苏州大学消化内科学2017年考博真题试卷
消化内科考博试题及答案
消化内科考博试题及答案1. 胃黏膜表面细胞屏障功能的损害因子及其机制。
答：胃黏膜表面细胞屏障功能的损害因子包括非甾体类抗炎药物(NSAIDs)，幽门螺杆菌感染，酗酒，应激等。
机制主要涉及胃黏膜屏障完整性的破坏，抑制黏液-碳酸氢盐屏障的形成，促进胃酸分泌，减少黏膜血流以及促进炎症细胞浸润等。
2. 肝硬化门静脉高压症的病理生理改变及其影响。
答：肝硬化导致门脉高压，病理生理改变包括门静脉高压与肝内及体内门-体侧侧支循环的形成，肝内血流受阻，导致门脉高压并影响肝脏功能。
门静脉高压可引起脾大，食管静脉曲张，腹水和便血等并发症。
3. 胆囊结石的分类及其临床表现。
答：胆囊结石可分为胆固醇结石、黑色素结石和钙盐结石。
胆囊结石的临床表现包括右上腹疼痛，恶心、呕吐，黄疸，发热，消化不良等。
胆囊炎、胆囊积水以及胆总管梗阻是结石所引起的主要并发症。
4. 慢性胰腺炎的发病机制及临床特点。
答：慢性胰腺炎的发病机制主要包括酒精作用、胆道疾病、遗传因素、自身免疫等。
临床特点主要表现为腰背痛，消化不良，脂肪泻，营养不良，以及胰腺外分泌功能减退等。
5. 急性胃黏膜病变的病理变化及临床表现。
答：急性胃黏膜病变的病理变化包括黏膜充血、水肿，上皮细胞变性，黏液层减少等。
临床表现有胃痛、恶心、呕吐、消化道出血等症状。
6. 炎症性肠病的病理生理改变及其临床表现。
答：炎症性肠病的病理生理改变主要涉及肠道黏膜炎症、溃疡形成，肠道屏障功能障碍、免疫异常等。
临床表现主要有腹泻、腹痛、贫血、体重减轻等。
7. 消化系统肿瘤的常见类型及其临床特点。
答：消化系统肿瘤的常见类型包括肝癌、胃癌、食管癌、结直肠癌等。
临床特点因肿瘤部位不同而有所不同，主要表现为消瘦，乏力，食欲不振，恶心呕吐，腹痛，便血等。
8. 慢性病毒性肝炎的病理变化及临床表现。
答：慢性病毒性肝炎的病理变化主要涉及肝细胞坏死、间质纤维化以及结构改变等。
临床表现有乏力，食欲不振，恶心呕吐，肝区疼痛，黄疸等。
消化内科考博试题及答案
消化内科考博试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 胃溃疡最常见的并发症是：A. 出血B. 穿孔C. 癌变D. 幽门梗阻答案：A2. 慢性胃炎的常见病因不包括：A. 幽门螺杆菌感染B. 长期服用非甾体抗炎药C. 胆汁反流D. 长期饮酒答案：C3. 以下哪种情况最常见于十二指肠溃疡：A. 餐后疼痛B. 空腹疼痛C. 餐后缓解D. 夜间疼痛答案：B4. 胃食管反流病的典型症状是：A. 吞咽困难B. 胸痛C. 反酸D. 嗳气答案：C5. 以下哪种药物是治疗消化性溃疡的首选药物：A. 奥美拉唑B. 阿莫西林C. 甲硝唑D. 克拉霉素答案：A6. 急性胰腺炎最常见的病因是：A. 胆石症B. 酒精C. 高脂血症D. 病毒感染答案：A7. 以下哪种情况是慢性肝炎的典型表现：A. 黄疸B. 肝大C. 肝区疼痛D. 腹水答案：B8. 肝硬化最常见的并发症是：A. 肝性脑病B. 肝癌C. 腹水D. 食管静脉曲张破裂出血答案：C9. 以下哪种情况是急性胆囊炎的典型表现：A. 右上腹疼痛B. 黄疸C. 恶心呕吐D. 腹泻答案：A10. 以下哪种检查是诊断炎症性肠病的金标准：A. 血常规B. 粪便常规C. 内镜检查D. 腹部CT答案：C二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）1. 以下哪些因素可以增加胃癌的风险：A. 长期食用腌制食品B. 幽门螺杆菌感染C. 家族遗传D. 长期吸烟答案：ABCD2. 以下哪些是慢性胃炎的临床表现：A. 上腹痛B. 反酸C. 恶心呕吐D. 黄疸答案：ABC3. 以下哪些是急性胰腺炎的临床表现：A. 剧烈腹痛B. 恶心呕吐C. 血尿D. 黄疸答案：AB4. 以下哪些是肝硬化的临床表现：A. 腹水B. 黄疸C. 肝掌D. 蜘蛛痣答案：ABCD5. 以下哪些是炎症性肠病的临床表现：A. 腹泻B. 腹痛C. 体重减轻D. 贫血答案：ABCD三、判断题（每题1分，共10分）1. 胃溃疡和十二指肠溃疡的疼痛特点相同。
医学博士考试01-06试题 加详解
2000FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）PAPER TWO31.A 32.B 33.C 34.D 35.A 36.B 37.C 38.C 39.A 40.B 41.C 42.C 43.C 44.D 45.B46.D 47.C 48.B 49.A 50.C51.C 52.B 53.D 54.A55.C 56.D 57.D 58.C59.C 60.C 61.D 62.D63.A 64.B 65.D 66.D67.C 68.B 69.C 70.A71.C 72.C 73.C 74.D 75.D2001FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）PAPER ONE1.A2.C3.D4.B5.A6.A7.C8.A9.D 10.C 11. PAPER TWO1.C2.C3.A4.B5.C6.D7.B8.D9.C 10.D 11.D 12.A 13.A 14.B 15.B 16.C 17.C 18.A 19.D 20.D 21.D 22.C 23.A 24.C 25.C 26.C 27.A 28.B 29.A 30.A31.C 32.A 33.B 34.A 35.A 36.B 37.C 38.C 39.D 40.B 41.C 42.C 43.A 44.B 45.B46.C 47.D 48.B 49.D 50.A51.C 52.A 53.A 54.D55.D 56.C 57.A 58.A59.C 60.C 61.D 62.A63.B 64.D 65.D 66.C67.A 68.A 69.D 70.D71.C 72.A 73.C 74.D 75.A2002FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）1.B2.C3.C4.A5.D6.B7.C8.C9.B 10.C 11.C 12.D 13.D 14.C 15.B16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.A 21.D 22.D 23.C 24.C 25.C 26.A 27.D 28.A 29.C 30.B31.B 32.C 33.A 34.C 35.D 36.C 37.C 38.C 39.D40.D41.B 42.D 43.D 44.B 45.C 46.D 47.A 48.B 49.A50.B51.B 52.C 53.D 54.A 55.C 56.C 57.C 58.C 59.A60.A61.A 62.D 63.D 64.B 65.A 66.D 67.D 68.A 69.C70.C71.B 72.A 73.A 74.A 75.A 76.B 77.C 78.B 79.C80.D81.C 82.B 83.D 84.D 85.D 86.A 87.B 88.C 89.A 90.D2003FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）1.D 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.D 7.C 8.D 9.B 10.D 11.B 12.D 13.D 14.A 15.A16.C 17.A 18.D 19.D 20.D 21.C 22.D 23.D 24.A 25.C 26.D 27.D 28.B 29.C 30.D31.A 32.B 33.D 34.C 35.A 36.D 37.A 38.C 39.C 40.A 41.A 42.C 43.C 44.D 45.D 46.B 47.D 48.D 49.C 50.A51.B 52.A 53.C 54.A 55.C 56.B 57.A 58.C 59.B60.A61.C 62.B 63.C 64.B 65.C 66.C 67.B 68.D 69.A70.B71.D 72.A 73.D 74.C 75.D 76.B 77.D 78.C 79.C80.A81.A 82.A 83.D 84.C 85.B 86.B 87.C 88.A 89.D 90.B2004年全国医学考博英语试题答案（仅供参考）1.A2.B3.C4.C5.C6.B7.D8.A9.D 10.D11.A 12.B 13.C 14.C 15.D 16.D 17.A 18.C 19.B 20.A21.A 22.B 23.D 24.C 25.D 26.A 27.D 28.C 29.B 30.C31.B 32.A 33.D 34.A 35.B 36.B 37.A 38.B 39.C 40.B41.A 42.C 43.B 44.D 45.C 46.D 47.C 48.A 49.D 50.A51.A 52.B 53.D 54.A 55.B 56.C 57.A 58.A 59.B 60.C61.D 62.C 63.B 64.D 65.C 66.D 67.D 68.C 69.D 70.B71.B 72.D 73.B 74.C 75.B 76.B 77.A 78.D 79.A 80.B81.B 82.D 83.C 84.C 85.A 86.B 87.D 88.A 89.A 90.D2005年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5CACDA6-10CDBCB11-15CADBA16-20DDBCB21-25ABCBD26-30CCDAD31-35CABAA36-40CADAD41-45BACBA46-50ABDCC51-55BACBA56-60ACBCB61-65BCBBC66-70BDABC71-75CACBB76-80CACBB81-85CBACD86-90ADBCC2006年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案31-40 CDCCB BCBDA41-50 ACACA ACDDB51-60 BCACA AADBC61-70 DDDDA ACABD71-80ACCCC BCAAD81-90DBDBD DDBBC2001part III vocabulary(15%)1.we are all overwhelmed with more facts and information than we can possibly____A.feedB.maintainC.absorbD.consume2.pleasure,or joy, is vital to ____health. vital.生死攸关的, 重大的, 生命的, 生机的, 至关重要的, 所必需的A.optimistic pessimistic悲观的B.optional可选择的, 随意的C.optimal最佳的, 最理想的near optimal近似最佳D.operational3.A ____ effort is required to achieve health.mitted 承担义务的；忠于既定立场的；坚定的B.restrictedposed镇静的, 沉着的D.sophisticated诡辩的, 久经世故的4.A person’s belief ____ and colors his experience.A.contradicts vt.同...矛盾, 同...抵触contradict a statement驳斥一项声明contradict oneself自相矛盾B.shapes shape the destiny of决定...的命运C.summarizes概述, 总结, 摘要而言D.exchanges交换, 调换, 兑换, 交流, 交易.exchange experience 交流经验5.Many professors encourage students to question and ____ their idearsA.convey vt.搬运, 传达, 转让I can't convey my feelings in words.我的情感难以言表。
