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清代早期王时敏十二幅绘画作品赏析(下)

清代早期王时敏十二幅绘画作品赏析(下)

清代早期王时敏十二幅绘画作品赏析(下)中国清代绘画,在当时政治、经济、思想、文化等方面的影响下,呈现出特定的时代风貌。

卷轴画延续元、明以来的趋势,文人画风靡,山水画勃兴,水墨写意画法盛行。

文人画呈现出崇古和创新两种趋向。

在题材内容、思想情趣、笔墨技巧等方面各有不同的追求,并形成纷繁的风格和流派。

宫廷绘画在康熙、乾隆时期也获得了较大的发展,并呈现出迥异前代院体的新风貌。

民间绘画以年画和版画的成就最为突出,呈现空前繁盛的局面。

清代绘画发展的历史进程,与整个社会的发展变迁相联系,亦可分为早、中、晚三个时期。

清朝初期。

这一时期,文人山水画兴盛,并形成两种截然不同的艺术追求。

承续明末董其昌衣钵的四王画派,以摹古为宗旨,受到皇室的重视,居画坛正统地位。

活动于江南地区的一批明代遗民画家,寄情山水,借画抒怀,艺术上具有开拓、创新精神,以金陵八家、“四僧”、新安派为代表。

王时敏的画在清代影响极大,王翚、吴历和其孙王原祁均得其亲授。

王时敏开创了山水画的“娄东派”,与王鉴、王翚、王原祁并称四王,外加恽寿平、吴历合称“清六家”。

我这里主要介绍王时敏作品。

王时敏,明万历二十年(1592年)生,清康熙十九年(1680年)卒,初名赞虞,字逊之,号烟客,自号偶谐道人,晚号西庐老人等,江苏太仓人,明末清初画家。

明代的大学士王锡爵孙,翰林王衡独子。

从荫官到太常寺少卿。

时敏系出高门,文采早著。

鼎革后,家居不出,奖掖后进,名德为时所重。

明季画学董其昌,时敏少时亲炙,得其真传。

於黄公望墨法,尤有深契,暮年益臻神化。

爱才若渴,四方的工画者踵接于门,得其指授,无不知名於时,为一代画苑领袖。

康熙十九年卒,年八十有九。

主张摹古,笔墨含蓄,苍润松秀,浑厚清逸,构图较少变化。

王时敏的传世作品有《秋山白云图》《丛林曲涧图》《春日山水图》《松溪卜居》《仿黄公望山水》《落木寒泉图》《浮岚暖翠》《花溪渔隐》《仿王维江山雪霁图》《秋山图》《仿王蒙山水》《杜甫诗意图》等,并著有《西田集》、《疑年录汇编》、《西庐诗草》等。

明、清、民国官民窑瓷器款识一览表(收藏必备)

明、清、民国官民窑瓷器款识一览表(收藏必备)

明、清、民国官民窑瓷器款识一览表(收藏必备)明、清、民国官民窑瓷器款识一览表款识起源于古代的彝器,至迟在东汉时期,便被移植到瓷器上。

在瓷器的底部或其它部位,往往有表明年代、窑名、人名、堂名、或者表示赞颂、祝愿等内容的文字,也有的器底或器里有某种识别的图案,这些统称为'款识',一般说来,款识是瓷器装饰的附属物,好的款识与装饰画面相配,可以增强器物的艺术性。

并且由于款识的内容、格式、字体、书法等各方面都具有鲜明的时代特征,所以它对瓷器的断代、断窑口和辨别真伪都具有重要的作用。

以下基本上包括明清历年来的瓷器上所出现的官窑和名窑款识。

款名年代纪年款堂名款人名款言语款其它款识洪武洪武七年二月二十七造此福、寿永乐永乐年制福、禄、寿、辰内府宣德大明宣德年制宣德年制福、寿敬权、坛、大德吉详场正统正统元年正统捌年天顺天顺年造天顺年天顺七年大同马氏造成化大明成化年造大明年造大明成化年制天、图案、银锭、盘肠等弘治弘治年制大明弘治年制金玉满堂、玉堂金马长命富贵金、上用、正正德正德年制、正德年造大明正德年制、大明年造何玉清造长命富贵、福、天下大平、寿嘉靖嘉靖年制、嘉靖年造、大明年造、大明嘉靖年制松柏草堂、晋府造用郝府佳器、潘府佳器滋树堂、东书堂、朱府、青箩馆敦仁堂、黔府、长府制造、长府造用、晋府、秦府、黔府、腆善所、桐溪冯宅、大茶房、外膳房、内膳房署丞沈良佑造、陈守贵造、陈文显造、吴文自造、邓奎自造、程式自造、陈守钊造、陈舍自造、王泉德记、唐地制造、陈造佳器长命富贵、万福攸长、富贵长春、永保长春、长春寿喜国泰民安、长春佳器、上品佳器、台阁佳器、天禄佳器福寿康宁、长春同庆天下太平金篆大蘸、坛用、茶、汤、酒、姜隆庆大明隆庆年造隆庆年制万古长春万历万历年制、大明年制、大明万历年制德府造用、于府造用、黔府应用、太和王府、徐享庆堂沈府佳用、玄阴堂纯思堂、灌园督造博物斋、秦府典膳所、芝兰斋、京兆郡寿房记、靳宅仙品程廷梓造、沈氏、仙关吴震、荆桂、园贵隆制少溪、李衙置用、茹城家藏、永兴卞玉奇明、紫芝主人监制风调雨顺、清风明月、天下太平、长命富贵、永享佳器天禄佳器、玉堂佳器、仁波佳器、万悬佳器、长春佳器食禄万钟、富贵长春、福寿康宁、金玉满堂、万福攸同德化长春、上品佳器、九五之尊、永葆长春、国泰民安堂阁佳器、寿、天福佳器、玉、敬与佳器、雅、福金明汝平、城南隐耕、永兴九峰、上天启天启年制于斯堂、其好园白玉堂、竹石居天启元年米石隐造长命富贵、天下太平、天理存心、状元及第、三元及第金榜题名、万古长青、积善之家、同乐佳器、仁波佳器玉堂佳器、尧舜年制、福图案、兔、灵芝、方胜等崇祯崇祯丁丑、大明年制、大明年造、大明崇祯年制翔风堂、丛菊斋。

胡玉美策划方案

胡玉美策划方案

关于胡玉美品牌拯救策划方案课程:市场营销策划指导老师:刘义华班级:营销1022第四小组:马娴孙娇娇朱凯旋华玉昌前言胡玉美蚕豆酱是安庆名产,在国内外享有很高声誉。

追溯其源,那还是在二十世纪之初,胡玉美酱园鉴于苏皖人畏于川酱之辣,在仿制川酱的基础上加以改进,摸索出具有自己特色的完整的制酱方法,酿出辣味不重、味道鲜美、更适合长江中下游地区人们口味的蚕豆酱。

它用优质蚕豆、辣椒和44℃封缸酒为主要原料精心酿制,绛紫泛红,辛香细腻,微辣带甜,咸中有香,具有色香味俱全、营养丰富、食用方便等特点。

既可作家常佐餐、宴席素菜,又便于旅途携用,因而广受好评,畅销四海,历久不衰。

安庆市胡玉美酿造食品有限公司是一家始创于公元1830年,至今已有180多年历史的久负盛名的中华老字号企业,但是受到西方生活方式和现代文化的影响,胡玉美蚕豆酱出现了市场份额下降以及品牌影响力持续降低的问题。

那么胡玉美到底出现了哪些问题,我们应该采取哪些措施来改善胡玉美遭遇的困境,让其重新焕发生机呢?目录一、公司介绍 (4)1、公司简介 (4)2、发展历程 (4)3、公司产品 (5)4、制作工艺 (5)二、环境分析 (5)1、市场行情分析 (6)2、目标消费者分析 (6)3、竞争者分析 (7)4、SWOT分析 (7)5、企业定位 (8)三、品牌诊断 (8)1、观念变化 (8)2、品牌附加值 (9)3、品牌形象、知名度 (9)四、品牌振兴 (10)1、品牌宣传 (10)2、产品革新 (11)3、定位调整 (12)4、营销组合 (12)一、公司介绍1、公司简介。

清道光十年,公元1830年,一胡氏人家由徽州婺源(今属江西)移居安庆,开始在本地走街串巷,肩挑贩卖酱货,继而开设“四美”酱园、“玉成”酱园,后在安庆商业中心四牌楼创办“胡玉美”酱园(“玉美”是店号,既以之志前人创业之艰辛,又寓之以“玉成其美”之意),至今已有180年,是一个负有盛名的“中华老字号”企业。

清代至民国浅绛彩瓷及名家

清代至民国浅绛彩瓷及名家

清代至民国浅绛彩瓷及名家清代至民国浅绛彩瓷及名家清代晚期至民国早期,在景德镇出现了一种釉上彩绘瓷——浅绛彩瓷,其面目一新,品类齐全,粗细兼备,销量不菲,风行全国达半个多世纪。

事过一百多年的20世纪70——80年代,国内文物商店大量存有此类瓷器,被统称为“大路货”。

当时,各级博物馆拒其于门外,民间收藏亦少之又少。

“大路货”终成“积压货”,文物店只得按类、按规格成百上千的以“统货”低价外销或内销。

经过20多年,“大路货”终于日渐稀少。

以至今日,当人们重新开始研究、收藏、欣赏浅绛彩瓷时,它早已因物稀而身价百倍了。

笔者对浅绛彩瓷多有爱好,曾写《清御窑厂末代画师与浅绛彩瓷画》(载2001年5月6日《中国文物报》之《收藏鉴赏周刊》)。

近两年,笔者仍在探索有关这方面的问题,从近几年来全国有关专家、同行们出版、发表的关于浅绛瓷的专著、文章之所附图录中,把凡有干支年款和名款的器物全部遴选出来,再汇集笔者另外收集的有关图片资料,总计300余件作品,按年进行分门别类、编号排比。

