artesian water孔隙水void water岩溶水喀斯特水karst water径流runoff flow地表径流land runoff地下水groundwater流域保护water basin protection 淡水fresh water咸水saltwater降水precipitation沉淀降水量amount of precipitation 降水强度intensity of precipitation水环境容量carrying capacity of water environment水土流失土壤侵蚀soil and water loss点源污染point source pollution 面源污染non-point source pollution扩散diffusion涡流eddy current涡流扩散eddy diffusion富营养化废水eutrophic waste-water污水sewage漫灌flood irritation水底沉积物底质或底泥benthal deposit总固体total solids悬浮固体suspended solids总溶解固体total dissolved solids河流复氧常数constant of river reoxygenation湖泊酸化lake acidification富营养化eutrophication富营养湖eutrophic lake中营养湖mesotrophic lake贫营养湖oligotrophic lake水库reservoir海洋处置sea disposal海底采样sea floor sample赤潮红潮red tide海水淡化desalination of seawater海底沉积物sea bottom sediment 海洋倾倒ocean dumping水质water quality 水资源综合利用water resource integrated utilization水土保持soil and water conservation河道整治channel improvement水污染毒性生物评价biological assessment of water pollution toxicity水利工程hydro-engineering水体自净self-purification of water body水环境保护功能区水质功能区functional district of water environment土地处理系统land treatment system土地沙漠化land desertification 土壤肥力soil fertility土壤酸碱度soil acidity and alkalinity土壤污染防治prevention and treatment of soil pollution土壤盐渍化土壤盐碱化soilsalination土壤酸化soil acidification母质土壤母质或成土母质parent material土壤剖面soil profile腐殖质化humification淋溶作用leaching土壤改良soil improvement土壤粒级soil separate土壤质地soil texture缓冲作用buffering/buffer action缓冲剂buffering agent/buffer 缓冲容量buffer capacity盐基饱和度base saturation percentage灌溉irrigation富里酸fuvic acid胡敏素humin 土壤团聚体soil aggregate土壤退化土壤贫瘠化soil degeneration土壤地带性soil zonality污水灌溉wastewater irrigation 臭氧层ozone layer降水precipitation降水量rainfall降水强度precipitation intensity大气环境容量atmospheric environmental capacity事后评价afterwards assessment 烟尘消除elimination of smoke and dust温室效应greenhouse effect大气扩散atmospheric diffusion 烟羽烟流或羽流plume逆温inversion环境生物学生境habitat耐受极限limits of tolerance 最小因子定律law of minimum 生物检测bioassay环境胁迫environmental stress 生物多样性bio-diversity生态位niche生命周期life cycle生态型ecotype自养生物autotrophy异养生物heterotroph指数增长exponential growth互利共生mutualism偏利共生commensalisms寄生parasitism衍生物derivative杀虫剂insecticide杀菌剂fungicide除草剂herbicide杀鼠剂rodenticide防腐剂preservative无残留农药non-persistent pesticide植物性农药phytopesticide污水灌溉sewage irrigation世界自然历史遗产保护地world natural and historical heritage site储量stock 过度捕获over-hunting; over-fishing猎渔期open season农业残渣agricultural dregs赤潮red tide藻花algae bloom/水花water bloom 原生污染物primary pollutant次生污染物secondary pollutant 急性毒性实验acute toxicity test 慢性毒性实验chronic toxicity test预备实验screening test; range-finding test; preliminary test稀释dilution归宿fate生物积累bioaccumulation生物浓缩bioconcentration生物放大biomagnification生物降解biological degradation; biodegradation生物营养物质biotic nutrient多污生物带polysaprobic zone中污生物带mesosaprobic zone寡污生物带oligosaprobic zone 敏感种sensitive species; intolerant organism耐污种tolerant species生物滤池biological filter净化塘/氧化塘/生物塘purification pond生物膜biomembrane; biological film轮作crop rotation间作intercropping套种interplanting基塘模式farm land and fish pond model防护林带shelter belt 沼气marsh gas农家肥farm manure堆肥piled manure城市热岛效应urban heat island effect城市生态规划urban ecological planning环境激素endocrine disrupting chemicals; endocrine disruptors 边缘效应edge effect生态恢复ecological restoration 恢复生态学restoration ecological环境化学甲基汞methyl mercury镉米cadmium rice农药残留pesticide residue有机氯农药organochlorine pesticide有机磷农药organophosphorous pesticide氨基甲酸酯杀虫剂carbamate insecticide拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂pyrethroid insecticide植物生长调节剂growth regulator化学致癌物chemical carcinogen 表面活性剂surfactant多氯联苯类polychlorinated biphenyls;PCBs多环芳烃类polyaromtic hydrocarbon; PAH催化催化作用catalysis臭氧化ozonization光化学氧化剂photochemical oxidant过氧乙酰硝酸酯peroxyacetyl nitrate；PAN干沉降dry deposition湿沉降wet deposition光化学烟雾photochemical smog 大气光化学atmospheric photochemistry降水化学precipitation chemistry气溶胶化学aerosol chemistry悬浮颗粒物suspended particulate总悬浮颗粒物total suspended particulatesTSP飘尘可吸入颗粒物或可吸入尘airborne particle降尘落尘dustfall；falling dust 气溶胶aerosol水质water quality盐度salinity氧化还原电位oxidation-reduction potential；redox potential溶解氧dissolved oxygen化学需氧量chemical oxygen demand生化需氧量biochemical oxygen demand总有机碳total organic carbon 溶解度solubility聚集aggregation絮凝flocculation凝聚coagulation离子交换ion exchange萃取extraction缓冲溶液buffer solution氧平衡模式氧垂曲线oxygen balance model吸收剂吸附剂absorbent活性炭active carbon氧化剂oxidant还原剂reductant胶团micelle胶体溶液colloidal solution脱硫剂desulfurization agent电渗析electrodialysis萃取剂extracting agent过滤filter絮凝剂flocculant；flocculating agent无机絮凝剂inorganic flocculant 有机高分子絮凝剂organic polymer flocculant中和法neutralization反渗透膜reverse osmosis membrane硅胶silica gel蒸汽蒸馏steam distillation超滤膜ultrafilter membrane 灵敏度sensitivity准确度accuracy精密度precision可靠性reliability检测限detection limit相对误差relative error绝对误差absolute error偶然误差accidental error平均偏差mean deviation采样误差sampling error标准溶液standard solution标准物质standard substance允许误差allowable error允许浓度allowable concentration微量分析microanalysis痕量分析trace analysis现场分析in-situ analysis仪器分析instrumental analysis 水质分析water quality analysis 比色分析colorimetric analysis 沉降分析sedimentation analysis 自动分析automatic analysis原子吸收分光光度法atomic absorption spectrophotometry原子吸收分光光度计atomic absorption spectrophotometer原子荧光光谱法atomic fluorescence spectrometry原子荧光光谱仪atomic fluorescence spectrometer电化学分析法electrochemical method高效液相色谱法high performance liquid chromatography高效液相色谱仪high performance liquid chromatograph气相色谱分析gas chromatography 气相色谱仪gas chromatograph采样器sampler大气采样器air sampler底泥采样器sediment samplerpH计pH meter湿度计hygrometer固定大气污染源stationary sources of air pollution 移动大气污染源mobile sources of air pollution固定式水污染源stationary sources of water pollution移动式水污染源mobile sources of water pollution污染负荷pollution load污染源调查survey of pollution sources无污染工艺pollution-free technology无污染装置pollution-free installation污染物总量控制total amount control of pollution水质参数water quality parameter 水温water temperature色度color index透明度transparency混浊度turbidity硬度hardness感官污染指标sensuous pollution index毒理学污染指标physical pollution index化学污染指标chemical pollution index细菌学污染指标bacteriological pollution index毒理学污染指标toxicological pollution index城市污水municipal sewage生活污水domestic sewage工业废水industrial wastewater 常规分析指标index of routine analysis环境监测environmental monitoring过程监测course monitoring污染物排放标准pollution discharge standard总量排放标准total amount of pollution discharge standard优先监测priority monitoring环境优先污染物environmental priority pollutant 总固体total solids可吸入微粒可吸入尘和飘尘inhale particles浊度计turbidimeter实验室质量控制laboratory quality control空白实验值blank value平行样duplicate samples再现性重现性reproducibility重复性repeatability回收率recovery rate检出限detection limit冷原子吸收法cold-vapor atomic absorption method紫外吸收光谱法ultraviolet absorption spectrophotometry重量分析gravimetric analysis 内标法internal marker method 定性分析qualitative analysis 定量分析quantitive analysis试样前处理pre-treatment均值mean value标准差standard error方差variation回归分析regression analysis相关分析correlation analysis 相关系数correlation coefficient系统误差systematic error随机误差random error有效数字valid figure农药残留分析pesticide residue analysis排污收费effluent charge室内空气污染indoor air pollution 水体自净self-purification of water body水土保持soil and water conservation水土流失soil