京都议定书全文
(完整word版)《京都议定书》全文(两篇)
(完整word版)《京都议定书》全文（二）《京都议定书》全文（二）第六部分：清算机制第二十六条：清算小组1.成员：清算小组由合同缔约方的代表组成；2.职责：a)根据各缔约方的额度，在清算开始后三十天内以同意的方式选定主席、副主席和秘书；b)负责接收和核算各缔约方就履行议定书义务情况所提供的信息；c)协助合同缔约方进行询问和答复；d)在适当的情况下，对开展履行议定书的审计和调查工作提供建议；e)协助合同缔约方调解任何关于履行议定书义务的争端。
第二十七条：缴纳与失效1.缴纳说明：a)履行议定书的该缔约方应在首届非缔约方会议召开前包括清算小组工作在内提供缴款通知；b)首届非缔约方会议通过正式选举程序选出了清算小组和短期部；c)缔约方在首届非缔约方会议之后才签署等额份额并支付。
2.清算小组剩余基金的使用：清算小组应将该基金用于支付清算小组在执行其职责时产生的支出，同时按比例分配给各缔约方的支付短期部的共同责任份额。
3.清算小组费用的分摊：根据缔约方数量的预计，清算小组应平均分摊费用。
第七部分：保障与宣传第二十八条：报告和信息宣传1.缔约方应根据文本要求提交实施议定书政策情况的年度报告，不论其缔约日期；2.每缔约方在提交该报告的同时须将其报告提供给秘书处，秘书处会将其报告汇总为公开的总结报告；3.根据会议要求，秘书处是评估无核剩余的能力和进展，并就缔约方的履约情况报告的抵达和接战评估给予其报告的合适性。
第二十九条：宣传1.各合同缔约方将在拥有全球非核裂变的引入、生产和使用的地区进行宣传，以解释正确的作用；2.秘书处会建立一个官方网站，协助在公共接入的国际网络发表关于议定书的所有为科学、为公众和秘书处制作的主要信息；3.秘书处将根据各缔约方就提供上述信息的手续、实施信息提供方案至少每年提供和宣传关于议定书的间接传递档案和信息。
第八部分：升级与退出第三十条：升级条件1.升级程序：非缔约方会议可根据上火协议决定简化程序来进行变更，变更本质是复制和重申制定议定书的程序；2.无核的国际艺术：升级方案多项制定无核国际艺术软件和硬件，并40年不需要备选；3.缔约的权利：缔约方可以签署和升级新的非缔约方议定书。
《京都议定书》全文-(2篇)
《京都议定书》全文全新的标题：《环境保护与可持续发展合作协议》目录：一、引言二、合作双方三、合作目标四、合作内容五、合作期限六、合作方式七、权益与义务八、监督与评估九、争议解决十、合同的修改与终止十一、第三方介入十二、附件正文：一、引言本协议旨在促进环境保护与可持续发展，加强双方在环境保护领域的合作，提高环境保护水平，实现共同发展。
二、合作双方甲方：（甲方名称）乙方：（乙方名称）丙方：（丙方名称，第三方介入方）三、合作目标1. 提高环境保护意识，推动环保产业发展。
2. 优化资源配置，实现环境与经济的协调发展。
3. 加强国际合作，共同应对全球环境问题。
四、合作内容1. 环境保护技术研发与应用2. 环境污染治理与防治3. 节能减排与低碳发展4. 环境保护政策研究与推广5. 环境保护教育与培训五、合作期限本协议自双方签字之日起生效，有效期为（具体年限），如双方同意，可续签。
六、合作方式1. 技术交流与合作2. 项目共建与实施3. 资金支持与投资4. 信息共享与宣传推广七、权益与义务1. 甲方权益与义务（1）提供必要的技术、资金支持（2）参与合作项目的管理与监督（3）履行合作协议规定的其他义务2. 乙方权益与义务（1）提供必要的技术、资金支持（2）参与合作项目的管理与监督（3）履行合作协议规定的其他义务3. 丙方权益与义务（1）提供技术咨询与服务（2）参与合作项目的评估与监督（3）履行合作协议规定的其他义务八、监督与评估1. 设立合作项目管理委员会，负责监督、评估合作项目的实施情况。
2. 定期召开会议，交流合作进展，解决存在的问题。
3. 对合作项目进行中期和期末评估，确保合作目标的实现。
九、争议解决1. 双方应通过友好协商解决合同履行过程中的争议。
2. 如协商无果，可提交至（指定仲裁机构）进行仲裁。
3. 仲裁裁决为终局裁决，对双方具有法律约束力。
十、合同的修改与终止1. 本协议的修改、补充须经双方协商一致，并以书面形式签订。
京都议定书 Kyoto Protocol
引言概述：京都议定书是一项全球合作协议，旨在应对气候变化。
该协议于1997年在京都市达成，并于2005年正式生效。
通过京都议定书，各国承诺减少温室气体排放，以达到防止全球气温上升超过2摄氏度的目标。
本文将从减排目标、机制、市场、可持续发展和国际合作等五个大点详细阐述，以探讨京都议定书的内容和影响。
正文内容：一、减排目标1.1.背景及目标设定：介绍温室气体排放的背景，以及京都议定书设定的减排目标。
1.2.承诺减排量：解释各参与国家承诺的减排量，包括发达国家和发展中国家。
1.3.比例分配：讨论减排目标的比例分配原则和方法，如基准年和参考线的设定。
二、机制2.1.排放权交易：解释排放权交易机制，包括碳排放交易市场的建立和运作。
2.2.清洁发展机制：探讨清洁发展机制的设立，以鼓励发达国家向发展中国家转移清洁技术和资金。
2.3.贡献限额：说明贡献限额制度，包括减排单位的确定和时间段的分配。
三、市场3.1.碳市场发展：介绍碳市场的发展情况，包括碳排放权交易、碳金融工具的出现和影响。
3.2.价格波动：研究碳市场价格波动的原因和影响，以及相关风险管理和政策措施。
3.3.国际市场：讨论国际碳市场的，如联合国碳市场系统(ETS)和其他区域碳市场的互联互通。
四、可持续发展4.1.可持续发展目标：阐述京都议定书对可持续发展的要求，包括经济、社会和环境方面的考虑。
4.2.技术转让：探讨技术转让的机制和实施，以促进可持续发展和减排措施的推广。
4.3.资金支持：分析资金支持的来源和分配，包括联合国气候变化基金和其他国际合作机制。
五、国际合作5.1.合作框架：介绍国际合作的框架和机制，如联合国气候变化框架公约和其它相关安排。
5.2.达成一致：揭示各国共同努力和协商的重要性，以达成全球减排目标。
5.3.合作难点：分析国际合作面临的挑战和难点，如责任分担、技术转让和资金支持等。
总结：京都议定书作为全球合作协议，通过减排目标、机制、市场、可持续发展和国际合作等多个方面的努力，为应对气候变化提供了重要的平台和机会。
《京都议定书》英文全文
Bosselman, Eisen, et al., Energy, Economics and the Environment (2006), selections from Chapter 16The “Rio Plus 5,” a special session of the U.N. General Assembly five years after the Rio Conference, ended without substantive commitments to GHG reductions. This led to the third conference of the parties (COP) to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC), held in Kyoto, Japan in December 1997, and the adoption of the “Kyoto Protocol.”ABA Section of Natural Resources, Energy and Environmental Law Special Committee on Climate Change and Sustainable Development1997 Annual ReportOn December 11, 1997, in Kyoto Japan, the Conference of Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) unanimously adopted the “Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change” (Kyoto Protocol). The FCCC concluded nearly two years of international negotiations involving various FCCC subsidiary bodies and resulted in an international agreement calling for binding obligations on Annex I Parties (developed countries) to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions at least five percent below 1990 levels by 2008-2012.The U.S. will have, during the first commitment period of 2008-2012, binding obligations to reduce its 1) carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide emissions seven percent below 1990 levels and 2) hydrofluorocarbon, perfluorocarbon and sulfur hexafluoride emissions seven percent below 1990 or 1995 levels. The same base years or base periods apply to all Annex I Parties except for countries with economies in transition (EITs), which are allowed some flexibility in the selection of a base year or base period. The “assigned amounts” (targets) are set forth in Annex B to protocol and include the following:Iceland 110%Australia 108%Norway 101%Russia, Ukraine, New Zealand 100%Croatia 95%Japan, Canada, Poland, Hungary 94%U.S. 93%European Union (EU) collectively, Switzerland, other EITs 92%Targets and timetables and binding obligations. Known as Quantified Emission Limitations and Reduction Objectives (QELROs), the binding commitments and targets and timetables for Annex I parties are set forth in Article 3 and Annexes A and B. The key compromise was the EU as a bloc agreeing to a collective eight percent reduction under its so-called “bubble”(see Article 4 and discussion in I.A.2, infra), with the U.S. agreeing to a seven percent reduction level and Japan agreeing to a six percent reduction level. Thus, the commitments are politically differentiated but were not determined by any formulaic means.Critical components of the agreement on targets and timetables were agreements on coverage of gases–the so-called “basket” approach–and “sinks,” or forestry-based offsets. Coverage of all six gases was crucial to the U.S. The option of being able to elect a different baseline for the second set of gases was important to Japan and other countries. No clear consensus could be reached on sinks, so the Parties agreed to limit removals by sinks to afforestation, reforestation and deforestation since 1990, subject to later decisions by the conference, taking into account work by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. See Articles 3.3, 3.4 and 3.7.“Banking” of excess reductions from the first commitment period to meet obligations in a subsequent commitment period was allowed, but “borrowing” of reductions from a subsequent commitment period to meet obligations in the first commitment period was not. See Article 3.13.Policies and measures, and the EU bubble. Under Article 4, the EU received its bubble, under which it collectively will be responsible for an eight percent reduction but will also have the flexibility to assign different targets to individual Parties. Thus, some EU countries will be able to increase their emissions, while others (such as the United Kingdom and Germany) will bear a larger share of reductions. Failure by the EU to meet the collective eight percent target will mean that each Party shall be responsible for meeting its own level of emissions set out in the EU agreement. See Article 4.5. However, the EU was only able to obtain a weakened version of policies and measures (PAMs) in Article 2. While there is still mandatory language in Article 2, implementation or “elaboration” of such PAMs appears to be discretionary in accordance with individual Parties’ national circumstances.Emissions trading and commitments for developing countries. These two issues threatened to crater the negotiations in the early hours of December 11. Ultimately, the U.S. and other Annex I Parties insisted on emissions trading,and the non-Annex I Parties (developing countries) acceded in order to avoid total collapse of the negotiations. Later, however, although many Annex I Parties and some non-Annex I Parties sought to include a U.S.