由于这批资料的出处包括北京、广州、河北、浙江、江西等地,具有广泛地地域性和突出的代表性,笔者以此为基础,结合有关文史资料,研习经年。

窃以为有所心得,乃不敢不公之于同好,以求共同探讨一些浅绛瓷在学术上仍存在的疑问,如:浅绛瓷画缘何兴起?始于何时又终于何时?谁为开创?浅绛瓷画上为什么会写有题记、干支年款和名款,并开创诗、书、画、印于一体之先河?“官窑内造”红印章款说明了什么?为什么宫廷不烧浅绛瓷?咸丰后期至光绪晚期各时期有哪些御窑厂画师?浅绛瓷又为什么会风行于全国?以及有关画师们的一些大概情况又是如何?一、浅绛彩瓷产生的时代背景道光20年(1840年),第一次鸦片战争爆发,最后以中国的的失败而告终,割地赔偿至使百姓贫困交加。

进入咸丰期,外扰内患有增无减,英法联军在中国发动第二次鸦片战争,占领北京、火烧圆明园,连皇帝也抱头逃出了京城。

最后,再次割地赔偿,百姓处于水深火热之中,各地纷纷揭竿而起。

胡佩衡编《齐白石画册初集》题解

胡佩衡编《齐白石画册初集》题解
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《齐白石画册初集》,拧肆中颇为罕见,少为人知。国家 图书馆古籍部藏有一册,笔者见于民间者三册,其中一册为 残本重装(版权页左右颠倒)。近年,北京画院意外查出t 册之多,当为胡佩衡的存本。笔者藏本为全本,封面、封 底分别铃“武汉市六中学藏15 (登记号21972、书号135— 134)”"新华书店古旧书Байду номын сангаас市部”。武汉市六中之印为繁体字,
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新华书店之印为简体?.推测该书应为民国武汉中学藏甘, 新中国成 '〉:厉流入书肆"恩师郎绍君先牛.乃口石书画研究之 权威,曾上编《齐白石全集》,并有白石著述多本刊行。笔 者得书后,本于先生赏.先牛:需之,欣然上対底白棉宣题跋: “余作齐门右个案,多年杳J此册而未得"今岁春晓弟搜而 得之。余品读数口,如对故人。胡佩衡乃齐氏艺术的终生支 持者,此册收入齐氏变法期间佳作卅余件,诗画交辉,大匠 风度,真百年一遇也。戊戌(2018)三月得见胡佩衡编齐口 石画册初集,喜而题并记。绍君。”铃朱文“郎”。

探究民国时期美术字的视觉之美.pdf

探究民国时期美术字的视觉之美.pdf

摘要民国时期,中国已经出现了“美术字”的称谓,不仅具有本土文化的视觉特征,也是中国现代汉字设计的萌芽,将中国的文字设计引入了现代化。

同时这一时期的美术字起到了承上启下的作用,是20世纪我国社会发展和历史变革的一面镜子,留下了深刻的时代烙印,为现代文字设计提供了宝贵的经验。

本文首先以民国时期的美术字为个案,归纳、分析了民国时期美术字设计的特征、成因、存在环境等方面,包括民国时期大背景的概述、美术字的发展历程以及外来的影响因素,对本文美术字的研究划定了界限,为现当代美术字设计应用研究提供理论基础。

然后对相关概念例如书法、印刷字体、字体设计做出了论述,使研究方向更为明确,研究范围更加标准。

通过对搜集的大量民国书衣封面上的美术字整理、归纳、分类,从中寻找优秀的设计思维和设计方法,与现代的设计技巧和设计媒介、载体相结合,为设计实践的发展提供新的活力。

并对民国较有影响的设计者以及他们的作品进行了细致的归纳与分析。

最后通过对比分析现代设计案例与民国时期的美术字,总结出民国时期美术字的价值并通过笔者的实践创作探讨对当代字体设计的启示。

通过对民国时期书衣封面上的美术字论述,期望可以引起设计师的重视,重新吸引广大群众的目光,对传统文化的传承起到推动作用;从本民族文化中汲取的养分,并结合现当代的设计形式,才能为设计实践注入新元素,为应用研究提供理论基础;通过对美术字的研究,寻求中国文字设计本身的定义,并完整平面设计的学科建构。

关键词:民国时期;美术字;文字设计;书衣封面Exploration beauty of Meishuzi in the Republic of ChinaAbstractChina has been a“Meishuzi”in the title in the Republic of China.Not only it has the visual characteristics of the local culture,Meishuzi is also a budding design of modern Chinese characters.The Chinese characters introduced modern design.At the same time this period Meishuzi played a role in connecting.Meishuzi is a mirror of the social development and historical changes in China in20Century,left a deep imprint of the times,Providing valuable experience for the design of modern typography.First of all,take the Meishuzi in the Republic of China as a case,analyzed the Republic of calligraphy design characteristics,causes,there are other aspects of the environment,Including the background of the Republic of China and development of Meishuzi and external factors.This paper studies the delineation of the boundaries of Meishuzi.Providing a theoretical basis for the application of modern and contemporary art character design.Next,The related concepts such as calligraphy,typography,font design are discussed,make the research direction more clear and research scope is even more standard.Through a large number of Meishuzi on the cover of the Republic of book collecting clothes sorting,induction,classification,looking for excellent design thinking and design bined with modern design techniques and media and carriers,providing new vitality to the development of design.In the Republic of China,the influence of the designers and their works were analyzed and summarized.Finally,By comparing and analyzing the modern design cases and the Meishuzi of the Republic of China summed up the value of the Meishuzi,Through the author's practical to explore the inspiration of contemporary typography.Through Meishuzi during the Republic on the cover of a book of clothing exposition,We are hoping to arouse the attention of the designer,Re-attract the attention,promoting the inheritance of traditional culture.Nourishment from the national culture,combined with the contemporary design of the form.In order to inject new elements of design practice and to provide theoretical basis for Applied Research.Through the study of the Meishuzi,seeking the definition of Chinese character design,making the subject construction of graphic design is more complete.Keywords:The Republic of China,Meishuzi,Typograpy,Chinese Character目录摘要 (I)Abstract (II)第一章绪论 (1)1.1论文开题的目的、意义 (1)1.1.1目的 (1)1.1.2意义 (1)1.2目前国内外的研究现状 (2)1.2.1国外研究现状 (2)1.2.2国内研究现状 (3)1.3研究方法与条件 (5)第二章时代背景下的美术字 (6)2.1发展历程 (6)2.2美术字研究的界定 (6)2.2.1定义 (6)2.2.2时间界定 (7)2.3国外艺术思潮的影响 (8)2.3.1现代主义设计浪潮影响中国 (8)2.3.2日本设计相关概念引入 (9)2.3.3国内设计启蒙运动 (10)2.4小结 (11)第三章书法字体、美术字、印刷字体 (12)3.1书法艺术与美术字 (12)3.1.1应用场合与目的不同 (12)3.1.2美学方面的区别 (14)3.2印刷字体与美术字 (15)3.3小结 (16)第四章民国时期书衣封面上的美术字设计与应用 (17)4.1传统书法风格的美术字 (17)4.2印刷形态的美术字 (20)4.2.1宋体美术字 (21)4.2.2仿宋体美术字 (22)4.2.3黑体美术字 (23)4.2.4宋体与黑体结合的美术字 (24)4.3美术字的现代主义倾向 (25)4.3.1装饰风格 (25)4.3.2用拉丁文创作美术字 (27)4.3.3具有现代艺术风格的美术字 (27)4.4美术字的设计先驱 (29)4.4.1文人参与美术字设计 (30)4.4.2专业设计师创作美术字 (34)4.5小结 (39)第五章基于民国时期美术字的当代字体设计 (40)5.1从美术字到字体设计看审美视野的变迁 (40)5.1.1美术字的复兴 (40)5.1.2从美术字到字体设计 (41)5.2中国文字设计的构成源流 (42)5.3民族与现代的结合实践 (49)5.4小结 (50)第六章结论与展望 (51)参考文献 (52)攻读学位期间的研究成果 (55)致谢 (56)第一章绪论1.1论文开题的目的、意义1.1.1目的本文以民国时期的美术字为个案,归纳、分析了民国时期美术字设计的特征、成因、存在环境等方面,还原当时美术字的发展状况和历程,为当代文字设计的应用与研究提供理论依据;以民国时期的政治商业文化背景为基础,从民国传统的艺术思维中寻求优秀的设计表达与设计思维方法,并结合现代的设计手法,与现代的设计媒介、载体相结合,为设计实践的发展提供新的活力;通过对民国时期大量书衣封面中的美术字研究,探索美术字在相关在传播载体上的设计表现,并且更好的发挥美术字的传播功能。