erosion土壤修复soil-remediation生物修复bioremediation光降解photodegradation温室气体greenhouse gases总量收费total quantity charge 超临界流体supercritical fluid 土壤采样soil pollution环境物理学光辐射光visible radiation 红外线infrared ray紫外线ultraviolet ray灭菌灯bactericidal lamp 光污染light pollution噪声污染noise pollution 混响reverberation听力损失hearing loss绝对湿度absolute humidity 相对湿度relative humidity饱和度saturation ratio冷凝condensation露点温度dew point temperature 热辐射thermal radiation比热specific heat空气调节air conditioning通风ventilation环境工程学环境污染综合防治integrated prevention and control of pollution环境功能区划environmental function zoning稀释比dilution ratio迁移transfer紊流扩散turbulent diffusion氧亏亏氧量oxygen deficit复氧reaeration溶解氧下垂曲线dissolved-oxygen sag curve饱和溶解氧saturated dissolved 无污染燃料pollution-free fuel 燃烧combustion空气－燃料比air-to-fuel ratio 烟气分析analysis of flue gas 煤的综合利用comprehensive utilization of coal脱硫desulfurization 除尘效率particle collection efficiency分割粒径cut diameter for particles压力损失压力降pressure drop机械除尘器mechanical collector 重力沉降室gravity settling chamber惯性除尘器inertial dust separator旋风除尘器cyclone collector回流式旋风除尘器reverse-flow cyclone collector直流旋风除尘器straight-through cyclone collector多管旋风除尘器multiple cyclone collector过滤除尘器filter袋式除尘器bag house滤料filtration media气布比air-to-cloth ratio机械振动清灰袋式除尘器bag house with shake cleaning逆气流清灰袋式除尘器bag housewith reverse-flow cleaning脉冲喷吹清灰袋式除尘器bag house with pulse-jet cleaning 静电除尘electrostatic precipitator ESP电晕放电corona discharge驱进速度drift velocity 集尘极collecting electrode板间距distance between collecting electrodes电极清灰removal of collected particle from electrodes宽间距静电除尘器wide space electrostatic precipitator高压脉冲静电除尘器pulse charging electrostatic precipitator湿式静电除尘器wet electrostatic precipitator 双区静电除尘器两段式电除尘器two-stage electrostatic precipitator湿式除尘器wet collector of particulates重力喷雾洗涤器gravitational spray scrubber旋风洗涤器centrifugal scrubber 中心喷雾旋风洗涤器cyclone spray scrubber泡沫洗涤塔foam tower scrubber 填料床洗涤器packed bed scrubber 文丘里洗涤器venturi scrubber 双膜理论two-film theory气膜控制gas film control液膜控制liquid film control 穿透曲线break through curve催化剂catalyst催化剂中毒poisoning of catalyst 烟气脱硫flue gas desulfurization FGD湿法脱硫wet process of FGD石灰－石灰石法脱硫desulfurization by lime and limestone氨吸收法脱硫ammonia process of FGD干法脱硫dry process FGD吸收法控制氮氧化物control ofNOxby absorption水吸收法脱氮control of NOxby absorption process with water酸吸收法脱氮control of NOxby absorption process with acid碱吸收法脱氮control of NOxby absorption process with alkali 吸附法控制氮氧化物control ofNOxby adsorption分子筛吸附法脱氮control of NOx by adsorption process with molecular sieve硅胶吸附法脱氮control of NOxby adsorption process with silica gel气体生物净化biotreatment of gaseous pollutant生物过滤器biofilter汽车尾气污染pollution of automobile exhaust gal 生物脱臭biotreatment of odor集气罩capture hood烟囱有效排放高度effective height of emission清洁生产cleaner production矿山废水mining drainage电镀废水electroplating wastewater给水处理厂water treatment plant 污水处理厂wastewater treatment 给水污水处理构筑物water sewagetreatment structure污水集水井swage joining well废水调节池wastewater flow equalization basin格栅grill筛网grid screen沉砂池grit settling tank曝气沉砂池aeration grit settling tank平流式沉砂池horizontal grit settling tank立式圆形沉砂池vertical circular grit settling tank圆形周边运动沉砂池circular perimeter flow grit settling tank重力排砂grit discharge by gravity水力提升排砂grit discharge with hydraulic elevator水力旋流器hydraulic cyclone沉淀池settling tank重力沉淀池gravity settling tank 浓缩式沉淀池thickening settling tank斜板斜管沉淀池sloping plankpipesettling tank 辐流式沉淀池radial settling tank平流式沉淀池horizontal settling tank竖流式沉淀池vertical settling tank悬浮污泥澄清池suspended sludge clarifier脉冲澄清池pulse clarifier水力循环澄清池hydraulic circulating clarifier竖流折板絮凝池vertical table flap flocculating tank机械搅拌絮凝池mechanical mixing flocculating tank颗粒自由沉降particle free sediment絮凝沉降flocculation sedimentation拥挤沉降hindered sedimentation 气浮池floatation basin加压溶气气浮法pressuredissolved-air floatation微电解法micro electroanalysis过滤池filter重力过滤法gravity filtration process压力过滤法pressure filtrationprocess真空过滤法vacuum filtration process快滤池rapid filtration慢滤池slow filtration接触滤池contact filter双向滤池bidirectional filter 双层滤料滤池double layer filter 无阀滤池non-valve filter虹吸滤池siphon filter压力滤池pressure filterV型滤池aquazur V-filter砂滤sand filtration微滤机microstrainer滤池冲洗强度backwashing intensity of filter滤层filter material layer滤料承托层holding layer for filter material斜板隔油沉淀池oil trap with slope plank冷却塔cooling tower湿式氧化法wet oxidation process 反应池reaction basin叶轮搅拌器turbine mixer膜分离法membrane separation method半渗透膜semi-permeable membrane电渗析electrodialysis反渗透reverse osmosis离子交换膜ion exchange membrane 萃取extraction汽提stripping吹脱法blow-off method臭氧氧化法ozonation臭氧发生器ozonator磁分离法magnetic isolation method光催化氧化optical catalysis oxidation软化水处理softening water treatment石灰－纯碱软化法lime-sodium carbonate softening method废水好氧/厌氧处理biologicalaerobic/anaerobic treatment of wastewater微生物内源代谢microorganism intrinsic metabolism微生物合成代谢microorganism synthetic metabolism基质分解代谢substrate degradation metabolism活性污泥法activated sludge process回流污泥return sludge剩余污泥surplus sludge初次沉淀池primary sedimentation basin 曝气池aeration推流式曝气池plug-flow aeration basin完全混合曝气池completely mixed aeration basin二次沉淀池secondary sedimentation basin污泥沉降比sludge settling ratio 污泥容积指数sludge velum index 污泥负荷volume loading普通活性污泥法conventional activated sludge process分段曝气法step aeration method 延时曝气法extended aeration method加速曝气法accelerant aeration method深井曝气法deep well aeration method纯氧曝气法oxygen aeration method 鼓风曝气装置blast aerator扩散曝气设备diffusion aerator 射流曝气设备efflux aerator机械曝气装置mechanical aerator 表面曝气装置surfaceaerator曝气时间aeration time污泥龄sludge age活性污泥培养activated sludge culture活性污泥驯化domestication of activated sludge粉末炭活性炭法powdered carbon activated sludge process污泥膨胀sludge bulking生物滤池biological filter高负荷生物滤池high-loading biological filter水力负荷hydraulic loading有机负荷organic loading塔式生物滤池tower biological filer生物转盘biological rotating disc生物流化床biological fluidized bed活性生物滤池activated biofilter 化粪池septic tank污水硝化脱氮处理nitrogen removal from wastewater by nitrification污水反硝化脱氮处理nitrogen removal from wastewater by denitrification污水硝化—反硝化脱氮处理nitrogen removal from wastewater by nitridenitrification土地处理系统land treatment system氧化塘oxidation pond好氧塘aerobic pond兼性塘facultative pond厌氧塘anaerobic pond曝气氧化塘aerated oxidation pondICEAS intermittent cyclic extended aeration system间歇循环延时曝气活性污泥法DAT-IAT工艺demand aeration tankintermittent aeration tank system需氧池－间歇池A1/O工艺anoxic/ oxicA2/O工艺anaerobic oxicPhostrip工艺phostriop process Bardenpho工艺Bardenpho process Phoredox工艺Phoredox process UCT工艺university of cape town VIP工艺Virginia initiative plant厌氧生物滤池AFanaerobic filter 厌氧接触法anaerobic contact process厌氧生物转盘anaerobic biological rotating disc两相厌氧消化two-phase anaerobic digest序批式间歇反应器series batch reactor氧化沟oxidation ditch上流式厌氧污泥床upflow anaerobic sludge blanketMSBR modified sequencing batch reactor消毒disinfection灭菌sterilization加氯机chlorinator氯化消毒chlorization disinfection漂白粉消毒disinfection by bleaching powder紫外线消毒disinfection with ultraviolet rays加氯消毒disinfection by chlorine液氯liquified chlorine gas需氯量chlorine demand余氯chlorine residual游离性余氯free chlorine residual化合性余氯combined chlorine residual折点加氯chlorination breakpoint过氧化氢消毒disinfection by hydrogen peroxide除味taste removal除臭odor removal脱色decoloration生污泥undigested sludge熟污泥digested