消化内科大学考试题库及答案
消化内科大学考试题库及答案一、选择题1. 下列哪种疾病最常见于老年人？a) 胃溃疡b) 胆固醇结石c) 肝硬化d) 胰腺炎答案：c) 肝硬化2. 慢性胃炎最常见的病因是什么？a) 幽门螺杆菌感染b) 长期滥用抗生素c) 自身免疫性疾病d) 胃酸分泌异常答案：a) 幽门螺杆菌感染3. 胆总管结石可导致下列哪种疾病？a) 肝癌b) 胰腺炎c) 胆囊炎d) 胆囊癌答案：b) 胰腺炎4. 高脂血症常见的并发症是什么？a) 肺栓塞b) 心律失常c) 肝硬化d) 冠心病答案：d) 冠心病5. 以下哪种疾病与乙肝病毒感染有关？a) 腹膜炎b) 腹水c) 肝癌d) 肝硬化答案：c) 肝癌二、填空题1. 慢性胃炎的主要症状是_________。
答案：上腹痛、消化不良2. 胆囊结石形成的主要原因是_________。
答案：胆汁中胆固醇过多3. 肝硬化最常见的病因是_________。
答案：长期酗酒4. 胰腺炎的主要症状是_________。
答案：上腹疼痛、恶心、呕吐5. 消化性溃疡最常见的症状是_________。
答案：上腹痛、胃灼热感三、简答题1. 请简要介绍一下胃溃疡的病因、症状和治疗方法。
答案：胃溃疡的病因主要包括幽门螺杆菌感染、非甾体抗炎药物使用、应激因素等。
症状常见为上腹痛、胃灼热感、不适感等。
治疗方法主要包括抗幽门螺杆菌治疗、抑酸药物使用以及生活方式调整等。
2. 请简要解释一下肝硬化的发病机制和常见并发症。
答案：肝硬化的发病机制主要是长期肝炎、酒精滥用等导致肝细胞坏死和纤维组织增生，最终使肝脏结构改变，功能受损。
常见的并发症包括腹水、肝性脑病、食管静脉曲张出血等。
3. 请简要说明胆囊结石的形成机制以及常见症状。
答案：胆囊结石的形成一般与胆汁中的胆固醇过多、胆汁淤积、胆囊排空功能异常等因素有关。
常见症状包括上腹疼痛、恶心、呕吐，特别是出现胆囊结石梗阻引起的胆绞痛。
四、解答题1. 请从病因、症状和治疗三个方面，论述一下胰腺炎的特点。
重庆医科大学内科学(消化内科)2017年考博真题
考
博
真
题
重庆医科大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：消化内科学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（全英文）
1.Vip瘤
2.NBI
3.铁过剩综合征
4.吸收障碍综合征
5.轻微肝性脑病
6.卓艾综合征
7.肝纤维化
8.结核性腹膜炎
9.MIT120
二、问答题
1.hp引起胃溃疡的机制。
2.消化道活动性出血的临床判断。
3.溃结和克罗恩的鉴别要点。
4.肝硬化腹水形成机制。
5.急性胰腺炎全身并发症。
三、论述题
1.GERD定义，分型，发生机制炎诊断标准，临床表现。
4.食管静脉曲张破裂出血的治疗。
四、分析题
大题名解各校历年内科学考博真题(可打印修改)
北京医科大学转博入学考试试题内科学2001年一. 问答题:（每题5分）1. 血管内外溶血的鉴别。
2. 厌氧菌肺炎的治疗的抗菌素有哪几种?3. 心肌梗塞的溶栓适应症、禁忌症、血栓再通的指证。
4. IgA肾病临床表现、特点、诊断。
5. 早期胃癌的定义，镜下分型。
6. 单剂量、小剂量、大剂量地塞米松抑制试验的原理方法、临床意义。
二．专业题（任选一题）1．肺栓塞的临床表现、诊断、有哪些检查，其意义是什么？2．全血细胞减少的鉴别（至少6种疾病）3．简述和Hp有关的疾病，常用的检查方法及其意义，常用的治疗方案。
4．试述急进性肾小球肾炎的分型、免疫病理、治疗原则。
5．试述糖尿病1型β细胞损伤机制的进展。
6．心血管（不详）7．传染科1）肝炎病毒有哪几种，近年发现的肝炎病毒是什么？2）治疗乙型肝炎的抗病毒药物有什么（至少2种）？3）那些病毒导致的肝炎用重症倾向，那些有慢性化倾向？4）何谓乙肝病毒变异，如何治疗？三．名词解释1．室型并行心律2．肝肾综合征3． Horner综合征4．异位ACTH分泌综合征5． SIADH综合征6．费城染色体7． Coombs test8．交通性气胸9.10．三．填空题1．抗结核药物杀菌剂有--------- --------- --------- ------------；为了控制结核流行，需要做到-------- ---------- --------- ----------。
2．消化性溃疡的特点-------- ------- ----------。
3．慢性肾小球肾炎最常见的临床表现是----------。
4．引起肾实质性急性肾功能衰竭的原因有-------- ------- ------- 。
5．糖尿病诊断标准:症状+ -----血糖≥11.1mmol/l,空腹血糖------7.0mmol/l ,空腹是指-----------。
6．垂体受损时，-------激素分泌最先受影响。
(完整版)各大名校历年考博士真题及答案消化内科部分
名词解释肝肾综合征(HRS)（北医2001）：又称功能性肾衰，以自发性少尿或无尿，氮质血症，稀释性低钠血症和低尿钠为特征，而肾脏无明显病理改变。
机理：肾血管收缩，致肾皮质血流量和肾小球滤过率持续降低。
交感神经兴奋性增高，去甲肾分泌增加；肾素-血管紧张素系统活性增强；肾PGs合成减少，血栓素（TXA2）增多；内毒素血症：增加肾血管阻力；白细胞三烯产生增加，引起肾血管收缩. 肝肺综合征: 指严重肝病、肺血管扩张和低氧血症组成的三联征.肠易激综合征(IBS)（同济2008）：是一种腹痛或腹部不适伴排便习惯改变为特征的功能性肠病，经检查排除可引起这些症状的器质性疾病。
Zollinger-Ellison综合征，卓－艾综合征（北医2002）（胃泌素瘤）：胰腺非β细胞瘤分泌大量胃泌素所致，肿瘤一般很小（<1cm)，生长缓慢，半数为恶性。
大量胃泌素可刺激壁细胞增生，分泌大量胃酸，使上消化道处于高酸状态，导致胃，十二指肠球部和不典型部位发生多发性溃疡。
胃泌素瘤与普通消化性溃疡的鉴别要点是该病溃疡发生在不典型部位，具有难治的特点，高胃酸分泌，血清胃泌素>200pg/ml。
库瓦济埃（Courvoisier）征（哈医大2008）：在胰头癌压迫胆总管导致阻塞时，发生明显黄疸，且逐渐加深，胆囊显著肿大，但无压痛，称为Courvoisier征，又称胆总管渐进阻塞征。
在胆总管结石梗阻所致的黄疸病人中，由于胆囊也常有慢性炎症，囊壁因纤维而皱缩，且与周围组织粘连而失去移动性，因而有黄疸但胆囊常不肿大，称为Courvoisier征阴性。
TIPS（同济）：经颈静脉肝内门体分流术，是一种以血管介入的方法在肝内的门静分支和肝静脉分支间建立分流通道。
它能有效降低门静脉压力，适用于食道静脉曲张破裂大出血、难治性腹水，易诱发肝性脑病.virchow淋巴结：（哈医大2008）胃癌的癌细胞向远处淋巴结转移，因胃的淋巴系统与锁骨上的淋巴结相连接，癌细胞转移到该处时称为virchow淋巴结。
2017年医学博士外语真题试卷一(精选).doc
2017年医学博士外语真题试卷一（精选）(总分：126.00，做题时间：90分钟)1.Section A（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help to______ the problem.（分数：2.00）A.affiliateB.alleviateC.aggravateD.accelerate3.An allergy results when the body have a(n)______reaction to certain substances introduced to it.（分数：2.00）A.spontaneousB.negativeC.adverseD.prompt4.Diabetes is one of the most______and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.（分数：2.00）A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.prevalent5.Generally, vaccine makers______the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can take four to six months.（分数：2.00）A.penetrateB.designateC.generateD.exaggerate6.Drinking more water is good for the rest of your body, helping to lubricate jointsand______toxins and impurities.（分数：2.00）A.screen outB.knock outC.flush outD.rule out7.Despite their good service provided, most inns are less expensive than hotels of______standards.（分数：2.00）A.equivalentB.likelyC.alikeD.uniform8.Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have______effects on bones.（分数：2.00）A.adverseB.prevalentC.instantD.purposeful9.According to the Geneva______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.（分数：2.00）A.CustomsB.CongressesC.ConventionsD.Routines10.Environmental officials insist that something be done to______acid rain.（分数：2.00）A.curbB.sueC.detoxifyD.condemn11.It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and it will not be a long process.（分数：2.00）A.spontaneouslyB.simultaneouslyC.principallyD.approximately12.Section B（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________13.The patient's condition has worsened since last night.（分数：2.00）A.improvedB.returnedC.deterioratedD.changed14.Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at night when it's lit up .