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International Journal of Pharmaceutics 456 (2013) 49–57Contents lists available at ScienceDirectInternational Journal ofPharmaceuticsj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /i j p h a rmThe effect of lipid composition and liposome size on the release properties of liposomes-in-hydrogelJulia Hurler a ,Simon ˇZakelj b ,Janez Mravljak b ,Stane Pajk b ,c ,Albin Kristl b ,Rolf Schubert d ,Nataˇs a ˇSkalko-Basneta ,∗aUniversity of Tromsø,Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group,Department of Pharmacy,Universitetsveien 57,N-9037Tromsø,NorwaybUniversity of Ljubljana,Faculty of Pharmacy,Aˇs kerˇc eva cesta 7,SI-1000Ljubljana,Slovenia cInstitut Joˇz ef Stefan,Laboratory of Biophysics–EPR center,Jamova 39,SI-1000Ljubljana,Slovenia dAlbert Ludwig University,Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy,Hermann-Herder-Straße 9,D-79104Freiburg,Germanya r t i c l ei n f oArticle history:Received 19June 2013Received in revised form 9August 2013Accepted 12August 2013Available online 27 August 2013Keywords:Liposomes HydrogelsIn vitro release Chitosan Skin therapya b s t r a c tTo study the release of liposome-associated drugs into hydrogels,we designed and synthesized two pH-sensitive rhodamine derivatives to use as model compounds of different lipophilicities.The dyes were fluorescent when in the free form released from liposomes into the chitosan hydrogel,but not when incorporated within liposomes.The effect of liposomal composition,surface charge and vesicle size on the release of those incorporated dyes was evaluated.The lipophilicity of the rhodamine derivatives affected both the amount and rate of release.While liposome size had only a minor effect on the release of dyes into the hydrogel,the surface charge affected the release to a greater extent.By optimizing the characteristics of liposomes we could develop a liposomes-in-hydrogel system for application in wound therapy.We further characterized liposomes-in-hydrogel for their rheological properties,textures and moisture handling,as well as their potential to achieve a controlled release of the dye.The polymer-dependent changes in the hydrogel properties were observed upon addition of liposomes.The charged liposomes exhibited stronger effects on the textures of the chitosan hydrogels than the neutral ones.In respect to the ability of the system to handle wound exudates,chitosan-based hydrogels were found to be superior to Carbopol-based hydrogels.© 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.1.IntroductionA major aim in the development of modern hydrogel for-mulations such as those currently used in wound dressings,is to achieve the effective and accurate delivery of the required therapeutic agents included in the formulation over a prolonged period of time (Boateng et al.,2008).Among hydrogels,chitosan hydrogels are one of the most studied systems,particularly with respect to their bioadhesiveness.Chitosan has frequently been studied as a possible wound dressing and as a delivery system forAbbreviations:ns,non-sonicated;PC,phosphatidylcholine;PC ns,non-sonicated phosphatidylcholine liposomes;PC s,sonicated phosphatidylcholineliposomes;PC/PG,phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylglycerol;PC/PG ns,non-sonicated phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylglycerol liposomes;PC/PG s,sonicated phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylglycerol liposomes;PC/SA,phosphatidylcholine/octadecylamine;PC/SA ns,non-sonicated phosphatidyl-choline/octadecylamine;PC/SA s,sonicated phosphatidylcholine/octadecylamine;PG,phosphatidylglycerol;PI,polydispersity index;s,sonicated;SA,octadecylamine (=stearylamine).∗Corresponding author.Tel.:+4777646640;fax:+4777646151.E-mail address:natasa.skalko-basnet@uit.no (N.ˇSkalko-Basnet).therapeutic agents.This is primarily due to its confirmed biocom-patible,biodegradable,non-toxic and bacteriostatic properties,as well as its ability to promote wound healing (Denis et al.,2012).While a lot of research on the potential use of chitosan as a wound dressing has focused on plain chitosan hydrogels,chitosan-based hydrogels (Alsarra,2009;Bhattarai et al.,2010;Ribeiro et al.,2009),chitosan films (Aoyagi et al.,2007;Noel et al.,2008)and other chitosan-based formulations (Salam et al.,2010),relatively little has been published about liposomal chitosan hydrogels.The rationale behind using liposomes-in-hydrogel as a delivery system is to assure sustained drug release during their prolonged presence at the administration site (Ruel-Gariepy et al.,2002).The release of drugs from drugs-in-liposomes-in-hydrogel systems is affected by different factors related to the physicochemical proper-ties of the drug.The release of amphiphilic/lipophilic drugs,which are assumed to have the ability to penetrate the liposomal mem-brane,will be determined by the lipid concentration of liposomes added into the gel (Mourtas et al.,2008b ).In the current study we aimed to gain a better insight into the interactions between drug molecules,liposomes and hydrogels.However,the complexity of the liposomes-in-hydrogel delivery0378-5173/$–see front matter © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved./10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.08.03350J.Hurler et al./International Journal of Pharmaceutics456 (2013) 49–57system limits a real-time analytical evaluation of drug release from liposomes,which function as a drug reservoir within the hydro-gel,delivering the drug to the administration site.For this purpose, pH-sensitive rhodamine compounds of two different lipophilici-ties were designed and synthesized to follow their release from liposomes into the hydrogel.The dyes were incorporated in lipo-somes which varied in lipid composition,surface charge and size.The use of hydrogels as vehicles provides the required rheo-logical properties required for the incorporated liposomes(Cohen et al.,2012;Mourtas et al.,2007,2008b;Paavola et al.,2000;Pavelic et al.,2001).In addition,the high viscosity of hydrogels acts as a protective mechanism which can stabilize liposomes,as has been previously shown by Mourtas et al.(Mourtas et al.,2008b).An additional important characteristic that makes hydrogels interesting for wound therapy is their bioadhesiveness.The rhe-ological and bioadhesive properties of hydrogel formulations determine their retention time at the administration site and can therefore influence the therapeutic outcome of the treat-ment.Previously,we have shown the superior bioadhesiveness of chitosan-based liposomal hydrogels as compared to Carbopol-based hydrogels(Hurler andˇSkalko-Basnet,2012).However,in the case of wound treatment the bioadhesiveness can be affected by the wound’s exudate.Some wounds,such as burns,pro-duce a lot of exudate,which can lead to maceration of the wound bed,whereas other wounds are dry and need addi-tional moisture from the wound dressing for their proper healing (Fulton et al.,2012).Therefore,in this study we also tested the fluid handling properties of both chitosan-and Carbopol-based hydrogels.2.Materials and methodsThe rhodamine derivatives used in this study,namely MP-4and MTJ-12(log p4.17and log p2.32,respectively,as calculated by ChemBioDraw12.0,CambridgeSoft)were synthesized at the Fac-ulty of Pharmacy,University of Ljubljana,Slovenia(manuscript in preparation).Lipoid S100(PC,soya phosphatidylcholine>94%) and Lipoid E PG-Na(PG,egg phosphatidylglycerol sodium)were a generous gift from Lipoid GmbH(Ludwigshafen,Germany).Octade-cylamine(SA)and high Mw chitosan(Brookfield viscosity800.000 cps,DD of77)were a product of Sigma–Aldrich Chemistry(St. Luis,USA).Carbopol®Ultrez10was obtained from Noveon(Cleve-land,USA).Triethylamine was purchased from Merck Schuchardt (Hohenbrunn,Germany)and glycerol was obtained from Merck KGaA(Darmstadt,Germany).All other chemicals used in experi-ments were of analytical grade.2.1.Rhodamine derivativesAll1H and13C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance III NMR instrument operating at400MHz and100MHz(13C).IR spectra were recorded on a PerkinElmer FTIR1600spectrometer. Mass spectra were obtained with a Q-Tof Premier mass spectrome-ter(Centre for Mass Spectrometry,Institute Joˇz ef Stefan,Ljubljana, Slovenia).3 ,6 -bis(ethylamino)-2-(3-hydroxypropyl)-2 ,7 -dimethylspiro[isoindoline-1,9 -xanthen]-3-one MP-4.1H NMR(DMSO-d6,400MHz):ı 1.15–1.19(m, 2H,N CH2CH2CH2OH), 1.22(t,6H,J=7.25Hz, 2×CH2CH3),1.87(s,6H,2×Ar CH3),3.02(t,2H,J=7.51Hz, N CH2CH2CH2OH),3.10–3.16(m,6H,N CH2CH2CH2OH, 2×CH2CH3), 4.33(bs,1H,OH), 5.07(t,2H,J=5.32Hz, 2×NH), 6.08(s,2H,H4 Ar,H5 Ar), 6.27(s,2H,H1 Ar, H8 Ar), 6.96–6.98(m,1H,H7Ar),7.48–7.50(m,2H,H5Ar,H6Ar),7.77–7.79(m,1H,H4Ar)ppm.13C NMR(DMSO-d6, 100MHz):ı14.15,17.02,31.02,37.27,37.47,54,91,64.28,95.61, 104.66,118.16,122,19,123,51,127.51,128.15,130.49,132.52, 147.58,150.96,153.64,166.93ppm.IR(KBr)3425,3337,2961, 2858,1682,1636,1620,1517,1470,1421,1326,1271,1219, 1159,1144,1042,1014,868,814,782,746cm−1.MS(ESI)m/z (rel intensity)472(MH+,100);HRMS(ESI):Calcd for C29H34N3O3 [M+H]+472.2600,found472.2597.3 ,6 -bis(ethylamino)-2 ,7 -dimethyl-2-(2-(((2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)ethyl)spiro[isoindoline-1,9 -xanthen]-3-one MTJ-12.1H NMR(DMSO-d6,400MHz):ı0.95(t,3H,J=6.90Hz, CH2CH3), 1.22(t,3H,J=7.16Hz,CH2CH3), 1.88(s, 3H,Ar CH3), 2.05(s,3H,Ar CH3), 2.91–3.28(m,12H, N CH2CH2O,2×CH2CH3,H2G,H3G,H4G,H5G), 3.50–3.53(m,1H,H6a G),3.74–3.79(m,1H,H6b G),4.06–4.15 (m,1H,OH),4.54–4.58(m,2H,2×OH),4.65(bs,1H,OH), 4.89(d,1H,J=4.9Hz,H1G),4.93(t,1H,J=4.0Hz,NH),5.18(t, 1H,J=5.14Hz,NH),6.12(s,1H,H4 Ar),6.29(s,2H,H1 Ar, H8 Ar),7.01–7.04(m,1H,H7Ar),7.31(d,1H,J=5.37Hz,H5 Ar), 7.50–7.52(m,2H,H5Ar,H6Ar),7.81–7.79(m,1H,H4Ar)ppm.13C NMR(DMSO-d6,100MHz):ı14.18,14.27,17.05,17.78,37.53, 42.05,48.64,58.06,61.64,64.01,70.40,70.56,78.13,78.35,92.97, 93.04,95.59,104.09,114.01,114.17,118.64,122.50,123.73, 127.53,128.29,128.51,130.23,132.90,147.93,148.82,148.85, 149.40,149.47,150.81,153.23,167.05.ppm.IR(KBr)3422,2926, 1670,1522,1495,1400,1270,1201,1076,1016,888,747cm−1. MS(ESI)m/z(relative intensity)620(MH+,100);HRMS(ESI): Calculated for C34H42N3O8[M+H]+620.2972,found620.2971.2.2.Preparation and characterization of liposomesLiposomes were prepared