sludge污泥处置disposal of sludge污泥综合利用comprehensive utilization of sludge真空过滤法vacuum flotation process污泥浓缩sludge thickening污泥消化sludge digestion污泥脱水sludge dewatering污泥干化sludge drying污泥焚烧sludge incineration 真空过滤机脱水dewatering by vacuum filter板框压滤机脱水dewatering by plate frame press filter辊轧式脱水机脱水dewatering by roll press带式压滤机脱水dewatering by belt press filter 离心式脱水机脱水dewatering by centrifuge中温消化处理middle temperature digestive treatment高温消化处理high temperature digestive treatment污泥堆肥发酵处理sludge composting and fermentation污泥浓缩池sludge thickener污泥消化池sludge digestion tank 污泥产气率gas production rate of sludge污泥干化场sludge drying bed固体废物solid wastes城市生活垃圾municipal solid wastes城市生活垃圾堆放处置法dumping of municipal solid wastes城市生活垃圾卫生填埋法sanitary landfilling of municipal solid wastes城市生活垃圾焚烧法incineration of municipal solid wastes城市生活垃圾分类sorting of municipal solid wastes城市生活垃圾收集collection of municipal solid wastes垃圾收费refuse taxing废电池used battery有毒有害工业固体废物toxic industrial wastes医疗废物health care wastes堆肥composting填埋场landfill渗滤液leachate treatment焚烧炉incineration furnaces助燃空气系统air injection system余热利用heat utilization焚烧灰渣ash水泥固化技术cement solidification 石灰固化lime solidification沥青固化技术asphalt solidification固体废物预处理preliminary treatment of solid wastes破碎crushing of solid wastes 筛分screening of solid wastes 风力分选wind separation放射性固体废物radioactive solid waste声级计sound level meter消声室anechoic room; anechoic chamber; dead room混响室reverberation room隔声sound insulation吸声muffler环境医学环境卫生学environmental hygiene环境毒理学environmental toxicology口蹄疫foot-and-mouth disease 流行病学epidemiology地方病endemic disease氟斑牙dental fluorosis职业病occupational disease 慢性毒性chronic toxicity 急性毒性acute toxicity致癌物carcinogen变异variation病原体pathogen抗体antibody抗原antigen突变mutation病毒virus蓄积器官storage organ致突变作用mutagenesis致畸作用teratogenesis致癌作用carcinogensis摄入量intake dose吸收量absorbed dose 卫生标准health standard最高容许浓度maximum permissible concentration致死量lethal dose半致死浓度median lethalconcentrationLD50剂量－反应关系dose-response relationship恶臭offensive odor协同作用synergism拮抗作用antagonism因果关系cause-effect relationship相关关系correlation阈限值threshold limit valueTLV 高危人群population at high risk 易感人群susceptible population环境管理学环境管理学environmental management science环境伦理学environmental ethics 环境质量管理management of environmental quality环境适宜度environmental suitability环境区划environmental zoning环境预测environmental forecasting环境质量评价environmental quality evaluation环境影响评价environmental impact assessment环境规划environmental planning 环境决策分析environmental decision analysis总量控制total discharge control of pollutant浓度控制concentration control 排污收费effluent charge排污申报登记declaration and registration of pollutant discharge排污许可证permit for pollutant discharge生物安全biosafety环境监察environmental supervision and management环境宣传教育environmental propaganda and education 环境意识environmental consciousness环境质量报告书report on environmental quality环境影响评价报告书report on environmental impact assessment 公众意见听证会public hearing循环经济cyclic economy预防为主、防治结合、综合治理原则principle of giving priority to pollution prevention, combining prevention and control, and integrated control全面现划、合理布局原则principle of overall planning and rational layout谁污染谁治理polluter-treats综合利用、化害为利原则principle of comprehensive utilization and turning harm into good谁开发谁保护explorer-protects 协调发展原则principle of coordinated development国家环境保护模范城市national environmental protection model city全国生态示范区national ecological demonstration area 环境信息environmental information环境管理信息系统information system for environmental management环境专家系统environmental expert system环境监测environment monitoring 环境标志environmental label清洁生产cleaner production环境审计environmental audit产品生命周期life cycle of product环境法学环境法学science of environmental law环境保护法environmental protection law公害法public nuisance law环境行政法规administrative regulations of environment环境部门规章departmental rules of environment污染物排放标准pollutant discharge standard“三同时”制度three simultaneity system 排污审报登记制度declaration and registration system of pollution discharge排污许可证制度permit system of pollutant discharge排污收费制度system of effluent 限期治理制度system of eliminating and controlling environmental pollution within a prescribed time现场检查制度system of on-site inspection环境污染事故报告制度system ofenvironmental pollution accident reporting中华人民共和国环境保护法Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国水污染防治法law of the People’s Republic of China on prevention and control of water pollution中华人民共和国大气污染防治法law of the People’s Republic of China on prevention and control of atmospheric pollution中华人民共和国环境噪声污染防治法law of the People’s Republic of China on prevention and control of pollution from environmental noise中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境法law of the People’s Republic of China on prevention and control of environmental pollution by solid waste 中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法marine environment protection law of the People’s Republic of China全国生态环境建设规划national eco-environmental construction plan全国生态环境保护纲要national compendium on eco-environmental protection地表水环境质量标准environmental quality standard for surface water地下水质量标准quality standard for ground water农业灌溉水质标准standard for irrigation water quality污水综合排放标准integrated wastewater discharge standard 大气污染物综合排放标准integrated emission standard of air pollutants环境经济学循环经济模式circular economy type牧童经济the shepherd economy3R原则the rules of 3Rreducing, reusing, recycling生态经济学eco-economics共有资源common resources外部经济性external economics 外部不经济性external diseconomics外部成本external cost边际效用marginal utility边际收益marginal benefit粗放经营extensive management 集约经营intensive management 自然资本natural capital公平equity代际补偿compensation between generations绿色国民帐户green national account可持续发展sustainable development公共物品public goods环境保护贸易政策trade policy for environmental protection绿色壁垒green tariff barrier 国民生产总值gross national productionGNP国民生产净值net national productionNNP国民收入national income环境污染弹性系数environmental pollution elasticity回收率reuse rate物质平衡material balance物料衡算material balance counting影子价格shadow price现行价格present price贴现discount机会成本opportunity cost运行费用operation cost城市气化率urban populationratio of used gas城市绿化覆盖率urban green cover ratio环境效益environmental benefit 成本效益分析cost and benefit analysis环境费用environmental cost排污权交易marketable pollution permits生态足迹the ecological footprint环境税environmental tax资源资产assets of resource资源产权property right of resource最低安全标准minimum standard of security代际公平equality between generation末端控制terminal control公地的悲剧tragedy of the public pasture中间产品intermediate product 最终产品final product直接污染物产生/排放系数direct pollutant generation/discharge coefficient累积污染物产生/排放系数cumulate pollutant generation/dischargecoefficient排污收费charge from discharge pollutant污染者负担原则polluter pay principle资源税resource tax人口出生率population birth rate 人口死亡率population mortality rate人口自然增长率population nature growth rate人口计划生育率population planning fertility rate平均寿命average life人口年龄金字塔population age pyramid人口老化population aging人口过剩over-population人口爆炸population explosion 计划生育family planning人口统计population statistics 人口普查population census环境教育环境教育目标objectives of environmental education多学科环境教育课程模式multi-disciplinary model of environmental education跨学科环境教育模式inter-disciplinary model of environmental education中学环境教育大纲environmental education standard for secondary school环境教育活动的设计design of environmental education activity野外环境教育基地environmental education field base公众参与public participation环境意识environmental awareness中国中小学绿色教育行动environmental educators initiative of china。