（分数：2.00）A.decoratedB.illustratedC.illuminatedD.entertained15.Because of adverse weather conditions, the travelers stopped to camp.（分数：2.00）A.localB.unfamiliarC.goodD.unfavorablerm the manager if you are on medication that makes you drowsy .（分数：2.00）A.uneasyB.sleepyC.guiltyD.fiery17.The period from 3, 000 to 1, 000 B. C. E. , when the use of bronze became common , is normally referred to as the Bronze Age.（分数：2.00）A.obviousB.significantC.necessaryD.widespread18.Diabetes is one of the most prevalent and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.（分数：2.00）A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.widespread19.Likewise , soot and smoke from fire contain a multitude of carcinogens.（分数：2.00）A.a matter ofB.a body ofC.plenty ofD.sort of20.Many questions about estrogen's effects remain to be elucidated , and investigations are seeking answers through ongoing laboratory and clinical studies.（分数：2.00）A.implicatedB.impliedC.illuminatedD.initiated21.The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understands why.（分数：2.00）A.faultB.deviationC.discretionD.discrepancy22.The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.（分数：2.00）A.sufficientB.plentifulC.adequateD.countable三、PartⅢ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：20.00)It was the kind of research that gave insight into how flu strains could mutate so quickly. (One theory behind the 1918 version's sudden demise after wreaking so much devastation was that it mutated to a nonlethal form. ) The same branch of research concluded in 2005 that the 1918 flu started in birds before passing to humans. Parsing this animal-human【C1】______could provide clues to【C2】______the next potential superflu, which already has a name: H5N1, also known as avian flu or bird flu. This potential killer also has a number: 59 percent. According to the World Health Organization, nearly three-fifths of the people who【C3】______H5N1 since 2003 died from the virus, which was first reported【C4】______humans in Hong Kong in 1997 before a more serious 【C5】______occurred in Southeast Asia between 2003 and 2004. (It has since spread to Africa and Europe. ) Some researchers argue that those mortality numbers are exaggerated because WHO only 【C6】______cases in which victims are sick enough to go to the hospital for treatment【C7】______compare that to the worldwide mortality rate of the 1918 pandemic; it may have killed roughly50 million people, but that was only 10 percent of the number of people infected, according toa 2006 estimate. H5N1's saving grace — and the only reason we're not running around masked up in public right now — is that the strain doesn't jump from birds to humans, or from humans to humans, easily. There have been just over 600 cases (and 359 deaths) since 2003. But【C8】______its lethality, and the chance it could turn into something far more transmissible, one might expect H5N1 research to be exploding, with labs【C9】______the virus's molecular components to understand how it spreads between animals and【C10】______to humans, and hoping to discover a vaccine that could head off a pandemic.（分数：20.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.interactB.interfaceC.connectionD.contamination(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.stoppingB.stoppedC.have stoppedD.stop(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.contactedB.contractedC.concentratedD.infected(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.onB.inC.ofD.with(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.breakoutB.take placeC.happenD.outbreak(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.accountsB.numbersC.countsD.takes(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.MoreoverB.StillC.FurthermoreD.Thereafter(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.givenB.givingC.to giveD.speaking of(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.parsingB.parsedC.to parseD.having parsed(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.presentlyB.potentiallyC.potentlyD.importantly四、PartⅣ Reading Compre(总题数：6，分数：60.00)If you are reading this article, antibiotics have probably saved your life—and not once but several times. A rotten tooth, a knee operation, a brush with pneumonia; any number of minor infections that never turned nasty. You may not remember taking the pills, so unremarkable havethese one-time wonder drugs become. Modern medicine relies on antibiotics — not just to cure diseases, but to augment the success of surgery, childbirth and cancer treatments. Yet now health authorities are warning, in uncharacteristically apocalyptic terms, that the era of antibiotics is about to end. In some ways, bacteria are continually evolving to resist the drugs. But in the past we've always developed new ones that killed them again. Not this time. Infections that once succumbed to everyday antibiotics now require last-resort drugs with unpleasant side effects. Others have become so difficult to treat that they kill some 25, 000 