-sponsored provision so that advanced developing countries could “opt in” to Annex I commitments, the U.S. acceded to developing countries’ insistence that the protocol exclude binding obligations for developing countries, the opt-in provision, and even establishment of a process for developing such commitments for developing nations.Emissions trading, joint implementation and the Clean Development Mechanism. Because no clear consensus could be forged on many critical issues, numerous framework, shell or placeholder provisions are scattered throughout the Kyoto Protocol. Notable among these are the following provisions: emissions trading (Articles 3.10, 3.11 and 16 bis); joint implementation among Annex I Parties (Articles 3.10, 3.11 and 6); the so-called Clean Development Mechanism (Articles 3.12 and 12), which became a substitute for joint implementation between Annex I and non-Annex I Parties and for the Brazil-sponsored Clean Development Fund; credit for early action from the year 2000 (Article 12.10); and enforcement and noncompliance (Article 17).NOTES AND COMMENTS1. An extensive analysis of the Kyoto Protocol is found in Michael Grubb et al., The Kyoto Protocol: A Guide and Assessment (Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1999). Perhaps the key question in the international politics of climate change is whether the developing countries will remain unified in their present posture. At one point during the Kyoto negotiations, some 35 developing countries supported a proposal to provide an explicit path by which developing countries might voluntarily adopt quantified commitments, but Brazil, India, China and the OPEC countries lined up solidly against it and it was withdrawn. Grubb, supra at 110. For a relatively optimistic look at the possibilities for reductions by developing countries, see Jonathan Baert Wiener, On the Political Economy of Global Environmental Regulation, 87 Geo. L. J. 749 (1999). For a critique of Kyoto from a deep ecology perspective, see Prue Taylor, An Ecological Approach to International Law: Responding to Challenges of Climate Change (Routledge, 1998).2. The United States, the world's biggest GHG emitter, explicitly rejected the Kyoto Protocol in 2001. President Bush said Kyoto was too costly, based onunreliable science and unfairly excluded big developing nations like India, China and Brazil which account for a third of the world's population. In 2005, on the occasion of President Bush’s visit to Europe, British Prime Minister Blair promised to try to persuade the U.S. to rethink. “The truth of the matter is without America there is no deal. We have got to do our best and use our relationship with America to try and make sure they come into agreement with us. Whether I will be able to achieve it or not, I don't know,” he told Channel Five TV. Doyle, supra. Australia, the only big developed nation on the sidelines with the United States, said it had no plans to sign up. “Until such time as the major polluters of the world, including the United States and China, are made part of the Kyoto regime it is next to useless and indeed harmful for a country such as Australia to sign up to the Kyoto Protocol,”Prime Minister John Howard told the Australian Parliament. Id.3. In July 1997, the only vote in the U.S. Senate on the Kyoto Protocol took place. By a unanimous vote of 95-0, the U.S. Senate adopted S. Res. 98, the so-called Byrd-Hagel Resolution. S. Res. 98, 105th Cong., 143 Cong. Rec. S8138-39 (daily ed. July 25, 1997). S. Res. 98 stated that the United States should not be a signatory to any protocol to, or other agreement regarding, the Climate Convention that would (A) mandate new commitments to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions for the Annex I [developed country] Parties, unless the protocol or other agreement also mandates new specific scheduled commitments to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions for Developing Country Parties within the same compliance period, or (B) would result in serious harm to the economy of the United States.One argument cited by a number of Senators was the same one later made by President Bush: that the Kyoto Protocol would put an unfair burden on developed countries, particularly the United States. In order for the Senate to ratify Kyoto and agree on legislation to implement it, developing countries would need to share in reductions, which they were not required to do.b. RATIFICATION OF THE KYOTO PROTOCOLIn 2004, Russia ratified the Kyoto Protocol, and it went into effect. See Doyle, supra. A key consideration in Russia’s decision to ratify the Protocol was its position as a likely net exporter of CO2 allowances, after the collapse of Soviet-era industries reduced GHG emissions in the nation. In Moscow, Russian electricity giant Unified Energy, which accounts for 2 percent of world GHG emissions, said it was close to signing 30 deals to cut emissions.Id.Scientists have stated that the Protocol’s goal of reducing GHG emissions by 5.2 percent from 1990 levels is just a first step, and a cut of at least 60 percent is needed to prevent catastrophic impacts of climate change this century. See Clouds Gather Over Future of Kyoto Climate Pact, Reuters, Feb. 11, 2005. Even if fully implemented, Kyoto would slow rising temperatures by just 0.18 F (0.1 C) by 2100, according to figures from the IPCC, and this would be a small dent in rising temperatures compared to the IPCC’s forecasts of an overall rise of 1.4-5.8 degrees Celsius this century. See IPCC 2001 Report, supra.NOTES AND COMMENTS1. Canada announced in early 2005 that it would spend between $8-10 billion (Canadian) by 2012 on its efforts to meet targets under the Kyoto Protocol. The majority of the money would be split into two projects: a $1 billion Climate Change Fund to create an emissions credit-trading program for private industry and a partnership fund for provincial clean-air efforts. Canadians also would be encouraged to reduce their energy consumption, and oil, gas and other large industries would cut GHG emissions with new clean-air equipment. CBC News Online, Apr. 8, 2005. Emissions trading is discussed further in the next section.2. The Kyoto Protocol gave support to “joint implementation,” a system where industrialized countries receive benefits from helping developing countries with their emissions reduction commitments. Kyoto Protocol Annex I countries can undertake emissions reduction projects in other Annex I countries and receive a negotiated share of the emissions reductions generated by the projects. Some commentators suggest that this may present a “free-rider” problem. See Hanafi, supra at 460, 467-69. For additional commentary on joint implementation, see Note: Joint Implementation: Legal and Institutional Issues for an Effective International Program to Combat Climate Change, 22 Harv. Envtl. L. Rev. 441 (1998).3. The Kyoto Protocol created the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to foster collaborative projects to reduce emissions or sequester carbon in developing countries. It allows an industrialized country that must reduce its emissions under the Protocol (an Annex I country) to invest in a project in a developing country without a target (non-Annex I), and claim credit for the emissions that the project achieves (known in CDM parlance as “Certified Emission Reductions”). In theory, this is done if it is easier and cheaper forthe Annex I nation to meet its GHG reduction target in this fashion; at the same time, a developing country host can benefit from new investment that increases economic productivity and may reduce local environmental problems. See Sophie Smyth, The Prototype Carbon Fund: A New Departure in International Trusts and Securities Law, Sustainable Dev’t L. & Pol’y, Spring 2005, at 28.Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol established three bodies to oversee the CDM: the representatives of the COP, an executive board established by the COP, and independent auditors to verify project activities. However, the Protocol provided almost no guidance on what exactly the CDM would do or how it would operate. Instead, the structure and authority of supervisory bodies and the CDM were left for future negotiation. The final rules for the CDM were agreed to at the 7th COP in Marrakech in 2001, with the exception of rules on carbon sinks, which were completed at the 9th COP in 2003, and some details about CDM project approval, which were delegated to the newly formed CDM Executive Board. See CDM Watch, The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Toolkit, /files/CDMToolkitVO19-02-04.pdf, for a complete description of the project application process; Annual report (2003–2004) of the Executive Board of the clean development mechanism to the Conference of the Parties, http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/cop10/02a01.pdf. The World Bank has three carbon funds for the financing of CDM projects. See . The operational details of the “Prototype Carbon Fund” are described in Smyth, supra.A “CDM Scorecard” is maintained by the group CDM Watch. See/. One observer notes that the CDM “remains under-resourced and its lethargic approval process has only sanctioned several projects to date,” and recommends more involvement from private sector firms with experience in emissions trading finance. Stephen Tully, Commercial Contributions to the Climate Change Regime: Who’s Regulating Whom?, Sustainable Dev’t L. & Pol’y, Spring 2005, at 14, 22.The CDM overlaps with the European Union’s emissions trading scheme (discussed below); CO2 emissions reduction projects undertaken outside the EU pursuant to JI and CDM may qualify for allowances that can be bought and sold within the ETS. However, one report notes that over 800 CDM projects – significantly more than the number currently approved –would be necessary to meet European reductions targets. Pew Center onGlobal Climate Change, The European Union Emission Trading Scheme: Insights and Opportunities (2005), (“Pew EU-ETS Report”).For a discussion of the possible conflict between the CDM and world trade rules, see Andrew Green, Climate Change, Regulatory Policy and the WTO, 8 J. Int’l Econ. L. 143 (2005).4. The tenth session of the COP was held in Argentina in 2004, and produced a number of decisions aimed at strengthening the climate change framework. See http://unfccc.int/. However, negotiations on commitments to GHG reductions after the Kyoto period were rejected by the U.S. as premature. Tully, supra, at 23.。
京都议定书
概况京都议定书政府间气候变化专门委员会（Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change，简称IPCC）已经预计从1990年到2100年[全球气温将升高1.4℃—5.8℃。
目前的评估显示，京都议定书如果能被彻底完全的执行，到2050年之前仅可以把气温的升幅减少0.02℃—0.28℃，正因为如此，许多批评家和环保主义者质疑京都议定书的价值，认为其标准定得太低根本不足以应对未来的严重危机。
而支持者们指出京都议定书只是第一步，为了达到UNFCCC的目标今后还要继续修改完善，直到达到UNFCCC 4.2(d)规定的要求为止。
背景1997年12月条约在日本京都通过，并于1998年3月16日至1999年3月15日间开放签字，共有84国签署，条约于2005年2月16日开始强制生效，到2009年2月，一共有183个国家通过了该条约（超过全球排放量的61%），引人注目的是美国没有签署该条约。
条约规定，它在“不少于55个参与国签署该条约并且温室气体排放量达到附件I中规定国家在1990年总排放量的55%后的第90天”开始生效，这两个条件中，“55个国家”在2002年5月23日当冰岛通过后首先达到，2004年12月18日俄罗斯通过了该条约后达到了“55%”的条件，条约在90天后于2005年2月16日开始强1997.12.9的日本京都联合国气候大会会场制生效。
美国人口仅占全球人口的3％至4％，而排放的二氧化碳却占全球排放量的25％以上，为全球温室气体排放量最大的国家。
美国曾于1998年签署了《京都议定书》。
但2001年3月，布什政府以“减少温室气体排放将会影响美国经济发展”和“发展中国家也应该承担减排和限排温室气体的义务”为借口，宣布拒绝批准《京都议定书》。
目标《京都议定书》的签署是为了人类免受气候变暖的威胁。
发达国家从2005年开始承担减少碳排放量的义务，而发展中国家则从2012年开始承担减排义务。
京都议定书_英文_KYOTO PROTOCOL
KYOTO PROTOCOL TO THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGEUNITED NATIONS1998KYOTO PROTOCOL TO THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORKCONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGEThe Parties to this Protocol,Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,Beinghereinafter referred to as “the Convention”,pursuitof the ultimate objective of the Convention as stated in its Article 2,Inthe provisions of the Convention,RecallingBeing guided by Article 3 of the Convention,the Berlin Mandate adopted by decision 1/CP.1 of the Conference of thePursuanttoParties to the Convention at its first session,Have agreed as follows:Article 1For the purposes of this Protocol, the definitions contained in Article 1 of the Convention shall apply. In addition:1. “Conference of the Parties” means the Conference of the Parties to the Convention.2. “Convention” means the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, adopted in New York on 9 May 1992.3. “Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change” means the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change established in 1988 jointly by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme.4. “Montreal Protocol” means the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, adopted in Montreal on 16 September 1987 and as subsequently adjusted and amended.5. “Parties present and voting” means Parties present and casting an affirmative or negative vote.6. “Party” means, unless the context otherwise indicates, a Party to this Protocol.7. “Party included in Annex I” means a Party included in Annex I to the Convention, as may be amended, or a Party which has made a notification under Article 4, paragraph 2 (g), of the Convention.Article 21. Each Party included in Annex I, in achieving its quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under Article 3, in order to promote sustainable development, shall:(a) Implement and/or further elaborate policies and measures in accordance with its national circumstances, such as:(i) Enhancement of energy efficiency in relevant sectors of the nationaleconomy;(ii) Protection and enhancement of sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, taking into account its commitmentsunder relevant international environmental agreements; promotion ofsustainable forest management practices, afforestation and reforestation;(iii) Promotion of sustainable forms of agriculture in light of climate changeconsiderations;(iv) Research on, and promotion, development and increased use of, new and renewable forms of energy, of carbon dioxide sequestration technologiesand of advanced and innovative environmentally sound technologies;(v) Progressive reduction or phasing out of market imperfections, fiscalincentives, tax and duty exemptions and subsidies in all greenhouse gasemitting sectors that run counter to the objective of the Convention andapplication of market instruments;(vi) Encouragement of appropriate reforms in relevant sectors aimed atpromoting policies and measures which limit or reduce emissions ofgreenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol;(vii) Measures to limit and/or reduce emissions of greenhouse gases notcontrolled by the Montreal Protocol in the transport sector;(viii) Limitation and/or reduction of methane emissions through recovery anduse in waste management, as well as in the production, transport anddistribution of energy;(b) Cooperate with other such Parties to enhance the individual and combined effectiveness of their policies and measures adopted under this Article, pursuant to Article 4, paragraph 2 (e) (i), of the Convention. To this end, these Parties shall take steps to share their experience and exchange information on such policies and measures, including developing ways of improving their comparability, transparency and effectiveness. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session or as soon as practicable thereafter, consider ways to facilitate such cooperation, taking into account all relevant information.2. The Parties included in Annex I shall pursue limitation or reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol from aviation and marine bunker fuels, working through the International Civil Aviation Organization and the International Maritime Organization, respectively.- 2 -3. The Parties included in Annex I shall strive to implement policies and measures under this Article in such a way as to minimize adverse effects, including the adverse effects of climate change, effects on international trade, and social, environmental and economic impacts on other Parties, especially developing country Parties and in particular those identified in Article 4, paragraphs 8 and 9, of the Convention, taking into account Article 3 of the Convention. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol may take further action, as appropriate, to promote the implementation of the provisions of this paragraph.4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol,if it decides that it would be beneficial to coordinate any of the policies and measures in paragraph 1 (a) above, taking into account different national circumstances and potential effects, shall consider ways and means to elaborate the coordination of such policies and measures.Article 31. The Parties included in Annex I shall, individually or jointly, ensure that their aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A do not exceed their assigned amounts, calculated pursuant to their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments inscribed in Annex B and in accordance with the provisions of this Article, with a view to reducing their overall emissions of such gases by at least 5 per cent below 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012.2. Each Party included in Annex I shall, by 2005, have made demonstrable progress in achieving its commitments under this Protocol.3. The net changes in greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from direct human-induced land-use change and forestry activities, limited to afforestation, reforestation and deforestation since 1990, measured as verifiable changes in carbon stocks in each commitment period, shall be used to meet the commitments under this Article of each Party included in Annex I. The greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks associated with those activities shall be reported in a transparent and verifiable manner and reviewed in accordance with Articles 7 and 8.4. Prior to the first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, each Party included in Annex I shall provide, for consideration by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, data to establish its level of carbon stocks in 1990 and to enable an estimate to be made of its changes in carbon stocks in subsequent years. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session or as soon as practicable thereafter, decide upon modalities, rules and guidelines as to how, and which, additional human-induced activities related to changes in greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks in the agricultural soils and the land-use change and forestry categories shall be added to, or subtracted from, the assigned amounts for Parties included in Annex I, taking into account uncertainties, transparency in reporting, verifiability, the methodological work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the advice provided by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice in accordance with Article 5 and the decisions of the Conference of the Parties. Such a decision shall apply in the second and subsequent commitment periods. A Party may choose to apply such a decision on these additional human-induced activities for its first commitment period, provided that these activities have taken place since 1990.- 3 -5. The Parties included in Annex I undergoing the process of transition to a market economy whose base year or period was established pursuant to decision 9/CP.2 of the Conference of the Parties at its second session shall use that base year or period for the implementation of their commitments under this Article. Any other Party included in Annex I undergoing the process of transition to a market economy which has not yet submitted its first national communication under Article 12 of the Convention may also notify the Conferenceof the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol that it intends to use an historical base year or period other than 1990 for the implementation of its commitments under this Article. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall decide on the acceptance of such notification.6. Taking into account Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Convention, in the implementation of their commitments under this Protocol other than those under this Article, a certain degree of flexibility shall be allowed by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol to the Parties included in Annex I undergoing the process of transition to a market economy.7. In the first quantified emission limitation and reduction commitment period, from 2008 to 2012, the assigned amount for each Party included in Annex I shall be equal to the percentage inscribed for it in Annex B of its aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A in 1990, or the base year or period determined in accordance with paragraph 5 above, multiplied by five. Those Parties included in Annex Ifor whom land-use change and forestry constituted a net source of greenhouse gas emissionsin 1990 shall include in their 1990 emissions base year or period the aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions by sources minus removals by sinks in 1990 from land-use change for the purposes of calculating their assigned amount.8. Any Party included in Annex I may use 1995 as its base year for hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride, for the purposes of the calculation referred to in paragraph 7 above.9. Commitments for subsequent periods for Parties included in Annex I shall be established in amendments to Annex B to this Protocol, which shall be adopted in accordance with the provisions of Article 21, paragraph 7. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall initiate the consideration of such commitments at leastseven years before the end of the first commitment period referred to in paragraph 1 above.10. Any emission reduction units, or any part of an assigned amount, which a Party acquires from another Party in accordance with the provisions of Article 6 or of Article 17 shall be added to the assigned amount for the acquiring Party.11. Any emission reduction units, or any part of an assigned amount, which a Party transfers to another Party in accordance with the provisions of Article 6 or of Article 17 shall be subtracted from the assigned amount for the transferring Party.12. Any certified emission reductions which a Party acquires from another Party in accordance with the provisions of Article 12 shall be added to the assigned amount for the acquiring Party.- 4 -13. If the emissions of a Party included in Annex I in a commitment period are less than its assigned amount under this Article, this difference shall, on request of that Party, be added to the assigned amount for that Party for subsequent commitment periods.14. Each Party included in Annex I shall strive to implement the commitments mentioned in paragraph 1 above in such a way as to minimize adverse social, environmental and economic impacts on developing country Parties, particularly those identified in Article 4, paragraphs 8 and 9, of the Convention. In line with relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties on the implementation of those paragraphs, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session, consider what actions are necessary to minimize the adverse effects of climate change and/or the impacts of response measures on Parties referred to in those paragraphs. Among the issues to be considered shall be the establishment of funding, insurance and transfer of technology.Article 41. Any Parties included in Annex I that have reached an agreement to fulfil their commitments under Article 3 jointly, shall be deemed to have met those commitments provided that their total combined aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A do not exceed their assigned amounts calculated pursuant to their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments inscribed in Annex B and in accordance with the provisions of Article 3. The respective emission level allocated to each of the Parties to the agreement shall be set out in that agreement.2. The Parties to any such agreement shall notify the secretariat of the terms of the agreement on the date of deposit of their instruments of ratification, acceptance or approvalof this Protocol, or accession thereto. The secretariat shall in turn inform the Parties and signatories to the Convention of the terms of the agreement.3. Any such agreement shall remain in operation for the duration of the commitment period specified in Article 3, paragraph 7.4. If Parties acting jointly do so in the framework of, and together with, a regional economic integration organization, any alteration in the composition of the organization after adoption of this Protocol shall not affect existing commitments under this Protocol. Any alteration in the composition of the organization shall only apply for the purposes of those commitments under Article 3 that are adopted subsequent to that alteration.5. In the event of failure by the Parties to such an agreement to achieve their total combined level of emission reductions, each Party to that agreement shall be responsible for its own level of emissions set out in the agreement.6. If Parties acting jointly do so in the framework of, and together with, a regional economic integration organization which is itself a Party to this Protocol, each member State of that regional economic integration organization individually, and together with the regional economic integration organization acting in accordance with Article 24, shall, in the event of failure to achieve the total combined level of emission reductions, be responsible for its level of emissions as notified in accordance with this Article.- 5 -Article 51. Each Party included in Annex I shall have in place, no later than one year prior to the start of the first commitment period, a national system for the estimation of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol. Guidelines for such national systems, which shall incorporate the methodologies specified in paragraph 2 below, shall be decided upon by the Conference ofthe Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol at its first session.2. Methodologies for estimating anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol shall be those accepted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties at its third session. Where such methodologies are not used, appropriate adjustments shall be applied according to methodologies agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol at its first session. Based on the work of, inter alia, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and advice provided by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall regularly review and, as appropriate, revise such methodologies and adjustments, taking fully into account any relevant decisions by the Conference of the Parties. Any revision to methodologies or adjustments shall be used only for the purposes of ascertaining compliance with commitments under Article 3 in respect of any commitment period adopted subsequent to that revision.3. The global warming potentials used to calculate the carbon dioxide equivalence of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases listed inAnnex A shall be those accepted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties at its third session. Based on the work of, inter alia, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and advice provided by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall regularly review and, as appropriate, revise the global warming potential of each such greenhouse gas, taking fully into account any relevant decisions by the Conference of the Parties. Any revision to a global warming potential shall apply only to commitments under Article 3 in respect of any commitment period adopted subsequent to that revision.Article 61. For the purpose of meeting its commitments under Article 3, any Party included in Annex I may transfer to, or acquire from, any other such Party emission reduction units resulting from projects aimed at reducing anthropogenic emissions by sources or enhancing anthropogenic removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in any sector of the economy, provided that:(a) Any such project has the approval of the Parties involved;(b) Any such project provides a reduction in emissions by sources, or an enhancement of removals by sinks, that is additional to any that would otherwise occur;- 6 -(c) It does not acquire any emission reduction units if it is not in compliance with its obligations under Articles 5 and 7; and(d) The acquisition of emission reduction units shall be supplemental to domestic actions for the purposes of meeting commitments under Article 3.2. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol may, at its first session or as soon as practicable thereafter, further elaborate guidelines forthe implementation of this Article, including for verification and reporting.3. A Party included in Annex I may authorize legal entities to participate, under its responsibility, in actions leading to the generation, transfer or acquisition under this Articleof emission reduction units.4. If a question of implementation by a Party included in Annex I of the requirements referred to in this Article is identified in accordance with the relevant provisions of Article 8, transfers and acquisitions of emission reduction units may continue to be made after the question has been identified, provided that any such units may not be used by a Party to meetits commitments under Article 3 until any issue of compliance is resolved.Article 71. Each Party included in Annex I shall incorporate in its annual inventory of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, submitted in accordance with the relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties, the necessary supplementary information for the purposes of ensuring compliance with Article 3, to be determined in accordance with paragraph 4 below.2. Each Party included in Annex I shall incorporate in its national communication, submitted under Article 12 of the Convention, the supplementary information necessary to demonstrate compliance with its commitments under this Protocol, to be determined in accordance with paragraph 4 below.3. Each Party included in Annex I shall submit the information required under paragraph 1 above annually, beginning with the first inventory due under the Convention for the first yearof the commitment period after this Protocol has entered into force for that Party. Each such Party shall submit the information required under paragraph 2 above as part of the first national communication due under the Convention after this Protocol has entered into force for it and after the adoption of guidelines as provided for in paragraph 4 below. The frequency of subsequent submission of information required under this Article shall be determined by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, taking into account any timetable for the submission of national communications decided upon by the Conference of the Parties.4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall adopt at its first session, and review periodically thereafter, guidelines for the preparation of the information required under this Article, taking into account guidelines for the preparation of- 7 -national communications by Parties included in Annex I adopted by the Conference of the Parties. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall also, prior to the first commitment period, decide upon modalities for the accounting of assigned amounts.Article 81. The information submitted under Article 7 by each Party included in Annex I shall be reviewed by expert review teams pursuant to the relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties and in accordance with guidelines adopted for this purpose by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol under paragraph 4 below. The information submitted under Article 7, paragraph 1, by each Party included in Annex I shall be reviewed as part of the annual compilation and accounting of emissions inventories and assigned amounts. Additionally, the information submitted under Article 7, paragraph 2, by each Party included in Annex I shall be reviewed as part of the review of communications.2. Expert review teams shall be coordinated by the secretariat and shall be composed of experts selected from those nominated by Parties to the Convention and, as appropriate, by intergovernmental organizations, in accordance with guidance provided for this purpose by the Conference of the Parties.3. The review process shall provide a thorough and comprehensive technical assessmentof all aspects of the implementation by a Party of this Protocol. The expert review teams shall prepare a report to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, assessing the implementation of the commitments of the Party and identifying any potential problems in, and factors influencing, the fulfilment of commitments. Such reports shall be circulated by the secretariat to all Parties to the Convention. The secretariat shall list those questions of implementation indicated in such reports for further consideration by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall adopt at its first session, and review periodically thereafter, guidelines for the reviewof implementation of this Protocol by expert review teams taking into account the relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties.5. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, with the assistance of the Subsidiary Body for Implementation and, as appropriate, the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, consider:(a) The information submitted by Parties under Article 7 and the reports of the expert reviews thereon conducted under this Article; and(b) Those questions of implementation listed by the secretariat under paragraph 3 above, as well as any questions raised by Parties.6. Pursuant to its consideration of the information referred to in paragraph 5 above,the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall take decisions on any matter required for the implementation of this Protocol.- 8 -Article 91. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall periodically review this Protocol in the light of the best available scientific information and assessments on climate change and its impacts, as well as relevant technical, social and economic information. Such reviews shall be coordinated with pertinent reviews underthe Convention, in particular those required by Article 4, paragraph 2 (d), and Article 7, paragraph 2 (a), of the Convention. Based on these reviews, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall take appropriate action.2. The first review shall take place at the second session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. Further reviews shall take place at regular intervals and in a timely manner.Article 10All Parties, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and their specific national and regional development priorities, objectives and circumstances, without introducing any new commitments for Parties not included in Annex I, but reaffirming existing commitments under Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention, and continuing to advance the implementation of these commitments in order to achieve sustainable development, taking into account Article 4, paragraphs 3, 5 and 7, of the Convention, shall:(a) Formulate, where relevant and to the extent possible, cost-effective national and, where appropriate, regional programmes to improve the quality of local emission factors, activity data and/or models which reflect the socio-economic conditions of each Party for the preparation and periodic updating of national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, using comparable methodologies