工业园区产业集群和区域品牌效应毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
中国汽车工业发展中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料外文翻译外文翻译The mercerized and internationalized backgroundAt present，under the mercerized and internationalized background，how to strengthen the independent development ability of our country’s auto industry has become the urgent problem to be solved．This article，by referring to the experience of developed countries of automobile industry in implementing the industrial policy and comparing the two regulations made in 1994 and 2OO4 about independent intellectual property right in the industrial policy，has put forward policy recommendations of supporting independent development of our country’s auto industry．A brand based on market is promises for a product's capability, quality and service. Up to now, well-known automobile brands are accounting for two percent of two hundred far famed brands in all country. Meanwhile, after going into WTO, a great set of foreign automobile enterprises possessing good quality, favorable capability, knight service will enter into our country and bring a fire-new idea of brand for our domestic consumers. No doubt, that will not only greatly impact on our domestic automobile enterprises, which don't have the capability of independent exploitation and the consciousness of brand cultivation, but also affect development of automobile industry. So, during the crucial period, our country needs urgently brands of great competitive power, which can drive and prompt development of automobile industry.The paper, starting with the analysis of brand and combining with the theory of strategy management, regarding carmakers as object, depicts development panorama of domestic automobile industry and provides some simple thoughts about breeding and developing automobile brand in our country, through studying studying problems relating to automobile brand. It is the primary studying intention that upgrades core competency Of domestic automobile enterprises and impels development of automobile industry, recurring to putting forward some related tactics of breeding and developing automobile brand in our country. The paper's meaning consists two points: the first, it makes enterprises attach importance to automobile brand in consciousness and know it afresh;the second, it advances some operational tactics by demonstration analysis, which can be used for reference by enterprises and industry.Research methods used in the paper are primarily demonstration analysis and comparison analysis. Anticipative research fruits of the paper involve: (1) seedtime and actuality analysis of automobile brand in our country; (2) mode-comparison of automobile brand in different countries;(America, German, Japan, Korea); (3) key factors of affecting our automobile brand development;(4) tactics and countermeasures of cultivating automobile brand. Innovations of the paper rest with: (1) research content, i.e. havinga all-around research of breeding automobile brand and coming into being strategy system;(2) research purpose, i.e studying how to forge competitive automobile brand can drive industry development; (3) research angle, i.e. knowing and analyzing automobile industry in virtue of brand.Referred to the main indexes about evaluating national competitive ability, which is the commonly used method in the international society, this thesis aims at analyzing and evaluating the international competitive ability of Chinese automobile industry in a scientific and objective way. Compared with those industries in some developed countries, domestic automobile industry is relatively frail and has a very long way to go. This thesis illustrates the history of Chinese automobile industry ever since the foundation of new China, analyzes in detail its important role in national economy, and the opportunities and threats it meets after china entrance WTO. This thesis draws a whole picture about domestic automobile industry from three aspects: products, corporations and industries. Considering the history and actuality of domestic automobile industry, this thesis collects and analyzes groups of data about automobile industry both from domestic and international. A lot of work was made in quantitative and qualitative analysis from all sides. Based on this, this thesis drew a conclusion about evaluating the international competitive ability of Chinese automobile industry, found out the advantages and disadvantages about this industry. In the end of this thesis, some ideas and advice are put forward.Welfare Evaluation of Trade Protection--The automobile industry of post world war 2 in JapanSocial welfare is one of the key standards in evaluating the effects of government policies for both economists and government. In this thesis, having compared and analyzed trade protectionists, i.e. quota, tariff and other non-tariff barriers in their effects on social welfare, specific evaluation and suggestion are given in the case of the autoindustry protection in post World War 2 Japan, so to shed light on the auto protection policies should be taken in China today. Here, consumer’ surplus and Ohyama Welfare Standard are selected in evaluating social welfare.The automobile industry in Post World War 2 in Japan is picked for two reasons. Firstly, the auto industry in China today is in a very similar situation as that of Japan used to be while Japan was a new member of GATT. Secondly, regarded as one of the most successfully developed industries under protection, the auto industry in Japan has some precious experiences worth studying.The article has four chapters. In chapter1,the definition of social welfare is given, and the necessary and sufficient condition for Pareto optimality, the Mashallian Consumer Surplus, Hicksian consumer surplus and Ohyama Social Welfare Standard are discussed in detail the auto industry. In Chapter 2, according the scale and protection on Japan from 1945-1979 is divided into four periods: government domination period, Quota Period and low-tariff Periods: government domination period, Quota Period, High-tariff Period and low-tariff Period, where the protect policies are evaluated respectively by their effects on social welfare. Chapter 3 explores the US-Japan trade friction in auto industry in 1980s and sheds light on the choice of various protectionists from the perspective of Political Economics. Chapter 4 concludes the whole thesis discussing some specific protection policies of Japan and drawing suggestion for China to effectively protect its own auto industry.Mini-car industry development in China is a successful example in the condition of Chinese market economy, it's always one of the important factor that propel the steady increase of auto market of China. Through about two decade development, the total amount of mini-car increased from 0.06% to 26.4% of total amount of auto all over the country now and the amount of produce and sale are up to 540,000 units. According to the challenge principle of "who is the best who is the winner" in the market, the number of the mini-car manufacturer decreased from early over one hundred to recent five.In this article，base on extensive data collecting and investigation, the mini-car developing and competing status of China, as well as the developing status (including enterprise, production ,market ,product, etc.) of Liuzhou Wuling Motors which is one of the five mini-car manufacturer are deeply analysed and studied .This article also discussed the competing environment that Liuzhou Wuling Motors faced, then provided the developing strategies.Since the later part of 1990, the economic benefits of CITIC Zhongyuan AutomobileCompany have been declining rapidly and the production management has also been on a sticky wicket, showing difference with an overall upward tendency to the corresponding period of the National Automobile Industry, which impelled this writer to make deeply careful researches on the strategy of development for the company.By reviewing the past of CITIC Zhongyuan Automobile Company, analyzing the influences on international & domestic external environments ever since China' s enter into WTO, analyzing the markets of the main products and the competitive opponents and analyzing the internal conditions such as the main problems faced by the company, this writer has separately made researches and probed into the strategies of development for CITIC Zhongyuan Automobile Company and the subordinate companies-Zhengzhou Nissan Automobile Co.，Ltd and Zhengzhou Light Truck Factory invested by CITIC Zhongyuan Automobile Company so as to try to find a feasible road which enables the cc叩any to break away from the disadvantageous situation and develop continuously as soon asPossible.With the entrance of 90th century, the international situation of automobile industry changed greatly. Due to the production surplus of international automobile industry, different countries competed fiercely to obtain the automobile market. Many companies adjust their developing strategy and speed the course of globalization to realize the scale-economy and get the new market. Merging and recombining become the symbol of automobile industry globalization.China, the biggest automobile consuming market in the world, has become the main field of many countries contesting. The Chinese automobile industry has developed for half century. Although china has get great achievements, as for scale or technique, China still drop behind. So how to improve the international situation and realize the modernization of China automobile industry is a basic mission.With the entrance of WTO, Chinese automobile industry faces three challenges: the first, after China entrances WTO, the government trade protection will be canceled. The second, with the economic development and standard of living improved, how to enlarge the consumer demanding? The third, with the automobile industry globalization, how to compete or cooperate with the MNC and build our effective developing strategy? And then we can develop our own auto industry and realize modernization. In the three challenges, the former two is normal and we can get many experiences from other countries. But the third is a real challenge. Other automobile developed countries have not faced this kind of situation. Expect for exactly estimation, we still need great innovation spirit.In the situation of entrance of WTO and globalization of automobile industrial competition, we try to analysis the Chinese automobile industry status quo, including the analysis of industrial structure, market analysis. Through the analysis we try to find out the questions in development strategy, government decision and enterprise management. Then we will analysis the questions and give the reasons. At the same time, we will the introduce the typical representatives of automobile developed countries and new developing countries about their developing strategy, including America, Japan, South Korea, and Mexico. We will conclude the advantages and experiences of above countries. On the base of that, we will combine the situation of Chinese automobile industry and the effecting analyzing of Chinese entrance of WTO. Then we will give out the advantages and potential advantages of Chinese automobile industry and bring forward the basic strategy of Chinese automobile industrial development. At last, we will give some advises about the developing strategy of Chinese automobile industry. These tactics include industrial policy improving, technique improving, competitive improving and cluster developing of Chinese automobile industry and technique innovation. This dissertation just discusses the Chinese automobile from a few tangles. It is not perfect, so I hope teachers can give me advice.Automobile industry is a traditional pillar industry in our country. Having developed 50 years, now the industry is still backward in products in comparison with that of western developed countries. Facing to economy globalization, someone has suggested that China should give up automobile industry and import the products from other countries directly, which can avoid wasting resources. This kind of viewpoint is lack of foresight. Automobile industry belongs to high and new-technology industries. Meanwhile, China has its large automobile market. Developing automobile industry will not only improve engineering level, but also drive other relevant industries. In addition, after China joining WTO (World Trade Organization), the automobile market will become a part of international market step by step. Basing on domestic market, we will develop our own intellectual property. At the same time, aiming at the demands of some developing countries, we will develop overseas markets. In this way, domestic automobile industry will be growing fast.In order to develop the automobile industry, we should find its disadvantages, get over influence of various disadvantages, seize every good chance, and exert our advantages. In this thesis, first, we stress on the impacts of economy globalization and WTO on Chinese automobile industry. Second, the thesis discusses many influence factors for developing Chinese automobile industry. Finally, the thesis analyzesopportunity, challenge and strategy of Chinese automobile industry.The course of the development of the automobile industry all over the world indicates that the automobile industry is very important to the national economy. The increasing proportion of distribution cost to sale price on the international automobile market shows that marketing plays an increasing role in raising the competitiveness of automakers. The trend of the international automobile market demonstrates thatAsia-especially china-will be the fastest growing market in the world. Although the national automobile industry has developed greatly in the past 50 years, it is still far behind the foreign competitors, especially in marketing after longtime ignoring marketing, domestic automarkers are lack of direct selling experience.In this thesis, the author analysed the 4P of marketing of the Chinese and foreign automarkers as well as the advantages and disadvantages of Chinese automobile industry and made some suggestions on how to improve the competitiveness of automobile enterprises after studied the management and administration of them.In order to convey the opinion systematically so that it may become more practicable, the construction of the thesis is arranged like this:Chapter One: Introduction. In this part, the author introduced the background, the focal point and the aim of writing the paper. The author also emphasized the importance of automobile industry to the national economy and the importance of marketing to automobile enterprises.Chapter Two: The author described the present automobile industry and the market all over the world through some examples. The influence on the national automobile industry after China joined WTO and the strategy for the development of the industry are given in this part as wellChapter Three: Close analysis and explanations of the strategy for price, products, patens and channels of distribution, and sales promotion are given after introduced the marketing strategy of automobile enterprises in both China and foreign countries.Chapter Four: The problems that exist in management and administration of national automobile industry