by the dryfilm method.Three dif-ferent lipid compositions were used for the preparation:namely PC,PC/PG(1/9,molar ratio),and PC/SA(9/3,molar ratio)(Pavelic et al.,2005).The empty liposomes were used for the rheological and textural studies.In brief,the lipid components(26mmol/l) were dissolved in methanol and the solvent later removed by evaporation on a rotary vacuum evaporator(Büchi R-124,Büchi Labortechnik,Flawil,Switzerland).The lipidfilm was rehydrated in 10ml of distilled water(pH6.7)and hand-shaken for10min.The liposome suspension was kept in a refrigerator overnight before the size reduction and further characterization.Liposomes containing dyes were prepared in the same ly,the lipid components were dissolved in methanol and rhodamine dye was added in the organic solution(2␮mol/l).The rhodamine dyes,MP-4and MTJ-12(Fig.1)served as the model fluorescent compounds and were especially synthesized to have the targeted lipophilicity.The dyes were designed to befluores-cent only at a pH value of4while being non-fluorescent at pH values higher than6.The solvent was removed by evaporation and the lipid/compoundfilm rehydrated by10ml of phosphate buffer(pH7.4)and hand-shaken for10min prior to storage at 4◦C overnight.To remove unentrapped rhodamine dye the lipo-somal suspension was ultracentrifuged(80000g,30min,Sorvall®WX100,Thermo Scientific,Waltham,Massachusetts,USA)and the pellet resuspended in10ml of distilled water(pH6.7).Liposomes of various sizes were prepared by the probe sonica-tion;the liposomal suspensions were cooled in an ice bath and sonicated three times at continuous cycle for20s at40%ampli-tude by a Cole Parmer Ultrasonic Processor500W(Cole Parmer Instruments,Vernon Hills,Illinois,USA).All liposomal suspensions were characterized for size by dynamic light scattering and zeta potential with a Zetasizer Nano ZS(Malvern Instruments Ltd.,Worcestershire,UK).J.Hurler et al./International Journal of Pharmaceutics456 (2013) 49–5751Fig.1.Rhodamine dye derivatives.2.3.Preparation of hydrogelsHydrogels were prepared as described earlier(Hurler et al.,2012b).In brief,Carbopol hydrogels were prepared by blendingof Carbopol Ultrez10powder in distilled water(0.5%w/w,respec-tively)and adding triethylamine for neutralization.The amount oftriethylamine was adjusted to obtain hydrogels with a pH valueof7.The gels were allowed to swell at room temperature for24hbefore further experiments.Chitosan hydrogels were prepared as previously described(Hurler et al.,2012b).In brief,high molecular weight chitosan,2.5%(w/w),was manually mixed into a blend of acetic acid(2.5%,w/w)and glycerol(10%,w/w).The plain chitosan hydrogel(control,notcontaining glycerol)was prepared in the same manner as chitosanhydrogels containing glycerol and liposomes.The hydrogels wereallowed to swell for at least48h at room temperature before furtheruse.2.4.Preparation of liposomes-in-hydrogelsHydrogels were prepared as described in Section2.3.After theswelling time,10%(w/w)the liposomal dispersion was added andstirred carefully by hand until an even distribution within thehydrogel was achieved(Hurler et al.,2012b).2.5.Release of rhodamine dyes from liposomes into hydrogel indye-in-liposome-in chitosan hydrogel systemLiposomes-in-hydrogels made of chitosan were prepared asdescribed in Section2.4.The liposomes contained either MP-4orMTJ-12rhodamine dyes.All chitosan hydrogels had a pH value of4.As the liposomes were prepared with a buffer of pH7.4,the rho-damine dyes within the liposomes were notfluorescent.However,when the incorporated dyes started to diffuse out of the liposomesinto the hydrogel vehicle,the rhodamine compounds becameflu-orescent and thus detectable asfluorescence within the hydrogels.The release of rhodamine compounds was determined at differenttime intervals(15,30,45,60,75,90,105,120,135,150,180,210,240,270and300min)fluorimetrically using a Tecan plate reader,Safire2(excitation wavelength520nm for MP-4,514nm for MTJ-12,emission wavelength560nm for MP-4,554nm for MTJ-12).Themeasuredfluorescence activities were normalized.The list of preparations evaluated for their respective dye releaseis given in Table1(without empty liposomes).All measurements were performed in triplicate.2.6.Rheological evaluation of hydrogelsThe Carbopol and chitosan hydrogels,both those which wereempty and those containing incorporated PC liposomes,werecharacterized with regard to their rheological properties using aCS-rheometer(RheoStress RS1001Ncm,Peltier TC81,Haake,Germany).A cone/plate C35/1◦(0.05mm)measurement systemwas used at20◦C in all experiments(Pavelic et al.,2001).2.7.Texture analysis of chitosan hydrogelsTexture analysis of the hydrogels was carried out at room tem-perature(TA-XT plus Texture Analyser,Stable Micro Systems Ltd.,Surrey,UK)as previously described(Hurler et al.,2012b).In brief,50g of formulation werefilled into a standard beaker.A disk(40mm in diameter)was placed5mm under the gel surface andthen pushed into the gel(10mm at a speed of4mm/s,respec-tively)and redrawn again.Gel hardness was determined from theresulting force-time plot,and cohesiveness and adhesiveness of thehydrogels were calculated.Each sample was measuredfive times.Experiments were per-formed in triplicate.2.8.Fluid affinity testing of hydrogelsThe Carbopol and chitosan hydrogels,both the empty hydro-gels and liposomes-in-hydrogels,were tested with respect to theirpotential to handle wound exudates.The standard test we usedfor this purpose is described in the European norm,“BS EN13726-1:2002Test methods for primary wound dressings.Part1Aspectsof absorbency,Section3.4,Fluid affinity of amorphous hydrogelwound dressings”(Thomas et al.,2005).The gelatin(35%,w/w)which was selected to mimic a drywound was prepared in Solution A(salt solution of sodium/calciumchloride containing142mmol/l of sodium ions and2.5mmol/lof calcium ions).The concentrations of ions were adjusted to becomparable to those present in serum and woundfluid(BS EN13726-1:2002).The swollen gelatin(10±0.1g)wasfilled into the barrels of60ml syringes,after removing the tip-end of the syringes andthen closing this end with a rubber plug to generate aflatsurface.Hydrogel(10±0.1g),namely the empty Carbopol hydro-gel,liposomes-in-Carbopol hydrogel,empty chitosan hydrogelor liposomes-in-chitosan hydrogel,werefilled onto the top ofthe stiffened gelatin plug.After incubation for48h±30min at25±2◦C,the hydrogels were removed gently from the gelatin andre-weighed.The same procedure was performed using the agar(2%,w/w)instead of gelatin in order to mimic the exuding wounds.The agarwas prepared in the same salt solution as was used for gelatin toemulate wound liquid.The results are presented as the percentage weight gain and cor-responding weight loss of the formulation after the test comparedwith their original weight.All tests were performed in triplicates.52J.Hurler et al./International Journal of Pharmaceutics456 (2013) 49–57Table1Liposome characteristics(n=3).Rhodamine derivative Lipid composition Non-sonicated/sonicated Size[nm]PI Zeta potential[mV]–PC ns>1000a1 1.63±0.09PC s174.2±69.50.39 1.45±0.02PC/PG ns>1000a1−32.33±0.41PC/PG s124.7±60.70.24−27.20±1.42PC/SA ns>1000a163.37±0.73PC/SA s144.0±87.20.3844.00±0.57MP-4PC ns>1000a10.65±0.04PC s98.7±70.90.380.92±0.07PC/PG ns>1000a1−12.20±0.10PC/PG s112.8±63.90.3−11.15±0.15PC/SA ns>1000a163.65±0.35PC/SA s249.3±214.30.743.55±0.45MTJ-12PC ns>1000a1 4.72±0.14PC s157±40.80.35 4.20±0.21PC/PG ns>1000a1−13.45±0.25PC/PG s117.2±85.20.31−10.35±0.05PC/SA ns>1000a163.75±0.55PC/SA s152.9±54.10.8143.50±1.20a Size is an estimate due to PI>0.7.2.9.Statistical evaluationThe student’s t-test was used for comparison of two means.A significance level of p<0.05was considered to be significant.3.Results and discussion3.1.Liposome characteristicsLiposome characteristics are shown in Table1.The incorpora-tion of rhodamine dyes into liposomes(over99%of the starting concentration)resulted in afinal dye concentration in liposomes of0.2␮M for both MP-4and MTJ-12.To test whether the charge on the liposome surface is influenc-ing the release of incorporated compounds we prepared liposomes of three different lipid compositions,varying the liposomal surface net charge.PC liposomes exhibited a low positive charge,whereas PC/PG liposomes exhibit a distinguished negative zeta potential and PC/SA liposomes a highly positive charge,respectively(Table1). The incorporation of dye(Fig.1)into the liposomes resulted in the changes of zeta potential of the negatively charged liposomes (Table1).It appears that both dyes significantly reduced the neg-ative surface charge of PC/PG liposomes,which can be explained by their positive charge.Dyes become positively charged upon crossing the lipid bilayer due to the change in pH(Fig.2)and are probably electrostatically attracted to the negatively charged surface of PC/PG liposomes,thus reducing their zeta potential.To determine the effect of liposome size on the release pro-file of incorporated dyes,vesicles of two distinguished sizes were prepared.The non-sonicated liposomes were clearly of a multil-amellar nature,whereas the sonicated liposomes were probably oligolamellar.The size of sonicated liposomes was found to be similar for the empty liposomes,liposomes containing MP-4and liposomes containing MTJ-12.Although the size of MP-4PC/SA seems to be larger compared the other sonicated liposomes,due to their high PI value(0.7),this could be the result of an aggre-gation of the liposomes rather than the actual sizes of liposomes (Table1).3.2.Release of dye from the dye-in-liposomes-in-chitosanhydrogelThe liposomes-in-hydrogel systems represent rather compli-cated models with respect to the determination of factors which affect the release of liposomally associated active compounds,as well as the choice of method to be used to determine the release. The drug needs tofirst be released into the hydrogel,followed by its diffusion through the hydrogel and out of the hydrogel.Often,only the amount of drug released from liposomes-in-hydrogel is mea-sured in the acceptor medium(Hurler et al.,2012a).Our goal was to determine the release of drug/dye into the hydrogel and the factors affecting such release.Therefore,our focus was on liposome char-acteristics,rather than the effects of polymer concentration.It has been previously reported that polymer concentration,especially an increase in polymer concentration,can lead to a decrease in the release of liposome-associated drug as reported for liposomes-in-carbomer hydrogels(Dragicevic-Curic et al.,2009).The release kinetics of liposome-entrapped hydrophilic com-pounds from the gels can be determined by liposome characteris-tics(Mourtas et al.,2008a).In the case of amphiphilic or lipophilic drugs,the lipophilicity of the drug as well as its aqueous solubil-ity will determine the partitioning of the drugs into theaqueous Fig.2.Non-charged non-fluorescent spirocyclic form(a)of rhodamine dye incorporated in liposomes at higher pH and positively charged open form(b),formed upon crossing the liposome bilayer,at lower pH.J.Hurler et al./International Journal of Pharmaceutics 456 (2013) 49–5753media of the hydrogel (Mourtas et al.,2007).To determine the release of the drug from liposomes incorporated in the hydrogels,the method originally developed by Peschka et al.