环境工程专业英语汇总
专业英语环境：environment环境工程：environmentalengineering环境保护：environmentalprotection环境意识：environmentalconsciousness/awareness环境问题：environmentalissue/problem环境效应：environmentaleffect环境污染：environmentalpollution环境要素：environmentalelements环境因子：environmentalfactors环境化学：environmentalchemistry环境生态学：environmentalecology环境质量：environmentalquality环境自净作用：environmentalself-purification/self-cleansing 水环境：watershed水体：waterbody流域：watershed水质：waterquality水资源：waterresources供水：watersupply废水：wastewater水处理：watertreatment物理性水质指标：physicalindicateofwaterquality水污染物：waterpollutant生物性水质指标：biologicalwater-qualityindex水质标准：waterqualitystandard化学性水质指标：chemicalwater-qualityindexDS：dissolvedsolidsBOD：biochemicaloxygendemandTDS：totaldissolvedsolidsCOD：chemicaloxygendemand TSS：totalsuspendedsolidsDO：dissolvedoxygenTOC：totalorganiccarbonPH值：TN：总氮totalnitrogenTP：总磷phosphorusZn：zincCu：CopperAs：arsenicCd：CadmiumCr：chromiumNi：NickelHg：mercuryPb：plumbum物理处理：physicaltreatment过滤：screening生物处理：biologicaltreatment沉淀：sedimentation化学处理：chemicaltreatment气浮：flotation物理化学处理：physical-chemicaltreatment蒸发：evaporation稀释：dilution扩散：dispersion吹脱：stripping好氧处理：aerobictreatment生物膜法：bio-membraneprocess 厌氧处理：anaerobictreatment生物滤池：tricklingfilters 活性污泥法：activatedsludgeprocess生物接触氧化：biologicalcontactSBR：苯乙烯-丁二烯StyreneButadieneRubberUASB（流式厌氧污泥床）：Upflowanaerobicsludgeblanket活性污泥：activatedsludge改进型：modification一级处理：primarytreatment二级处理：secondarytreatment三级处理：tertiarytreatment高级氧化处理：advancedtreatment生活污水：domesticwastewater 生产废水：industrialwastewater城市生活污水：municipalwastewater电镀废水：metalplatingplants印染废水：pulpandpaperindustrieswastewater浊度：turbidity 硬度：hardness水质净化：waterqualitypurifies混凝沉淀：coagulateflocculatingagent活性炭吸附：activatedcarbonadsorption隔油池：oilseparationtank中和池：neutralizationtank调节池：adjustingtank生物反应池：biologicalreactor加药设备：physicalequipment沉淀池：sedimentationtank初沉池：primarysedimentationtank二沉池：secondarysedimentationtank絮凝剂：flocculant混凝剂：coagulateflocculant生物降解：biodegradation生物累积：bioaccumulation飘尘：floatingdust可吸入颗粒物：inhalableparticles能见度：visibility酸雨：acidrain一次污染物：primarypollutant二次污染物：secondarypollutant氮氧化物：nitrogenoxides 硫氧化物：sulfuroxides硫化氢：hydrogensulfide碳氧化物：carbonoxides硝酸：nitricacid盐酸：hydrochloricacid硫酸：sulfuricacid二氧化硫：sulfurdioxide除尘工艺：Dustremoval吸收：absorption吸附：adsorption静电除尘：electricdustprecipitation重力除尘：gravitationalsettling臭氧：ozone光化学烟雾：photochemicalsmoke喷淋（洗涤）：scavenging 土壤：soil热污染：temperaturechange/thermalpollution 噪声：noise放射性：radioactivityEIA：environmentalimpactassessmen tCAD（计算机辅助设计）：computeraideddesign大气污染控制工程：airpollutioncontrol水污染控制工程：waterpollutioncontrol 固体废物污染控制工程：solidwastemanagement污染源：pollutionsource同化作用：assimilation固体废物：solidwastes危险废物：hazardouswastes 化学污泥chemicalsludge：生物污泥：biologicalsludge工业固废：industrialwastes分选处理：separationtreatment 矿业固废：minesolidwastes破碎处理：processing农业固废：agriculturesolidwastes压实处理：reductioninvolume污泥脱水：disposalofthesludge？污泥浓缩：sludgethickening 带式压滤：Beltfilterpress 离心脱水：centrifugaldewatering 筛分：screening堆肥和堆肥化：compostandcomposting沼气和沼气化：biogas热解与焚烧：pyrolysisandincineration 生物转化作用：biotransformation热化学转化作用：thermo-chemical固化和稳定化作用：solidificationandstabilizati on资源化：resource减量化：pollutioncontrol无害化：harmlessness固体废物全过程控制：solidwasteintegratedcontrol 固体废物污染控制：solidwasterpollutioncontrol 固体废物处理：processingandrecovery处置：disposal物质回收：materialsrecovery 物质转化：materialconversion 能量回收：energyrecovery能量转化：energyconversion1.Environmentalengineeringhasbeendefinedasthebranchofengineeringthatisconcernedwithprotectingtheenvironmentfromthepotential,deleteriouseffectsofhumanactivity,protectinghuman populationsfromtheeffectsofadverseenvironmentalfactors,andimprovingenvironmentalqualit yforhumanhealthandwell-being.（2页）环境工程学是环境工程的分支学科，其研究内容包括①保护环境免受人类活动改造形成的潜在和不利影响②保护人类免受不利环境因素的影响③持续改善环境质量，以造福于人类健康与福祉。
环境工程专业英语翻译Unit16methodsofwastedisposal
Unit 16 methods of waste disposalIt is inevitable that as there are different types of waste ,there will be varying methods of waste disposal. Briefly most solid wastes are deposited on land as tips or spoil heaps ,or as land infill to quarries and mine shafts ,or as dumps containing a large range of materials .In addition ,small quantities of waste are dumped into the sea. The methods of disposal are summarized in Figure 4-1.The diagram shows that there are various stages to the process. Waste is produced continually so there is often a need for some sort of storage facility. In the case of some mineral extractive industries such as deep mined coal ,china clay and ironstone, there is storage on the working site as spoil heaps ,but this is waste deposition rather than disposal .In order industries the stored waste often has to be transported to disposal areas and tipped or dumped .Alternatively ,the stored waste may be treated in various ways before disposal .The treatment may reduce the bulk ,or make disposal easier ,or extract materials that can be reused or recycled back into manufacturing processes .In respect of environmental pollution the quantity ,the treatment ,and disposal methods of waste are of prime importance.Methods used by local authoritiesThe Public Health Act 1936 enable Local Authorities to collect ,treat ,and dispose of all refuse from the domestic sector and such industrial and trade waste as requested .In 1973 ,Local Authorities in England dealt with 19.5 M tones of waste by various methods.(see Table 4-4).About 15 M tones of the tipped waste is household refuse consisting of cinders ash ,dust ,vegetable and waste food matter ,paper ,board ,metals ,rags ,glass, and plastics whilst the remaining 4.5 M tones is from trade sources. About 86% of this waste is now retreated and is disposed of by land tipping .One quarter of this waste is just dumped in an uncontrolled or non systematic manner .The other 75% is dealt with by controlled tipping .This means the waste is deposited spread ,and compacted into shallow layers ,and covered with soil to assist decomposition and sealing .This method should ensure that loose litter does not blow about ,there is no unpleasant odour ,and flies and vermin do not breed to produce a health hazard .An alternative to tipping is the use of waste for land in filling .Disused quarries ,or land which is derelict by virtue of being low lying and badly drained ,or derelict as a result of spoil tips can be reclaimed by refuse in fillingThe storage of suitable land for tipping purposes has caused some Local Authorities to consider alternative methods of waste disposal .Controlled tipping is usually cheap in repect of capital and labour costs but it can become costly if highly priced land has to be purchased for future tipping .A way of avoiding this ,and assisting land conservation ,is to reduce the bulk quantity of the waste before tipping .This allows existing tips to be used for a longer time reduces the need for new ones ,and reduces labor costs for tipping operations .Waste can be pretreated by pulverizing, or mechanically breaking it down into smaller particle sizes ,which can reduce the bulk b up to 33%by volume .Whist the cost of a pulverizing plant is high ,the savaging of materials ofr recycling ,and less waste to deposit can help to off set the initial capital cost .Another pretreatment wast。