are researched and the disparities in competitiveness between Chinese and foreign automobile industry are revealed. Reasons of these problems and disparities are also applied.Chapter Five: Conclusion proposals were put forward for improving the management and administration of automobile enterprises in China: adjust the concept of management, emphasize the importance of market segmentation and the study of consumer psychologyand consumer’s behavior, sensitiveness the reaction to market and extend the scope of service. Great importance is attached to the foundation and management of customer relationship.China's automotive industry has passed almost half a century and has evolved many basic circumstances and features of its own which will be the starting point or base for its further development. Full understanding of those circumstance and features is the prerequisite for us to analyze and study.In order to develop our automotive industry under new situation, we not only must roundly and objectively analyze the problems in us, but also must fully and correctly understand our actual and potential strengths. We should clearly recognize that although our automotive industry, which has experienced nearly fifty years of development including twenty years of reform and opening, has a long way to go comparing with the world level, it possesses many rare giant actual and potential strengths.After entering WTO our automotive industry has entered upon a new phase to cooperate and compete with multi-nationals under the background of globalization, and it will have to join the integration tide of global economy gradually. The trends of world automotive industry and the strategies of multi-nationals in China certainly will directly influence the strategic pattern of our automotive industry, and therefore they are the important part of the external environment of our automotive industry needed special attention. Great changes have taken place in the development conditions of our automotive industry since we entered WTO. At the end of protection interim period to automotive industry, the comprehensive effects of WTO including tariff concession, quota cancel, service trade opening and foreign capital policy regulation will display. The medium and high-class car and key components will come under obvious attack depends on not only the reduction of the protection degree, but also the increase of our international competitive power.Japan and Korea are all latecoming developed countries of automotive industry. After entering GATT, they persevered in adopting the vigorous policies to foster and train the self-developing capability and enhance the international competitive power. Then their automotive industry received unprecedented fast development and drove the whole national economy to be powerful and prosperous to a miracle. Although the international environment has been totally different and different countries differ greatly in their conditions, the experiences of Japan and Korea automotive industry during that period and driving effects of their automotive industry to their national economy will stillbe special historic significance to our automotive industry.Entering WTO let us enter upon a new e to cooperate and compete with multi-nationals featuring foreign companies but national treatment and domestic market but international competition. That is a severe challenge as well as a rare opportunity to our automotive industry. The great country and its big market are the most important strength of us. To take full advantage of the strength of great country and big market under the opening and competition environment should be the starting point for the development train of thought of our automotive industry under new economic background.Economic globalization droved by trade liberalization, investment liberalization and finance liberalization has been international background of our lives. Trade liberalization provides a more open and more liberal environment for the development of international trade. It is not only one of subject of modern international economic development, but also the trend of China's adjustment of her trade policy. Under economic globalization, advantage gained by a country depends on the magnitude of her international competitive power of industry. As China as concerned, the influence factors and basic status of her international competitive power of industry have their own characteristics.This paper analyses the international competitive power of China's industry under the background of trade liberalization. Firstly, it explains the historical and current background of the subject, presents the thinking way, the analysis methods, the frame and the innovation of this paper. Secondly, the theories about trade liberalization and international competitive power of industry are presented, the author simply describes the process and the achievements of trade liberalization and introduces something about trade liberalization in China, illustrates mainly the concept, the meaning, the correlative theoretical basis and the measure methods of the international competitive power of industry. Then, in the fourth chapter, Taking example for China's automobile industry, the paper analyses the international competitive power of automobile industry under the background of trade liberalization, It carries out some quantitative analysis by using some indexes based on the imports and exports data, assesses the economic benefits since 1992 by means of the model of the maximizing deviations method. Analyses the structure of automobile industry from the perspectives of industry concentration, etc. Lastly the author makes a conclusion that the international competitive power of auto-industry basically presents an increasing trend along with the trade。
制药园区介绍英文作文
制药园区介绍英文作文英文：Pharmaceutical industrial park, also known as pharmaceutical park, is a specialized industrial park for the development and production of pharmaceuticals. It is an important part of the pharmaceutical industry chain and plays a vital role in promoting the development of the pharmaceutical industry.The pharmaceutical industrial park is usually locatedin a designated area, with a complete infrastructure and a favorable investment environment. It provides a one-stop service for pharmaceutical companies from project approval, land use, construction, to production and sales. The park also has a sound supporting system, including logistics, warehousing, testing, research and development, and talent training.The pharmaceutical industrial park not only provides aplatform for the development of pharmaceutical companies, but also promotes the integration of the upstream and downstream industries of the pharmaceutical industry chain, and enhances the overall competitiveness of the industry.It also promotes the transformation and upgrading of the pharmaceutical industry, and promotes the innovation and development of the industry.In China, the development of pharmaceutical industrial parks has been highly valued by the government, and a number of pharmaceutical industrial parks have been established in various regions. For example, the Chengdu High-tech Zone Pharmaceutical Industrial Park in Sichuan Province, the Shanghai Zhangjiang Biomedical Industry Base, and the Hangzhou Binjiang Pharmaceutical Industrial Park in Zhejiang Province.中文：制药园区，也称为制药工业园区，是专门为制药开发和生产而设立的专业化工业园区。
产业集群的外文翻译及原文(族群与集群竞争力)
英文文献资料（一）Clusters and the New Economics of CompetitionMichael E. Porter（Harvard university）Why Clusters Are Critical to CompetitionModern competition depends on productivity, not on access to inputs or the scale of individual enterprises.Productivity rests on how companies compete,not on the particular fields they compete panies can be highly productive in any industry–shoes, agriculture, or semiconductors – if they employ sophisticated methods, use advanced technology,and offer unique products and services. All industries can employ advanced technology; all industries can be knowledge intensive.The sophistication with which companies compete in a particular location, however, is strongly influenced by the quality of the local business environment.1 Companies cannot employ advanced logistical techniques, for example, without a high quality transportation infrastructure. Nor can companies effectively compete on sophisticated service without well-educated employees. Businesses cannot operate efficiently under onerous regulatory red tape or under a court system that fails to resolve disputes quickly and fairly. Some aspects of the business environment, such as the legal system, for example, or corporate tax rates, affect all industries. In advanced economies, however, the more decisive aspects of the business environment are often cluster specific; these constitute some of the most important microeconomic foundations for competition.Clusters affect competition in three broad ways:first, by increasing the productivity of companies based in the area; second, by driving the direction and pace of innovation, which underpins future productivity growth; and third, by stimulating the formation of new businesses, which expands and strengthens the cluster itself. A cluster allows each member to benefit as if it had greater scale or as if it had joined with others formally – without requiring it to sacrifice its flexibility.Clusters and Productivity. Being part of a cluster allows companies to operate more productively in sourcing inputs; accessing information, technology,and needed institutions; coordinating with related companies; and measuring and motivating improvement.Better Access to Employees and Suppliers. Companies in vibrant clusters can tap into an existing pool of specialized and experienced employees, thereby lowering their search and transaction costs in recruiting. Because a cluster signals opportunity and reduces the risk of relocation for employees, it can also be easier to attract talented people from other locations, a decisive advantage in some industries.A well-developed cluster also provides an efficient means of obtaining other important inputs.Such a cluster offers a deep and specialized supplier base. Sourcing locally instead of from distant suppliers lowers transaction costs. It minimizes the need for inventory, eliminates importing costs and delays, and –because local reputation is important –lowers the risk that suppliers will overprice or renege on commitments. Proximity improves communications and makes it easier for suppliers to provide ancillary or support services such as installation and debugging. Other things being equal, then, local outsourcing is a better solution than distantoutsourcing, especially for advanced and specialized inputs involving embedded technology, information, and service content.Formal alliances with distant suppliers can mitigate some of the disadvantages of distant outsourcing. But all formal alliances involve their own complex bargaining and governance problems and can inhibit a company’s flexibility. The close, informal relationships possible among companies in a cluster are often a superior Arrangement.In many cases, clusters are also a better alternative to vertical pared with in-house units, outside specialists are often more cost effective and responsive, not only in component production but also in services such as training. Although extensive vertical integration may have once been the norm, a fast-changing environment can render vertical integration inefficient, ineffective, and inflexible.Even when some inputs are best sourced from a distance, clusters offer advantages. Suppliers trying to penetrate a large, concentrated market will price more aggressively, knowing that as they do so they can realize efficiencies in marketing and in service.Working against a cluster’s advantages in assembling resources is the possibility that competition will render them more expensive and scarce. But companies do have the alternative of outsourcing many inputs from other locations, which tends to limit potential cost penalties. More important, clusters increase not only the demand for specialized inputs but also their supply.Access to Specialized Information. Extensive market, technical, and competitive information accumulates within a cluster, and members have preferred access to it. In addition, personal relationships and community ties foster trust and facilitate the flow of information. These conditions make information more transferable.Complementarities. A host of linkages among cluster members results in a whole greater than the sum of its parts. In a typical tourism cluster, for example, the quality of a visitor’s experience depends not only on the appeal of the primary attraction but also on the quality and efficiency of complementary businesses such as hotels, restaurants, shopping outlets, and transportation facilities. Because members of the cluster are mutually dependent, good performance by one can boost the success of the others.Complementarities come in many forms. The most obvious is when products complement one another in meeting customers’ needs, as the tourism example illustrates. Another form is the coordination of activities across companies to optimize their collective productivity. In wood products, for instance, the efficiency of sawmills depends on a reliable supply of high-quality timber and the ability to put all the timber to use – in furniture (highest quality), pallets and boxes (lower quality), or wood chips (lowest quality). In the early 1990s, Portuguese sawmills suffered from poor timber quality because local landowners did not invest in timber management. Hence most timber was processed for use in pallets and boxes, a lower-value use that limited the price paid to landowners. Substantial improvement in productivity was possible, but only if several parts of the cluster changed simultaneously.Logging operations, for example, had to modify cutting and sorting procedures, while sawmills had to develop the capacity to process wood in more sophisticated ways. Coordination to develop standard wood classifications and measures was an important enabling step. Geographically dispersed companies are less likely to recognize and capture such linkages.Other complementarities arise in marketing. A cluster frequently enhances the reputation of a location in a particular field, making it more likely that buyers will turn to a vendor based there.Italy’s strong reputation for fashion and design, for example, benefits companies involved in leather goods, footwear, apparel, and accessories. Beyond reputation, cluster members often profit from a variety of joint marketing mechanisms, such as company referrals, trade fairs, trade magazines, and marketing delegations.Finally, complementarities can make buying from a cluster more attractive for customers. Visiting buyers can see many vendors in a single trip. They also may perceive their buying risk to be lower because one location provides alternative suppliers. That allows them to multisource or to switch vendors if the need arises. Hong Kong thrives as a source of fashion apparel in part for this reason.Access to Institutions and Public Goods. Investments made by government or other public institutions– such as public spending for specialized infrastructure or educational programs – can enhance a company’s productivity. The ability to recruit