to be agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties, and consistent with the guidelines for the preparation of national communications adopted by the Conference of the Parties;(b) Formulate, implement, publish and regularly update national and, where appropriate, regional programmes containing measures to mitigate climate change and measures to facilitate adequate adaptation to climate change:(i) Such programmes would, inter alia, concern the energy, transport andindustry sectors as well as agriculture, forestry and waste management.Furthermore, adaptation technologies and methods for improving spatialplanning would improve adaptation to climate change; and(ii) Parties included in Annex I shall submit information on action under this Protocol, including national programmes, in accordance with Article 7;and other Parties shall seek to include in their national communications,as appropriate, information on programmes which contain measures thatthe Party believes contribute to addressing climate change and its adverseimpacts, including the abatement of increases in greenhouse gas emissions,and enhancement of and removals by sinks, capacity building andadaptation measures;- 9 -。
京都协议书全称
京都协议书全称京都议定书（Kyoto Protocol）本协议书由以下国家（以下简称“缔约方”）共同签署，旨在加强全球应对气候变化的行动，以实现《联合国气候变化框架公约》（以下简称“公约”）的目标：第一条定义1.1 “公约”指1992年5月9日在纽约通过的《联合国气候变化框架公约》。
1.2 “温室气体”指《公约》附件A所列的气体。
1.3 “排放限制和减少承诺”指附件B所列的缔约方根据第三条所承担的具体量化的限制和减少温室气体排放的承诺。
第二条目标2.1 本议定书的目标是，通过附件B所列的缔约方的排放限制和减少承诺，以及通过其他措施，将大气中温室气体的浓度稳定在一个水平，以防止人为干预对气候系统的危险干扰。
第三条排放限制和减少承诺3.1 附件B所列的缔约方应根据各自的量化限制和减少承诺，采取国内措施，以限制其人为温室气体排放量，确保在承诺期内达到这些承诺。
3.2 缔约方应定期报告其排放量，并接受国际审查。
第四条灵活性机制4.1 为促进成本效益的温室气体排放减少，本议定书允许使用以下机制：4.1.1 排放贸易，允许一个缔约方购买另一个缔约方的排放减少额度；4.1.2 清洁发展机制，允许附件I国家投资附件II国家之外的项目，以获得排放减少额度；4.1.3 联合履行，允许两个或两个以上的附件I国家共同实施减排项目。
第五条适应措施5.1 缔约方应采取适当措施，以适应气候变化的不利影响和促进经济发展。
第六条技术转让6.1 发达国家缔约方应促进和便利向发展中国家缔约方转让或提供环境友好型技术和气候友好型技术，以支持它们实现本议定书的目标。
第七条资金机制7.1 为支持发展中国家缔约方实现本议定书的目标，发达国家缔约方应提供新的和额外的资金。
第八条缔约方会议8.1 本议定书的缔约方会议应是公约缔约方会议的一部分，除非缔约方会议另有决定。
第九条遵守9.1 本议定书设立一个遵守委员会，以促进遵守和执行本议定书的规定。
京都议定书（精选20篇）
京都议定书（精选20篇）京都议定书篇11.《公约》缔约方会议《公约》的最高机构，应作为本议定书缔约方会议。
2.非为本议定书缔约方的《公约》缔约方，可作为观察员参加作为本议定书缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议任何届会的议事工作。
在《公约》缔约方会议作为本议定书缔约方会议行使职能时，在本议定书之下的决定只应由为本议定书缔约方者作出。
3.在《公约》缔约方会议作为本议定书缔约方会议行使职能时，《公约》缔约方会议主席团中代表《公约》缔约方但在当时非为本议定书缔约方的任何成员，应由本议定书缔约方从本议定书缔约方中选出的另一成员替换。
4.作为本议定书缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议，应定期审评本议定书的履行情况，并应在其权限内作出为促进本议定书有效履行所必要的决定。
缔约方会议应履行本议定书赋予它的职能，并应：(a)基于依本议定书的规定向它提供的所有信息，评估缔约方履行本议定书的情况及根据本议定书采取的措施的总体影响，尤其是环境、经济、社会的影响及其累积的影响，以及在实现《公约》目标方面取得进展的程度;(b)根据《公约》的目标、在履行中获得的经验及科学技术知识的发展，定期审查本议定书规定的缔约方义务，同时适当顾及《公约》第四条第2款(d)项和第七条第2款所要求的任何审评，并在此方面审议和通过关于本议定书履行情况的定期报告;(c)促进和便利就各缔约方为对付气候变化及其影响而采取的措施进行信息交流，同时考虑到缔约方的有差别的情况、责任和能力，以及它们各自依本议定书规定的承诺;(d)应两个或更多缔约方的要求，便利将这些缔约方为对付气候变化及其影响而采取的措施加以协调;(e)依照《公约》的目标和本议定书的规定，并充分考虑到《公约》缔约方会议的相关决定，促进和指导发展和定期改进由作为本议定书缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议议定的、旨在有效履行本议定书的可比较的方法学;(f)就任何事项作出为履行本议定书所必需的建议;(g)根据第十一条第2款，设法动员额外的资金;(h)设立为履行本议定书而被认为必要的附属机构;(i)酌情寻求和利用各主管国际组织和政府间及非政府机构提供的服务、合作和信息;(j)行使为履行本议定书所需的其它职能，并审议《公约》缔约方会议的决定所导致的任何任务。
2024年《京都议定书》全文(二篇)
《京都议定书》全文（二）《京都议定书》全文（二）第七部分：其他问题第二十九条发展中国家合同方应采取行动，以满足经济和社会发展的需求，支持气候变化问题的应对。
这些行动包括，但不限于：(a) 减少温室气体排放的技术转让和合作；(b) 资金的提供，包括给予发展中国家合同方可行性和补偿的经济和技术援助。
合同方应同时考虑送达资金的有效性、透明度和民主性。
对于两只机构的作用予以认可；(c) 双多边机构应鼓励从互利共赢的基础上发展国际交易。
第三十条合同方应省视和展示最好的技术，以达到地理、环保和社会条件包容性的充分利用，而不实行为了管理温室气体排放而影响贸易的保护措施。
应对气候变化问题所采取的任何举措应该不会导致构成贸易措施的多边环境协议的影响。
第三十一条合同方应鼓励和引导各方充分参与温室气体排放减少、应对气候变化、适应气候变化和减缓气候变化的相关活动。
以实现国内行动的透明度、有效性和公众参与。
第三十二条为更好地了解国家排放水平和能力，合同方应鼓励和促进建立鼓励和监测碳排放的国家能力。
第三十三条为监测、报告和验证行动的结果，合同方应鼓励和支持相互协助和合作，包括推进共同数据标准和方法，以实现国家行动的透明度和有效性。
第三十四条为推动并促进技术研发、扩散和转让，合同方应鼓励并支持双多边机构开展合作研究、项目合作和共享信息。
第三十五条为实现减排目标，合同方应鼓励和支持有关部门和机构之间的合作，以推动减排措施和适应气候变化的措施。
第八部分：机构第三十六条为实施《京都议定书》的目标和条款，设立一个执行机构。
该执行机构应监测和促进《京都议定书》的有关措施的实施，并提供及时信息和进行信息交流的机制。
该执行机构应给予合同方支持和服务，以提高合同方的能力。
第三十七条为评估合同方履行义务的情况，设立一个合同方的执行执行机构。
该执行执行机构应负责根据《京都议定书》的规定，评估合同方履行和管理方案和政策的可行性、透明度和有效性。
第三十八条合同方应设立一个有符合《京都议定书》目标的秘书处，以提供并维护合同方之间的有效沟通和合作。
京都议定书
Mister Bush said that the agreement sets unfair differences between industrial and developing nations. He also said that the treaty could cause some Americans to lose their jobs. After the United States rejected the Kyoto Protocol, approval by Russia was necessary for the agreement to come into force. Russia approved the Protocol in November, 2004. The Kyoto Protocol went into effect on February 16, 2005. One hundred fifty-seven countries have approved the agreement.
• Nations responsible for at least fifty-five percent of the world's industrial carbon dioxide emissions had to approve the agreement before it could go into effect. The European Union and many other industrial nations quickly approved the Kyoto Protocol.
Participation in the Kyoto Protocol, as of June，2009 Green = Countries that have signed and ratified the treaty Grey = Countries that have not yet decided Red = No intention to ratify（签认） at this stage.
京都议定书
京都议定书京都议定书第六条1.为履行第三条的承诺的目的，附件一所列任一缔约方可以向任何其它此类缔约方转让或从它们获得由任何经济部门旨在减少温室气体的各种源的人为排放或增强各种汇的人为清除的项目所产生的减少排放单位，但：(a)任何此类项目须经有关缔约方批准;(b)任何此类项目须能减少源的排放，或增强汇的清除，这一减少或增强对任何以其它方式发生的减少或增强是额外的;(c)缔约方如果不遵守其依第五条和第七条规定的义务，则不可以获得任何减少排放单位;(d)减少排放单位的获得应是对为履行依第三条规定的承诺而采取的本国行动的补充。
2.作为本议定书缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议，可在第一届会议或在其后一旦实际可行时，为履行本条、包括为核查和报告进一步制订指南。
3.附件一所列一缔约方可以授权法律实体在该缔约方的负责下参加可导致依本条产生、转让或获得减少排放单位的行动。
4.如依第八条的有关规定查明附件一所列一缔约方履行本条所指的要求有问题，减少排放单位的转让和获得在查明问题后可继续进行，但在任何遵守问题获得解决之前，一缔约方不可使用任何减少排放单位来履行其依第三条的承诺。
第七条1.附件一所列每一缔约方应在其根据《公约》缔约方会议的相关决定提交的《蒙特利尔议定书》未予管制的温室气体的各种源的人为排放和各种汇的清除的年度清单内，载列将根据下述第4款确定的为确保遵守第三条的目的而必要的补充信息。
2.附件一所列每一缔约方应在其依《公约》第十二条提交的国家信息通报中载列根据下述第4款确定的必要的补充信息，以示其遵守本议定书所规定承诺的情况。
3.附件一所列每一缔约方应自本议定书对其生效后的承诺期第一年根据《公约》提交第一次清单始，每年提交上述第1款所要求的信息。
每一此类缔约方应提交上述第2款所要求的信息，作为在本议定书对其生效后和在依下述第4款规定通过指南后应提交的第一次国家信息通报的一部分。
其后提交本条所要求的信息的频度，应由作为本议定书缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议予以确定，同时考虑到《公约》缔约方会议就提交国家信息通报所决定的任何时间表。
(完整word版)《京都议定书》全文
京都议定书全文本议定书各缔约方，作为《联合国气候变化框架公约》（以下简称《公约》）缔约方，为实现《公约》第二条所述的最终目标，忆及《公约》的各项规定，在《公约》第三条的指导下，按照《公约》缔约方会议第一届会议在第１／ＣＰ．１号决定中通过的“柏林授权”，兹协议如下：第一条为本议定书的目的，《公约》第一条所载定义应予适用。
此外：１．“缔约方会议”指《公约》缔约方会议。
２．“公约”指１９９２年５月９日在纽约通过的《联合国气候变化框架公约》。
３．“政府间气候变化专门委员会”指世界气象组织和联合国环境规划署１９９８年联合设立的政府间气候变化专门委员会。
４．“蒙特利尔议定书”指１９８７年９月１６日在蒙特利尔通过、后经调整和修正的《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》。
５．“出席并参加表决的缔约方”指出席会议并投赞成票或反对票的缔约方。
６．“缔约方”指本议定书缔约方，除非文中另有说明。
７．“附件一所列缔约方”指《公约》附件一所列缔约方，包括可能作出的修正，或指根据《公约》第四条第２款（ｇ）项作出通知的缔约方。
第二条１．附件一所列每一缔约方，在实现第三条所述关于其量化的限制和减少排放的承诺时，为促进可持续发展，应：（ａ）根据本国情况执行和／或进一步制订政策和措施，诸如：（一）增强本国经济有关部门的能源效率；（二）保护和增强《蒙特利尔议定书》未予管制的温室气体的汇和库，同时考虑到其依有关的国际环境协议作出的承诺；促进可持续森林管理的做法、造林和再造林；（三）在考虑到气候变化的情况下促进可持续农业方式；（四）研究、促进、开发和增加使用新能源和可再生的能源、二氧化碳固碳技术和有益于环境的先进的创新技术；（五）逐步减少或逐步消除所有的温室气体排放部门违背《公约》目标的市场缺陷、财政激励、税收和关税免除及补贴，并采用市场手段；（六）鼓励有关部门的适当改革，旨在促进用以限制或减少《蒙特利尔议定书》未予管制的温室气体的排放的政策和措施；（七）采取措施在运输部门限制和／或减少《蒙特利尔议定书》未予管制的温室气体排放；（八）通过废物管理及能源的生产、运输和分配中的回收和利用限制和／或减少甲烷排放；（ｂ）根据《公约》第四条第２款（ｅ）项第（一）目，同其它此类缔约方合作，以增强它们依本条通过的政策和措施的个别和合并的有效性。
京都议定书全文(一)2024
京都议定书全文（一）第一部分：引言1. 合约方：本京都议定书（以下简称“本议定书”）的合约方包括《联合国气候变化框架公约》（以下简称“公约”）的缔约方。
2. 目的：本议定书旨在加强公约的执行，以实现公约第二条规定的减少温室气体排放的目标，并为此制定具体的计划和措施。
3. 原则：本议定书的执行应以公正、公平和有效的原则为基础。
第二部分：排放限制和减排策略4. 目标：合约方同意根据各自责任、能力和国情，以实现公约第二条规定的目标为导向，制定和实施减少温室气体排放的国家策略和措施。
5. 具体措施：合约方应定期提交减排目标和措施的国家报告，并根据报告的内容进行核查和评估。
6. 转让和交易：合约方可以通过灵活的机制，如排放权交易、减排项目等，实现减排目标并帮助其他合约方实现其减排目标。