环境工程专业英语翻译(中英对照)
Unit one Environmental Engineering环境工程What is this book about？这本书是关于什么的？The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the interdisciplinary study of environment problems；their cause，why they are of concern，and how we can control them. The book includes:这本书的目的是使理工科的学生了解跨学科间的研究环境问题;它们的起因，为什么它们受到关注，以及我们怎样控制它们。
这本书包括：●Description of what is meant by environment and environmental systems描述环境和环境系统意味着什么●Information on the basic causes of environmental disturbances关于引起环境干扰基础原因的基本信息●Basic scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmental problems and to be able toquantify them理解环境问题本质，并能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识●Current state of the technology of environmental control in its application to water，air and pollution problems目前适用于水，空气和环境污染问题的环境控制技术的现状●Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding and controlling many of the complexinteractions between human activities and nature我们目前的科学知识在理解和控制人类活动和自然之间复杂的相互作用的科学知识上存在相当大的缺陷●Many environmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by the application of current technology，butwhich are not dealt with because of society’s lack of will to do so，or in many instance because of a lack of resources to do so.许多环境问题可以应用现有技术消除或减少，但没有得到处理是因为社会缺乏这样做的意愿，或者像许多例子那样因为缺乏资源。
（完整版）（整理）环境工程专业英语翻译（中英对照）
（完整版）（整理）环境工程专业英语翻译（中英对照）Unit one Environmental Engineering环境工程What is this book about？这本书是关于什么的？The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the interdisciplinary study of environment problems；their cause，why they are of concern，and how we can control them. The book includes:这本书的目的是使理工科的学生了解跨学科间的研究环境问题;它们的起因，为什么它们受到关注，以及我们怎样控制它们。
这本书包括：●Description of what is meant by environment and environmental systems描述环境和环境系统意味着什么●Information on the basic causes of environmental disturbances关于引起环境干扰基础原因的基本信息●Basic scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmental problems and to be able toquantify them理解环境问题本质，并能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识●Current state of the technology of environmental control in its application to water，air and pollution problems目前适用于水，空气和环境污染问题的环境控制技术的现状●Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding and controlling many of the complexinteractions between human activities and nature我们目前的科学知识在理解和控制人类活动和自然之间复杂的相互作用的科学知识上存在相当大的缺陷●Many environmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by the application of current technology，but which are not dealt with because of society’s lack of will to do so，or in many instance because of a lack of resources to do so.许多环境问题可以应用现有技术消除或减少，但没有得到处理是因为社会缺乏这样做的意愿，或者像许多例子那样因为缺乏资源。
环境工程专业英语名词汇总
专业英语环境：environment 环境工程：environmental engineering环境保护：environmental protection 环境意识：environmental consciousness/awareness 环境问题：environmental issue/problem 环境效应：environmental effect环境污染：environmental pollution 环境要素：environmental elements环境因子：environmental factors 环境化学：environmental chemistry环境生态学：environmental ecology 环境质量：environmental quality环境自净作用：environmental self-purification/self-cleansing水环境：watershed 水体：water body流域：watershed 水质：water quality水资源：water resources 供水：water supply废水：waste water 水处理：water treatment物理性水质指标：physical indicate of water quality 水污染物：water pollutant生物性水质指标：biological water-quality index 水质标准：water quality standard化学性水质指标：chemical water-quality indexDS：dissolved solids BOD：biochemical oxygen demand TDS：total dissolved solids COD：chemical oxygen demand TSS：total suspended solids DO：dissolved oxygenTOC：total organic carbon PH值：TN：总氮total nitrogen TP：总磷phosphorusZn：zinc Cu：CopperAs：arsenic Cd：CadmiumCr：chromium Ni：NickelHg：mercury Pb：plumbum物理处理：physical treatment 过滤：screening生物处理：biological treatment 沉淀：sedimentation化学处理：chemical treatment 气浮：flotation物理化学处理：physical-chemical treatment蒸发：evaporation 稀释：dilution扩散：dispersion 吹脱：stripping好氧处理：aerobic treatment 生物膜法：bio-membrane process 厌氧处理：anaerobic treatment 生物滤池：trickling filters活性污泥法：activated sludge process 生物接触氧化：biological contact SBR：苯乙烯-丁二烯Styrene Butadiene RubberUASB（流式厌氧污泥床）：Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket 活性污泥：activated sludge 改进型：modification 一级处理：primary treatment二级处理：secondary treatment 三级处理：tertiary treatment高级氧化处理：advanced treatment 生活污水：domestic wastewater生产废水：industrial wastewater 城市生活污水：municipal wastewater电镀废水：metalplating plants印染废水：pulp and paper industries wastewater 浊度：turbidity硬度：hardness 水质净化：water quality purifies混凝沉淀：coagulate flocculating agent 活性炭吸附：activated carbon adsorption隔油池：oil separation tank 中和池：neutralization tank调节池：adjusting tank 生物反应池：biological reactor加药设备：physical equipment 沉淀池：sedimentation tank初沉池：primary sedimentation tank 二沉池：secondary sedimentation tank絮凝剂：flocculant 混凝剂：coagulate flocculant生物降解：biodegradation 生物累积：bioaccumulation飘尘：floating dust 可吸入颗粒物：inhalable particles能见度：visibility 酸雨：acid rain一次污染物：primary pollutant二次污染物：secondary pollutant 氮氧化物：nitrogen oxides硫氧化物：sulfur oxides硫化氢：hydrogen sulfide 碳氧化物：carbon oxides硝酸：nitric acid 盐酸：hydrochloric acid硫酸：sulfuric acid 二氧化硫：sulfur dioxide除尘工艺：Dust removal吸收：absorption 吸附：adsorption静电除尘：electric dust precipitation 重力除尘：gravitational settling臭氧：ozone光化学烟雾：photochemical smoke 喷淋（洗涤）：scavenging土壤：soil 热污染：temperature change/thermal pollution 噪声：noise 放射性：radioactivityEIA：environmental impact assessment CAD（计算机辅助设计）：computer aided design大气污染控制工程：air pollution control水污染控制工程：water pollution control固体废物污染控制工程：solid waste management污染源：pollution source同化作用：assimilation 固体废物：solid wastes危险废物：hazardous wastes化学污泥chemical sludge：生物污泥：biological sludge工业固废：industrialwastes 分选处理：separation treatment 矿业固废：mine solid wastes 破碎处理：processing农业固废：agriculture solid wastes 压实处理：reduction in volume污泥脱水：disposal of the sludge ？污泥浓缩：sludge thickening带式压滤：Belt filter press离心脱水：centrifugal dewatering筛分：screening堆肥和堆肥化：compost and composting沼气和沼气化：biogas热解与焚烧：pyrolysis and incineration生物转化作用：biotransformation热化学转化作用：thermo-chemical固化和稳定化作用：solidification and stabilization资源化：resource减量化：pollution control无害化：harmlessness固体废物全过程控制：solid waste integrated control固体废物污染控制：solid waster pollution control固体废物处理：processing and recovery处置：disposal物质回收：materials recovery 物质转化：material conversion能量回收：energy recovery 能量转化：energy conversion1.Environmental engineering has been defined as the branch of engineering that is concernedwith protecting the environment from the potential, deleterious effects of human activity, protecting human populations from the effects of adverse environmental factors, and improving environmental quality for human health and well-being.（2页）环境工程学是环境工程的分支学科，其研究内容包括①保护环境免受人类活动改造形成的潜在和不利影响②保护人类免受不利环境因素的影响③持续改善环境质量，以造福于人类健康与福祉。