Europeans yearly. And some bacteria now resist every known antibiotic. Regular readers will know why: New Scientist has reported warnings about this for years. We have misused antibiotics appallingly, handing them out to humans like medicinal candy and feeding them to livestock by the tonne, mostly not for health reasons but to make meat cheaper. Now antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be found all over the world — not just in medical facilities, but everywhere from muddy puddles in India to the snows of Antarctica (南极洲) . How did we reach this point without viable successors to today's increasingly ineffectual drugs? The answer lies not in evolution but economics. Over the past 20 years, nearly every major pharmaceutical company has abandoned antibiotics. Companies must make money, and there isn't much in short-term drugs that should be used sparingly. So researchers have discovered promising candidates, but can't reach into the deep pockets needed to develop them. This can be fixed. As we report this week, regulatory agencies, worried medical bodies and Big Pharma are finally hatching ways to remedy this market failure. Delinking profits from the volume of drug sold (by adjusting patent rights, say, or offering prizes for innovation) has worked for other drugs, and should work for antibiotics — although there may be a worryingly long wait before they reach the market. One day, though, these will fall to resistance too. Ultimately, we need, evolution-proof cures for bacterial infection: treatments that stop bacteria from causing disease, but don't otherwise inconvenience the little blighters. When resisting drugs confers no selective advantage, drugs will stop breeding resistance. Researchers have a couple of candidates for such treatment. But they fear regulators will drag their feet over such radical approaches. That, too, can be fixed. We must not neglect development of the sustainable medicine we need, the way we have neglected simple antibiotic R&D. If we do, one day another top doctor will be telling us that the drugs no longer work—and there really will be no help on the way.（分数：10.00）(1).In the first paragraph, the author is trying to______.（分数：2.00）A.warn us against the rampant abuse of antibiotics everywhereB.suggest a course of action to reduce antibiotic resistanceC.tell us a time race between humans and bacteriaD.remind us of the universal benefit of antibiotics(2).The warning from health authorities implies that______.（分数：2.00）A.the pre-antibiotic era will returnB.the antibiotic crisis is about to repeatC.the wonder drugs are a double-edged swordD.the development of new antibiotics is too slow(3).The appalling misuse of antibiotics, according to the passage, ______.（分数：2.00）A.has developed resistant bacteria worldwideB.has been mainly practiced for health reasonsC.has been seldom reported as a warning in the worldD.has been particularly worsened in the developing countries(4).The market failure refers to______.（分数：2.00）A.the inability to develop more powerful antibioticsB.the existing increasingly ineffectual drugs in the marketC.the poor management of the major pharmaceutical companiesD.the deprived investment in developing new classes of antibiotics(5).During the presentation of the two solutions, the author carries a tone of______.（分数：2.00）A.doubtB.urgencyC.indifferenceD.helplessnessWhere one stage of child development has been left out, or not sufficiently experienced, the child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A good home makes this possible, for example by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. This principle, in fact, underlies all psychological treatment of children in difficulties with their development, and is the basis of work in child clinics. The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food, to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the world around him is a warm and friendly one, he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms himself to conforming to its demands. Learning to wait for things, particularly for food, is a very important element in upbringing, and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them. Every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition of each new skill—the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feeling of failure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself. Learning together is a fruit source of relationship between children and parents. By playing together, parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents. Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this co-operation. Building-block toys, jigsaw puzzles and crossword are good examples. Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness or indulgence towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters, others are severe over times of coming home at night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness and well-being.