第三部分：技术与经济合作7. 技术转让：合约方承认技术转让对于温室气体减排和适应气候变化非常重要，应加强技术合作与转让。
8. 资金支持：发达国家承诺向发展中国家提供财政和技术支持，以帮助其实现减排目标并适应气候变化。
9. 温室气体清单：合约方同意按照公约的规定，编制和更新国内的温室气体清单，以确保准确、全面和一致的数据。
第四部分：执行和制度安排10. 机构：本议定书设立执行机构，负责监督和推动各项措施的实施。
11. 惩罚和执行：合约方同意建立有效的惩罚和执行机制，确保各项义务得到切实履行。
12. 争端解决：争端应通过友好方式协商解决，如协商不能解决，则应采取适当的争端解决机制。
第五部分：最终条款13. 签署和批准：本议定书自2005年2月16日起对参与合约方生效，并经过各合约方的签署和批准程序。
14. 修改和补充：对于本议定书的任何修改和补充，应经合约方通过正式的程序进行。
15. 退出：任何合约方有权通过书面通知联合国秘书长宣布退出本议定书，但退出后仍应履行相应的义务。
结束语本京都议定书旨在加强全球对气候变化的应对措施，并通过各项具体措施和合作机制实现减少温室气体排放的目标。
《京都议定书》致力温室气体减排(2024两篇)
《京都议定书》致力温室气体减排（二）京都议定书是一项致力于减少温室气体排放的国际协议。
该协议于1997年12月11日在日本京都举行的联合国气候变化框架公约第三次缔约方会议上通过并签署，旨在对全球气候变化问题采取行动，并确定了发达国家在减少温室气体排放上的具体目标和承诺。
《京都议定书》的主要目标是通过减少温室气体的排放来遏制气候变化，并为减缓全球变暖的影响做出努力。
此协议要求发达国家在2008年至2012年期间减少温室气体排放量，其中最主要的温室气体就是二氧化碳。
各发达国家根据自身情况制定了具体的减排目标，其中包括欧洲联盟、日本、俄罗斯、加拿大等。
《京都议定书》在减排目标方面采取了“各尽所能、各自承担”的原则。
根据协议，各国需要根据其经济能力和责任水平来确定减排目标。
此外，该协议还包括了灵活的市场机制，如排放交易和清洁发展机制，以帮助各国达到减排目标。
减排目标的实现需要各国采取一系列的措施。
这些措施包括提高能源效率，增加可再生能源的使用，改善工业生产过程等。
各国也可以通过技术转让和资金援助来支持发展中国家实现减排目标。
此外，国际社会还需要加强对气候变化问题的研究和监测，以更好地应对气候变化的挑战。
《京都议定书》的签署和实施对于全球环境保护具有重要意义。
该协议为各国提供了一个合作框架，共同努力应对全球气候变化的挑战。
通过减少温室气体排放，可以减缓全球变暖的速度，并减少与气候变化相关的自然灾害的发生。
然而，虽然《京都议定书》为温室气体减排提供了基本框架，但协议也面临一些挑战。
其中一个挑战是如何确保各国按照协议履行自己的减排承诺。
由于减排目标的实现涉及到各国的经济和发展利益，因此可能存在国家间的利益冲突和纠纷。
另一个挑战是如何平衡发展中国家的需求和减排目标之间的关系。
发展中国家往往需要更多的能源和资源来支持经济发展，但同时也需要减少温室气体的排放。
因此，国际社会需要提供更多的支持和帮助，以确保发展中国家能够在减排方面取得实质性进展。
京都议定书(节能减碳)
• 非核家園→核能發電退除役→開發再生能 源→開發再生能源成本昂貴且緩不濟急→ 從先進國家的經驗來看，開發再生能源顯 然不足以達成非核家園的目標 • 當局如何配合調整政策步調，將未來的重 點放在節約能源和提升能源效率上，可能 更是值得努力的方向。
系統基模三 反
節約能源 提升能源效率
捨本逐末
反
維持經濟成長 非核家園的目標
核能發電退除役 開發再生能源
同
同 滯延 反
內部的能力
同
當外來的幫助者嘗試幫助解決問題的時候，一定會受到成員的 歡迎和感謝，幫助者企圖改善惡化的問題症狀，而且做得非常 成功，導致系統裡面的人一直沒學會如何自己處理問題。 解決之道：教人們釣魚，不要只是把魚給他們。 只能夠協助他們發展他們自己的資源與技術與迎接未來 所需的能力。教他們解決問題而非替他們解決問題。
• 節能的效益→減少溫室氣體的減量→減少空氣污 染物質的排放→降低能源依賴程度，尤其現在石 油價格飆漲，節約能源的重要性更是益加凸顯。 政府仍然刻意壓低油價→並未反映社會成本→反 而造成民眾缺乏節能意識，節能成效不彰→未來 面對溫室氣體減量的壓力，顯然有必要檢討當前 的能源價格政策。 •
系統基模三 反
京都議定書
管制全球溫室氣體排放的國際規範
排放量台灣在第二十四位
美國排放量最大（36%） 溫室氣體最主要來自於化石燃料（煤、油）的燃燒 例如工廠的生產、交通運輸工具的使用 經濟成長→能源消費→溫室氣體排放量 降低能源使用量，難免會對經濟產生衝擊。這是為了全球人類的永 續發展必須付出的相對代價，也需要好好研擬對策，在維持經濟成 長和溫室氣體減量兩個目標之間，維持平衡。
節約能源 提升能源效率
捨本逐末
反
溫室氣體排放 石油價格飆漲 政府仍然刻意壓低油價
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联合国气候变化框架公约的京都议定书联合国气候变化框架公约第三次缔约国会议于1997年12月10目在京都通过。
中国常驻联合国代表秦华孙代表中国政府。
于1998年5月29日农联合国秘书处签署了该议定书。
本议定书缔约方，作为《联合国气候变化框架公约》一以下简称《公约》一缔约方，根据《公约》第二条所申明的最终目标，忆及《公约》的规定，在《公约》第三条的指导下，按照《公约》缔约方会议第一届会议在第l/号决定中通过的“柏林授权”兹协议如下：第一条为本议定书之目的，应适用《公约》第一条中所载定义。
此外：1.“缔约方会议”指《公约》缔约方会议。
2.《公约》指1992年5月9日在纽约通过的《联合国气候变化框架公约》。
3.“政府间气候变化专门委员会”指世界气象组织和联合国环境规划署1988年联合设立的政府间气候变化专门委员会。
4.“蒙特利尔议定书”指1987年9月16日在蒙特利尔通过的、后来经调整和修订的《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》。
5.“出席并参加表决的缔约方”指出席会议并投票赞成或反对的缔约方。
6.“缔约方”指本议定书缔约方，除非案文中另有说明。
7.“附件一所列缔约方”指《公约》附件一所列缔约方。
其中所列缔约方可由《公约》缔约方会议随后作出修正，或指根据《公约》第四条第2款（g）项作出通知的缔约方。
第二条1.附件一所列每一缔约方，为履行第三条中关于排放量限制和削减指标的承诺以促进可持续发展，均应：(a) 根据本国情况执行和/或进一步精心制订政策和措施，诸如：增强国家经济有关部门的能源效率；保护和增强《蒙特利尔议定书》未予管制的温室气体的汇和库。
同时考虑到其依有关的国际环境协议作出的承诺；促进可持续森林管理做法、造林和重新造林；在考虑到气候变化的情况下促进可持续农业形式；促进、研究、发展和增加使用可再生能源、二氧化碳螯合技术和对环境无害的先进新技术；逐渐减少或逐步消除市场缺点、对违反《公约》目标和采用市场手段的所有温窒气体排放部门的财政鼓励、免税攒施和补贴；鼓励在有关部门作出适当改革，旨在促进用以限制或削减《蒙特利尔议定书》未予管制的温室气体的排放的政策和做法；采取措施在运输部门限制和/或削减《蒙特利尔议定书》未予管制的温室气体排放在废物管理部门以及在能源的生产、运输和销售方面藉回收和使用以减少甲烷的排放；(b) 根据《公约》第四条第2款（e）项第（一）目，同其他这类缔约方合作增强它们依本条通过的政策和措施的个别和合并成效。
为此目的。
这些缔约方应采取步骤分享它们关于这些政策和措施的经验并交流信息。
包括设法改进这些政策和措施的可比性、透明度和成效，作为本议定书缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议应在第一届会议上或在此后一旦实际可行时审议便利这种合作的方法，同时考虑到所有相关情况。
2.附件一所列缔约方应分别同国际民用航空组织和国际海事组织一起谋求限制或削减飞机和船舶用燃油产生的《蒙特利尔议定书》未予管制的温室气体的排放；3.附件一所列缔约方应依本条努力执行政策和措施，尽量减少各种不利影响，包括对气候变化的不利影响、对国际贸易的影响、以及对其他缔约方一尤其是发展中国家缔约方和《公约》第四条第8款和第9款中所指明的那些缔约方的社会、环境和经济影响，同时考虑到《公约》第三条。
作为本议定书缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议可以酌情采取进一步行动促进本款规定的实施。
4.作为本议定书缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议如决定就上述第1款（a）项中所指任何政策和措施进行协凋是有益助的，同时考虑到国家情况和潜在作用不一，则应考虑设法推动对这些政策和措施的协调。
第三条1.附件一所列缔约方应个别地或共同地确保附件A所列温室气体的其人为二氧化碳当量排放总量不超过按照附件B中所记其排放量限制和削减承诺和根据本条的规定所计算的其分配数量，以期这类气体的其全部排放量在2008年至2012年承诺期间削减到1990年水乎之下5％。
2.附件一所列缔约方应到2005年时在履行依本议定书规定的其承诺中作出可予证实的进展。
3.在自1990年以来直接由人引起的土地利用改变和森林活动限于造林、重新遣林和砍伐森林产生的源的温室气体排放和汇的清除方面的净变化，作为每个承诺期间贮存方面可核查的变化来衡量，应用来达到附件一所列每一缔约方在本条中的承诺。
与这些活动相关的源的温窒气体排放和汇的清除应以透明且可核查的方式作出通报，并依第七条和第八条作出审查。
4.在作为本议定书缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第一届会议之前，附件一所列每一缔约方应提供数据供附属科技咨询机构审议，以便确定其1990年的碳贮存并能对以后各年的碳贮存方面的变化作出估计。
作为本议定书缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议应在第一届会议或在其后尽早实际可行时。
就与农用土壤和土地利用改变和森林等类温室气体排放和清除方面变化有关的哪些因人引起的其他活动是否应加到附件一所列缔约方的分配数量中或从中减去的模式、规定和指南作出决定，同时考虑到各种不确定性、报告透明度、可核查性、政府间气候变化专门委员会的工作方法、附属科技咨询机构根据第五条提供的咨询意见以及《公约》缔约方会议的决定。
这一决定应在第二个和以后的承诺期适用。
一缔约方可为其第一个承诺期间就这些额外的因人而引起的活动作出这一决定，但这些活动须自1990年以来己经进行。
5.其基准年或期间系根据《公约》缔约方会议第二届会议第9/号决定确定的、正在向市场经济过渡的附件一所列缔约方在履行其本条中的承诺时应以该基准年或期间为准。
正在向市场经济过渡但尚未依《公约》第十二条提交其第一次国家信息通报的附件一所列任何其他缔约方也可通知作为本议定书缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议它有意为履行依本条规定的承诺使用除1990年以外的某一历史基准年或期间。
作为本议定书缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议应就这种通知的接受作出决定。
6.考虑到《公约》第四条第6款，在履行其除本条中那些承诺以外的承诺方面，作为本议定书缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议应允许正在向市场经济过渡的附件一所列缔约方某种程度的灵活性。
7.附件一所列每一缔约方的分配数量，在从2008年至2012年第一个排放量限制和削减承诺期，应等于在附件B中对附件A所列温室气体在1990年或按照上述第5款确定的基准年或期间内其总的人为二氧化碳当量排放总量所记的其百分比乘以5。
土地利用改变和林业对其构成1990年温室气体排放净来源的附件一所列这些缔约方，应为了计算它们的分配数量，在它们的1990年排放基准年或基准期包括人为二氧化碳当量排放总量减去1990年士地利用改变产生的清除。
8.附件一所列缔约方，为了上述第7款所指计算的目的，可使用1995年作为氢氟碳化物、全氟化碳和六氟化硫的基准年。
9.附件一所列缔约方对以后期间的承诺应在对本议定书附件B的修正中加以确定，这类附件应根据第二十条第7款的规定予以通过。
作为本议定书缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议应至少在上述第7款中所指第一个承诺期结束之前七年开始审议这类承诺。
10.一缔约方根据第六条和第十六条之二规定从另一缔约方获得的任何排放削减单位或一个分配数量的任何部分。
应计入该缔约方的分配数量。
11.一缔约方根据第六条和第十六条之二转让给另一缔约方的任何排放削减单位或一个分配数量的任何部分，应从该缔约方的分配数量中减去。
12.一缔约方根据第十二条规定从另一缔约方获得的任何经证明的排放削减单位应记入该缔约方的分配数量。
13.如附件所列在承诺期间内的排放少于其依本条确定的分配数量，这一差额。
经该缔约方的要求，应记入该缔约方以后的承诺期的分配数量。
14.附件一所列每一缔约方应以将对发展中国家缔约方、尤其是《公约》第四条第8款和第9款所指那些缔约方不利的社会、环境和经济影响降低到最低程度的方式履行上述第1款中所指的承诺。
依照《公约》缔约方会议关于履行这些条款的相关决定，作为本议定书缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议应在本议定书生效后在其第一届会议审议可采取何种必要行动尽量减少气候变化的不利影响和/或依这些条款采取的对应措施对缔约方的影响。
须予审议的问题应是资金筹措、保险和技术转让。
第四条1.凡同意共同履行第三条规定的其承诺的附件一所列缔约方，只要附件A中所列温室气体的其合并人为二氧化碳当量排放总量不超过附件B中所记根据其排放量限制和削减承诺和根据第三条规定计算的分配数量，就应被认为履行了这些承诺。
分配给协议各缔约方的各自排放水平应载明于该协议。
2.任何这类协议的各缔约方应在它们交存批准、挂受、核准或加入文书之日将协议条件通知秘书处。
秘书处应接着将协议条件或修正或撒销协议的任何决定通知《公约》缔约方和签署方。
3.协议应在第三条第7款所指承诺期的持续期间继续实施。
4.如果缔约方在区域经济一体化组织的框架内连同该组织一起共同行事，该组织的组成在本议定书通过后的任何改变不应影响到依本议定书确定的现有承诺。
该组织在组成上的这一改变只应用于继该改变后通过的依第三条规定的这些承诺。
5.如这类协议的缔约方未能达到它们的合并排放削减水平，这一协议的每一缔约方应对协议中载明的它的排放水平负责。
6.如果缔约方在一个本身为议定书缔约方的区域经济一体化组织的框架内连同该组织一起共同行事，该区城经济一体化组织的每一成员国单独地和连同按照第二十三条行事的区域经济一体化组织一起，如未能达到总计合并排放削减水平，则应依本条作出的通知对其排放水平负责。
第五条1.附件一所列每一缔约方，应在不迟于第一个承诺期开始前一年，确立一个估算《蒙特利尔议定书》未予管制的所有温室气体的各种源的人为排放和各种汇的清除的国家制度。
应体现下述第2款所指方法的此类国家制度指南应由作为本议定书缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第一届会议决定。
2.估算《蒙特利尔议定书》未予管制的所有温窒气体的各种源的人为排放和各种汇的清除的方法应是政府间气候变化专门委员会接受的方法，并且是《公约》缔约方会议第三届会议所议定的。
如不使用这种方法。
则应根据作为本议定书缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第一届会议议定的方法作出适当调整。
作为本议定书缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议应基于特别是政府闻气候变化专门委员会的工作和附属科技咨询机构提供的咨询意见。
定期审查和酌情修订这些方法和作出调整，同时充分考虑到《公约》缔约方会议作出的任何有关决定。
对方法或调整的任何修订应只用于为了在继该修订后通过的任何承诺期查明避守第三条规定的承诺。
3.用以计算附件A所列《蒙特利尔议定书》未予管制的温室气体的各种源的人为排放和各种汇的清除的全球升温潜能值应是政府间气候变化专门委员会按受的升温潜值。
并且是由《公约》缔约方会议第三届会议议定的。
作为本议定书缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议应基于特别是政府间气候变化专门委员会的工作和附属科技咨询机构提供的咨询意见。