(1998)and modi-fied by Pavelic et al.(2001,2004)and Mourtas et al.(2007)has been reported.However,the method has several limitations.To avoid these limitations,we synthesized pH-sensitive fluorescent dyes to gain a deeper insight into the release of the dye within the gels,avoiding the presence of additional gel as in the agarose method (Peschka et al.,1998).In this study,the release of two rhodamine dyes,MP-4and MTJ-12exhibiting different log p values,namely 4.17(MP-4)and 2.32(MTJ-12),respectively,was followed.The role of lipophilicity of drugs on their release from liposomes in liposomes-in-chitosan hydrogels was investigated.We followed the effect of the liposome charge and size and the results are presented in Fig.3.It is evident that lipid composition influenced the release of dyes out of liposomes and into the chitosan hydrogel.Liposomes with a negative zeta potential (PC/PG)exhibited increased release of both dyes into the hydrogel,whereas liposomes bearing positive charges (PC/SA)had a decreased release of dyes into the hydrogel as compared to the release measured from neutral liposomes (PC)(Fig.3).This was observed for liposomes of both size ranges,namely non-sonicated and sonicated liposomes.Interestingly,the release of MTJ-12from PC/PG and PC/SA lipo-somes reached an early equilibrium state (Fig.3C and 3D);at the beginning MTJ-12was released from liposomes faster than the more lipophilic MP-4dye.One possible explanation can be that due to the more hydrophilic character of MTJ-12(log p =2.32)compared to MP-4,it diffuses faster into the hydrophilic chitosan hydrogel.However,the neutral liposomes containing MTJ-12showed a sim-ilar release pattern to that seen for the neutral MP-4-containing liposomes.The release of MP-4during the first 120min was found to be linearly correlated against the square root of time,which is in agreement with the Higuchi square root law.However,for MTJ-12the release only followed that law for the first 60min (data not shown).It appeared that the release of both rhodamine compounds was following a Fickian diffusion in the beginning of the release process,followed by a more steady–state release.Similar observa-tions were reported for lidocaine HCl in the liposomes-in-Carbopol hydrogel systems (Glavas-Dodov et al.,2002)and for griseofulvin in liposomes in both Carbopol-and hydroxyethyl-cellulose-hydrogels (Mourtas et al.,2007).time [ h]123456r e l a t i v e f l u o r e s c e n c e i n t e n s i t y0,00,10,20,30,40,50,6time [ h]123456r e l a t i v e f l u o r e s c e n c e i n t e n s i t y0,00,10,20,30,40,50,6time [h]123456r e l a t i v e f l u o r e s c e n c e i n t e n s i t y0,00,10,20,30,40,50,6time [ h]0123456r e l a t i v e f l u o r e s c e n c e i n t e n s i t y0,00,10,20,30,40,50,6BACDPC in hydrogel PC/PGPC/SA in hydrogelFig.3.Release of MP-4(A,B)and MTJ-12(C,D)from phosphatidylcholine liposomes-in-chitosan hydrogel.Both non-sonicated liposomes (filled symbols)and sonicatedliposomes (open symbols)were tested.*significant vs.PC MP-4(p <0.05);**significant vs.PC MTJ-12(p <0.05)(n =3).54J.Hurler et al./International Journal of Pharmaceutics456 (2013) 49–57 Chitosan hydrogel consists of positively charged chains.Inter-actions between the positively charged chains and the negativelycharged liposomes might disturb the liposomal membrane andfacilitate diffusion of the rhodamine dyes out of the liposomes andinto the hydrogel.Neutral liposomes are expected to interact lesswith the chitosan network in the hydrogel,thus the release fromthose types of liposomes will be slower,as was observed(Fig.3).This could explain why the release from positively charged lipo-somes was the most sustained of all liposomes ly,positively charged liposomes are repelled by the chitosan chains,leaving the liposomal membrane undisturbed and preventing thedye molecules from diffusing into the hydrogel.The hydrogelmatrix is also expected to protect liposomes from the influenceof other excipients within the hydrogel(Mourtas et al.,2008b).Mourtas et al.(2007)proposed that liposomes act as reser-voirs that hold lipophilic drugs in gels and release them at therate determined by the total amount of drug present in the gel.Itwas also suggested that the diffusion of the released drug throughthe hydrogel is not the rate-limiting factor as it is faster than therelease from liposomes into the hydrogel.DiTizio et al.(2000)found that liposomes composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine(DPPC),distearoylphosphatidylglycerol(DSPG)and cholesterol invarious ratios had varying degrees of affinity for the gelatin-basedgel matrix.Similarfindings were reported by Liu et al.(2012),who stated that the integrity of liposomes and the subsequentrelease profile of entrapped calcein is determined by hydrophobicinteractions between poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)hydrogel and liposomes.Cohen et al.(2012)showed a correlation between the lipid composition of liposomes,their leakage stability and subse-quently their release properties.Liposome size did not influence drug release from liposomes bearing neutral(PC)and positive(PC/SA)zeta potential as after 5.5h the relativefluorescence intensity was about0.3.However, the release from sonicated liposomes reached equilibrium faster than non-sonicated ones(Fig.3B).Smaller liposomes with negative zeta potential(PC/PG)exhibited sustained release compared to the bigger,non-sonicated liposomes of the same charge(Fig.3).This is in agreement with Ruel-Gariepy et al.(2002)who reported a slower release of liposomally-entrapped hydrophilic carboxyfluorescein from chitosan-␤-glycerophosphate hydro-gel when liposome size was increased from100to280nm. Neutral liposomes are not expected to get involved in elec-trostatic interactions with chitosan molecules.However, hydrophobic interactions may take place(Ruel-Gariepy et al., 2002).It is expected that the large liposomes will release the incor-porated drug into the hydrogel in a manner controlled either by the degradation of the chitosan matrix or by the long term desta-bilization/degradation of the lipid bilayers within the liposomes, depending on the drug’s lipophilicity(Ruel-Gariepy et al.,2002). The difference in the lipophilicity did affect the release properties of the rhodamine dyes to the certain extent.After about75min, MTJ-12PC/PG ns preparations reached equilibrium and thefluo-rescence did not increase after that time point(Fig.3C).In contrast, MP-4preparations did not reach equilibrium until after more than 120min(Fig.3A and B).MP-4is more lipophilic than MTJ-12and seems to diffuse slower through the lipid bilayer of the liposomes into the hydrophilic gel as compared to the more hydrophilic com-pound MTJ-12.Even though the determination of drug release from liposomal hydrogels is rather complex,it is possible to manipulate/optimize the release of drugs from the liposomes into the hydrogel,and subsequently from the hydrogel.The physicochemical interplay between lipophilicity of the drug,liposomal lipid composition and liposomal size,in combination with the properties of the hydrogel has to be taken into consideration.Shear rate [1/s]050100150200Shearstress[Pa]50100150200250300Shear rate [1/s]050100150200Shearstress[Pa]50AABFig.4.Flow behavior of Carbopol hydrogel with and without incorporated lipo-somes(A)and chitosan hydrogel with and without incorporated glycerol and liposomes(B).(n=3).3.3.Characterization of hydrogelsHydrogels that are used in therapy are often mixtures of several ingredients such as drug,drug vehicle(polymer)and humectants. These additives may change the textural and rheological properties of the hydrogel,affecting their performance in vivo(Hurler et al., 2012b).3.3.1.Influence of liposomes on rheological properties and textureIn this study we have focused on the rheological character-ization of liposomes-in-hydrogels,and the results are shown in Fig.4(A and B).The plain Carbopol hydrogel exhibited higher shear stress levels at increasing shear rate compared to the liposomal Carbopol hydrogel.A similar observation was reported by Pavelic et al.(2001).Carbopol gels behave predominantly as the elastic solids and have unique rheological properties compared to the other types of gels(Mourtas et al.,2007).It is known that an increase in carbomer concentration induces the domination of elastic over viscous behavior in hydrogels(Dragicevic-Curic et al.,2009).The concentration used in our experiments(0.5%,w/w)was optimal with respect to the planned application of the hydrogels,i.e.on wounds.The pH is known to affect the hydrogel swelling as well as the rheological and texture properties of Carbopol hydrogels; however the pH in our experiments was maintained in the neu-tral range as reported earlier(Hurler et al.,2012b).Moreover,we incorporated the non-charged liposomes into the Carbopl hydro-gels.Therefore,the resulting changes in the rheological and texture properties upon the addition of liposomes could thus be attributed to the liposomes rather than to a change in the pH.PC liposomes are in thefluid state and easily deformed under stress conditions, resulting in lower modulation of the rheological properties of the blank gel.Saturated PC on the other hand is in the gel state at the。