（分数：10.00）(1).The principle underlying all treatment of developmental difficulties in children______.（分数：2.00）A.is to send them to clinicsB.offers recapture of earlier experiencesC.is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD.is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced(2).The child in the nursery______.（分数：2.00）A.quickly learns to wait for foodB.doesn't initially sleep and wake at regular intervalsC.always accepts the rhythm of the world around themD.always feels the world around him is warm and friendly(3).The encouragement of children to achieve new skills______.（分数：2.00）A.can never be taken too farB.should be left to school teachersC.will always assist their developmentD.should be balanced between two extremes(4).Jigsaw puzzles are______.（分数：2.00）A.too difficult for childrenB.a kind of building-block toyC.not very entertaining for adultsD.suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation(5).Parental controls and discipline______.（分数：2.00）A.serve a dual purposeB.should be avoided as much as possibleC.reflect the values of the communityD.are designed to promote the child's happinessFor 150 years scientists have tried to determine the solar constant, the amount of solar energy that reaches the Earth. Yet, even in the most cloud-free regions of the planet, the solar constant cannot be measured precisely. Gas molecules and dust particles in the atmosphere absorb and scatter sunlight and prevent some wavelengths of the light from ever reaching the ground. With the advent of satellites, however, scientists have finally been able to measure the Sun's output without being impeded by the Earth's atmosphere. Solar Max, a satellite from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), has been measuring the Sun's output since February 1980. Although a malfunction in the satellite's control system limited its observation for a few years, the satellite was repaired in orbit by astronauts from the space shuffle in 1984. Max's observations indicate that the solar constant is not really constant after all. The satellite's instruments have detected frequent, small variations in the Sun's energy output, generally amounting to no more than 0. 05 percent of the Sun's mean energy output and lasting from a few days to a few weeks. Scientists believe these fluctuations coincide with the appearance and disappearance of large groups of sunspots on the Sun's disk. Sunspots are relatively dark regions on the Sun's surface that have strong magnetic fields and a temperature about 2, 000 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than the rest of the Sun's surface. Particularly large fluctuations in the solar constant have coincided with sightings of large sunspot groups. In 1980, for example, Solar Max's instruments registered a 0. 3 percent drop in the solar energy reaching the Earth. At that time a sunspot group covered about 0. 6 percent of the solar disk, an area 20 times larger than the Earth's surface. Long-term variations in the solar constant are more difficult to determine. Although Solar Max's data have indicated a slow and steady decline in the Sun's output. Some scientists have thought that the satellite's aging detectors might have become less sensitive over the years, thus falsely indicating a drop in the solar constant. This possibility was dismissed, however, by comparing solar Max's observations with data from a similar instrument operating on NASA's Nimbus 7 weather satellite since 1978.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, scientists believe variations in the solar constant are related to______.（分数：2.00）A.sunspot activityB.unusual weather patternsC.increased levels of dustD.fluctuations in the Earth's temperature(2).Why is it not possible to measure the solar constant accurately without a satellite?（分数：2.00）A.The Earth is too far from the Sun.B.Some areas on Earth receive more solar energy than others.C.There is not enough sunlight during the day.D.The Earth's atmosphere interferes with the sunlight.(3).Why did scientists think that Solar Max might be giving unreliable information?（分数：2.00）A.Solar Max did not work for the first few years.B.Solar Max's instruments were getting old.C.The space shuttle could not fix Solar Max's instruments.D.Nimbus 7 interfered with Solar Max's detectors.(4).The attempt to describe the solar constant can best be described as______.（分数：2.00）A.an ongoing research effortB.a question that can never be answeredC.an issue that has been resolvedD.historically interesting, but irrelevant to contemporary concerns(5).What does this passage mainly discuss?