环境工程18-28单元专业英语翻译
重点复习①书本18单元P124,125两页（加粗部分那些段落，考定义，复习资料1-2页）；②书本21单元P144~145固废处理方法、垃圾焚化，填埋技术特别是P145第二、三段，复习资料**页；③书本23单元 P156,第三段，噪声控制室负责尖端的技术，复习资料**页。
④书本26单元P169第二部分Operational Procedures，环境影响评价的步骤，考其中的1、2、3、4等小点。
Unit 18Sources and Types of Solid Wastes固体废物的来源和种类Knowledge of the sources and types of solid wastes, along with data on the composition and rates of generation, is basic to the design and operation of the functional elements associated with the management of solid wastes. 了解固体废物的来源和种类，以及其数量组成和产生率，是设计和管理相关固体废物的基本运作条件。
Sources of solid wastes固体废物的来源Sources of solid wastes are, in general, related to land use and zoning. 固体废物的来源，一般来说，与土地使用和划分有关。
Although any number of source classifications can be developed, the following categories have been found useful虽然许多废物的来源分类可以发展，以下是已被发现有用的分类方法 (1)residential , 住宅(2)commercial, 商业(3)municipal, 市政(4) industrial, 工业(5)open areas, 开放地区(6)treatment plants, 处理厂and (7)agricultural. 和农业。
环境工程专业英语部分词汇
专业英语环境：environment 环境工程： environmental engineering环境保护：environmental protection 环境意识：environmentalconsciousness/awareness环境问题：environmental issue/problem 环境效应：environmental effect环境污染：environmental pollution 环境要素：environmental elements环境因子：environmental factors 环境化学：environmental chemistry环境生态学：environmental ecology 环境质量：environmental quality环境自净作用：environmental self-purification生物圈：biosphere 生态学：ecology生态系统：ecosystem 生态平衡：ecological balance生态破坏：ecological disruption生物群落：biocoenosis猎食者：predator 食物链：food chain被猎食者：prey 营养级：trophic level物质循环：circulation of materials信息反馈：message feedback能量传递：energy tra fer物质不灭定律：law of conservation of matter能量守恒定律： law of conservation of energy物料平衡定律：Mass balance law水环境：watershed 水体：water body流域：watershed 水质：water quality水资源：water resources 供水：water supply废水：waste water 水处理：water treatment物理性水质指标：physical indicate of water quality 水污染物：water pollutant 生物性水质指标：Biological indicate of water quality 水质标准：water quality standard化学性水质指标：Chemical indicate of water qualityDS：dissolved solids BOD：biochemical oxygen demand TDS：total dissolved solids COD：chemical oxygen demand TSS：total suspended solids DO：dissolved oxygenTOC：total organic carbon PH值：TN： TP：Zn：zinc Cu：CopperAs：arsenic Cd：CadmiumCr：chromium Ni：NickelHg：mercury Pb：plumbum物理处理：physical treatment 过滤：screening生物处理：biological treatment 沉淀：sedimentation化学处理：chemical treatment 气浮：flotation物理化学处理：physical-chemical treatment蒸发：evaporation稀释：thinning扩散：dispersion 吹脱：blowing好氧处理：aerobic treatment 生物膜法：biomembrance process 厌氧处理：anaerobic treatment 生物滤池：trickling filters 活性污泥法：activated sludge process 生物接触氧化：contact oxidationSBR：UASB（流式厌氧污泥床）：upflow anaerobic sludge blanket活性污泥：activated sludge 改进型：modification一级处理：primary treatment二级处理：secondary treatment三级处理：tertiary treatment高级氧化处理：advanced treatment生活污水：domestic sewage生产废水：industrial wastewater城市生活污水：Urban sewage电镀废水：metalplating plants印染废水：pulp and paper industries wastewater浊度：turbidity硬度：hardness水质净化：water purification混凝沉淀：Precipitation and coagulation活性炭吸附：activated carbon adsorption隔油池：Oil separetion中和池：Neutralization调节池：Equalization生物反应池：biological reaction tank加药设备：physical equipment沉淀池：Sedimentation初沉池：primary Sedimentation二沉池：secondary Sedimentation絮凝剂：flocculant混凝剂：coagulant生物降解：biodegradation生物累积：biologicalaccumulation大气环境：airshed 气体净化：gas purification对流层：troposphere 摩擦层：frictional layer？平流层：stratosphere 中间层：mesosphere热层：thermosphere 臭氧层：ozonosphere粉尘：dust 气溶胶：aerocolloid烟雾：smoke 降尘：dustfall飘尘：floating dust可吸入颗粒物：Inhalable Particles能见度：visibility酸雨：acid rain一次污染物：primary pollutant二次污染物：secondary pollutant氮氧化物：nitriogen oxides 硫氧化物：sulfur oxides硫化氢：hydrogen sulfide 碳氧化物：carbon oxides硝酸：nitric acid 盐酸：chlorhydric acid硫酸：sulfuric acid 二氧化硫：sulfur dioxide除尘工艺：dedusting process吸收：absorption吸附：adsorptionGAC（颗粒活性炭）：granular a c tivated carbonPAC（粉末活性炭）：powdered a c tivated carbonACF（活性炭纤维）：a c tivated carbon fiber静电除尘：electrostatic cleaning重力除尘：gravitational settling臭氧：ozone光化学烟雾：photochemical smog喷淋（洗涤）：scavenging凝聚：flocculation植物吸收：Phytoaccumulation植物吸附：Plant adsorption生物降解：biodegradation土壤：soil 热污染：temperature change/thermal pollution噪声：noise 放射性：radioactivity光辐射：ray radiation光合成：photosynthesis易燃性：ignitability易爆性：explosion hazard反应性：reactivity传染性：infectivity腐蚀性：corrosivityEIA：CAD（计算机辅助设计）：computer aided design大气污染控制工程：air pollution control水污染控制工程：water pollution control固体废物污染控制工程：solid waste management污染物：pollutant污染源：pollution source同化作用：assimilation 固体废物：solid wastes消纳作用：危险废物：hazardous wastes城市生活垃圾：municipal wastes化学污泥：chemical sludge生物污泥：biological sludge工业固废：industrial wastes 分选处理：separation treatment矿业固废:mining wastes 破碎处理：cracking treatment农业固废：Agricultural wastes 压实处理：redustion in volume污泥脱水：disposal of the sludge ？污泥浓缩：sludge concentration带式压滤：pressure离心脱水：whirling筛分：fractionating堆肥和堆肥化：compost and composting沼气和沼气化：gas and gasing热解与焚烧：Pyrolysis and incineration生物转化作用：Biological transformation function热化学转化作用：thermo-chemical ?固化和稳定化作用：solidification and stabilization资源化：reclamation减量化：reducing quantity无害化：harmless固体废物全过程控制：solid waste integrated control固体废物污染控制：Solid waste pollution control固体废物处理：solid waste treatment处置：treatment物质回收：materials recovery 物质转化：material conversion能量回收：energy recovery 能量转化：energy conversion1.Environmental engineering has been defined as the branch of engineering thatis concerned with protecting the environment from the potential, deleterious effects of human activity, protecting human populations from the effects of adverse environmental factors, and improving environmental quality for human health and well-being.（2页）环境工程学是环境工程的分支学科，其研究内容包括①保护环境免受人类活动改造形成的潜在和不利影响②保护人类免受不利环境因素的影响③持续改善环境质量，以造福于人类健康与福祉。
环境工程专业英语翻译Disposal of Solid Wastes
P158Unit 23Disposal of Solid WastesAbstract This investigation is conducted to measures of solid waste disposal.The result indicated that there are three ways to deal with it. They are: landfill, incineration and other conversion process.It was shown that landfill is the most economical and consequently common of solid waste disposal.And about incineration, how to volume reduction and energy recovery is urgent affairs.And we may use chemical or biological processes abroad in the future.固体废物的处置摘要本文主要讲了关于固体废物处理的一些方法。
结果表明大体上有三种固废的处理方法。
他们分别是：土地掩埋，焚烧和其他的一些转化过程。
结果显示土地掩埋是最经济最常用的方法。
关于焚烧，处理好减容和能量回收才是当务之急。
在未来我们会更广泛的使用化学或生物转化。
土地掩埋很多发达国家不允许在海里填埋城市固体废物，除了在海里填埋之外，发达国家的固体垃圾以及它在某种形式上的残余品必须要在陆地上被处理。
土地掩埋是最经济的方法，因此它成为了固体废物处置的常用方法，在英国，北美甚至是像西德和瑞士这样的欧洲国家里90%的城市垃圾用土地掩埋，他们在焚烧和植物堆肥方面做了大量的投资，超过60%的国内垃圾和商业废物都被土地掩埋。
当然，焚烧不能消除掩埋。
环境工程专业英语词汇互译