浙美版美术四下第18课《良渚古玉》课件2

浙美版美术四下第18课《良渚古玉》课件2

良渚古玉的历史价值
良渚古玉是中国古代玉器文化的瑰宝,代表着丰富的历史信息和文化内涵。 它记录了古人的生活方式、宗教信仰和社会制度,对于研究古代社会和艺术 发展具有重要价值。
良渚古玉的文化意义
良渚古玉是中国文化的重要组成部分,代表着中国古代玉文明的辉煌成就。 它不仅是审美的表达,也寄托了人们对美好生活的向往和追求。
良渚古玉的鉴赏要点
良渚古玉的鉴赏要点包括外观质感、手工制作、纹饰图案和历史背景等方面。 了解这些要点可以帮助我们更好地欣赏和理解古玉的价值和美感。
良渚古玉的分类和特点
良渚古玉根据形状和用途可以分为器物玉、佩玉和人像玉等多种类型。每一种类型都有其独特的特点和艺术价 值,展示了古人的智慧和审美追求。
良渚古玉的保养方法
为了保护和保存良渚古玉的美丽和价值,我们需要注意一些保养ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้法,如避 免碰撞、定期擦拭和注意适当的存放环境等。
良渚古玉的展示案例和收藏者心得
本节将分享一些珍贵的良渚古玉展示案例,以及一些收藏者对古玉的独特感悟和心得体会。这些案例和心得将 为我们更好地理解和欣赏古玉提供有益的启示。
浙美版美术四下第18课 《良渚古玉》ppt课件2
良渚古玉是中国最早的玉器文化遗产,具有悠久的历史和卓越的艺术价值。 本课件将深入介绍良渚古玉的背景、文化意义和保养方法,并分享珍贵的展 示案例和心得。
良渚古玉的背景介绍
良渚古玉起源于良渚文化,距今已有5000多年的历史。它是中国史前时期独具特色的玉器,展现了古代人民 的智慧和技艺。

清朝中期袁江山二十四幅精品山水绘画作品赏析

清朝中期袁江山二十四幅精品山水绘画作品赏析

清朝中期袁江二十四幅精品山水绘画作品赏析琴棋书画,古代被称作文房四艺,是文人墨客颇为称许的娱乐活动,古人认为,抚琴、弈棋、写字、作画,或者只是听琴、观棋、赏字、阅画,领会诗情画意,能赏心悦目,陶冶情操,有益于健康和长寿。

古画中出现的那些生活用品、山川河流,真实地反映了当时人们的生活方式和科技水平,结合古画年代背景的记载,赏画更是别有一番趣味。

——题记中国清代绘画,在当时政治、经济、思想、文化等方面的影响下,呈现出特定的时代风貌。

卷轴画延续元、明以来的趋势,文人画风靡,山水画勃兴,水墨写意画法盛行。

文人画呈现出崇古和创新两种趋向。

在题材内容、思想情趣、笔墨技巧等方面各有不同的追求,并形成纷繁的风格和流派。

宫廷绘画在康熙、乾隆时期也获得了较大的发展,并呈现出迥异前代院体的新风貌。

民间绘画以年画和版画的成就最为突出,呈现空前繁盛的局面。

清代绘画发展的历史进程,与整个社会的发展变迁相联系,亦可分为早、中、晚三个时期。

清代中期,清代康熙末至乾隆、嘉庆年间,随着政权的逐步巩固,社会日趋安定,经济获得持续发展,绘画领域也呈现出繁荣的景象。

“宫廷绘画”可谓名家辈出,人物画家如郎世宁、冷枚、丁观鹏;山水画家如袁江、袁耀;花鸟画家如蒋廷锡、邹一桂,等等。

这些画家的出现,都为清代中期宫的廷绘画增添了不少色彩。

然而“扬州八怪”也诞生于同一时期,且在画史上留下了浓厚的一笔。

我们一起分享袁江精品绘画作品。

袁江(1662—1735)字文涛,号岫泉。

江都(今江苏扬州)人。

是中国绘画史上有影响画家,宫廷画家,专攻山水楼阁界画。

雍正时,召入宫廷为祗侯。

在清康熙、雍正、乾隆时期,楼阁工整山水当以袁江最有名。

当时还有他的侄子袁耀同齐名。

他们两人曾受扬州的山西盐商的聘请,到山西作画,作品在北方流传较多。

他擅画山水、楼台、师法宋人。

山水画主要学宋代闫次平,画石多鬼皴,楼阁主要学郭忠恕,工整严密。

他的绘画素材多为古代宫苑,尤长于界画。

界画是我国民族绘画中很有特色的一门画科,它在东晋时代已同人物、山水画并存了,发展到宋、元时期就已达到高峰,但一直受到文人画的排挤。

建国后景德镇瓷款的变迁

建国后景德镇瓷款的变迁

4一、建国初期(1949—1952)新中国建立后,景德镇的制瓷业很快得到恢复,这一时期瓷器底款特点是新旧并存。

部分瓷器沿用民国时期底款如“江西徐生记出品”、“江西吉昌社出品”等等。

还有部分瓷器使用公司(瓷厂)款。

如1948年8月,景德镇第一家公营瓷厂--建国瓷业公司成立,初期使用“江西建国瓷业公司”底款,1950年改为建国瓷厂,随后使用“景市建国瓷厂出品”底款。

1956年以后使用“建国瓷厂江西出品”底款。

建国后不久,有些瓷器底款出现“景德镇制”篆书方款。

至于由谁设计,由谁最先使用,目前尚无法确定。

一般而言,“景德镇制”篆书方款的使用应该不早于1954年,不晚于1955年底。

而且应该不是个体或者私营企业所设计。

资料显示,青花海棠纹瓷器是建国后首次设计、生产的国家专用瓷之一,其中既有无款的也有“景德镇制”篆书方款的。

其后,这个篆书方款在几十年的时间里常有使用。

仔细观察前后的篆书方款大体一致,但是也有细微差别。

总的看应该是前者精细沉稳些,后者略欠匀称。

这些变化需要结合瓷器的其他特征如:胎、釉、彩以及带有时代特点的纹饰来鉴别,单看款识确实是很难说清的。

二、改造时期(1953—1957)1953年,三大改造在中国大陆开始,其目的是要将原有的私营经济改造为公有制经济,景德镇的私营瓷厂和作坊也开始接受改造。

这一时期的瓷器底款特点为圆印章式,有的加有瓷厂数字序号。

此时“江西景德镇名瓷”底款较为流行,文字排列可以分为自左至右式和自右至左式。

如:1、“合作社”款。

因为当年瓷业合作社众多,瓷器底款较为复杂。

然而,合作社底款是陶瓷行业合作化进程的见证,成为这个时期瓷器断代的依据。

如表明合作经营性质的“江西鹰潭混合生产合作社出品”;表明合作地域层级的“景市一区二手工业社出品”;表明合作生产环节的“江西景德镇市陶瓷加工第一生产合作社”。

2、序号瓷厂款。

1956年1月,景德镇完成了制瓷业的公私合营,随即对全行业进行了相应调整:将13个老合营瓷厂建国后景德镇瓷款的变迁李 超(景德镇市昌河中学)与6个新合营瓷厂合并,组建成裕民瓷厂、国光瓷厂、华光瓷厂、民光瓷厂、新和瓷厂、华电瓷厂等10个公私合营瓷厂。

河北博物院藏历史题材老月份牌广告画赏析(上)

河北博物院藏历史题材老月份牌广告画赏析(上)


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无双国宝《萝轩变古笺谱》

无双国宝《萝轩变古笺谱》

无双国宝《萝轩变古笺谱》作者:暂无来源:《检察风云》 2017年第1期在《萝轩变古笺谱》被发现之前,《十竹斋笺谱》一直被认为是明代雕版刻印的最杰出代表,甚至认为十竹斋主胡正言是“饾版”与“拱花”技艺的发明者。