（分数：2.00）A.The components of the Earth's atmosphere,B.The launching of a weather satellite.C.The measurement of variations in the solar constant.D.The interaction of sunlight and air pollution.Optical illusions are like magic, thrilling us because of their capacity to reveal the fallibility of our senses. But there's more to them than that, according to Dr. Beau Lotto, who is wowing the scientific world with work that crosses the boundaries of art, neurology, natural history and philosophy. What they reveal, he says, is that the whole world is the creation of our brain. What we see, what we hear, feel and what we think we know is not a photographic reflection of the world, but an instantaneous unthinking calculation as to what is the most useful way of seeing the world. It's a best guess based on the past experience of the individual, a long evolutionary past that has shaped the structure of our brains. The world is literally shaped by our pasts. Dr. Lotto, 40, an American who is a reader in neuroscience at University College London, has set out to prove it in stunning visual illusions, sculptures and installations, which have been included in art-science exhibitions. He explains his complex ideas from the starting point of visual illusions, which far from revealing how fragile our senses are show how remarkably robust they are at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us. For centuries, artists and scientists have noted that a grey dot looks lighter against a dark background than being against a light background. The conventional belief was that it was because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired. But Dr. Lotto believes it's a learnt response; in other words, we see the world not as it is but as it is useful to us. "Context is everything, because our brains have evolved to constantly re-define normality, " says Dr. Lotto. "What we see is defined by our own experiences of the past, but also by what the human race has experienced through its history, " This is illustrated by the fact that different cultures and communities have different viewpoints of the world, conditioned over generations. For example, Japanese people have a famous inability to distinguish between the "R" and the "L" sound. This arises because in Japanese the sounds are totally interchangeable. "Differentiating between them has never been useful, so the brain has never learnt to do it. It's not just that Japanese people find it hard to tell the difference. They literally cannot hear the difference. " Dr. Lotto's experiments are grounding more and more hypotheses in hard science. "Yes, my work is idea-driven, " he says. "But lots of research, such as MRI brain scanning, is technique-driven. I don't believe you can understand the brain by taking it out of its natural environment and looking at it in a laboratory. You have to look at what it evolved to do, and look at it in relationship to its ecology. "（分数：10.00）(1).What does the word "them" in the first paragraph refer to?（分数：2.00）A.Human senses.B.The fallibility of senses.C.Revealing capacity.D.Optical illusions.(2).According to the passage, what is known about Dr. Beau Lotto?（分数：2.00）A.Though he is a neuroscientist, he has shocked the scientific world with his extensive research in art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.B.Dr. Lotto is a professor at University College London who is specialized in a number of disciplines such as art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.C.Dr. Lotto has been attempting to exhibit his creative productions in art-science exhibitions in the hope of proving his idea on optical illusions.D.Dr. Lotto has set out to create visual illusions, sculptures and installations which well combined the knowledge of art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.(3).Which of the following statements can be inferred from Dr. Lotto's study?（分数：2.00）A.People should believe their brains rather than their eyes as the world, to a great measure, is created and shaped by human brain.B.People should never believe their senses for what they see, hear, feel, and the truth may be contrary to the photographic image of the world.C.People should never believe their eyes for what they see are only accidental and temporary forms of the world, which varies in accordance with contexts.D.People should be aware that their eyes can play tricks on them as what they see is actually created by their brains which are shaped by their past experiences.(4).According to Dr. Lotto, what is the reason for the fact that a grey dot looks lighter againsta dark background than being against a light background?（分数：2.00）A.It is a fact that the dot emerged to be lighter against a dark background than being against a light one.B.Human senses are remarkably robust at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us through what they have learnt from past experiences.C.It is because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired.D.Because the context in which the little dot placed has changed to be lighter.(5).Which of the following statements is true about the research in neuroscience?