employees trained at local programs, for example, lowers the cost of internal training. Other quasi-public goods, such as the cluster’s information and technology pools and its reputation, arise as natural by-products of competition.It is not just governments that create public goods that enhance productivity in the private sector. Investments by companies –in training programs, infrastructure, quality centers, testing laboratories, and so on – also contribute to increased productivity. Such private investments are often made collectively because cluster participants recognize the potential for collective benefits.Better Motivation and Measurement. Local rivalry is highly motivating. Peer pressure amplifies competitive pressure within a cluster,even among noncompeting or indirectly competing companies. Pride and the desire to look good in the local community spur executives to attempt to outdo one another.Clusters also often make it easier to measure and compare performances because local rivals share general circumstances – for example, labor costs and local market access – and they perform similar activities. Companies within clusters typically have intimate knowledge of their suppliers’ costs. Managers are able to compare costs and employees’performance with other local companies. Additionally, financial institutions can accumulate knowledge about the cluster that can be used to monitor performance.Clusters and Innovation. In addition to enhancing productivity, clusters play a vital role in a company’s ongoing ability to innovate. Some of the same characteristics that enhance current productivity have an even more dramatic effect on innovation and productivity growth.Because sophisticated buyers are often part of a cluster, companies inside clusters usually have a better window on the market than isolated competitors do. Computer companies based in Silicon Valley and Austin, Texas, for example, plug into customer needs and trends with a speed difficult to match by companies located elsewhere. The ongoing relationships with other entities within the cluster also help companies to learn early about evolving technology, component and machinery availability, service and marketing concepts, and so on. Such learning is facilitated by the ease of making site visits and frequent face-to-face contact.Clusters do more than make opportunities for innovation more visible. They also provide the capacity and the flexibility to act rapidly. A company within a cluster often can source what it needs to implement innovations more quickly. Local suppliers and partners can and do get closely involved in the innovation process, thus ensuring a better match with customers’ requirements.Companies within a cluster can experiment at lower cost and can delay large commitments until they are more assured that a given innovation will pan out. In contrast, a company relying ondistant suppliers faces greater challenges in every activity it coordinates with other organizations –in contracting, for example, or securing delivery or obtaining associated technical and service support. Innovation can be even harder in vertically integrated companies, especially in those that face difficult trade-offs if the innovation erodes the value of in-house assets or if current products or processes must be maintained while new ones are developed.Reinforcing the other advantages for innovation is the sheer pressure – competitive pressure, peer pressure, constant comparison – that occurs in a cluster. Executives vie with one another to set their companies apart. For all these reasons, clusters can remain centers of innovation for decades.Clusters and New Business Formation.It is not surprising, then, that many new companies grow up within an existing cluster rather than at isolated locations. New suppliers, for example, proliferate within a cluster because a concentrated customer base lowers their risks and makes it easier for them to spot market opportunities. Moreover, because developed clusters comprise related industries that normally draw on common or very similar inputs, suppliers enjoy expanded opportunities.Clusters are conducive to new business formation for a variety of reasons. Individuals working within a cluster can more easily perceive gaps in products or services around which they can build businesses. Beyond that, barriers to entry are lower than elsewhere. Needed assets, skills, inputs, and staff are often readily available at the cluster location, waiting to be assembled into a new enterprise.Local financial institutions and investors, already familiar with the cluster, may require a lower risk premium on capital. In addition, the cluster often presents a significant local market, and an entrepreneur may benefit from established relationships. All of these factors reduce the perceived risks of entry – and of exit, should the enterprise fail.The formation of new businesses within a cluster is part of a positive feedback loop. An expanded cluster amplifies all the benefits I have described – it increases the collective pool of competitive resources, which benefits a ll the cluster’s members. The net result is that companies in the cluster advance relative to rivals at other locations.英文文献中文翻译（二）来源：哈佛商业评论Vol.76第6期 1998年作者：迈克·E. 波特出版时间：1998簇群与新竞争经济学(美）迈克·E. 波特为什么簇群对竞争至关重要?现代竞争取决于生产力, 而非取决于投入或单个企业的规模。
英文论文(外文文献)翻译成中文的格式与方法
英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法本文关键词：外文，英文，中文，翻译成，文献英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法本文简介：在撰写毕业设计（论文）或科研论文时，需要参考一些相关外文文献，了解国外的最新研究进展，这就需要我们找到最新最具代表性的外文文献，进行翻译整理，以备论文写作时参考，外文文献中英文文献占绝大多数，因此英文论文准确的翻译成中文就显得尤为重要！一、外文文献从哪里下载1、从知网国际文献总库中找英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法本文内容：在撰写毕业设计（论文）或科研论文时，需要参考一些相关外文文献，了解国外的最新研究进展，这就需要我们找到最新最具代表性的外文文献，进行翻译整理，以备论文写作时参考，外文文献中英文文献占绝大多数，因此英文论文准确的翻译成中文就显得尤为重要！一、外文文献从哪里下载1、从知网国际文献总库中找，该数据库中包含14,000多家国外出版社的文献，囊括所有专业的英文文献资料。
2、一些免费的外文数据库或网站，为了方便大家查找，编者整理成文档供大家下载：国外免费文献数据库大全下载3、谷歌学术检索工具，检索时设置成只检索英文文献，键入与专业相关的关键词即可检索。
二、英文论文翻译格式与要求翻译的外文文献的字符要求不少于1.5万（或翻译成中文后至少在3000字以上）。
字数达到的文献一篇即可。
翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关着作及其他相关材料，应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文（设计）的参考文献。
并在每篇中文译文首页用＂脚注＂形式注明原文作者及出处，中文译文后应附外文原文。
需认真研读和查阅术语完成翻译，不得采用翻译软件翻译。
中文译文的编排结构与原文同，撰写格式参照毕业论文的格式要求。
参考文献不必翻译，直接使用原文的（字体，字号，标点符号等与毕业论文中的参考文献要求同），参考文献的序号应标注在译文中相应的地方。
毕业论文和外文翻译要求内容
毕业论⽂和外⽂翻译要求内容沈阳农业⼤学本科⽣毕业论⽂（设计）撰写要求与格式规范（2008年7⽉修订）毕业论⽂（设计）是培养学⽣综合运⽤所学知识，分析和解决实际问题，提⾼实践能⼒和创造能⼒的重要教学环节，是记录科学研究成果的重要⽂献，也是学⽣申请学位的基本依据。
为保证本科⽣毕业论⽂（设计）质量，促进国内外学术交流，特制定《沈阳农业⼤学本科⽣毕业论⽂（设计）撰写要求与格式规范》。
⼀、毕业论⽂（设计）的基本结构毕业论⽂（设计）的基本结构是：1.前置部分：包括封⾯、任务书、选题审批表、指导记录、考核表、中（外）⽂摘要、关键词和⽬录等。
2.主体部分：包括前⾔、正⽂、参考⽂献、附录和致谢等。
⼆、毕业论⽂（设计）的内容要求（⼀）前置部分1．封⾯由学校统⼀设计。
2．毕业论⽂（设计）任务书毕业论⽂（设计）任务由各教学单位负责安排，并根据已确定的论⽂（设计）课题下达给学⽣，作为学⽣和指导教师共同从事毕业论⽂（设计）⼯作的依据。
毕业论⽂（设计）任务书的内容包括课题名称、学⽣姓名、下发⽇期、论⽂（设计）的主要内容与要求、毕业论⽂（设计）的⼯作进度和起⽌时间等。
3．论⽂（设计）选题审批表4．论⽂（设计）指导记录5．毕业论⽂（设计）考核表指导教师评语、评阅⼈评审意见分别由指导教师和评阅⼈填写，答辩委员会意见、评定成绩以及是否授予学⼠学位的建议等材料应由答辩委员会填写。
6．中（外）⽂摘要摘要是毕业论⽂（设计）研究内容及结论的简明概述，具有独⽴性和⾃含性。
其内容包括论⽂（设计）的主要内容、试（实）验⽅法、结果、结论和意义等。
中⽂摘要不少于400字；英⽂摘要必须⽤第三⼈称，采⽤现在时态编写。
7．关键词关键词均应为专业名词（或词组），注意专业术语的通⽤性，数量⼀般为3－5个；外⽂关键词与中⽂关键词⼀⼀对应。
8．⽬录⽬录由论⽂（设计）的章、节、附录等序号、名称和页码组成。
（⼆）主体部分1.前⾔（引⾔或序⾔）简要说明本项研究课题的提出及其研究意义（学术、实⽤价值），本项研究的前⼈⼯作基础及其欲深⼊研究的⽅向和思路、⽅法以及要解决的主要问题等。
毕业设计论文中英文翻译要求(最新)
附件1（毕业设计一）材料科学与工程学院毕业实习环节外文翻译要求一、翻译论文的选择：1、与自己毕业设计相关的外文参考文献2、该译文可以作为设计论文中文献综述中的部分内容；3、原则上选取的英语原文不超过5页。
二、译文结构内容1、作者，英文原文题目，期刊名称，卷期号，年份，起止页码，2、文章题目，作者（保持英文，不需翻译），作者单位（英文不变）3、摘要，关键词4、正文部分：引言，试验过程，结果与讨论，结论，参考文献（保持原文状态）5、译文中的图标需要翻译，图可以复印后粘贴或扫描插入三、译文和原文统一装订在一起，独立与毕业论文一起上交四、几点附属说明1 文章所在期刊的期刊名及相关信息不要翻译。
2 文章的作者，作者的单位，地址，下注的通讯作者的情况，参考文献不要翻译。
3文章的题目，摘要，关键词，及正文都要按照原文的顺序来翻译。
4文章中图表翻译示例如下：此为翻译前的表格：此为翻译后的表格：表1 微波和常规方法加工的粉体金属样品的性能Table 1 Properties of microwave and conventionally processedpowdered metal samplesMW 代表微波烧结；conv代表常规方法。
大部分微波烧结的样品的断裂模量比常规方法烧结的要高。
许多微波烧结的样品的密度也是高于常规方法烧成的样品。
MW, microwave processed; conv., conventionally processed. Themodulus of rupture(MOR) of most microwave-processed samples ishigher than that of the conventional samples. The densities of manymicrowave-processed samples are also higher than those ofconventional samples.即表头和注释中英文都要。
品牌营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献
品牌营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)翻译:品牌消费把品牌看作产品的一个重要组成部分，品牌可以增加产品的价值。
例如大多数消费者会认为一瓶鸦片香水是高品质，价格昂贵的产品。
但是同样样的香水放在不知名的瓶子中可能会被视为质量较低，即使香味是相同的。
品牌已成为产品战略的一个核心问题。
一方面，发展品牌产品，需要一个大量的长期的营销投资，尤其是对广告，促销和包装。
制造商往往会发现自己仅仅做产品更容易，更便宜，而让别人做品牌建设。
例如，台湾厂商已采取这种方法。
他们做出了大量世界服装，电子消费和电脑，但是这些产品却不采用台湾的品牌名称进行销售。
另一方面，多数厂家最终了解到公司的核心竞争了在于掌握品牌。
例如，名牌服装，电子和计算机公司可以用马来西亚和其他地方的便宜资源可以取代台湾制造厂家。
台湾生产者对于更廉价的供应商而导致的销售额减少无能为力- 消费者忠诚的是品牌，而不是生产者。
然而，过去日本和韩国企业，没有犯这样的错误。
他们花巨资为他们的产品建立，如索尼，松下，JVC，现代，金星和三星这些品牌。
即使这些公司没有能力在自己的本土上制造他们的产品，他们的品牌名称继续指挥顾客的忠诚度。
强大的品牌拥有消费者的专营权–那就是，他们能够指挥消费者的忠诚度。
这意味着大量的客户需要这些品牌和拒绝替代品，即使这些替代品以某种低价供应。
那些具有较强消费专营品牌的公司能够抵抗竞争对手的促销策略。
因此，它使供应商投入巨资建立强大的国内甚至全球的认同和偏好的品牌变得有意义。
什么使品牌？也许，专业营销人员最突出的技能是他们创建，维护，保护，巩固和提升品牌的能力。
品牌是一种名称，术语，标志，符号，设计或它们的组合，这是用来确定某种商品或服务的卖家，把他们从竞争对手中区别开来。
因此，一个品牌标识产品的制造商或供应商。
例如可乐- 任何制造商可以生产可乐，但只有可口可乐公司生产可口可乐。
品牌是不是一个新现象。
在过去的一百年中，它的使用已有了相当大的发展。
产业集群文献回顾【外文翻译】
外文翻译原文Industry Cluster Literature ReviewMaterial Source: Plan 261: Urban and Regional Development ,March 1998 Author:Jessica LeVeenI n d u s t r y C l u s t e r D e f i n i t i o nT h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e o n i n d u s t r y c l u s t e r s i s f o c u s e d o n t h e a c t u a l d e f i n i t i o n o f a c l u s t e r.T h e v e r y b a s i c d e f i n i t i o n o f a n i n d u s t r y c l u s t e r i s “g e o g r a p h i c a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f i n d u s t r i e s t h a t g a i n p e r f o r m a n c e a d v a n t a g e s t h r o u g h c o-l o c a t i o n(D o e r i n g e r a n d T e r k l a1995,p g.225).”T h i s d e f i n i t i o n o f c l u s t e r s i s s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f a g g l o m e r a t i o n e c o n o m i e s,b u t i n f a c t,i t i s w i t h i n i n d u s t r y c l u s t e r s t h a t a g g l o m e r a t i o n e c o n o m i e s a r e l i k e l y t o b e o b s e r v e d.B e y o n d t h e b a s i c d e f i n i t i o n,h o w e v e r,t h e r e i s l i t t l e c o n s e n s u s o n h o w t o d e f i n e a n i n d u s t r y c l u s t e r.M i c h a e l P o r t e r p o p u l a r i z e d t h e c o n c e p t o f i n d u s t r y c l u s t e r s i s h i s b o o k T h e C o m p e t i t i v e A d v a n t a g e o f N a t i o n s(1990).P o r t e r d e v e l o p e d t h e“D i a m o n d o f A d v a n t a g e,”w h i c h i s f o u r f a c t o r s h e d e t e r m i n e d c r e a t e a c o m p e t i t i v e a d v a n t a g e f o r f i r m s.T h e f o u r c o r n e r s o f t h e d i a m o n d i n c l u d e f a c t o r c o n d i t i o n s,d e m a n d c o n d i t i o n s,i n d u s t r y s t r a t e g y/r i v a l r y,a n d r e l a t e d a n d s u p p o r t i n g i n d u s t r i e s.P o r t e r u s e d t h i s d i a m o n d t o d e t e r m i n e w h i c h f i r m s a n d i n d u s t r i e s h a d c o m p e t i t i v e a d v a n t a g e s,a n d h i s e m p h a s i s o f t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f r e l a t e d a n d s u p p o r t i n g i n d u s t r i e s e n c o u r a g e d i n t e r e s t i n c l u s t e r s.W h i l e h i s o r i g i n a l t h e s i s w a s a p p l i e d t o n a t i o n s a s a w h o l e,P o r t e r r e c o g n i z e d t h a t t h e m a j o r i t y o f e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t y t a k e s p l a c e a t t h e r e g i o n a l l e v e l.T h u s,h i s i d e a s a r e c o m m o n l y a p p l i e d t o c i t i e s a n d r e g i o n s.T h e b u l k o f P o r t e r’s t h e s i s d e a l s w i t h t h e c o m p e t i t i v e a d v a n t a g e s o f c l u s t e r i n g f o r i n d u s t r i e s.T h i s a s p e c t o f h i s w o r k i s d i s c u s s e d i n t h e S e c t i o n I I I.P o r t e r p r o v i d e s a s i m p l e d e f i n i t i o n o f t w o t y p e s o f c l u s t e r s:v e r t i c a l c l u s t e r s,a n d h o r i z o n t a l c l u s t e r s.V e r t i c a l c l u s t e r s a r e m a d e u p o f i n d u s t r i e s t h a t a r e l i n k e d t h r o u g h b u y e r-s e l l e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s.H o r i z o n t a l c l u s t e r s i n c l u d e i n d u s t r i e s w h i c h m i g h t s h a r e a c o m m o n m a r k e t f o r t h e e n d p r o d u c t s,u s e a c o m m o n t e c h n o l o g y o r l a b o r f o r c es k i l l s,o r r e q u i r e s i m i l a r n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s(P o r t e r1990).J a c o b s a n d D e M a n(1996)a n d R o s e n f e l d(1996,1997)p r e s e n t m o r e i n-d e p t h d i s c u s s i o n s o f t h e d i f f e r e n t d e f i n i t i o n s o f i n d u s t r y c l u s t e r s,a l t h o u g h t h e s e a u t h o r s a l s o u s e t h e d e f i n i t i o n s o f v e r t i c a l a n d h o r i z o n t a l c l u s t e r s a s t h e b a s i s f o r t h e i r d e f i n i t i o n s.J a c o b s a n d D e M a n(1996,p g.425)a r g u e t h a t“t h e r e i s n o t o n e c o r r e c td e f i n i t i o n o f t h e c l u s t e r c o n c e p t…d i f f e r e n t d i m e n s i o n s a r e o f i n t e r e s t.”T h e ye x p a n df r o m t h e d e f i n i t i o n s o f t h e v e r t i c a l a n d h o r i z o n t a l i n d u s t r y c l u s t e r s t o i d e n t i f y k e y d i m e n s i o n s t h a t m a y b e u s e d t o d e f i n e c l u s t e r s.T h e s e i n c l u d e t h eg e o g r a phi c o r s p a t i a l c l u s t e r i n g o f e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t y,h o r i z o n t a l a n d v e r t i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n i n d u s t r y s e c t o r s,u s e o f c o m m o n t e c h n o l o g y,t h e p r e s e n c e o f a c e n t r a l a c t o r(i.e.,a l a r g e f i r m,r e s e a r c h c e n t e r,e t c.),a n d t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e f i r m n e t w o r k,o r f i r m c o o p e r a t i o n(J a c o b s a n d D e M a n1996).I n a d d i t i o n t o v e r t i c a l a n d h o r i z o n t a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s,R o s e n f e l d(1997)i n c l u d e s c r i t e r i a f o r d e f i n i n g a c l u s t e r,i n c l u d i n g t h e s i z e o f t h e c l u s t e r,t h e e c o n o m i c o r s t r a t e g i c i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e c l u s t e r,t h e r a n g e o f p r o d u c t s p r o d u c e d o r s e r v i c e s u s e d,a n d t h e u s e o f c o m m o n i n p u t s.H e d o e s n o t e n c o u r a g e d e f i n i n g c l u s t e r s e x c l u s i v e l yb y t h e s i z e o f t h ec o n s t i t u e n t i nd u s t r ie s o r t h e s c a l e of e m p l o y m e n t,p o i n t i ng o u t th a t m a n y e f f e c ti v e c l u s t e r s a r e l o c a t e d i n s m a l l i n t e r-r e l a t e d i n d u s t r i e s w h i c h d o n o t n e c e s s a r i l y h a v e p r o n o u n c e d e m p l o y m e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s.A c c o r d i n g t o R o s e n f e l d (1997p g.10),a n i n d u s t r y c l u s t e r i s:“a g e o g r a p h i c a l l y b o u n d e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f s i m i l a r,r e l a t e d o r c o m p l e m e n t a r y b u s i n e s s e s,w i t h a c t i v e c h a n n e l s f o r b u s i n e s s t r a n s a c t i o n s,c o m m u n i c a t i o n s a n d d i a l o g u e,t h a t s h a r e s p e c i a l i z e d i n f r a s t r u c t u r e, l