《萝轩变古笺谱》是目前发现存世最早的笺谱。

由明代颜继祖辑稿,吴发祥刻版,明天启六年(1626年)刊制于金陵。

共收178幅笺纸,分上、下册。

上册除颜氏自撰小引、目录外,收画笺90幅,分画诗、筠蓝、飞白、博物、折赠、琱玉、斗草、杂稿八目;下册88幅画笺,分别为选石、遗赠、仙灵、代步、搜奇、龙种、择栖、杂稿八目。

《萝轩变古笺谱》的两位关键人物之一是颜继祖,字绳其,福建漳州龙溪人,明万历四十七年己未科进士。

为官时较有作为,一度受崇祯帝倚重,擢升至太常少卿。

清军入关后,守山东德州致济南沦陷,遂遭人弹劾,最后被崇祯帝赐死。

吴发祥请颜继祖为《萝轩变古笺谱》作序时,正是中进士后的七年、入仕以前。

吴发祥,生于万历七年(1579年),卒于顺治十七年(1660年),48岁时完成《萝轩变古笺谱》的刊印。

关于他的生平,记载寥寥。

清陈作霖《金陵通传》载“吴发祥,江宁人,居天阙山下,恂恂儒者,学极渊博,日手一编不少卷”。

颜继祖在《〈萝轩变古笺谱〉小引》中记:“吾友吴发祥性耽一壑,卜居秦淮之干,志在千秋,尚有羲皇以上,闭门闲居,挥塵读离骚,唾壶欲缺。

”可见吴发祥为人清雅,博学而志远。

“萝轩”为吴发祥自称,“变古”意为权衡古今之变,如《小引》中引用吴氏自己的说法:“我辈无趋今儿畔古,亦不必是古而非今。

今所有余,雕琢期返于朴,古所不足,神明乎总存乎人。

”在《萝轩变古笺谱》被发现之前,《十竹斋笺谱》一直被认为是明代雕版刻印的最杰出代表,甚至认为十竹斋主胡正言是“饾版”与“拱花”技艺的发明者。

《萝轩变古笺谱》这部先于《十竹斋笺谱》18年完成的艺术珍品,不仅推翻了“发明”之说,在艺术造诣上也丝毫不逊色于《十竹斋笺谱》。

饾版与拱花技术的应用,是《萝轩变古笺谱》最大的工艺特征。

《美在民间——中国民间美术》教学课件

《美在民间——中国民间美术》教学课件

鸡吃鱼(剪纸)高金爱 陕西安塞
西游记人物(剪纸)广东
裴宣斩子(剪纸)山西柳林
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孟良 (染色剪纸)河北蔚县
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三顾茅庐 (皮影)清代 陕西
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黑鱼双狮纹平绣肚兜(刺绣)民国 河南
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大阿福 (泥塑)清代 江苏无锡
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生活化的艺术
苗族蝴蝶纹数纱绣背扇
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一个民族没有自己的民俗文化是非常可悲的,希望 同学们从自身做起,共同关注生活,关注民间美术, 做文化传承者。
审美 判断
试比较民间美术、古代宫廷美术、文人士大夫美术、现当代
艺术家的创作的美术作品的区别。
作品举例 作者身份
民间美术
古代宫廷美术 文人士大夫美术 现当代艺术家的创作
服务对象
艺术特色
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抓髻娃娃(剪纸)祁绣梅 甘肃庆阳
社火脸谱“雷神” 李继友 陕西宝鸡
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苗族刺绣服装“百鸟衣” 贵州丹寨
敬畏英雄
文化 理解


中国民间美术是亿万劳动人民所创造的艺术,是社会生活的产物。
它与民间习俗、信仰有着相互依存的关系。民间美术的文化内涵和艺
术形态,代表着华夏民族的审美理想和民族精神,反映了中国传统的
吉州窑茶盏(宋代)
猫拉猴 许述章
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“长命富贵”童围涎绣花样
“四拼鸳鸯”喜花 陕西富县
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民俗活动的有机组成部分
太昊陵庙会
文化 理解
九九消寒图(年画)天津杨柳青
探究与发现 请找出这些节令所 对应的民间习俗和 民间美术项目。
兔儿爷(泥玩具)双起翔 北京
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岁月旧梦-馆藏老月份牌广告画鉴赏

岁月旧梦-馆藏老月份牌广告画鉴赏

岁月旧梦-馆藏老月份牌广告画鉴赏康小兵【期刊名称】《文物鉴定与鉴赏》【年(卷),期】2016(000)002【总页数】12页(P32-43)【作者】康小兵【作者单位】河北省民俗博物馆【正文语种】中文“月份牌广告画”在民国初年诞生于当时中国最大的商埠—上海。

洋商为了促销产品,将广告加入月份牌的设计中,并随商品赠送顾客。

刚开始内容是一些西方的洋画,中国百姓并不接受。

民国初年,周慕桥、徐詠青、郑曼陀等开创了一种新的画种。

这种画四周配有精心设计的画边边框,并在适当位置画上商品及商号名称,两边或下方配上中西对照年历,画的当中醒目位置大多是时装美女形象,这便是月份牌广告画的由来。

月份牌广告画在1925年以后得到高速发展,20世纪30年代进入鼎盛时期。

40年代,由于日本入侵,月份牌创作受到很大影响。

解放后,老月份牌广告画作者开始创作反映社会主义建设的新年画,老月份牌广告画退出历史舞台。

1914年擦笔水彩画技法开创者郑曼陀首张“月份牌广告画”面世,距今一百余年。

郑曼陀首创的擦笔水彩画法,成了月份牌画坛的经典技法:绘制画稿时先用炭精粉揉擦阴影再敷色,这样既突出了立体感,又不过分强调明暗调子。

用色则吸取了外国水彩画技法,使画中美女白里透红,光洁细腻而滋润,突出画面中的仕女淡雅身影,又不明显强调笔触变化,让人耳目一新。

擦笔画技法创作的“月份牌”很快成为应用最广、影响最大、风格最典型的“月份牌”绘画技法。

在20世纪二三十年代风靡大江南北,走进寻常百姓家,开辟出独特的商业宣传途径,其影响面之广超出人们的想象。

在郑曼陀的带领下,上海出现了一批“月份牌广告”画家,与他同时期画月份牌广告的还有丁云先、关蕙农、周柏生、倪耕野、胡伯翔、谢之光等人,他们属于前期的月份牌画家。

民国二年(1913年)徐詠青在商务印书馆主持图画部,为上海培训美术人才。

图画部学生中的杭樨英、何逸梅、金梅生、金雪尘、戈湘岚等,后来均成为上海著名的月份牌画家。

瓷家同名记-民国瓷落款同名查考-景德镇陶瓷在线

瓷家同名记-民国瓷落款同名查考-景德镇陶瓷在线

瓷家同名记-民国瓷落款同名查考-景德镇陶瓷在线现今近代的艺术瓷画,尤其是曾一度为人遗忘的名家绛瓷,越来越受到陶瓷界和收藏界的关注,这对于继承和发展传统名瓷艺术是有积极意义的。

自清末到民初的陶瓷艺术名人中,我们还可发现许多同名(包括别名)的人物,这对于研究和爱好瓷画者来讲,也是值得注意的。

兹将我所见到的有关名字相同的一些瓷家,略记述于下,供同好者参考。

一、张子祥、徐子祥张子祥,即张熊(1803--1886),字子祥,别号鸳湖外史,浙江嘉兴人。

工花卉、翎毛,兼能人物、山水及篆刻。

为海上画派早期的著名画家。

著有《张子祥课徒画稿》。

张熊的瓷画,极为稀睹。

除了梁基永先生在《中国浅绛彩瓷》上所发表的《四清图》瓷板之外,我亦有幸收藏有一只他所画的花鸟小杯。

此杯作于道光二十八年(1848),比他咸丰六年(1856)作的《四清图》还早了八年。

一面绘着杏柳春燕,一面题着:“鸟语花香。

戊申仲秋月,张子祥写于昌江。

”所画飞燕,与《张子祥课图画稿》如出一辙。

此外,我还见过一对他的仕女人物画帽筒,用笔清秀,设色淡雅,颇见神采。

可惜题款已不大记得清了,惟记得是道光时所作,比之花鸟杯还早三五年,而且仍旧“张子祥”款。

徐子祥。

生卒不祥。

工人物、花鸟、山水。

对于他的作品,我只见过二次,画得也不错。

一是花鸟壶,一是安徽艺海所拍卖的一件历史人物瓷板画,题款云:“殷勤三请无违命,龙虎风云变化时。

古南徐子祥作。

”另,曾美芳女士编的《景德镇彩瓷三百年》中收有他于光绪十六年所作山水瓷板一对。

二、王丹臣、闵丹臣王丹臣,名凤池,字丹臣,湖北兴国州人,同治进士,善画,常与金品卿合作,为同光时著名瓷画家。

传世作品有光绪三年作《松风清籁图》山水瓷板,光绪二十二年作《松鹤图》瓷板。

皆图录于《瓷板画珍赏》。

闵丹臣,斋名宜雅草舍。

曾见光绪十七与三十三年创作的浅绛山水帽筒和大花瓶,及民国七年创作的戏剧人物帽筒。

都画得不算坏。

而论功力,其山水不及王丹臣。

已往遇有古人书款,只见名,不见姓氏,大都难于考寻。

清末民初制瓷名家

清末民初制瓷名家

清末民初的制瓷名家第一代:程门王少维金品卿王凤池汪藩周子善俞子明吴少萍江永源罗允夔任焕章余焕文万子铭蒋玉卿第二代:朱少泉王岐山陈子常汪章许品衡方家珍周筱松汪照藜方少溪张云徐善琴高心田汪友棠黄铭光许达生。