二氧化碳Carbon dioxide温室气体Greenhouse gases氧气Oxygen臭氧层Ozone layer大气过程Atmospheric processes空气－水相互作用Air-water interaction大气环流Atmospheric circulation 大气降水Atmospheric precipitation 碳循环Carbon cycle蒸发作用Evaporation降水增加Precipitation enhancement降雨Rainfall 太阳辐射Solar radiation蒸腾作用Transpiration风Winds空气污染Air pollution酸雨Acid rain空气污染物Air pollutants氯氟碳Chlorofluorocarbons沉降的颗粒物Depositedparticulate matter飞灰Fly ash雾Fog薄烟Haze空内空气污染Indoor air pollution烟雾Smog气候问题Climatic issues气候Climate气候变化Climatic change气候带Climatic zones干旱Drought全球变暖Global warming温室效应Greenhouse effect湿度Humidity海平面上升Sea level rise岩石圈lithosphere地震活动Seismic activity'saɪzmɪk火山Volcanoes风蚀Wind erosion陆地生态系统terrestrial ECOSYSTEMS土壤Soils农用土地Agricultural land页脚内容1碱地Alkali lands污染的土地Contaminated land 沙坑Gravel pits荒地Heath lands土地承载能力Land carrying capacity土地污染Land pollution土地开垦Land reclamation土地恢复Land restoration土地使用分类Land use classification沙石开采Sand extraction沉积Sedimentation土壤潜力Soil capabilities土壤保持Soil conservation 土壤污染Soil contamination土壤退化Soil degradation土壤侵蚀Soil erosion土壤改良Soil improvement土壤盐碱化Soil salination水蚀Water erosion干旱地区生态系统Arid landecosystems干旱土地Arid lands沙漠化Desertification抗旱Drought control旱作Dry farming沙丘固定Sand dune fixation半干旱地区生态系统Semi-aridland ecosystems森林生态系统Forest ecosystems植树造林Afforestation针叶林Coniferous forests森林砍伐Deforestation森林保护Forest conservation森林火灾Forest fires草地火灾Grass fires绿化带Greenbelts再造林Reafforestation植被恢复Revegetation亚热带生态系统Sub-tropica lecosystems温带森林Temperate forests温带林地Temperate woodlands树木Trees页脚内容2热带生态系统Tropical ecosystems 热带森林Tropical forests热带森林生态系统Tropical forest ecosystems林地生态系统Woodland ecosystems 温带生态系统和寒带生态系统Temperate ecosystems and cold zone ecosystems南极生态系统Antarctic ecosystems 南极地区Antarctic region北极生态系统Arctic ecosystems北极地区Arctic region ['ɑrktɪk寒带生态系统Cold zone ecosystems 草地生态系统Grassland ecosystems 永久冻土生态系统Permafrost ecosystems极地生态系统Polar ecosystems温带生态系统Temperateecosystems山地生态系统Mountainecosystems高原生态系统Highlandecosystems湿地生态系统Wetlandsecosystems红树沼泽Mangrove swamps水禽Water fowl水涝地Waterlogged lands流域管理Watershed management水边开发Waterside development生物多样性和保护区Biologicaldiversity and protected areas适应性强的物种Adaptable species藻类Algae 'ældʒi]生物多样性Biological diversity生物栖地Biotopes基因资源保护Conservation of geneticresources濒危动物物种Endangered animalspecies濒危植物物种Endangered plantspecies动物区系F auna植物区系Flora细菌Bacteria页脚内容3酶Enzymes 'enzaɪmz真菌Fungi原生生物Protozoa病毒Viruses酵母Yeasts诱变剂Mutagens水的盐化Water salination饮用水处理Drinking water treatment城市配水系统Municipal water distribution systems污水处理厂Sewage treatment plants水泵Water pumps可交易的许可证Tradeable permits 隔热Thermal insulation基础设施Infrastructure工业生产过程Industrial processes制铝工业Aluminium industry适用技术Appropriate technology高炉Blast furnaces化学工业Chemical industry清洁技术Clean technologies金属加工Metal finishing金属电镀Metal plating金属冶炼Metal smelting矿产业Mineral industry采矿Mining天然气开采Natural gas extraction原油开采Oil extraction石油提炼Petroleum refining印刷工业Printing industry纸浆工业Pulp industry采石Quarrying橡胶加工Rubber processing炼钢工业Steel industry露天采矿Strip mining焦油生产Tar production焦油使用Tar沥青use工业产品Industrial products危险品Dangerous goods工业材料Industrial materials包装Packaging涂料Paints可再用容器Reusable containers页脚内容4合成洗涤剂Synthetic detergents 合成纺织纤维Synthet ic textile ['tekstaɪl fibres漆Varnishes飞机噪音Aircraft noise沼气Biogas生物量Biomass生物质能Biomass energy煤Coal原油Crude oil矿物燃料Fossil fuels燃料酒精Fuel alcohol地热能Geothermal energy碳氢化合物Hydrocarbon compounds 水电Hydroelectric power液化气Liquefied gas甲烷Methane天然气Natural gas可再生能源Renewable energysources不可再生能源Non-renewableenergy resources无污染能源Non-polluting energysources核能Nuclear energy油类Oils泥炭、泥煤Peat汽油Petrols从废料中提取的燃料Refusederived fuels太阳能Solar energy海洋热能Thermal sea power潮汐能Tidal energy铀Uranium波浪能Wave energy风能Wind energy电力Electric power发电厂Electric power plants无机物质Inorganic substances酸Acids氧化铝Alumina氯Chlorine盐酸Hydrochloric acid硫化氢Hydrogen sulphide页脚内容5硫酸盐Sulphates硫酸Sulphuric acid光化学试剂Photochemical agents 光化学效应Photochemical effects 有机物质Organic substances有机硅化合物Organosilicon compounds酚Phenols植物油Vegetable oils生物化学过程Biochemical processes酸化Acidification需氧过程Aerobic processes厌氧过程Anaerobic processes生物降解Biodegradation 脱氮作用Denitrification富营氧化Eutrophication电离辐射Ionizing radiation代谢（作用），新陈代谢（作用）Metabolism固氮Nitrogen fixation光合作用Photosynthesis物理－化学过程Physico-chemicalprocesses毒性Toxicity气溶胶，气雾剂Aerosols农业废物Agricultural wastes石棉Asbestos商业噪音Commercial noise混合污染Composite pollution二恶英Dioxins 带哦个森死危险物质Hazardous substances危险废物Hazardous wastes重金属Heavy metals医院废物Hospital wastes工业废水Industrial effluents工业排放物Industrial emissions工业烟尘Industrial fumes工业噪声Industrial noise无机污染物Inorganic pollutants铅污染Lead contamination丢弃物，废气物Litter汞污染Mercury contamination微污染物Micropollutants采矿废物Mining wastes页脚内容6机动车辆排放物Motor vehicle emissions城市废物Municipal waste氮氧化物Nitrogen oxides噪声污染Noise pollution恶臭公害Odour nuisance有机物污染Organic pollutants难降解有机污染物Persistent organic pollutants有机溶剂Organic solvents有机卤化物Organohalogen compounds医药废物Pharmaceutical wastes塑料废物Plastic wastes多氯联苯Polychlorinated biphenyls 聚合物废物Polymer wastes放射性物质Radioactivesubstances氡Radon橡胶废物Rubber waste热污染Thermal pollution有毒物质Toxic substances对流层臭氧Tropospheric ozone水泥工业Cement industry海洋倾倒Ocean dumping石油泄漏Oil spills废金属Scrap metals燃料脱硫Desulphurization of fuels过滤器Filters污染治理设备Pollution abatementequipment污染控制技术Pollution controltechnology洗涤器Scrubbers分离器Separators电池处理Battery disposal废物的化学处理Chemical treatment ofwaste回收Recycling材料再利用Reuse of materials卫生填埋Sanitary landfills污水处置Sewage disposal污水处理系统Sewage treatmentsystems固体废物处置Solid waste disposal页脚内容7废物同化处置Waste assimilation capacities废物转化技术Waste conversion techniques废物土地处置Waste disposal in the ground废物回收Waste recovery废物利用Waste use水的再利用Water reuse镉污染Cadmium contamination污染物分析Pollutant analysis污染物分布Pollutant distribution污染物浓度Pollutant levels污染物监测Pollutant monitoring污染物路径Pollutant pathways 污染物来源鉴别Pollutant sourceidentification本底监测Baseline monitoring环境标准Environmental criteria环境评价Environmentalassessment环境统计Environmental statistics色谱分析Chromatographicanalysis气象色谱法Gas chromatography放射性示踪技术Radioactivetracer techniques采样技术Sampling techniques模拟Simulation污染者付费原则Polluter-paysprinciple危险废物的出口Export of hazardouswastes贸易避垒Trade barriers越境污染Trans-frontier pollution遥感Remote sensing多谱线扫描器Multispectral scanner地理信息系统Geographic informationsystems纬度Latitude经度Longitude页脚内容8。
环境工程专业英语常用词汇表
环境工程专业英语常用词汇表AAQS 环境空气质量标准AARS 机载观测资料自动发送系统ABL 大气边界层ACCAD 世界气候应用及资料计划咨询委员会ACMAD 非洲气象学应用促进发展中心ADI 容许日摄入量ADR 欧洲危险货物国际公路运输协定abatement 减低；降低；减少abiotic 无生命的；非生物的abrasive 磨料; 磨蚀剂; 有磨蚀作用的absorber （of long-wave radiation) 长波辐射吸收剂absorber vessel 吸收器; 吸收装置absorbing ability 吸收能力absorption 吸收作用absorptive complex 吸收性复合体abundance 丰度acceptable daily intake 容许日摄入量acceptance test 验收试验accident management 事故管理accidental spill 事故性溢漏acetate moiety 乙酸根；乙酸基acetylene dichloride 对称二氯乙烯acid fallout 酸性沈降物acid fog 酸雾acid mist 酸雾acid rain 酸雨acid sulphate soils 酸性硫酸盐土；热带沼泽林土acid(ic)deposit（ion) 酸性沈积物acid(ic) precipitation 酸性降水acid（ic）snow 酸雪acid-affected 受酸影响的；受酸危害的acid—causing substance 致酸物质acid-forming substance 成酸物质acidifying substance 酸化物质acidogenic bactria 产酸细菌acid-producing bacteria 产酸细菌acrylonitrile vapour 丙烯腈蒸气action area 行动区域；预定自然保护区action level 触发行动水平; 行动阈值Action Plan for the Biosphere Reserves 生物圈保护区行动计划Action Plan for the Programme of Studies 气候对人类影响研究计划的行动计划Action Plan for the Protection of the Atmosphere 保护大气行动计划action spectrum 作用光谱activated carbon 活性炭activated sludge 活性污泥activation of a response plan 实行应急计划active 活性的active solar energy system 现用的太阳能系统acyclic 无环的acyl nitrite 亚硝酸酰基酯acyl radical 酰基Ad Hoc Group of Legal Experts on Dumping 倾弃问题特设法律专家组add—on hardware 添加硬件add-on technology 增添技术adiabatic process 绝热过程administrative charges 管理费adsorbent 吸附剂adsorption 吸附作用adverse climate change 不利的气候变化adverse