a b o r m a r k e t s a n d s e r v i c e s,a n d t h a t a r e f a c e d w i t h c o m m o n o p p o r t u n i t i e s a n d t h r e a t s.”R o s e n f e l d’s d e f i n i t i o n c l e a r l y e m p h a s i z e s t h e i m p o r t a n c e h e p l a c e s o n t h e r o l e o f s o c i a l i n t e r a c t i o n a n d f i r m c o o p e r a t i o n i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e d y n a m i c n a t u r e o f a c l u s t e r.I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f I n d u s t r y C l u s t e r sT h e v a r y i n g d e f i n i t i o n s o f i n d u s t r y c l u s t e r s h e l p s e x p l a i n t h e d i f f e r i n g a r g u m e n t s r e g a r d i n g t h e m e t h o d o l o g y t o i d e n t i f y c l u s t e r s.O n e o f t h e c o m m o n a p p r o a c h e s t o i d e n t i f y i n g c l u s t e r s i s b a s e d o n q u a n t i t a t i v e t e c h n i q u e s,i n c l u d i n g l o c a t i o n q u o t i e n t s a n d i n p u t-o u t p u t(I-O)a n a l y s e s(R o s e n f e l d1997).T h e s e t o o l s h e l p i d e n t i f y r e l a t i v e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f i n d u s t r i e s i n t h e r e g i o n,a s w e l l a s i d e n t i f y t h e b u y e r-s e l l e r l i n k a g e s i n d i f f e r e n t i n d u s t r y s e c t o r s.M i c h a e l P o r t e r r e l i e d h e a v i l yo n t h i s t y p e o f a n a l y s i s t o f o r m t h e b a s i s o f h i s i n t e r n a t i o n a l s t u d y o f i n d u s t r y c l u s t e r s.I-O a n a l y s e s a n d o t h e r q u a n t i t a t i v e t o o l s w e r e a l s o t h e b a s i s f o r i d e n t i f y i n g c l u s t e r s i n s e v e r a l o t h e r s t u d i e s,i n c l u d i n g t h e T w i n C i t i e s I n d u s t r y C l u s t e r P r o j e c t(S t a t e a n d L o c a l P o l i c y P r o g r a m1998)a n d U N C-C h a p e l H i l l’s s t u d y o f N o r t h C a r o l i n a’s i n d u s t r i e s(B e r g m a n,F e s e r a n d S w e e n e y1996).T h e q u a n t i t a t i v e a p p r o a c h t o w a r d s i d e n t i f y i n g i n d u s t r y c l u s t e r s i s g e n e r a l l y r e g a r d e d a s a c r i t i c a l c o m p o n e n t o f a c l u s t e r a n a l y s i s.T h i s t y p e o f a n a l y s i s w i l l p r o v i d e a n i n i t i a l t o o l f o r i d e n t i f y i n g p o t e n t i a l c l u s t e r s a n d w i l l i n d i c a t e t h e r e l a t i v e p r e s e n c e o f d i f f e r e n t i n d u s t r i e s i n t h e l o c a l r e g i o n.A n I-O a n a l y s i s i s e s p e c i a l l y u s e f u l i n t h e a n a l y s i s o f a v e r t i c a l l y-i n t e g r a t e d c l u s t e r,w h e n t h e b u y e r-s e l l e r l i n k a g e s a r e m o r e o b v i o u s.H o w e v e r,t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s d o e s n o t a d d r e s s w h e t h e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s r e a l l y e x i s t b e t w e e n t h e i n d i v i d u a l f i r m s,a n d i t d o e s n o t a c c o u n t f o r o t h e r f a c t o r s b e y o n d t h e p r o d u c t-m a r k e t r e l a t i o n s h i p s,s u c h a s i n d u s t r y c o l l a b o r a t i o n a n d i n f o r m a t i o n f l o w(D o e r i n g e r a n d T e r k l a1995,J a c o b s a n d D e M a n 1996,R o s e n f e l d1996,1997).“A l t h o u g h i n t e r-i n d u s t r y t r a n s a c t i o n s i n c o r p o r a t e d w i t h i n p r o d u c t i o n c h a n n e l s c a n s o m e t i m e s b e d e t e c t e d i n i n p u t-o u t p u t t a b l e s,n e i t h e r t h e c h a r a c t e r o r r e l a t i o n s h i p s a m o n g f i r m s n o r t h e b e n e f i t s o f c l u s t e r i n g c a n b e d i s c e r n e d i n t h i s w a y(D o e r i n g e r a n d T e r k l a1995,p g.228).”T h e r e i s a g e n e r a l c o n s e n s u s i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e t h a t i n o r d e r t o t r u l y i d e n t i f y i n d u s t r y c l u s t e r s i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o c o n d u c t a q u a l i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s.S u r v e y s a n d i n t e r v i e w s o f k e y i n d u s t r y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s w i l lh e l p e x p a n d a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e b u y e r-s u p p l i e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s,a s w e l l a s f u r t h e ri d e n t i f y i n g c o m m o n a l t i e s b e t w e e n i n d u s t r i e s(i.e.,w o r k f o r c e o r i n f r a s t r u c t u r e n e e d s, o r t e c h n o l o g i e s u s e d).T h e u s e o f t h e q u a l i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s w i l l b o t h c o n f i r m t h e f i n d i n g s o f t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s,a s w e l l a s h e l p i d e n t i f y p o t e n t i a l i n d u s t r y c l u s t e r s t h a t m a y h a v e b e e n o v e r l o o k e d b y t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l d a t a a n a l y s i s(D o e r i n g e r a n d T e r k l a1995,J a c o b s a n d D e M a n1996,S t e r n b e r g1991,S t a t e a n d L o c a l P o l i c y P r o g r a m1998).F a c t o r s D r i v i n g I n d u s t r y C l u s t e rG r o w t h a n d D e v e l o p m e n tT h e f a c t o r s w h i c h d r i v e i n d u s t r y c l u s t e r d e v e l o p m e n t a n d g r o w t h a r e a l s o t h e s u b j e c t o f d e b a t e i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e.I n g e n e r a l,b u s i n e s s e s l o c a t e w h e r e i t m a k e s t h e g r e a t e s t e c o n o m i c s e n s e,e i t h e r i n t e r m s o f a c c e s s i n g t h e m a r k e t f o r t h e i r p r o d u c t, t h e l a b o r p o o l,o r r e q u i r e d r e s o u r c e s.T h e b a s i c f a c t o r s t h a t d r i v e i n d u s t r y c l u s t e r i n g a r e v e r y s i m i l a r t o t h e f a c t o r s t h a t e n c o u r a g e u r b a n o r l o c a t i o n a la g g l o m e r a t i o n e c o n o m i e s.A s s t a t e db y D o e r i n g e r a n d T e r k l a,“T h e p r e s e nc e o f p o s i t i v e e x t e r n a l i t i e s e x p l a i n s t h e c l u s t e r i n g p r o c e s s,w h e r e a s s p e c i f i c l o c a t i o n s i t e s f o r e a c h c l u s t e rde p e n d o n e i t h e r‘h i s t o r i c a l a c c i d e n t’o r t h e c o s t a d v a n t a g e s p r o v i d e d b y i m m o b i l ef a c t o r s t h a t a t t r a c t e d t h e f i r m s a n c h o r i ng th e c l u s t e r (D o e ri n g e r a n d T e r k l a1995,p g.226).”W h i l e t h e r e i s c o n s e n s u s a m o n g t h e r e s e a r c h e r s t h a t f i r m s w i l l c l u s t e r b e c a u s e t h e y r e c e i v e s o m e t y p e o f b e n e f i t,t h e f a c t o r s t h a t c r e a t e t h o s e b e n e f i t s a r e d e b a t e d.M i c h a e l P o r t e r(1990)a r g u e s c o m p e t i t i o n i s a d r i v i n g f o r c e b e h i n d c l u s t e r d e v e l o p m e n t.C l u s t e r i n g i s a d y n a m i c p r o c e s s,a n d a s o n e c o m p e t i t i v e f i r m g r o w s, i t g e n e r a t e s d e m a n d f o r o t h e r r e l a t e d i n d u s t r i e s.A s t h e c l u s t e r d e v e l o p s i t b e c o m e s a m u t u a l l y r e i n f o r c i n g s y s t e m w h e r e b e n e f i t s f l o w b a c k w a r d s a n d f o r w a r d s t h r o u g h o u t t h e i n d u s t r i e s i n t h e c l u s t e r.P o r t e r a r g u e s t h a t i t i s t h e c o m p e t i t i o n b e t w e e n r i v a l f i r m s i n t h e c l u s t e r t h a t d r i v e s g r o w t h b e c a u s e i t f o r c e s f i r m s t o b e i n n o v a t i v e a n d t o i m p r o v e a n d c r e a t e n e w t e c h n o l o g y.T h i s,i n t u r n,l e a d s t o n e w b u s i n e s s s p i n-o f f s,s t i m u l a t e s R&D,a n d f o r c e s t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f n e w s k i l l s a n d s e r v i c e s.B e c a u s e m a n y o f t h e i n d u s t r i e s w i t h i n t h e c l u s t e r e m p l o y a s i m i l a r l a b o r f o r c e,t h e l a b o r f o r c e c a n f r e e l y m o v e t o o t h e r r e l a t e d f i r m s w i t h i n t h e c l u s t e r,t h u s t r a n s f e r r i n g k n o w l e d g e t o n e w f i r m s,a n d c o n t i n u i n g t o p r o m o t e c o m p e t i t i o n a n d t h e r e f o r e g r o w t h.T h i s g r o w t h c a n e i t h e r l e a d t o i n c r e a s i n g t h e v e r t i c a l i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e c l u s t e r,o r i t c a n l e a d t o t h e h o r i z o n t a l i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e s e c t o r.I n c r e a s e d v e r t i c a l i n t e g r a t i o n o c c u r s a s t h e d i v i s i o n o f l a b o r g e t s m o r e s p e c i a l i z e d,a n d n e w f i r m s a r e a b l e t o f i l l t h e n e w n i c h e m a r k e t s.H o r i z o n t a l c l u s t e r i n g o c c u r s a s t h e n e w t e c h n o l o g y a n d l a b o r s k i l l s a r e a p p l i e d t o r e l a t e d i n d u s t r i e s i n d i f f e r e n t s e c t o r s.P o r t e r p o i n t s t o S i l i c o n V a l l e y a s a n e x a m p l e o f h o w c o m p e t i t i o n h a s s p u r r e d t h e h o r i z o n t a l c l u s t e r i n g p r o c e s s.T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l o t h e r k e y f a c t o r s t h a t a r e d i s c u s s e d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e t h a t c o n t r i b u t e t o c l u s t e r d e v e l o p m e n t.D o e r i n g e r a n d T e r k l a(1995)c i t e t h e b e n e f i t s o f a g g l o m e r a t i o n e c o n o m i e s o b s e r v e d i n i n d u s t r y c l u s t e r s a s o n e f a c t o r l e a d i n g t o c l u s t e r d e v e l o p m e n t.F i r m s l o c a t i n g i n c l o s e s p a t i a l p r o x i m i t y b e n e f i t f r o m l o w e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d t r a n s a c t i o n c o s t s,a s w e l l a s a c c e s s t o a s k i l l e d l a b o r f o r c e.A g g l o m e r a t i o n e c o n o m i e s c a n a l s o s p u r c o m p e t i t i o n,w h i c h e n c o u r a g e s i n f o r m a t i o n,k n o w l e d g e,a n d t e c h n o l o g y t r a n s f e r a m o n g r e l a t e d f i r m s.T h e t r a n s f e r o f k n o w l e d g e a n d t e c h n o l o g y a m o n g f i r m s c a n l e a d t o n e w i n d u s t r y g r o w t h,a n d t h e r e f o r e h e l p s d r i v e t h e o v e r a l l g r o w t h o f t h e c l u s t e r.F a c e-t o-f a c e i n t e r a c t i o n i s a l s o c i t e d i n s e v e r a l o f t h e s o u r c e s a s a c r i t i c a l f a c t o ri n c l u s t e r d e v e l o p m e n t(D o e r i n g e r a n d T e r k l a1995,R o s e n f e l d1997).T h i s i n t e r a c t i o n i s m o s t b e n e f i c i a l t o s m a l l,s p e c i a l i z e d f i r m s w h i c h h a v e t h e f l e x i b i l i t y t o f i l l e m e r g i n g n i c h e m a r k e t s a s f i n a l d e m a n d o r t e c h n o l o g y c h a n g e s(D o e r i n g e r a n d T e r k l a1995).L o c a l p r o x i m i t y t o f i r m s i n a l l a s p e c t s o f t h e p r o d u c t i o n p r o c e s s, s u c h a s t h e s u p p l i e r s,m a c h i n e b u i l d e r s,a s s e m b l e r s,d i s t r i b u t o r s,a n d f i n a l c u s t o m e r s a l l o w s t h e c o o p e r a t i n g f i r m s t o a d o p t n e w t e c h n o l o g y a n d i n n o v a t i o n s r a p i d l y, t h e r e f o r e i n c r e a s i n g t h e o v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e p r o d u c t i o n p r o c e s s.T h e f i r m sc o l l a b o r a t e t o p r o v ide s p e c i a l i z e d s e r v i c e s;t h r o u g h t h i s c o l l a b o r a t i o n,c l u s t e r sd e v e l o p(R o s e n f e l d1997).T h e s o c i a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e w i t h i n t h e c l u s t e r h e l p s f a c i l i t a t e t e c h n o l o g y a n d k n o w l e d g e t r a n s f e r,w h i c h s t r e n g t h e n s t h e c l u s t e r a n d p r o m o t e s f u t u r e g r o w t h.T h e i m p o r t a n c e o f f a c e-t o-f a c e i n t e r a c t i o n i s c i t e d i n R o s e n f e l d’s c a s e s t u d i e s o f t h e f u r n i t u r e i n d u s t r y i n M i s s i s s i p p i a n d t h e a p p a r e l/h o s i e r y i n d u s t r y i n N o r t h e r n I t a l y(R o s e n f e l d1997).S a x e n i a n a l s o d i s c u s s e s t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h i s i n t e r a c t i o n i n t h e g r o w t h o f S i l i c o n V a l l e y,a n d a t t r i b u t e s m u c h o f t h e e a r l y s u c c e s s o f t h e a r e a t o t h e s o c i a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e(S a x e n i a n 1994).I n s u m m a r y,c l u s t e r d e v e l o p m e n t i s a t t r i b u t a b l e t o s e v e r a l k e y f a c t o r s,i n c l u d i n g t e c h n o l o g y t r a n s f e r,k n o w l e d g e t r a n s f e r,d e v e l o p m e n t o f a s k i l l e d l a b o r f o r c e i n r e l a t e d i n d u s t r i e s,t h e b e n e f i t s o f a g g l o m e r a t i o n e c o n o m i e s,a n d s o c i a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e.H o w e v e r,r e s e a r c h e r s d i f f e r o n h o w t h e s e f a c t o r s p r o m o t e c l u s t e r g r o w t h.O n t h e o n e h a n d,P o r t e r a t t r i b u t e s c l u s t e r d e v e l o p m e n t a n d g r o w t h t o c o m p e t i t i o n,a n d f o c u s e s o n h o w t h e s e k e y f a c t o r s d r i v e c o m p e t i t i o n(P o r t e r1990). O n t h e o t h e r h a n d,t h e o t h e r a u t h o r s c i t e d a b o v e,s a y c l u s t e r d e v e l o p m e n t i s p r o m o t e d b y c o l l a b o r a t i o n a m o n g r e l a t e d f i r m s t h a t i s e n c o u r a g e d b y f a c e t o f a c e c o n t a c t.T h r o u g h s o c i a l i n t e r a c t i o n,t e c h n o l o g y a n d k n o w l e d g e t r a n s f e r o c c u r s, t h e r e f o r e l e a d i n g t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d g r o w t h o f c l u s t e r s.R e f e r e n c eJacobs, Dany and Ard-Pieter De Man. 1996.Porter, Michael. 1990. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. NewYork: Basic Books.Saxenian, AnnaLee. 1994. Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.Bergman, E., E. Feser, and S. Sweeny. 1996. Targeting North Carolina Manufacturing: Understanding the State’s Economy through Industrial Cluster Analysis. Chapel Hill, NC: UNC Institute for Economic Development. Bosworth, Brian and Daniel Broun. 1996. “Connect the Dots: UsingCluster-Based Strategies to Create Urban Employment.”Firm Connections4(2): 1,6.Boekholt, Patries. 1997. “The public sector at arms length or in charge? Towards a typology of cluster policies.”Paper for the OECD programme National Innovation Systems, presented in Amerstdam, October 1997.Doeringer, P.B., and D.G. Terkla. 1995. “Business strategy and cross-industry clusters.”Economic Development Quarterly 9: 225-3Rosenfeld, Stuart A. 1996. Overachievers, Business Clusters thatWork: Prospects for Regional Development. Chapel Hill, NC: Regional Technology Strategies.译文产业集群文献回顾资料来源: 261计划: 城市与区域发展1998年3月作者：Jessica LeVeen产业集群的定义迈克尔·波特在国家竞争优势论（1990年）推广了产业集群这个概念。
20 Why Do Industries Cluster
Why Do Industries Cluster为什么产业聚集Clustering is term describing a phenomenon in which events or ar tifacts are not randomly distributed over space, but tend to be organ ized into proximate groups.集群是一个专业术语，用来描绘这样一种现象：即事件和人工制品并非在空间随机分布，而是被有组织的划入近似群体。