（分数：2.00）A.Investigation on the brain involves scrutinizing a network in which both environment and the brain itself function together.B.Both idea-driven and technique-driven are popular research methods in research study in neuroscience.C.People cannot carry out research study on brain in laboratory where it is isolated from human body.D.Brain can be investigated in isolation with other faculties and organs as long as the research is carried out in proper natural context.The biggest thing in operating rooms these days is a million-dollar, multi-armed robot named da Vinci, used in nearly 400, 000 surgeries nationwide last year—triple the number just four years earlier. But now the high-tech helper is under scrutiny over reports of problems, including several deaths that may be linked with it and the high cost of using the robotic system. There also have been a few disturbing, freak incidents: a robotic hand that wouldn't let go of tissue grasped during surgery and a robotic arm hitting a patient in the face as she lay on the operating table. Is it time to curb the robot enthusiasm? Some doctors say yes, concerned that the "wow" factor and heavy marketing have boosted use. They argue that there is not enough robust research showing that robotic surgery is at least as good or better than conventional surgeries. Many U. S. hospitals promote robotic surgery in patient brochures, online and even on highway billboards. Their aim is partly to attract business that helps pay for the costly robot. The da Vinci is used for operations that include removing prostates, gallbladders and wombs, repairing heart valves, shrinking stomachs and transplanting organs. Its use has increased worldwide, but the system is most popular in the United States. For surgeons, who control the robot while sitting at a computer screen rather than standing over the patient, these operations can be less tiring. Plus robothands don't shake. Advocates say patients sometimes have less bleeding and often are sent home sooner than with conventional laparoscopic surgeries and operations involving large incisions. But the Food and Drug Administration is looking into a spike in reported problems during robotic surgeries. Earlier this year, the FDA began a survey of surgeons using the robotic system. The agency conducts such surveys of devices routinely, but FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers said the reason for it now "is the increase in number of reports received" about da Vinci. Reports filed since early last year include at least five deaths. Whether there truly are more problems recently is uncertain. Rivers said she couldn't quantify the increase and that it may simply reflect more awareness among doctors and hospitals about the need to report problems. Doctors aren't required to report such things; device makers and hospitals are. Company spokesman Geoff Curtis said Intuitive Surgical has physician-educators and other trainers who teach surgeons how to use the robot. But they don't train them how to do specific procedures robotically, he said, and that it's up to hospitals and surgeons to decide "if and when a surgeon is ready to perform robotic cases. " A 2010 New England Journal of Medicine essay by a doctor and a health policy analyst said surgeons must do at least 150 procedures to become adept at using the robotic system. But there is no expert consensus on how much training is needed. New Jersey banker Alexis Grattan did a lot of online research before her gallbladder was removed last month at Hackensack University Medical Center. She said the surgeon's many years of experience with robotic operations was an important factor. She also had heard that the surgeon was among the first to do the robotic operation with just one small incision in the belly button, instead of four cuts in conventional keyhole surgery.（分数：10.00）(1).Why did FDA begin to scrutinize da Vinci?（分数：2.00）A.The number used in operation has been tripled.B.It is too expensive.C.It is reported to have frequent mechanical breakdown.wsuits increase with death case reports.(2).According to some doctors, which of the following is NOT the reason to curb the enthusiasm for da Vinci?（分数：2.00）A.The high cost causes unreasonable marketing.B.It is not as good as traditional surgeries.C.It needs more statistics to prove its value.D.It is necessary for doctors to consider some problems.(3).What does FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers mean?（分数：2.00）A.Doctors and hospitals should be responsible for those problems.B.It is doctors that think da Vinci robots are problematic.C.There are so many problems reports that FDA has to do an enquiry.D.FDA hasn't finished the previous enquiry about the surgeons who used robots.(4).What is correct about training according to the Geoff Curtis?（分数：2.00）A.A lack of sufficient training on the part of surgeons.B.A lack of sufficient training on the part of company.C.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on specific procedures.D.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on how to used robots.(5).What is the best title for this passage?（分数：2.00）A.Four Hands Better than Two?B.Too Good to Be TrueC.Smart RobotsD.Who Is the Killer?Despite Denmark's manifest virtues, Danes never talk about how proud they are to be Danes. This would sound weird in Danish. When Danes talk to foreigners about Denmark, they always begin by。