effect 不利效应; 不利影响adverse environment effect 对环境不利的影响adverse health effect 对健康不利的影响adverse impact 不利影响Advisory Committee on Marine Pollution 海洋污染咨询委员会（海洋污染咨委会）Advisory Committee on Marine Pollution 海洋污染咨询委员会(海洋污染咨委会）Advisory Group on Greenhouse Gases 致温室效应气体问题咨询小组aeronautical climatology 航空气候学Aeronautical Meteorology Programme 航空气象学计划aerosol 气溶胶; 烟雾体aerosol （spray—）can 喷雾罐；气溶胶喷罐aerosol dispenser 气溶胶喷罐；气溶胶发生器aerosol load 气溶胶浓度; 气溶胶含量AFBC 常压流化床燃烧AFC 区域预报中心afforestation 造林；绿化aflatoxin 黄曲霉毒素African Ministerial Conference on Environment 非洲环境问题部长级会议African Ministerial Conference on Environment 非洲环境问题部长级会议African Ministerial Conference on Environment 非洲部长级环境会议African NGO Environment Network 非洲非政府组织环境网after-care of disposal sites 垃圾堆置场的使用后管理aftershock 余震AGCM 大气环流模型Agricultural Meteorology Programme 农业气象学计划agrochemicals 农用化学品agroclimatic 农业气候的agroclimatological zoning 农业气候分区agrometeorology 农业气象学A-horizon 淋溶层; A层air barrier 气障；气泡阻挡层；气泡屏蔽air chemistry 大气化学air column 气柱air current 气流air injection system 空气喷射系统air intrusion 气流侵袭air mass 气团air monitoring 大气监测air parcel 气块air pollutant 空气污染物air pollution 空气污染air pollution control 空气污染控制air pollution load 空气污染物浓度; 空气污染物含量air shed 大气补给分界线air shower 大气中宇宙线的簇射air surveillance 空气污染监视airborne contaminant 气载污染物airborne emissions 空气中的排放物airborne fraction of carbon 空气中的碳化合物馏分airborne particulates 空气中的悬浮微粒; 气载微粒airborne pollutant concentration 气载污染物浓度如需转载,请注明来自:FanE『翻译中国』http；// airborne pollution 大气污染；空气污染airborne system 机载系统airborne transport 大气输运aircraft(—based）observations 机上观测airflow 气流air—fuel ratio 空气燃油比air-sea boundary layer 大气海洋边界层；海-气边界层air—sea interaction 大气海洋相互作用；海-气相互作用air—sea interface 大气海洋界面；海—气界面albedo 反照率；反射率albedo radiation 反照辐射algae control 藻类控制algal bloom 水华；藻华；藻类大量繁殖alicyclic 脂环族的aliphatic compound 脂族化合物alkadiene 链二烯alkali metal 碱金属alkaline—earth metal 碱土金属alkalinization 碱化; 碱化作用alkane 烷; 链烷烃alkene 烯；链烯烃alkyd resins 醇酸树脂alkyl aluminium halide 卤化烷基铝alkyl nitrate 硝酸烷基酯alkyl nitrite 亚硝酸烷基酯alkylphosphonothio dihalide 烷基硫代膦酰二卤alkyne 炔; 链炔烃alleviating measures 缓和措施；减轻措施allowable daily intake 容许日摄入量alluvial deposit 冲积物; 冲积层alluviation 冲积；冲积作用allyl chlorocarbonate 氯甲酸烯丙酯alterant 备用方案alternative development 可选择的发展alternative fuel 代用燃料alternative technology 可选择的技术altitude distribution 高度分布；垂直方向分布ambient air 环境大气；环境空气ambient air monitor 环境空气监测ambient air quality standard 环境空气质量标准ambient quality standard 环境质量标准ambient standard 环境标准AMCEN 非洲部长级环境会议amenities of the countryside 乡村的舒适amenity rights 舒适环境的权利；舒适权amine ring 氨基环ammonia (NH3）氨ammonia solution (NH4OH) 氨溶液；氢氧化铵；氨水ammonia water 氨水; 氨溶液; 氢氧化铵ammonium hydrogen sulphite （NH4HSO3) 亚硫酸氢铵ammonium hydroxide 氢氧化铵；氨溶液；氨水ammonium sulphate (（NH4)2SO4) 硫酸铵ammonium superphosphate 过磷酸铵ammonolysis 氨解作用ammoxidation 氨解氧化作用；氨氧化反应作用amplification factor 放大因子anaerobic conditions 缺氧情况ANEN 非洲非政府组织环境网animal density 动物密度anion exchanger 阴离子交换剂anomalous fluctuations 反常起伏；反常波动anomaly 反常；异常Antarctic Circle 南极圈Antarctic ozone hole 南极臭氧层空洞Antarctic springtime ozone depletion 南极春季臭氧消耗Antarctic stratospheric circumpolar vortex 南极平流层环极涡旋anthropogenic 源于人类活动的; 人为的anticipatory environmental action 防患未然的环保行动anti—desertification programme 防止沙漠化计划antioxidant 抗氧化剂；防老化剂anti-trade 反信风APELL 在地方一级知道和作好工业事故的准备APELL 在地方一级知道和作好工业事故的准备appliance labelling 电器用品贴上标签如需转载，请注明来自：FanE『翻译中国』http；//www。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
P158Unit 23Disposal of Solid WastesAbstract This investigation is conducted to measures of solid waste disposal.The result indicated that there are three ways to deal with it. They are: landfill, incineration and other conversion process.It was shown that landfill is the most economical and consequently common of solid waste disposal.And about incineration, how to volume reduction and energy recovery is urgent affairs.And we may use chemical or biological processes abroad in the future.固体废物的处置摘要本文主要讲了关于固体废物处理的一些方法。
结果表明大体上有三种固废的处理方法。
他们分别是：土地掩埋，焚烧和其他的一些转化过程。
结果显示土地掩埋是最经济最常用的方法。
关于焚烧，处理好减容和能量回收才是当务之急。
在未来我们会更广泛的使用化学或生物转化。
土地掩埋很多发达国家不允许在海里填埋城市固体废物，除了在海里填埋之外，发达国家的固体垃圾以及它在某种形式上的残余品必须要在陆地上被处理。
土地掩埋是最经济的方法，因此它成为了固体废物处置的常用方法，在英国，北美甚至是像西德和瑞士这样的欧洲国家里90%的城市垃圾用土地掩埋，他们在焚烧和植物堆肥方面做了大量的投资，超过60%的国内垃圾和商业废物都被土地掩埋。
当然，焚烧不能消除掩埋。
事实上，焚烧制产生了更多的集中的残渣，这种残渣的危害比未燃烧的固体垃圾危害更大。
固体垃圾掩埋所需的土地面积大约是每年每25,000人/1ha。
下面的例子将解释说明这一数据是如何产生的。
示例对于25,000的人口，估计每年对面积要求是（不包括缓冲区）通常要有一个垃圾填埋场，不包括覆盖材料的话它的深度是4米。
解决方案假设一代人产生的人均垃圾是2.0kg/d,并且一个压实得很好的垃圾填埋场的密度是450kg/m3，那么一年所需的面积就是：25000×2.0kg/d×365d/yr / 450kg/m3×4m×10000m2/ha=1.0ha土地掩埋对于面积的要求有很大的不同，这跟不同类型的垃圾以及实压程度有关。
具体设计和卫生填埋的运营正在被讨论。
这一部分的平衡的流程可以用于土地处置之前减少废物的体积和/或者利用废物组件，从而减少对于垃圾填埋池的需求，焚烧减容。
大量分批投料的用于垃圾减容的焚烧炉建于1930到1940年间，它们是空气污染的最大元凶，并且表现很差，并且维护起来非常昂贵。
其中一些焚烧炉被升级改造，但是大多数都被关闭并且被土地处置法尽可能得所取代。
然而，随着土地掩埋能力的下降，缩小体积变得更加重要。
同时，废物的燃料价值正稳步上升。
结果，通过焚烧的方法来减容（减少了大约90%）和减体积（少了75%）从而尽可能制造更多的能源恢复的这一方法，在上世纪七十年代成为了垃圾处理过程中非常通用的选择。
较新的城市焚烧炉通常属于持续燃烧型，很多都带有“水墙”式结构，取代了陈旧的通常难以处理的衬里。
水墙由带有水的垂直管插入锅炉所组成，水管吸收热量从而为蒸汽提供了热水，并且水管同样控制了炉子的温度。
水墙单元的使用让昂贵的耐火维护被消除，污染控制的要求被减少（因为骤冷水和天然气量的治理需求的减少），热量恢复更简单，不幸的是，根据欧洲人经验的判断，水墙单元的腐蚀会是一个严峻的问题。
传统焚烧炉由水引发的燃烧温度大约是760摄氏度（1400华氏）在合适的炉子里（不足以融化玻璃），温度超过870摄氏度（1600华氏）的二次燃烧室。
这些温度需要避免来自不完全燃烧的气味，达到1650摄氏度（3000华氏）的温度和补充燃料能减少物体97%的体积，并且能让金属和玻璃转化成灰。
虽然第一个高温实验装置建于1966年，但全面的单元应用并没有跟进。
大概是因为开销过高。
能量回收。
燃烧固体垃圾来产生蒸汽用来加热或发电这一方法在西欧和日本已经变得非常普遍而且用了很多年。
然而，随着燃料价格在上世纪70年代末和80年代持续上升，使能量回收经济更加具有了关注度，实践在北美是非常少的。
减容的废污燃烧不需要任何的辅助燃料，起始阶段除外。
另一方面，当目的是为了生产蒸汽，供给的燃料（通常是天然气）必须用粉状垃圾，因为水中含有的多变的能量成分或垃圾中的可用质量是不足的。
亚铁金属通常能在灰烬中恢复出来。
售出的蒸汽必须离垃圾焚烧炉很近，从而让这些燃烧系统相对其他加热能源更有优势。
威尔逊（1977）曾经建议过最大的距离为1英里（1.6公里），但尽管这一距离可能很远，芝加哥市（西北工厂）和汉密尔顿市，安大略（SWARU工厂）是两个在最开始的十年间没有运行焚烧蒸汽市场的地点（APWA,1979）。
加拿大蒙特利尔市的焚烧炉直到1983年都没有水墙固体焚烧蒸汽的市场（大约在它建立后的15年）。
和焚烧有关的问题是解决起来最困难的。
像空气污染的控制，特别是对于细颗粒物和有毒气体（包括二恶英）的去除。
可燃的，含碳的污染物可以通过优化燃烧过程来控制。
氮氧化物和硫以及其他的气态污染物并不是问题，因为他们的溶度相对较低。
其他令人担忧的问题比如处理来自地漏，骤冷水的液态水，和由于重金属燃烧产生的土地填埋灰尘处理。
相对于焚烧炉的使用，公众的反对也是严重的障碍。
日生产的资本成本（1987年的价格）是每1000吨1亿2千万美元，运营成本是每吨15到30美元，这适用于30万人口的城市。
对于较小的中心来说，单位成本会更大。
这从趋势上限制了大城市对于焚烧炉的使用，当然，因为公众对于有毒气体的关注（及大量证据）是因为固体垃圾的燃烧，焚烧炉很少被提出，除非因为土地填埋的缺少让人们没有其他的选择。
这是1987年底特律的情形，在那里尽管有环保主义者和邻近国加拿大的温莎市的强有力的抗议，但是5亿美元，有4000吨垃圾转化为能量的日处理量的工厂还是被美方批准建立。
其它的转化过程化学过程（比如硫化沙板燃烧法，热解，湿法氧化）和生物过程（堆肥和厌氧消化）是另外的减少城市垃圾体积和/或将垃圾变为有用的东西的潜在方法。
这些过程的信息被固体焚烧管理指南和另一些研究者所证明。
然而，对于所有的化学和生物的转化过程来说，目前只有热回收焚烧炉和堆肥被广泛地接受。
堆肥处理时有机物的微生物厌氧降解过程，微生物主要是细菌和真菌。
这个反应会产生热量，在制肥过程中提高堆肥的温度，废物体积的减少小至报纸废纸的30%，大至花园碎片的60%。
堆肥可能在可控的条件下很自然地发生，或在机械的操作下进行。
在自然系统下，经处理的垃圾，最好是玻璃或金属，它们包含了营养资源（污水污泥，动物粪便，人的粪便）和填料（木屑，地面上玉米的穗），这些东西能让空气进入到堆肥里面。
混合物被放在了风干系统中并且保持了大约50%的水分构成，混合物的宽度为2米到3米，并且一周被翻转一次或两次。
在第四周到第六周之间，当混合物的颜色变得更黑，温度下降，霉味上升时，整个过程就完成了。
填料可能会被移除，剩下的“腐殖质”被作为土壤改良剂。
随着机械化工厂内的持续通风和混合使得堆肥的时间减少了大约50%。
机械化过程后通常伴随的是一段很短的时间段，这一时段让堆肥物变得“成熟”。
北美洲有一个土壤调节剂的有限市场。
随着第一个堆肥厂于1951年建于阿尔图纳（宾夕法尼亚州），美国又有20或30个垃圾堆肥厂被建了起来。
所有这些工厂或两座三座现已关闭。
较新的堆肥工程像德拉瓦尔州的复垦和其他位于美国东北部的项目，这些项目混合了城市固体垃圾产生的污水污泥堆肥，这种方法表明了高效堆肥一体化成为了污泥处理和固体垃圾管理的发展方向。
到1985年，大约有60所主要负责处理污水污泥的堆肥厂在30个州里运行，开于1987年的一所位于科罗拉多州丹佛的工厂是美国最大的通风风干系统。
这一情况与西欧，以色列，日本以及其他的发达国家截然不同，这些国家致力于土地复垦，且固体垃圾堆肥厂已经成功地在那里运行了很多年。
荷兰的鹿特丹地区已经成为了欧洲最大的热回收焚烧点。
它有大多数的堆肥厂用来补充它的垃圾管理项目。
有趣的是，堆肥也同样存在于第三世界国家，但在这些地区，风干系统是被优先考虑的方法。
节选自“Glyun Henry,Gray W Heike,Envirom.Sci.and Eng,”Prentiu Hall Inter,Edition USA,1989"。