Industrial clustering is a process that has been observed from t he beginning of industrialization. From the cotton mills of Lancashir e and automobile manufacturing in Detroit, to the textile mills of Ah madabad and Bombay and the tanneries of Calcutta and Arcot, even the casual observer can visually discern the evidence on industrial clust ering by industry type. Why should this happen? It seems obvious that competing firms in the same industry derive some benefit from locati ng in proximity to each other.产业集群的过程在工业化开始时就受到关注。
从兰凯郡的棉花作坊和底特律特的汽车工厂到阿麻大德和彭贝的纺织工厂及卡尔库它和阿科特的皮革厂等，即使是最粗心的观察者都能看到不同种类工业的聚集过程。
毕业论文文献外文翻译----危机管理：预防,诊断和干预文献翻译-中英文文献对照翻译
第1页 共19页中文3572字毕业论文（设计）外文翻译标题：危机管理-预防，诊断和干预一、外文原文标题：标题：Crisis management: prevention, diagnosis and Crisis management: prevention, diagnosis andintervention 原文：原文：The Thepremise of this paper is that crises can be managed much more effectively if the company prepares for them. Therefore, the paper shall review some recent crises, theway they were dealt with, and what can be learned from them. Later, we shall deal with the anatomy of a crisis by looking at some symptoms, and lastly discuss the stages of a crisis andrecommend methods for prevention and intervention. Crisis acknowledgmentAlthough many business leaders will acknowledge thatcrises are a given for virtually every business firm, many of these firms do not take productive steps to address crisis situations. As one survey of Chief Executive officers of Fortune 500 companies discovered, 85 percent said that a crisisin business is inevitable, but only 50 percent of these had taken any productive action in preparing a crisis plan(Augustine, 1995). Companies generally go to great lengths to plan their financial growth and success. But when it comes to crisis management, they often fail to think and prepare for those eventualities that may lead to a company’s total failure.Safety violations, plants in need of repairs, union contracts, management succession, and choosing a brand name, etc. can become crises for which many companies fail to be prepared untilit is too late.The tendency, in general, is to look at the company as a perpetual entity that requires plans for growth. Ignoring the probabilities of disaster is not going to eliminate or delay their occurrences. Strategic planning without inclusion ofcrisis management is like sustaining life without guaranteeinglife. One reason so many companies fail to take steps to proactively plan for crisis events, is that they fail to acknowledge the possibility of a disaster occurring. Like an ostrich with its head in the sand, they simply choose to ignorethe situation, with the hope that by not talking about it, it will not come to pass. Hal Walker, a management consultant, points out “that decisions will be more rational and better received, and the crisis will be of shorter duration, forcompanies who prepare a proactive crisis plan” (Maynard, 1993) .It is said that “there are two kinds of crises: those that thatyou manage, and those that manage you” (Augustine, 1995). Proactive planning helps managers to control and resolve a crisis. Ignoring the possibility of a crisis, on the other hand,could lead to the crisis taking a life of its own. In 1979, theThree-Mile Island nuclear power plant experienced a crisis whenwarning signals indicated nuclear reactors were at risk of a meltdown. The system was equipped with a hundred or more different alarms and they all went off. But for those who shouldhave taken the necessary steps to resolve the situation, therewere no planned instructions as to what should be done first. Hence, the crisis was not acknowledged in the beginning and itbecame a chronic event.In June 1997, Nike faced a crisis for which they had no existi existing frame of reference. A new design on the company’s ng frame of reference. A new design on the company’s Summer Hoop line of basketball shoes - with the word air writtenin flaming letters - had sparked a protest by Muslims, who complained the logo resembled the Arabic word for Allah, or God.The council of American-Islamic Relations threatened aa globalNike boycott. Nike apologized, recalled 38,000 pairs of shoes,and discontinued the line (Brindley, 1997). To create the brand,Nike had spent a considerable amount of time and money, but hadnever put together a general framework or policy to deal with such controversies. To their dismay, and financial loss, Nike officials had no choice but to react to the crisis. This incident has definitely signaled to the company that spending a little more time would have prevented the crisis. Nonetheless,it has taught the company a lesson in strategic crisis management planning.In a business organization, symptoms or signals can alert the strategic planners or executives of an eminent crisis. Slipping market share, losing strategic synergy anddiminishing productivity per man hour, as well as trends, issues and developments in the socio-economic, political and competitive environments, can signal crises, the effects of which can be very detrimental. After all, business failures and bankruptcies are not intended. They do not usually happen overnight. They occur more because of the lack of attention to symptoms than any other factor.Stages of a crisisMost crises do not occur suddenly. The signals can usuallybe picked up and the symptoms checked as they emerge. A company determined to address these issues realizes that the real challenge is not just to recognize crises, but to recognize themin a timely fashion (Darling et al., 1996). A crisis can consistof four different and distinct stages (Fink, 1986). The phasesare: prodromal crisis stage, acute crisis stage, chronic crisisstage and crisis resolution stage.Modern organizations are often called “organic” due tothe fact that they are not immune from the elements of their surrounding environments. Very much like a living organism, organizations can be affected by environmental factors both positively and negatively. But today’s successfulorganizations are characterized by the ability to adapt by recognizing important environmental factors, analyzing them, evaluating the impacts and reacting to them. The art of strategic planning (as it relates to crisis management)involves all of the above activities. The right strategy, in general, provides for preventive measures, and treatment or resolution efforts both proactively and reactively. It wouldbe quite appropriate to examine the first three stages of acrisis before taking up the treatment, resolution or intervention stage.Prodromal crisis stageIn the field of medicine, a prodrome is a symptom of the onset of a disease. It gives a warning signal. In business organizations, the warning lights are always blinking. No matter how successful the organization, a number of issues andtrends may concern the business if proper and timely attentionis paid to them. For example, in 1995, Baring Bank, a UK financial institution which had been in existence since 1763,ample opportunitysuddenly and unexpectedly failed. There wasfor the bank to catch the signals that something bad was on thehorizon, but the company’s efforts to detect that were thwarted by an internal structure that allowed a single employee both to conduct and to oversee his own investment trades, and the breakdown of management oversight and internalcontrol systems (Mitroff et al., 1996). Likewise, looking in retrospect, McDonald’s fast food chain was given the prodromalsymptoms before the elderly lady sued them for the spilling ofa very hot cup of coffee on her lap - an event that resulted in a substantial financial loss and tarnished image of thecompany. Numerous consumers had complained about thetemperature of the coffee. The warning light was on, but the company did not pay attention. It would have been much simplerto pick up the signal, or to check the symptom, than facing the consequences.In another case, Jack in the Box, a fast food chain, had several customers suffer intestinal distress after eating at their restaurants. The prodromal symptom was there, but the company took evasive action. Their initial approach was to lookaround for someone to blame. The lack of attention, the evasiveness and the carelessness angered all the constituent groups, including their customers. The unfortunate deaths thatptoms,occurred as a result of the company’s ignoring thesymand the financial losses that followed, caused the company to realize that it would have been easier to manage the crisis directly in the prodromal stage rather than trying to shift theblame.Acute crisis stageA prodromal stage may be oblique and hard to detect. The examples given above, are obvious prodromal, but no action wasWebster’s New Collegiate Dictionary, an acute stage occursacutewhen a symptom “demands urgent attention.” Whether the acutesymptom emerges suddenly or is a transformation of a prodromalstage, an immediate action is required. Diverting funds and other resources to this emerging situation may cause disequilibrium and disturbance in the whole system. It is onlythose organizations that have already prepared a framework forthese crises that can sustain their normal operations. For example, the US public roads and bridges have for a long time reflected a prodromal stage of crisis awareness by showing cracks and occasionally a collapse. It is perhaps in light of the obsessive decision to balance the Federal budget that reacting to the problem has been delayed and ignored. This situation has entered an acute stage and at the time of this writing, it was reported that a bridge in Maryland had just collapsed.The reason why prodromes are so important to catch is thatit is much easier to manage a crisis in this stage. In the caseof most crises, it is much easier and more reliable to take careof the problem before it becomes acute, before it erupts and causes possible complications (Darling et al., 1996). In andamage. However, the losses are incurred. Intel, the largest producer of computer chips in the USA, had to pay an expensiveprice for initially refusing to recall computer chips that proved unreliable o n on certain calculations. The f irmfirm attempted to play the issue down and later learned its lesson. At an acutestage, when accusations were made that the Pentium Chips were not as fast as they claimed, Intel quickly admitted the problem,apologized for it, and set about fixing it (Mitroff et al., 1996). Chronic crisis stageDuring this stage, the symptoms are quite evident and always present. I t isIt is a period of “make or break.” Being the third stage, chronic problems may prompt the company’s management to once and for all do something about the situation. It may be the beginning of recovery for some firms, and a deathknell for others. For example, the Chrysler Corporation was only marginallysuccessful throughout the 1970s. It was not, however, until the company was nearly bankrupt that amanagement shake-out occurred. The drawback at the chronic stage is that, like in a human patient, the company may get used to “quick fixes” and “band “band--aid”approaches. After all, the ailment, the problem and the crisis have become an integral partoverwhelmed by prodromal and acute problems that no time or attention is paid to the chronic problems, or the managers perceive the situation to be tolerable, thus putting the crisison a back burner.Crisis resolutionCrises could be detected at various stages of their development. Since the existing symptoms may be related todifferent problems or crises, there is a great possibility thatthey may be misinterpreted. Therefore, the people in charge maybelieve they have resolved the problem. However, in practicethe symptom is often neglected. In such situations, the symptomwill offer another chance for resolution when it becomes acute,thereby demanding urgent care. Studies indicate that today anincreasing number of companies are issue-oriented and searchfor symptoms. Nevertheless, the lack of experience in resolvinga situation and/or inappropriate handling of a crisis can leadto a chronic stage. Of course, there is this last opportunityto resolve the crisis at the chronic stage. No attempt to resolve the crisis, or improper resolution, can lead to grim consequences that will ultimately plague the organization or even destroy it.It must be noted that an unsolved crisis may not destroy the company. But, its weakening effects can ripple through the organization and create a host of other complications.Preventive effortsThe heart of the resolution of a crisis is in the preventiveefforts the company has initiated. This step, similar to a humanbody, is actually the least expensive, but quite often the mostoverlooked. Preventive measures deal with sensing potential problems (Gonzales-Herrero and Pratt, 1995). Major internalfunctions of a company such as finance, production, procurement, operations, marketing and human resources are sensitive to thesocio-economic, political-legal, competitive, technological, demographic, global and ethical factors of the external environment. What is imminently more sensible and much more manageable, is to identify the processes necessary forassessing and dealing with future crises as they arise (Jacksonand Schantz, 1993). At the core of this process are appropriate information systems, planning procedures, anddecision-making techniques. A soundly-based information system will scan the environment, gather appropriate data, interpret this data into opportunities and challenges, and provide a concretefoundation for strategies that could function as much to avoid crises as to intervene and resolve them.Preventive efforts, as stated before, require preparations before any crisis symptoms set in. Generally strategic forecasting, contingency planning, issues analysis, and scenario analysis help to provide a framework that could be used in avoiding and encountering crises.出处：出处：Toby TobyJ. Kash and John R. Darling . Crisis management: prevention, diagnosis 179-186二、翻译文章标题：危机管理：预防，诊断和干预译文：本文的前提是，如果该公司做好准备得话，危机可以更有效地进行管理。
苏州工业园区英语介绍
苏州工业园区英语介绍Title: Introduction to Suzhou Industrial Park.Suzhou Industrial Park, located in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, is a high-tech development zone known for its innovation and modern infrastructure. Established in 1994, it is a joint venture between the Chinese and Singaporean governments, aiming to promote economic cooperation and technological advancement.The park covers a wide range of industries, including electronics, biotechnology, and environmental protection. It is home to numerous multinational corporations, research institutions, and start-ups, creating a vibrant and dynamic business environment.With its well-planned layout, green spaces, and state-of-the-art facilities, Suzhou Industrial Park has become a hub for innovation and investment in China, attracting businesses and talent from around the world.中文翻译：苏州工业园区介绍。
论文综述及文献翻译 我国电梯现状与发展趋势
安徽科技学院工学院文献综述及外文翻译（毕业论文设计）题目：姓名：学号：专业：班级：届别：指导教师：2009年12月我国电梯现状与发展趋势摘要：本文介绍了PLC在三层电梯控制系统中的应用，该系统以PLC为主控制器，采用集选控制方式，实现了三层电梯的基本功能。
随着城市建设的不断发展，高层建筑不断增多，电梯在国民经济和生活中有着广泛的应用。
电梯作为高层建筑中垂直运行的交通工具已与人们的日常生活密不可分。
实际上电梯是根据外部呼叫信号以及自身控制规律等运行的，而呼叫是随机，电梯实际上是一个人机交互式的控制系统，单纯用顺序控制或逻辑控制是不能满足控制要求的，因此，电梯控制系统采用随机逻辑方式控制。
目前电梯的控制普遍采用了两种方式，一是采用微机作为信号控制单元，完成电梯信号的采集、运行状态和功能的设定，实现电梯的自动调度和集选运行功能，拖动控制则由变频器来完成；第二种控制方式用可编程控制器（PLC）取代微机实现信号集选控制。
从控制方式和性能上来说，这两种方法并没有太大的区别。
国内厂家大多选择第二种方式，其原因在于生产规模较小，自己设计和制造微机控制装置成本较高；而PLC可靠性高，程序设计方便灵活，抗干扰能力强、运行稳定可靠等特点，所以现在的电梯控制系统广泛采用可编程控制器来实现。
