英语论文文献综述
英语专业毕业论文文献综述要求和格式
英语专业毕业论文文献综述报告的基本要求文献综述是作者对某一方面问题的历史背景、前人工作、争论焦点、研究现状和发展前景等内容进行评论的论文。
文献综述要求对文献资料进行综合分析、归纳整理，使材料更精练明确、更有逻辑层次；并对综合整理后的文献进行比较专门的、全面的、深入的、系统的论述。
牛顿说过：如果我能比别人看得更远些，那是因为我站在前人肩上的缘故。
对于撰写本科毕业论文来说，一篇好的文献综述就能起到这样的作用。
撰写本科毕业论文需要做好一些基础性的工作。
其一是要了解前人关于这一课题研究的基本情况。
研究工作最根本的特点就是要有创造性，而不是重复别人走过的路。
熟悉前人对本课题的研究情况，可以避免重复研究的无效劳动，可以站在前人的基础上，从事更高层次、更有价值的研究。
其二是要掌握与课题相关的基础理论知识。
理论基础扎实，研究工作才能有一个坚实的基础，否则，没有理论基础，你就很难深入研究下去，很难有真正的创造。
上述两项基础性工作，在文献综述中得到了充分的体现。
文献综述是由学生通过系统地查阅与所选课题相关的国内外文献，进行搜集、整理、加工，从而撰写出综合性叙述和评价的文章。
在文献综述中，要较全面地反映与本课题直接相关的国内外研究成果，特别是近年来的最新成果和发展趋势，也要指出该课题需要进一步解决的问题。
通过文献综述对中外研究成果的比较和评价，不仅可以进一步阐明本课题选题的意义，还可以为本课题组织材料、形成观点奠定基础。
文献综述的写作是本科学生毕业论文创作中一次重要的研究实践活动。
文献综述的写作能反映出学生多方面的能力，其中主要的则是中外文献阅读能力和综合分析能力。
（二）文献综述的基本特征文献是指用文字、图形、符号、声频、视频等技术手段记录知识的载体，是各种资料的总称。
文献综述的基本特征可以概括为下面三点。
第一，综合性。
文献综述是对某一时期同一课题的所有主要研究成果的综合概括。
因此，要尽可能把所有重要研究成果搜集到手，并作认真的加工、整理和分析，使各种流派的观点清楚明晰，不要遗漏重要的流派和观点。
英文文献综述标准范文(精选4篇)
英文文献综述标准范文(精选4篇)
1.如何写英语毕业论文的文献综述
1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。
2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。
（短篇论文不必列目录）
3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。
字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。
4、关键词或主题词：关键
词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容
有实质意义的词汇。
关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，
以供读者检索。
每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排
在“提要”的左下方。
英语毕业论文文献综述
英语毕业论文文献综述英语毕业论文文献综述在进行英语毕业论文写作之前，文献综述是一个不可或缺的环节。
文献综述是指对已有学术研究成果的梳理、总结和评述，为研究者提供了一个深入了解研究领域的机会。
通过文献综述，研究者可以了解前人的研究进展、发现研究的空白和问题，并为自己的研究提供理论和方法的支持。
在进行文献综述时，研究者需要选择适当的文献来源。
一般来说，学术期刊、学术会议论文和学位论文是最常见的文献来源。
这些文献来源都经过同行评审，具有一定的学术可信度。
此外，研究者还可以参考相关的专业书籍和研究报告，以获取更全面的研究资料。
在选择文献时，研究者需要明确自己的研究问题和目标。
只有选择与自己研究方向相关的文献，才能确保文献综述的有效性。
此外，研究者还需要注意文献的时效性。
由于学术研究的不断进展，过时的文献可能无法反映当前的研究动态。
因此，研究者应该选择最新的文献，以保证文献综述的准确性和权威性。
在进行文献综述时，研究者需要对文献进行系统的整理和分类。
可以根据研究问题的不同，将文献按主题、方法、理论等方面进行分类。
通过分类整理，研究者可以更清晰地了解前人的研究进展和观点。
同时，分类整理还有助于研究者发现前人研究的不足之处，为自己的研究提供启示和借鉴。
在进行文献综述时，研究者还需要对文献进行评价和分析。
评价和分析是文献综述的重要环节，可以帮助研究者发现前人研究的优点和不足，并为自己的研究提供参考。
研究者可以根据文献的质量、方法和结论等方面进行评价和分析。
此外，研究者还可以对文献的研究设计、样本选择和数据分析等方面进行评价和分析，以判断文献的可信度和适用性。
在进行文献综述时，研究者还需要注意文献的引用和参考。
在引用文献时，研究者应该遵循学术规范，注明文献的作者、标题、出版年份和出版社等信息。
同时，研究者还需要将引用的文献列入参考文献列表，以便读者查阅。
正确的引用和参考可以提高文献综述的可信度和权威性，避免学术不端和抄袭行为的发生。
英文文献综述标准范文
英文文献综述标准范文下面是店铺为大家整理的一些关于“英文文献综述标准范文”的资料，供大家参阅。
英文文献综述范文How to Write a Literature Review ?I. The definition of Literature Review文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研论文中重要的文体之一。
它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础，就某个专题的历史背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。
通过阅读文献综述，科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息，了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。
II. The purposes of literature review And Its ComponentsA. The PurposesOn the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focusedresearch question.B. Its ComponentsThere are six parts in a complete Literature Review.标题与作者(title and author)摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)引言(introduction)述评(review)结论(conclusion)参考文献(references)III. Classification of Source MaterialsHow can we locate the materials relevant to our topics betterand faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.A: Background sources:Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries andencyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.B: Primary sourcesThose providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields toomany results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.C: Secondary sourcesThose providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, bookreviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors orwriters and their works, etc. Secondary sources will informmost of your writingin college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use andwill help you interpret those primary sources. T o use theme well, however, youneed to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need toanalyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.D: Web sourcesThe sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellentresource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Websources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. Youmay start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excit e, etc. It’s agood idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in itsown way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for theauthorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you useinformation. The currency of website information should also be taken intoaccount. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literaturereviewA. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sourcesIf you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work andthe other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paperon a topic without reading the original source.B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesisRemember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depthProbably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention WilliamLittlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topicin depth. Choose those.D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged expertsIf you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist onTask-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,Choose the article by the expert.E. Choosing the most current sourcesIf your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in ascientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all thebooks on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information inperiodicals.V. Writing a literature ReviewA. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.6. Criticism of the work in the area.B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.C. Some tips for writing the review:1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the mostrelated references last.3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.4. Start writing your review early.VI. 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和注意事项主要部分细节提示：引言(Introduction)引言是文献综述正文的开始部分，主要包括两个内容：一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围和内容。