第三代:王子卿松石戴裕成梅春高恒生安少山胡献瑞仙槎。

第四代为进入民国时期的画浅绛瓷的作者,如:段生茂胡仲贞吴飞麟王琦潘匋宇徐仲南。

(六)画师们一些个人资料亦具史料价值。

光绪15年(1889年)以后,未出现过程门的作品,是否在光绪中期程门便去世了(有待证实)。

汪藩的下限作品是光绪16年(1890年);王少维的下限作品是光绪21年(1895年);王凤池的下限作品是光绪22年(1896年);金品卿的下限作品是光绪27年(1901年);程次笠的下限作品是光绪34年(1908年三画广国华生卒年不详,主要活跃于民国时期,以花鸟瓷画见长。

万泰光绪年间万兴光绪年间万云岩约1910—1950年又名石山,长人物万子铭光绪年间万辅廷光绪年间子云光绪年间子珍光绪年间子环生卒年不详,其艺术创作主要活跃于清光绪晚期,以画花鸟瓷画见长。

子良民国年间义茂光绪年间义隆光绪年间义兴光绪年间义太和光绪年间马庆云生卒时间不详,其艺术创作主要活跃一起咸丰-同治年间。

擅长人物瓷画,设色浅淡,人物衣饰具有水墨写意画的风采。

画娃娃,大头,细小身躯,乌黑的头发反衬出人物晕染的脸颊的润泽。

马复兴生卒年不详,主要活跃于光绪晚期至民国前期,以花鸟瓷画见长。

于家爵民国年间大吉生做四画少山生卒年不详,主要活跃于光绪晚期到民国前期,以花鸟画见长。

少山的花鸟瓷画,花朵硕大,枝条细如线条。

王少维(1862——1908年),名廷佐,字少维,安徽泾县人。

其艺术创作主要活跃于同治-光绪年间。

多以浅绛彩技法描写人物、山水,又以画猴见称。

清末供职御厂,浅绛派王恩怀王步第三子王声怀王声怀(1930-1992)王步长子,长青花。

王希怀王希怀(1932-1982)王步次子,长青花。

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两张老商标勾勒清末民国的胡玉美
刘东
两年前,笔者在单位新征集的一批徽商契约文书中,意外发现了两枚安庆胡玉美的老商标。

其所含的历史信息很丰富,结合有关地方史料,略述这家百年老店的历史。

一、“老商标”上的丰富内容
两枚老商标均为“胡玉美虾子腐乳商标”,第一枚正面上部书有“安庆胡玉美酱园酒厂”,中上部为注册商标“安庆振风塔全景图”,其下书“虾子腐乳”,再下有“南洋劝业会褒奖”字样,并印有奖章正反面,最下为四行英文介绍。

商标正面右侧竖排书写“总制造厂东城内拐角头正街”,左侧竖排书写“总发行商南城内四牌楼正街”。

它的反面上方有一行弧形“安庆胡玉美酱园酒厂”字样,其下大字书“虾子腐乳功用”,再往下是十列100多字的产品功用介绍,最下有四行英文宣传语。

第二枚正面上部书“安庆胡玉美酱园酒厂”,中部为一人物肖像,其上弧形字体书“制法改良人”五字,下书“第六世孙承之肖像为证”,下部为“南洋劝业会褒奖”字样和奖章,最下为四行英文介绍。

它的反面最上写的是“安庆胡玉美酱园酒厂”,下为安庆振风塔全景图,图内书“皖江城东振风古塔”作为其注册商标。

中部是“虾子腐乳功用”六字,下为十列100余字的产品功用介绍,最下有四行英文宣传词。

二、“胡玉美”的发迹史
“胡玉美”家族原籍徽州,康熙六十年(1721年),一世祖胡文彬举家迁居怀宁,并在当地做起酱货的小本买卖,由此开启了家族经营酱货之端。

“胡玉美”得名于四世祖胡兆祥时期。

胡兆祥从小跟随父亲四处卖酱货,将小本买卖做到江南大渡口、张家湾、八都湖一带。

相传胡兆祥在八都湖甘庄结识酱业同行“甘玉美”,因甘氏辣酱制作水平高超,一心想学甘氏制酱秘方的胡兆祥,入赘甘家做上门女婿,终获秘方。

1834年前后,胡兆祥与岳父合营,在安庆北门外南庄岭开设“四美”酱园,后因生意清淡而歇业。

之后他们又在小南门内三步两桥和高井头合开了“玉美义”酱园、“玉成”酱园。

1838年,甘、胡两家分道扬镳,甘家在大南门药王庙对面开设“甘玉美”酱园,胡家则在四牌楼开设“胡玉美”酱园,这便是“胡玉美”的由来。

而这处店面也一开就是170多年,今天这里依然挂着“胡玉美”的金字招牌。

“胡玉美”的发展壮大是在六世祖胡远烈时代。

胡远烈,字承之,商标中肖像人物正是他。

四世祖胡兆祥死后,其子胡长春、胡长龄继承父业,
精心管理。

但因天灾人祸不断,酱园一直没能发展。

兄弟二人相继去世后,胡家制定家规,即大房、二房各推代表一人共同负责管理店务。

当时大房推举的胡远烈,二房代表是胡远勋(后担任过安庆商务总会总理)。

1898年,上任伊始的胡远烈确定了几条处理家、店关系的原则,扫除了经营管理上的后顾之忧,为“胡玉美”的发展铺平了道路。

胡远烈又全力着手产品生产的研究,首先保证产品质量,精选原料,严格掌握操作规程。

其次增加产品花色品种,虾子腐乳就是这时期新增品种,远销多个省份,深受顾客喜爱。

民国时一位名叫叶灵凤的作家,在广州致美斋看到“虾子腐乳”,当即就跳了起来,欢喜得大声喊着:“虾子腐乳!安庆胡玉美的虾子腐乳!”
当然“胡玉美”的产品远不止“虾子腐乳”,从商标中“安庆胡玉美酱园酒厂”的名号就可知道,当时的“胡玉美”是既经营酱业也生产酒的。

当时的品种主要有:1、酱类:黄豆酱、蚕豆辣酱和芝麻辣酱;2、豆腐乳类:虾子腐乳、大红方、大青方;3、酱菜类:宝塔菜、萝卜菜、加料五香萝卜干;4、酱油类:单、双套酱油、虾子酱油;5、甜菜类:糖醋蒜子、桂花生姜、糟鱼、糖生姜和酒醉螃蟹;6、酒类:枸杞菊花酒、红玫瑰酒、白玫瑰酒、史国公酒,还采用老中医处方,配制成对治疗老年筋骨痛颇具疗效的周公百岁酒,成为出口商品。

那时“胡玉美”家族的店和坊有很多处,四牌楼的这家是总店,正如商标上所反映的:南城内四牌楼正街的是总发行商。

大约也只有这家店铺门楼上才打“胡玉美”的招牌,其它各处虽属胡氏家族,但用其它招牌。

商标中所说的“东城内拐角头正街”,这里也是“胡玉美”旗下的一个分号,招牌打的是“胡永源”,1902年开设,大概“胡玉美”品牌的部分商品是这里制造的。

根据1915年《怀宁县志安庆城厢图》所示东城内拐角头与火正街相接,位置大约在今天枞阳门市场与天后宫小商品世界之间。

老安庆城内有大、小两处拐角头,大拐角头即是今天的北门拐角头(外国语学校附近),小拐角头便是这处东城内的拐角头了。

三、“胡玉美”的注册商标和所获的国际、国内大奖
振风塔是安庆标志性建筑,有万里长江第一塔的美誉,“胡玉美”以此作为注册商标,既反映了产品的地域特点,也借此名胜进一步宣传自己。

光绪末年,“胡玉美”设计出了这个注册商标,设计者是胡远烈的侄儿胡国铨。

胡氏后人有文章提到:“注册商标最初用在瓦罐蚕豆酱的红色封口招牌纸上,随后陆续用在瓶装酱油的彩色瓶签上和虾子腐乳的彩色包装纸上。

”如今这两枚正是“虾子腐乳商标”。

商标上还传递了一个重要消息,“胡玉美”在宣统年间获得南洋劝业会褒奖。

1910年6月5日,南洋第一次劝业会在南京开幕,至11月闭幕,历时五个月。

“胡玉美”送展产品蚕豆酱和枸杞菊花酒分获金奖和银奖,
不过这里所谓的金奖并非最高奖。

据考证,当时评定的获奖产品分五个等级:第一等“奏奖”,第二等“超等奖”,第三等“优等奖”,第四等“金牌奖”,第五等“银牌奖”。

所以“胡玉美”所获的其实是四等奖和五等奖。

1915年“胡玉美”又参加了在美国旧金山举行的巴拿马万国博览会,“胡玉美”产品再次获奖。

而这两枚商标上并未出现巴拿马万国博览会的奖章,因此笔者推断两枚商标的年代在1910年至1915年间。

因为如此注重广告宣传的商家,绝不会在获得国际大奖后,而不将奖章印到商标上的。

商标上还出现了数处英文,这表明了“胡玉美”开放性的经商理念,或许这些商标正是为参加巴拿马万国博览会,走出国门,打开国际市场而设计的。

“胡玉美”一个历经170多年的名字,一个传遍安庆城、安徽省乃至全中国的名字。

借用民国时期胡玉美店铺的门联作为结语:“玉本蓝田种,美因君子成。


希望以上资料对你有所帮助,附励志名言3条:
1、要接受自己行动所带来的责任而非自己成就所带来的荣耀。

2、每个人都必须发展两种重要的能力适应改变与动荡的能力以及为长期目标延缓享乐的能力。

3、将一付好牌打好没有什么了不起能将一付坏牌打好的人才值得钦佩。

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