电梯是高层建筑不可缺少的运输工具，用于垂直运送乘客和货物，传统的电梯控制系统主要采用继电器--接触器进行控制，其缺点是触点多，故障率高、可靠性差、维修工作量大等，而采用 PLC组成的控制系统可以很好地解决上述问题。
关键词: ：电梯、PLC中国电梯行业发展现状及趋势分析作为中国对外开放最早的行业，中国电梯业受到外资各种“蚕食”措施影响，原有的八大国企电梯品牌全军覆没，外资品牌垄断的市场份额曾经高达９５％以上。
近年来，一批民族电梯企业苦练内功，绝地反击，出现四分天下有其一的局面。
目前，中国已成为全球电梯劲旅竞争的主战场，中国电梯业目前面临行业的重新“洗牌”，民族自主品牌应利用国家政策支持、资本市场支持等多方面有利因素，逐鹿天下，加快赢得更多市场。
5、外文文献翻译(附原文)产业集群,区域品牌,Industrial cluster ,Regional brand
外文文献翻译（附原文）外文译文一：产业集群的竞争优势——以中国大连软件工业园为例Weilin Zhao,Chihiro Watanabe，Charla-Griffy-Brown[J]. Marketing Science,2009(2):123-125.摘要：本文本着为促进工业的发展的初衷探讨了中国软件公园的竞争优势。
产业集群深植于当地的制度系统，因此拥有特殊的竞争优势。
根据波特的“钻石”模型、SWOT模型的测试结果对中国大连软件园的案例进行了定性的分析。
产业集群是包括一系列在指定地理上集聚的公司，它扎根于当地政府、行业和学术的当地制度系统，以此获得大量的资源，从而获得产业经济发展的竞争优势。
为了成功驾驭中国经济范式从批量生产到开发新产品的转换，持续加强产业集群的竞争优势,促进工业和区域的经济发展是非常有必要的。
关键词：竞争优势；产业集群；当地制度系统；大连软件工业园；中国；科技园区；创新；区域发展产业集群产业集群是波特[1]也推而广之的一个经济发展的前沿概念。
作为一个在全球经济战略公认的专家,他指出了产业集群在促进区域经济发展中的作用。
他写道：集群的概念,“或出现在特定的地理位置与产业相关联的公司、供应商和机构，已成为了公司和政府思考和评估当地竞争优势和制定公共决策的一种新的要素。
但是，他至今也没有对产业集群做出准确的定义。
最近根据德瑞克、泰克拉[2]和李维[3]检查的关于产业集群和识别为“地理浓度的行业优势的文献取得了进展”。
“地理集中”定义了产业集群的一个关键而鲜明的基本性质。
产业由地区上特定的众多公司集聚而成,他们通常有共同市场、,有着共同的供应商,交易对象,教育机构和其它像知识及信息一样无形的东西，同样地,他们也面临相似的机会和威胁。
在全球产业集群有许多种发展模式。
比如美国加州的硅谷和马萨诸塞州的128鲁特都是知名的产业集群。
前者以微电子、生物技术、和风险资本市场而闻名,而后者则是以软件、计算机和通讯硬件享誉天下[4]。
产业集聚区概况英语翻译
产业集聚区概况英语翻译产业集聚区概况英语翻译Part 2 Profiles of 8 In dustrial clusters开封新区Kaife ng New district精心打造河南经济社会发展增长极致力建设生态型现代化复合型新区Boost henan s Economic and Social developmentBuild an Ecological and compo und New district开封新区作为开封市的重点发展区域，是郑汴洛工业走廊的重要支撑区，是郑汴一体化的主要对接空间，是开封未来城市发展的主要方向和重要载体。
（转载请注明来自：好http:///）as a district developed with priority in Kaife ng city, Kaife ng New district is the key support ing part along Zhen gzhou-Kaife ng-Luoya ng In dustrial corridor, conn ector in Zhen gzhou-Kaife ng In tegrati on as well as major orie ntati on and carrier in Kaife ng' s future developme nt.开封新区作为郑汴新区”的重要组成部分，规划总面积287平方公里，辖开封经济开发区（含黄龙园区）、金明区、鼓楼区的仙人庄和南苑2个办事处。
as an importa nt part in Zhen gzhou-Kaife ng New district, it has a pla nned area of 287 square kilometers, administering Kaifeng Economic development Zone (including huanglong Park), Jinming district and Xia nren zhua ng and Nanyuan offices of Gulou district.其功能定位是：改革发展、体制创新的综合试验区，城乡统筹、科学发展的示范区，经济社会发展的核心增长极；以产业聚集为基础，以高新技术产业、先进制造业和现代服务业为支撑，充分发挥开封文化资源优势，融居住办公、科研教育、旅游休闲、商贸物流、现代农业为一体，城市功能完善的生态型、现代化、复合型新区。
创意产业园外文翻译文献
创意产业园外文翻译文献
摘要
本文收集和翻译了多篇关于创意产业园的外文文献。
这些文献
包含了关于创意产业园的定义、发展模式、运营管理等方面的信息，旨在为读者提供深入了解创意产业园的国际发展情况和运作经验。
文献1：《创意产业园的定义和特点》
这篇文章介绍了创意产业园的定义和特点。
创意产业园是由多
个创意企业和相关服务机构共同组成的创意产业集聚区，其特点包
括空间布局合理、资源共享、开放创新等。
文献2：《创意产业园的发展模式》
这篇文章探讨了创意产业园的发展模式。
根据不同的地理位置
和产业特点，创意产业园的发展模式可以分为集聚型、示范型、综
合型等几种。
文献3：《创意产业园的运营管理》
这篇文章讲解了创意产业园的运营管理。
创意产业园的运营管
理包括招商引资、企业孵化、场地管理、项目推进等方面，需要采
取有效的管理措施来确保园区的良性发展。
文献4：《国际创意产业园案例研究》
这篇文章研究了国际上几个具有代表性的创意产业园案例。
通
过对这些案例的分析，可以了解到创意产业园在经济发展、就业创造、城市更新等方面的积极影响和作用。
结论
通过本文翻译的外文文献，读者可以了解到创意产业园的定义、发展模式和运营管理等方面的内容。
这些信息可以为创意产业园的
规划建设和运营管理提供有益参考，促进创意产业的创新发展。
企业品牌战略研究的论文外文文献及中文翻译
企业品牌战略研究的论文外文文献及中文翻译Brand Strategy ResearchResource: Kapferer, J.H Strategic Brand Management[J]. Kogan Page, LondonEconomic globalization, how to adapt to international trends, establish a strong brand and enhance our competitiveness, have become pressing issues facing enterprises. Based on the analysis of the development of corporate marketing brand strategy, based on the content of brand strategy an its functional significance, to discuss the brand strategy in enterprise marketing role. Enterprise needs to use a variety of means of competition to increase brand awareness, improve brand positioning, an create a good brand image.First, Japanese brands across the board defeatNovember 22, 2006 morning, NEC announced that it would withdraw from 2G and 2.5G mobile phone market, which means that, following Sharp, Panasonic, Toshiba, Mitsubishi, Sanyo, a Japanese mobile phone manufacturers later withdraw from the Chinese market, Japanese mobile phone has almost all except Kyocera 2G mobile phone market in China out of contention.If we sum up the Chinese household appliance market, today any different from ten years ago, I think the biggest difference is that Japanese companies in China, Japanese home appliance market downturn, the following main reasons: First, rigid enterprise system, decision-making difficult, the reaction was slow, incompatible with the reality of the Chinese market, it is difficult to adapt to the rapidly changing Chinese market; 2 is weak in marketing, product planning capacity is not strong, it is difficult to judge according to their marker launch to meet consumer demand and forecast products, follow the trend has been in a passive situation, can not satisfy market demand; Third, failure to grasp the industry best time to transition is the Japanese home appliance companies lose an important reason for market dominance .Japanese companies come to the edge in the Chinese market is causing companies tothink deeply about our nation? To take the international route and whether the enter prise of “Japanese Company” to the lessons learned behind?Second, the brand strategy implementation in China the Current SituationMany old famous “flash in the pan”Chinese and foreign enterprises in the Chinese market the brand war; just grow up to be a great impact on national brands. The last century, a little-known 80’s brand, not being registered by trademark, is to beacquired, squeeze, even if the residue is hard going down really developed very limited. Here a typical case, the last century 80s to early 90s, he worked in air conditioning sector hit wonders of the Warburg in 1998, was acquired Kelon, the subsequent decline in brand image is repeated.Brand strategy has been an increasing emphasis on domestic enterprises caused the government to support.Since the 80s of last century reform and opening up, China’s socialist economic construction has maderemarkable achievements. From a planned economy to market economyera Chinese companies, brand management has grown out of nothing.Information, local governments at all levels of emphasis on brand-name, organization promoting the efforts, policies measures have greatly enhanced Qinghai, Shenzhen, Wuhan, Ningbo, Shenyang and other cities on the Chinese famous enterprises incentives to 100 million, on Dali an 3 million Yuan, on brand-name companies have been cities for the100000yuan reward-200000yuan..January 8th 2009 year to January11th,the 40th International Consumer Electronics Show(CES) in Las Vegas Venetian hotel opening. National enterprises in the CES, we achieve superior results. It is understood that this year there are 4000 people registered to participate in China CES, including1manufacturers, media and spectators, in the exhibition hall, there are 327 exhibitors. Haier is the w orld’smost authoritative consumer electronics industry media “TWICE” named for the Chinese consumerelectronics brand.3.The status of foreign brands in most sectors is still difficult to shakeHowever, we should also see the face of numerous products on the market, allows consumers blurted out genuinely few domestic brands. With the opening up further, to a number of big companies have to squeezeinto the Chinese market, Chinese market, a time filled with “Sony”, “Coca-Cola”, “Rejoice”, “Benz” andvarious other international brands, many of these names foreign brands violently hitting the national brand in China .Although the appliance industry, led by Haier brand, “Konka” , “Changhong” , “TCL” and otherdomestic brands have developed well, but with the “Sony” , “Panasonic” “Samsung” and other brands, theyare still there competitive disadvantage; in the IT industry, “Lenovo” , “Founder” , “Great Wall” and thebrand’s competitiveness has improved significantly, but with Europe and the United States, Japan and other countries compared to, brand awareness is still insufficient; in Consumer Goods market, “P&G”, “Oliver” ,“Henkel” , and other international companies have formed the three pillars.Third, the brand strategy implementation in China Problems andErrorsCurrently, Chinese brands have a huge international marker opportunity and space for international brands has been inevitable, but there are also brand building is not unsatisfactory.Our Enterprise Brand Building ProblemsFactors from the point of micro-enterprises themselves: there is a lace of technology development, brand competitiveness is not strong; brand personality, lack of innovation and development capacity; small-scale production and management, brand development lack of overall planning; ability of weak exports and international operations, Brand awareness is not strong; brand positioning is not clear, there is a large range of factors such as blindness. Speaking from the macro social factors: social mechanisms need to be improved, policies and regulations support the need to further strengthen the country’s industrial policy, export-oriented policies for different sectors play different rolein the promotion and limitation, the financial environment for business investment capacity and market expansion ability and the important influence. The establishment of market system in China has for many years, despite a significant improvement but still not perfect, there still has not really adapt to the market economy, consumer psychology has not yet fully mature.2. The current situation of global economic integration, the errorof the brand strategy implementation(1) Ignore the brand investment, profit-orientedBackground of economic globalization, international competition isin creasingly reflected in the brand’scompetition, the overwhelming majority of the modern world famous multinational companies with particular emphasis on the use of brand strategy, brand such a full range of output through the form of multinational corporations gradually occupation of the international market, it is no exaggeration to say that now, the brand has achieved global strategic objectives of transnational corporations sharp weapon, is an important means to achieve capital expansion.Rome was not built in a day cold. Brand never be in the short term invented to be a long process of accumulation. Many enterprises do not clearly recognize this point, attempt to create a brand in a short time, but ignored the long-term planning and strategy.(2) Brand strategy is a systematicThe implementation of brand strategy is a systematic, enterprise strategy and the overall development of an important component of competitive strategy. The implementation of brand strategy is to rely on their overall quality and overall image enhancement, the need for scientific management idea and superb2operational skills, but quit a few brand planner in this regard was particularly poor performance and immediate impact brand development, practical work in the emergence of many such errors: If that job is to create a brand to take a good name to the product, improve productawareness, or what the product packaging; good brand is drawing a satisfactory visual signs only; Advertising is the only way to cultivate well-known brands, in addition to advertising in the media, big, the other no attention; scale enterprise product once formed, well-known brands on the naturally established; well-known brand is equivalent to high price, to be unrealistically improve the product price. Some companies even go further in the brand Wrong Operation not hesitate to give up their own brand business, with foreign companies, brands, or to sell its own brand low-cost transfer, such as our present more than 20 million “three capital” enterprises,there 90% of the joint venture using the foreign brands; cleansilver toothpaste factory in Ghuangzhou to 2 million yuan cheap to transfer to joint ventures and other brands, is one such outstanding example of the terrible consequences of today has become increasingly apparent-lost domestic enterprises own brand, product and intellectual property rights, national industrial competitiveness lie!(3) Product is the enterprise competitive advantage in the marketcan be quickly imitated by competitors, beyond, the brand is insurmountable, real and lasting competitive advantage comes from innovation, in order to “change” should be “status quo”Brand is the concentrated expression of the core competitiveness. The market is constantly changing face of any brand at any time to be out of danger. Too much emphasis on the existing achievements, do notattach importance to innovation, leading to a lot of brand-name “dismount” the major reason. Coca-Cola’sformer chief marketing officer Sergio Zyman, “The brand is o nly the company logo products and servicesare different from competitors, is the most effective weapon to open up the market, excellent brand can make your product stand out .” Products physical properties, quantity, price, quality, service is very easy to imitate competitors, Er brands, along with the product itself, also includes an attached product to cultural background, emotional, consumer cognition invisible things, so that enterprises Yong Yuan Li in the competition undefeated. Consumer awareness deciding the fate of the brand has a direct impact on consumer awareness. Brand is the difference between the market enterprise important symbols is the benchmark for consumer spending to brand as the core has become a corporate restructuring and reallocation of resources an important mechanism.Fourth, national enterprises in brand internationalization processof how to brand positioningBacked by science and technology, establish a “quality first, winning by quality” business philosophy,the brand’s fas hion elements, the outstanding individualProduct quality is the cornerstone of creating brand. Competitiveness of their products performance in the competition for the brand, and brand competition while relying on the inherent quality of products. Growth for the brand through a brand is the quality of a brandin the market down are also in most of a problem because of the quality. Therefore, it can be said, quality is the brand of life depends.In addition, enterprises should learn from successful experiences abroad to enhance their design and development capability. Enterprises should dare to challenge the new technology revolution to create their own brand, and increase market competitiveness; we must work hard in the transformation. Personalization trend in the world changes, the value of customer experience and the value of differentiation has been directly determined to achieve the final product sales, personal services are indispensable! 2. To strengthen marketing, improve brand awareness, brand strategy will be organically integrated in their overall strategy to promote the overall development strategyThe implementation of brand marketing is an important part of the strategy. By choosing the right marketing approach can be effectively used to brand a household name brand, expand market share. Brand3strategy is not an isolated task, but the overall development strategy and business are closely related. A successful brand names more than just a brand its own thing, related to business management of all major strategic decision, these major strategic decisions were consciously carried out around the brand to expand.3. Follow the laws of the brand design, brand image, brand and accurate market positioning, brand performance and outstanding value emotional communicationBrand competition is not all-round competition; each brand has its own market position. The basic method is not positioning to create a novel or unique issues, but to manipulate what already exists in the heart, the eyes of potential customers to buy soon tapped desire to make it into consumer impulse. Enterprises should take the market as guide, technology as a means to adapt to changes in its requirements, such as the establishment of information feedback system to collect information about changes in consumer, and constantly develop new products, provide consumers with personalized service, and meet the consumers to maketheir own in a good position in the competition.st The world has entered the 21 century brand international competition, branding has become a newinternational language into millions of households. To establish the brand products in the market position establish a corporate image, is effective competition in the market means business. Brand is the core product; brand marketing is to defy the other. Enterprise management system must be adopted, technological innovation, and constantly improve the quality of products and services. At the same time to increase the international competitiveness of the strategic brand research and planning, and the comprehensive to enhance the brand’s international competitiveness. Most Chinese enterprises in thegrowth stage now, brand strength is weak, it is undoubted fact, however, based on industry, market and enterprise resources, while avoiding disadvantages, choose the best brand strategy is a wise choice.Such as is now more prevalent and has a well-known brand outside the company’s co-production, reverse merger;use the link strategy to redefine the brand image; with two or more brands collaborate effectively formed alliances to improve their social acceptance of such brand. In short choose the right brand strategy, brand marketing creativety and attention to service; in order to achieve a sensational effect and a strong brand impact, can the brand maintain vigor, forest stand in the world brand.4企业品牌战略研究资源:卡普费雷尔，J.H 战略品牌管理研究[J]. 伦敦出版社在经济全球化的今天，如何适应国际化潮流，建立强势品牌，提高竞争能力，已经成为国内企业面临的迫切问题。