消化内科考试题(附答案)
消化内科考试题（附答案）一、单选题（共100题，每题1分，共100分）1.肝性脑病的发病机制有许多学说,其中研究最多的是A、氨中毒学说B、假性神经递质学说C、CABA/BZ复合体学说D、氮基酸代谢失衡学说E、以上都不是正确答案：A2.以下对消化性溃疡描述错误的是A、十二指肠溃疡多为空腹痛及夜间痛B、胃溃疡多为餐后痛C、感染性溃疡多为幽门螺杆菌D、上腹部为消化性溃疡的主要症状,有部分患者可无症状或很轻E、消化性溃疡均应和不典型胆石症鉴别正确答案：C3.男性,50岁。
确诊胃癌后即行手术探查,见胃小弯0.8cm×0.8cm 溃疡,胃周围淋巴结病理检查为慢性炎症。
切除病变标本病理检查为胃腺癌,病变累及肌层,手术探查见胃小弯有6个肿大的淋巴结A、晚期胃癌B、原位癌C、癌前病变D、中晚期胃癌E、早期胃癌正确答案：D4.幽门螺杆菌的主要传播途径有A、空气传播B、体液传播C、粪-口传播D、母婴传播E、以上都不是正确答案：C5.三联根除Hp治疗失败者,应选用下列哪种方案A、铋剂+克拉霉素+阿莫西林B、PPI+阿莫西林+甲硝唑C、PPI+克拉霉素+阿莫西林D、PPI+铋剂+两种抗生素E、铋剂+阿莫西林+甲硝唑正确答案：D6.自发性腹膜炎表现为A、肝硬化伴扑翼样震颤B、肝硬化伴自发性少尿或无尿C、肝硬化伴血性腹水,肝脏迅速增大D、肝硬化伴不规则发热,腹水迅速增长E、肝硬化肿大的脾脏暂时缩小正确答案：D7.区别肝肾综合征和肝病合并肾小管坏死最有意义的是A、尿沉渣检查B、病史C、氮质血症D、尿蛋白测定E、尿钠测定正确答案：E8.肝硬化患者最严重的并发症是A、酸碱平衡失调和电解质紊乱B、自发性腹膜炎C、肝性脑病D、上消化道出血E、原发性肝癌正确答案：C9.男性,42岁,10个月持续黄疸,伴皮肤瘙痒,查体:体温39℃,肝肋下4cm,中等硬度,表面稍不平,压痛(+),甲胎蛋白(-),为明确诊断,最有价值的检查是A、白细胞计数及分类B、血γ-谷氨酰转肽酶测定C、胸部透视D、放射性核素扫描E、腹部B超检查正确答案：E10.稀水样便,大便7~8次/天A、5-羟色胺摄取抑制剂B、观察C、易蒙停D、解痉剂E、容积性泻药正确答案：C11.女性,35岁。
消化内科考试题及答案免费
消化内科考试题及答案免费消化内科考试题：1. 消化内科主要研究的是哪些系统的疾病？2. 请问什么是消化道出血？3. 以下哪种疾病不属于消化内科的范畴？A. 胃溃疡B. 肝炎C. 胰腺炎D. 肠道感染4. 胰腺炎的主要症状有哪些？5. 什么是胃食管反流病？其常见症状是什么？6. 什么是胆囊结石？如何治疗？7. 以下哪种疾病不属于消化道肿瘤？A. 胃癌B. 肠癌C. 肝癌D. 胰腺癌8. 什么是消化道炎症性肠病？其常见类型有哪些？9. 幽门螺杆菌感染会引起哪种疾病？10. 肝硬化是哪个器官的疾病？其主要病因是什么？消化内科考试答案：1. 消化内科主要研究胃、肠道、肝、胆囊和胰腺等系统的疾病。
2. 消化道出血是指消化道黏膜破裂，引起血液排出的症状。
3. B. 肝炎不属于消化内科的范畴，它属于传染病科或肝胆外科的研究领域。
4. 胰腺炎的主要症状包括腹痛、恶心、呕吐、发热和体重下降等。
5. 胃食管反流病是指胃酸和消化液逆流到食管引起的疾病。
常见症状包括胸骨后灼热感、反酸、咳嗽和声音嘶哑等。
6. 胆囊结石是胆囊内形成的结石，治疗方法可以选择药物溶石、胆囊切除术和经皮穿刺胆囊造瘘术等。
7. C. 肝癌不属于消化道肿瘤，它属于肝胆外科的研究范畴。
8. 消化道炎症性肠病是一组慢性肠道炎症性疾病，常见类型包括克罗恩病和溃疡性结肠炎。
9. 幽门螺杆菌感染会引起胃炎、胃溃疡和十二指肠溃疡等消化道疾病。
10. 肝硬化是肝脏的慢性纤维化和结构改变引起的疾病。
其主要病因包括长期酗酒、慢性病毒性肝炎和自身免疫等。
以上是消化内科考试题及答案的免费提供。
希望对您的学习和复习有所帮助。
如有更多相关问题，请随时与我们联系。
消化内科复习题(附参考答案)
消化内科复习题（附参考答案）一、单选题（共IOO题，每题1分，共100分）1、男性,60岁。
有慢性乙肝史10年,近1个月来右上腹疼痛,痛向右侧背部放射,食欲缺乏,体重下降就诊。
体检:肝肋下3cm,质硬有压痛,脾肋下2cmAFP400ng∕m1oA、肝硬化B、原发性肝癌C、布-加综合征（BUdd-Chiari综合征）D、乙型肝炎E、肝胆管结石正确答案：B2、作用于壁细胞H受体,抑制胃酸的分泌A、西咪替丁B、阿托品C、前列腺素ED、多潘立酮E、奥美拉噗正确答案：A3、为除外胰腺癌应选择A、血淀粉酶B、胰腺B超检查C、血浆胰岛素水平D、胰功肽试验（BT-PABA）E、尿淀粉酶正确答案：B4、溃疡性结肠炎A、慢性炎性肉芽肿性疾病B、慢性非特异性炎性疾病C、两者均是D、两者均不是正确答案：B5、急性胃炎表现为A、呈慢性、周期性、节律性上腹痛B、进行性咽下困难C、口服阿司匹林后呕吐咖啡色液体D、大量呕吐隔夜食物E、进食污染食物后,急性呕吐,上腹不适伴疼痛正确答案：E6、男性,24岁，腹痛.腹泻3年,伴低热,结肠镜检查：回肠末端黏膜呈铺路石样表现,取活检病理报告为非干酪性肉芽肿,本例可诊断为A、肠结核B、Crohn病C、溃疡性结肠炎D、肠伤寒E、肠息肉正确答案：B7、食管裂孔疝A、支配食管的交感神经兴奋占优势B、1ES功能减弱C、进行性吞咽困难D、膈食管韧带解剖缺陷E、顽固性呃逆正确答案：D8、Crohn病多位于A、结肠肝曲B、回肠末端及结肠起始部C、横结肠D、直肠.乙状结肠E、全结肠正确答案：B9、对于球后溃疡的临床表现,下列哪项不符合A、症状较一般十二指肠溃疡严重而持久B、不易出血C、疼痛常向背部放射D、内科疗效差E、夜间痛常见正确答案：B10、男性,30岁。
值夜班时突发上腹部剧烈疼痛,20分钟后疼痛波及右下腹,查体:肝浊音界消失,上腹部肌紧张,右下腹有明显压痛及反跳痛,该患者最可能的诊断是A、急性胰腺炎B、急性胆囊炎C、胃溃疡急性穿孔D、急性小肠梗阻E、急性阑尾炎正确答案：CIK女性,60岁。
中南大学湘雅医院内科学(消化系病)消化内科2017年考博真题试卷
中南大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中南大学湘雅医院
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（消化系病）_消化内科 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释
第1页 共1页
肝性脑病 早期胃癌 肝豆状核变性 AIP 肝纤维化 铁过剩综合征 二、简答题 1、HP感染的致病因子及作用。 2、肝肺综合征发病机制及临床表现。 3、肠道菌群失衡的定义及诊断依据。 4、ERCP并发症的防治。ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้三、病例分析题 给了2个很长的题干，问题如下： 1）诊断1、消化性溃疡出血 2、治疗原则。 2）1、诊断：急性胰腺炎 2、 诊断依据、并发症。
苏州大学2017考博真题
苏州大学2017新闻考博真题苏州大学2017年博士考试新闻传播学（马克思主义理论——媒介与文化产业）真题完整回忆版一、英语英语题型为：词汇（20分），阅读4篇文稿20道题（20分），英译汉（30分），作文（30分）词汇是找和句子中斜体部分意思相近的选项，4选1。
比较难，给的词都不怎么认识。
阅读4篇文章，1、2、4约700-750词。
词比较简单。
第3文450词，比较难一点儿。
每篇5道题，但每道题都是5个答案选一。
主题分别为文学（两个男孩的日常），生活概况（在美日本人的回忆），第三篇第四篇都不难，主题忘了。
5个选项真的很费思量。
英译汉估计是因为医学博士统考的缘故，出了医学内容（话说出题人不知道俺曾是医学生吗），说的是那个大肆推荐维生素C包治百病的诺奖获得者鲍林的故事，比较简单。
翻译出来中文大约300多字吧。
作文要求400词，说英雄主义困境，家人不愿意让你去管闲事当英雄balabala……二、评论写作题目很简单，字也很少。
【原题】如何看待“网红”这一流行现象？请结合现代性的相关特点对这一文化现象进行分析，写一篇1000字左右评论（题目自拟，）这个要求非常不明确，很想在复试的时候问问老师，到底是让写新闻评论，还是专门的学术评析。
没敢问，怕那个不苟言笑的院长不高兴。
题目是完全超出来的，考场里仔细核对了，字和左右评论之间没有“的”，题目自拟后面那个逗号也很奇葩。
但就是这样。
话说苏大考硕士写作题目也是语法不咋地的，标点也乱点。
三、媒介文化理论1.试阐述互联网时代文化危机的具体表现。
2.依据大数据算法进行文化产品生产靠谱吗？为什么？3.试述詹姆斯·凯瑞（James W ·Carey）的传播观念之要义，并论述其对我国媒介文化研究的启示性价值。
4.后亚文化理论为何质疑“亚文化”的概念？请联系新媒介青年亚文化的研究情况，表达你对“破与立”关系的看法。
5.结合具体案例，论述霍尔《表征》中经由语言的意义表征系统的运作方向有那几种途径？6.有学者提出，“政治传播的本质就是制造同意”。
中山大学内科学(消化内科)2018年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中山大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（消化内科） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 内科学公共部分：
第1页 共1页
1.某一年的ARDS诊断标准 2.NSAIDs相关的消化性溃疡的预防和治疗 3.透析指征 4.甲亢的治疗药物、用法及疗程 5.血液 6.类风关的治疗药物举例 7.一个病例分析 消化内科学： 1,腹水的临床诊断思路 2,肠易激综合症的病因及分型 3,肝性脑病的分期 4,自身免疫性肝炎的分型和治疗原则
Hale Waihona Puke 第1页 共1页
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
苏州大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
苏州大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：消化内科学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释（8*5分=40分）
第1页ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้共1页
1. 功能性消化不良 2. 肝性脑病 3. 自身免疫性肝病 4. 不明原因的消化道出血 5. 胃食管反流病 6. TACE 7. 胰腺假性囊肿 8. 胃泌素瘤 二、简答题（6*10分=60分） 1. 如何提高早期胃癌的诊断率。 2. 最强的消化液是哪种？平时消化自身组织吗，为何？ 3. 失代偿性肝硬化如何诊疗规范？ 4. 消化道出血的Forrest分级及内镜下治疗如何？ 5. UC按严重程度分级？ 6. 重症胰腺炎的治疗进展（类似是和以前有什么区别）。