产业集群中英文对照外文翻译文献
产业集群中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)英文:How do Industry Clusters Success:A Case Study in China’s Textiles and Apparel Industries3. Industry Clusters of Textiles and Apparel in ChinaIndustrial clustering is a new phenomenon in China. Only a few research started to pay attention to it in the 1990s. Wang (2001) described the development of some clusters in the coastal regions of China, and discussed their characteristics, including their localized network. He particularly examined the impact of accidental factor on the formation of clusters, and pointed out that the strength of the impact depended on the congruence of the sector choice, brought about by the accidental factor, with the natural advantages of the region and the rightness of the policy decision of the local government. Thus, the importance of government was emphasized.The first tier of the clusters existed in the late 1970s and early 1980s, when China was first open to the outside world. Taking the advantages of proximity and low labor cost, many Hong Kong textile and apparel companies invested in Pearl River delta, and there appeared a few clusters of textile and apparel firms. These clusters grew fast, as new investments also came from Taiwan and other places, and many local entrepreneurs emerged as well. These clusters include Shenzhen (though later much diluted as it is now one of the largest cities in China), Dongguan (similar toShenzhen but to a less degree), Humen, Shaxi, and others.Closely following this, the economy in Yangtze River delta developed fast and became very dynamic. Many enterprises of collective ownership and of private ownership established and grew very fast. Many of them were textile and apparel firms. It was typical that these firms clustered together. Several reasons account for their fast growth: First, the entry barrier to the textile and apparel industry was very low in terms of capital and technology. For example, at the beginning, only one manually operated device to knit socks or just a few sewing machines were needed. At the same time, there was almost endless supply of cheap labor, who were farmers eager to leave the land. As the enterprises expanded, some shrewd entrepreneurs lured technicians and skilled labors who were retired from state-owned enterprises to work for them. These firms were most located in towns. The government granted very flexible policies for the growth and operation of these firms. They were much less restricted by the clumsy rules and regulations than the state-owned enterprises, for example, they did not have to offer the so called iron-bowl to their employees, and they had no burden of payments to retired employees. On the other hand, these firms were very sensitive and responsive to market changes. Thus, they were very competitive. Second, at that time China was just about to come out of the planned economy when there was insufficient supply of almost everything. Thus, there was never a lack of strong demand for such consumer goods as textiles and apparel. Along with this, little marketing and marketing skills were needed to sell the products. Third, as these firms were started by farmer-entrepreneurs in towns and even villages, they set examples and became models to others. Many times the latter just followed the footprints of the pioneers, starting with the same methods, making the same products, and selling in the same market. As villagers often belong to the same family, they did not view each other as competitors, and helped each other in terms of capital, technique, and even customers through the strong sense of kinship.These firms were the seeds of the industrial clusters of textiles and apparel. Now most of the clusters still distributed in the two areas: Pearl River delta and Yangtze River delta. The former is Guangdong province, and the latter Zhejiang province and southern part of Jiangsu province. These happen to be the most advanced regions in China, in coastal area, with the best infrastructure in information, communication, and transportation. As a matter of fact, most of the clusters are located either beside a highway or very close to a port. They are also very close to major cities, particularly Hong Kong, Guangzhou, and Shanghai.At present the structural development of the textile and apparel industry of China is characterized in two directions: one is a group of large companies based in large cities with capacity in marketing and product development, often operating supply chain regionally even globally; the other is a number of clusters of many small and medium sized firms based in small cities and towns, with featured products and vigorous growth (CNTIC, 2003). Thus, industrial clustering has become one of the two wings of the development of the textile and apparel industry in China. This demonstrates the importance of the clusters.4. Case ObservationWe conducted an industry survey in one industrial cluster, which is a town, called Shengze, located in Wujiang county of Jiangsu province in eastern China. While Shengze had an early history of silk production, it was primarily of agriculture before the late 1970s when China started economic reforms. At that time, the size of the town was about 4 square kilometers with a population of 30,000. Since then, the town has seen enormous growth and become one of the 19towns with special features designated by CNTIC, and one of the most important textile clusters in China. The focus of Shengze is fabric manufacturing, primarily light weighted fabrics for lining of apparel. Now the size of the town has expanded to 25 square kilo meters with a population of nearly 200,000, most of them migrants from other parts of the country. There are about 1,100 factories, operating about 50,000 looms, all of which are of water-jet or air-jet. It is said to be one of the largest concentration of such looms. The total yearly output is about RMB20 billion (US$2.5 billion). There are about 4,000 selling and buying offices located in the town. The business district of the town is full of such offices, which would impress any visitors to the town. And there is no sign of stopping of the fast growth.This is a qualitative and exploratory study, and in-depth interviews with town officials and entrepreneurs were used to collect information about the industrial cluster. Altogether 3 town officials (Vice Party Secretary of the town, Director of The Town Government Office, and Director of The Town Development Office) and 8 entrepreneurs were interviewed by structured means. During the interviews, in addition to the current situation of the cluster, the history of development was also investigated. Emphases were paid to the following questions: how is the cluster formed; to what degree does township government play a role, and to what degree do market forces promote the clustering; what is the advantages of clustering to the locality and to the enterprises; what are the interactive relationship among the enterprises within the cluster; what is the relationship between the cluster and the external market system; how does the cluster attract the servicing industries; and how does the clustering help the creation of new enterprises and new jobs. These questions have profound policy and marketing implications. Some of the findings to these questions are presented in this paper, with a focus on the origin and growth of the cluster.4.1. Historical factorsIn accordance with the literature (Krugman, 1986), the development of Shengze into a light-fabric cluster was accidental, but on he other hand quite natural with a historical reason. Located in southern China with warm climate, fertile land and abundant water from nearby rivers and lakes, Shengze had been one of the silk centers in China for hundreds of years. Historically, residents of Shengze were skillful in silk production, and many workshops and silk-related businesses were located in Shengze. Merchants from all over the country would flock to Shengze for silk. Thus, it could be regarded as a silk cluster even then. However, as planned economy was established and no private business was allowed to exist, the silk center was reduced to nothing and Shengze was no more than an ordinary agricultural town in China. This was for about 3 decades until the late 1970s. By then, economic reforms began, and town residents were allowed to start their own businesses. For a few of them, the natural choice was to enter the silk business, since this was something they were relatively familiar with and the local conditions were suitable for. This was the origin of the cluster.4.2. The Role of the Local AuthorityWhile the origin seemed to be natural and out of the plan of the local government, the government did play an important role in helping the cluster grow. Both government officials and entrepreneurs emphasized the importance of two measures taken by the local authority.The first one was the establishment of a market in its physical form. The Shengze government was sensitive to realize that the lack of a market had become the constraint on the development of the economic activities and a physical market was in demand. The government then financed and developed “The Oriental Silk Market”, which was like a mart and leased to various trading firms.This provided a platform, and tremendously stimulated the growth of businesses both in demand and supply. Later when this was no longer sufficient to hold all of the buying and selling offices, a new district was developed, which eventually expanded into an area which holds thousands of selling and buying offices.The other was the establishment of an industrial park, which is beside the provincial highway. The government provided the infrastructure in terms of road, water, electricity, and other basic conditions. This has created a good environment for manufacturing. While at the beginning, Shengze was only focused on silk production, very soon the enterprises broke the limits. As there was some similarity in technology between silk fabric and lightweight fabric, many of the firms expanded into the production of man-made fiber fabrics. Now even though Shengze is still known as a silk center, most of its looms are engaged in weaving of lightweight fabrics.4.3. The Role of Individual EntrepreneursDuring our interviews, we were very impressed with those entrepreneurs of Shengze. Many of them are local residents and previously were farmers. They demonstrated enormous spirit of risk taking, creativity, and willingness to learn from the market. One young entrepreneur started as a security guard, borrowed a little money to enter the business, then set up a small factory of his own. Now this has been expanded into a company, and just the weaving branch of it has capacity of 220 water-jet looms and 120 air-jet looms. He also exhibited outstanding leadership in organizing the local entrepreneurs to negotiate with Toyota of Japan. They collectively made the largest order ever in the world, 3,600 air-jet looms. In the process of his business expansion, he has helped numerous others to start their own business by loaning capital, sharing technology and market. These entrepreneurs help the development of Shengze as a cluster.4.4. The Development of the peripheral IndustriesShengze started with silk production. This was expanded into domestic trade of silk. Very soon light-weight fabric manufacturing began to develop. This further promoted the growth of trading. By then there seemed to be two wings of the town, one was enterprises of fabric manufacturing primarily clustered in the industrial park, one was the selling and buying offices of fabrics primarily clustered in the business district. As large amount of materials are needed, many yarn suppliers are attracted to come and set selling offices in Shengze. One of our interviewees was the owner of a trading company, headquartered in Hong Kong. The company imports man-made fibers from abroad, and sells these fibers to fabric weavers through its selling office here. Textile machine companies, both domestic and foreign, also set up offices in Shengze to sell machines and machine parts, and to provide services to the fabric manufacturers. It is said that none of the plants would keep any spare parts. If a belt is broken, even at midnight, a new one can be ordered and delivered in less than 20 minutes. These have significantly lowered the production costs, and are part of the external economies of the industrial clusters. As Shengze has become a fabric center, showrooms and selling offices of other fabrics, such as denim, are also set up in Shengze.4.5. Workforce SupplyAs the cluster grows and enterprises mushroom, large labor supply is needed. In his process the former agriculture town was totally transformed. Most of the land was turned into industrial uses, and all farmers are now employed in manufacturing. As the population of Shengze enlarges several folds (from about 30,000 to 200,000) in the last two decades, many migrants are attracted to live and work here. Most of the people were peasants and come from other provinces. While the neighboring Anhui province, which is relatively backward in economic development, provides a large portion ofthe labor supply, many workers come from remote provinces. They have formed nearly endless supply of cheap labor, and made great contribution to the development of the cluster. A large proportion of the labor supply is uneducated and unskilled. As there are many operational jobs, the raw labor could be trained in a short period time and then be able to work. Thus, the cluster in return also makes direct contribution to employment and indirect contribution to economic development of the less advanced regions of the country. However, there is a shortage of skilled labor. Compared to other places, labor compensation is better, as an operator can make about RMB1,500 (about US$180) per month. In other places, the prevalent wage rate is about RMB1,000 per month.5. Conclusive RemarksIn this paper, the development of industrial clustering of textiles and apparel in China is investigated. As a result of economic reforms and development, some characteristics of the textile and apparel industrial clusters are described. One particular cluster, Shengze which is famous for its silk and light-weight fabric, is used as a case to exemplify the growth of clusters. The empirical factors taken into account the cluster performance include the historical and natural origin, the role of the local government, the role of entrepreneurs, the development of supporting industries, and the supply of labor. During the past two decades in the process of development, the cluster not only grows in terms of quantity (number and scale of enterprises) but also in terms of quality (equipment, products, variety, marketing, and management). In the early when Shengze started to take off, factories used outdated facilities and equipment. Many of the machines used were those retired from state-owned plants. Over the years, as the enterprises grow, these machines have been gradually replaced by advanced ones. Now about 50,000 water-jet and air-jet looms are operating in Shengze, many of them are imported from abroad and are the most advanced models. Many of the companies in Shengze export fabrics to the international market. Not only do they receive order from abroad, some of them have set up offices in North America and Europe. They market their products initiatively, and obtain the most updated information on marketing and products. While most of the companies started as a family business, now many of them are managed professionally by University graduates with MBA and PhD. Many companies have well-established systems and met with international compliance standards and requirements, like ISO9000 certificates. Thus, many of the enterprises have changed from the old-fashioned township companies into modern corporation-type companies. It can be anticipated that these clusters will continue to contribute to the growth of the economy and industrial development of the country.翻译:来源：纺织与服装，技术与管理杂志（JTATM)Vol.4 第2期 2004年作者：张志明切斯特曹宁出版时间：2004年8月产业集群是如何成功：中国纺织和服装工业产业集群成功的案例研究张志明切斯特曹宁3.在中国纺织品和服装产业集群产业集群在中国是一个新现象。
工业园区英文翻译
工业园区英文翻译工业园区英文翻译翻译1.工业园区: industrial park2.工业园: industrial park3.产业园区: industrial park4.产业园: industrial park例句•The city is planning to establish a new industrial park to attract more businesses and promote economic growth.(这座城市计划建立一个新的工业园区，以吸引更多企业并促进经济增长。
)•The industrial park provides a well-equippedinfrastructure and convenient transportation forcompanies to operate smoothly. (工业园区为企业提供配套完善的基础设施和便捷的交通，使其运营顺利。
)•Many international companies have chosen to set up their factories in the industrial park due to its favorablepolicies and supportive business environment. (许多国际企业由于其优惠政策和支持性的商业环境而选择在工业园区设立工厂。
)•The industrial park focuses on promoting sustainable development and encourages green practices among itsresident companies. (工业园区致力于推动可持续发展，鼓励驻园企业采用绿色经营方式。
)•The government is investing heavily in the development and expansion of the industrial park to attract moreinvestment and create employment opportunities. (政府正在大力投资于工业园区的发展与扩建，以吸引更多投资并创造就业机会。
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中英文资料中英文资料外文翻译文献The analysis on regional brand effect and industrialcluster in the industrial parkIndustrial cluster is an internal regularity of the industry development, and also the objective demand of resource allocation. As America's high-tech information industry clusters in silicon-valley, Wall Street's finance, Hollywood entertainment, and California wine industrial are the core of sustained economic growth pole of these countries and regions. More than 70 percent of the manufacturing industry in Italy realized the achievement of "small and medium-sized enterprises" in the world. The manufacturing industry cluster in Tokyo Japan forms "the together foundation of mechanical industry". India Bangalore, known as "silicon valley of Asia", is a strong typical in using industrial cluster to develop software, and quickly gain global industrial competitive advantage. China Taipei science and technology industrial park, Zhejiang and Guangdong characteristic industrial manufacturing bases are presenting exuberant vitality. As Michael porter (Port), professor of Harvard University, pointed out, "cluster is the factors that govern the economy in the world today, it is the remarkable characteristics of each national economy and regional economy and even urban economy, economically developed countries and developing countries are so".First, characteristics and trends of industrial cluster developmentIndustrial cluster is a new space between economic organization, which is in the region to specific industry or product (usually in a dominant industry as the core of enterprise and its related) and supporting agencies (including manufacturers, suppliers, customers, local government and intermediary organizations, etc), the knowledge on comparatively stable cooperation and division of crisscross network is industrial organization and coordination of spatial agglomeration, between market and hierarchy represents.A true meaning of industrial cluster at least include the following three features: One is the industrial associations. Industrial clusters of enterprises and other organizations are within a tend to a field, which is related to the formation of industrial cluster.Second is the regional concentration, like the "cluster" phenomenon in specific areas of relevant enterprises and corresponding supporting organization. This industry can produce wide geographic concentration of agglomeration economy benefit.Specialization and socialization is three. Within a cluster of each enterprise based on their own resources, select the product production value to display their own superiority, the production of the division sized enterprises formed close cooperation network.Industry cluster, once formed, will influence economic, political, cultural and social, mainly including conglomeration effect, symbiosis and synergy, location effect, structure effect, etc.Industry cluster, produced with the characteristics of industrial clusters in 1400 years ago in JINGDE town in China. But its large ceramic cluster is in the industrialization, and then economic globalization will be the development of industrial cluster in further climax. The cluster in the process of economic globalization and regional at the beginning of the 20th century and the existence of traditional local clusters have profound changes and development, which has effect on the world economy that not allowed to be ignored.One, from dynamic mechanism, we can see local industrial cluster is the result of the development of globalization, and also the globalization challenges to respond. In the past few decades, with the globalization of production and trade, the value creation system appears in the global scope of vertical separation and the unprecedented global production, reflected in the reconstruction of productive organization is fragmented or decentralization, global production elements and resources in the characteristic and concentration of industrial concentration area. In other words, the geographical distribution of global valuechain is "big area scatter, small regional concentration". Each link of the geographical gathering place for many industrial clusters became one value chain affiliate section of the global industry.Two, from the management strategy, we can see industrial clusters are globalization, based on chain or commodity chains, multinational elements integration development becomes a habit.On one hand, the economic globalization is an important carrier through internal and multinational company - between capital and labor, technology and information flow to cluster of global development and not a single process.On the other hand, in order to adapt to the challenges of globalization competition with globalization, the local industry clusters must treat the regional development in perspective of global, learn from and use global integration of resources, pay attention to the integration of regional cluster with interactive and not confined to the local resources comprehensive utilization. Local industry cluster in the edge needs to strengthen the contact with the core industrial information and capture opportunities.Three, from the development direction that control of high-tech clusters is enhancing and technical cluster is evolution in technique direction.Taking high-new technology as the characteristic of industry cluster is the high level of industrial clusters, for high-tech industry cluster, technological innovation is the most important means of competition. Common sense of the industrial clusters is in order to make full use of the advantage resources, chasing economic benefits in generated clusters. The production process is composed by several companies according to different conditions, more flexible product with elastic component of enterprise production network.But along with the economic globalization and the development of network technology, more flexible production, supply chain extension and specialized cooperation, common function of material resources with technology innovation, weakening the winner is the dominant, must cause the high-tech clusters of increasing control technology of national industry cluster tend to generate global linkage and influence, thus become the direction of industrial cluster development.Second, the regional brand effect in industrial clusterWe know of an area in memory often is the most famous local specialties. Forexample, say to fashion, we immediately associate with Italian Milan and Paris. Say to the watch, immediately associate to Swiss. The brand is the enterprise intangible assets, regional brand name card.Brand, can effectively improve market share. Individual enterprise to build their own brand, need huge funds, however, industrial cluster enterprises through the overall strength and increase enterprise advertising investment group, easy to use, the effect of "regional brand", so that every enterprise benefit.Regional brands including three factors: one, the regional characteristics. The industrial area is an important component of regional brand. Area is essentially an administrative division and geographic concepts, generally with strong regional features, such as the geographical characteristics and resource advantage or cultural history origin and natural style, etc. Next, the connotation of the brand. A successful brand represents a specific product attributes, interests and values, personality, culture, customer group, etc. Three, industry strength. Industry strength formed the basic content of regional brand. Specific industry, the production scale of its product, market share, technology and quality level, industrial internal division and cooperation, the degree of strength level it reflected has positive correlation with regional brand influence.Third, the industrial clusters and regional brand effectRegional brand and industrial cluster exists between the mutual promotions and influence each other.On one hand, the formation of regional brand has obvious characteristic, it is the important achievements of industrial cluster development. Regional brand is formed along with the growth of industrial cluster. This is because of the enterprises and institutions connected through specialization and coordination and localization, both network into a single enterprise participation in overcoming the dispersion and market risk and uncertainty of hierarchical can avoid the low efficiency of enterprises.At the same time, these companies adopt flexible specialization production methods, through the competition and cooperation, mutual cooperation and complement, formation mechanism of learning and innovation to promote the development of region and the enterprise's sustainable innovation. Industrial cluster is the concentration, the competition and cooperation, learning and innovation of the internal mechanism and elastic specialization production methods create the industrial clusters' marketing advantages,which contributed to the formation of regional brand.On the other hand, as the important industrial cluster of intangible assets, regional brand once forms, the further development of industry cluster has obvious role. Regional brand, its influence will once formed with the regional industry related to the enterprise to gather more areas, at the same time, a lot of money and abundant labor, advanced technology, timely market information and will continuously stream in, these conditions for people regional industry cluster scale expansion and upgrade technology provides a strong support.Regional brand effect can improve the competitiveness of industrial cluster from the following two aspects: on the one hand, can promote the whole image of the cluster.The establishment of regional brand is like to build a platform with regional image of regional brand development, regional brand products and services of value could also get the corresponding ascension, all enterprises inside the area, have benefited from spreading information, market demand, consumer confidence and exclude competitors.On the other hand, can achieve sustained brand effect. Regional brand is the essence of the enterprise brand and refined, with a single enterprise single product brand effect, an area of the brand image, and more directly influence is bigger, with smaller risk factors, the higher value, much extensive, continuous brand effect.Regional brand as the important intangible assets of industrial cluster in industry cluster in development and upgrade plays an irreplaceable role as the main body, the industrial cluster development enterprises and industrial cluster driving force of the local government should in clear regional brand effect on the basis of regional brand management, actively explore the thoughts and countermeasures, so that more effective use of regional brand in the industry cluster in the sustainable development of the positive effect.Anyhow, the scale of the industry, industrial concentration and market share, formed in industrial cluster, is the foundation of regional brand. Without product superiority and the monopoly of regional brand, region bland cannot form. And after the formation of regional brand, whether it can continuously and steadily expanded its influence, it more depend on the further development and grandness of regional industry cluster. So as the tangible assets in industrial clusters of regional brand, its development directly restricts the express of regional brand function.工业园区内产业集群和区域品牌效应分析产业集群是产业发展的一种内在规律，是市场配置资源、合理运用产业要素的客观要求。