英语论文文献综述(描述研究现状)
General descriptions of the relevant literature:A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies .... There is a large volume of published studies describing the role of ....The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with ....The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how .... During the past 30 years much more information has become available on ....In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of literature on ....A large and growing body of literature has investigated ....General reference to previous research/scholarly activity (usually more than one author) Many historians have argued that .... (eg. Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994) Numerous studies have attempted to explain .... (for example, Smith , 1996; Kelly, 1998; Johnson, 2002)Recent evidence suggests that .... (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001) Recently, in vitro studies have shown that T.thermophylus EFTu can .... (Patel et al., 1997; Jones et al., 1998).Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) have shown that ....Several attempts have been made to .... (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001) Several studies have revealed that it is not just X that acts on ..... (Smith, 1996; Jones ....Several biographies of Harris have been published. Smith presents an .... account, whilst Jones ....Several studies investigating X have been carried out on ....Data from several sources have identified the increased morbidity and mortality associated with obesityPrevious studies have reported .... (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1992). Previous research findings into X have been inconsistent and contradictory (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999, ....A number of studies have found that .... (Smith , 2003; Jones, 2004).Twenty cohort study analyses have examined the relationship between ....At least 152 case-control studies worldwide have examined the relationship between..... Other studies have considered the relationship ....The relationship between X and Y has been widely investigated (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987, ....The causes of X have been widely investigated (Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994). The geology of X has been addressed in several small-scale investigations and .....Xs have been identified as major contributing factors for the decline of many species (1). X has also been shown to reverse the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids in murine-induced arthritis (11).I t has been suggested that levels of X are independent of the size of the Y (Smith et al., 1995)It has conclusively been shown that X and Y increase Z (Smith et al., 1999; Jones, 2001 ....It has been demonstrated that a high intake of X results in damage to .... (Smith, 1998; .... Reference to current state of knowledgeA relationship exists between an individual's working memory and their ability to ...... (Jones et al.,1998).GM varieties of maize are able to cross-pollinate with non-GM varieties (Smith, 1998; Jones, 1999).There is an unambiguous relationship between spending on education and economic development (Rao, 1998).X is one of the most intense reactions following CHD (Lane, 2003).MIF has been found to oppose the anti-inflammatory actions of X on Y (Alourfi, 2004). Reference to single investigations in the past: researcher(s) as sentence subjectWang et al. (2004) have recently developed a methodology for the selective introduction of ......Reference to single investigations or publications in the past: time frame prominentIn 1975, Smith et al. published a paper in which they described ....In 1990 Patel et al. demonstrated that replacement of H2O with heavy water led to .... Thirty years later, Smith (1974) reported three cases of Candida Albicans which ....In the 1950s Gunnar Myrdal pointed to some of the ways in which …. (Myrdal, 1957) In 1981, Smith and co workers demonstrated that X induced in vitro resistance to .... In 1990, El-Guerrouj et al. reported a new and convenient synthetic procedure to obtain ....In 1984 Jones et al. made several amino acid esters of X and evaluated them as water-soluble pro-drugs.Reference to single publication: no time frameSmith has written the most complete synthesis to date of ....Reference to single investigations in the past: investigation prominent Preliminary work on X was undertaken by Abdul Karim (1992).The first systematic study of X was reported by Patel et al. in 1986.The study of the structural behaviour of X was first carried out by Rao et al. (1986)..... Analysis of the genes involved in X was first carried out by Smith et al (1983).A recent study by Smith and Jones (2001) involved ....A longtitudinal study of X by Smith (2002) reports that ....A small scale study by Smith (2002) reaches different conclusions, finding no increase in ....Smith's cross-country analysis (2002) showed that ....Smith's comparative study (2002) found that ....Detailed examination of X by Smith and Patel (1961) showed that ....In another major study, Zhao (1974) found that just over half of the ....In a randomised controlled study of X, Smith (2004) reported that ....In a large longitudinal study, Boucahy et al. 2004) investigated the incidence of X in Y. Reference to single investigations in the past: research topic as subjectClassical conditioning was first demonstrated experimentally by Pavlov (Smith, 2002). In his seminal study ....The electronic spectroscopy of X was first studied by Smith and Douglas 1 in 1970 The acid-catalyzed condensation reaction between X and Y was first reported by Baeyer in 1872X formed the central focus of a study by Smith (2002) in which the author found ....X was originally isolated from Y in a soil sample from .... (Wang et al., 1952).The way in which the X gene is regulated was studied extensively by Ho and colleagues (Ho et al. 1995 and 1998).To determine the effects of X, Zhao et al (2005) compared ....Reference to what other writers do in their text (author as subject)Smith (2003) identifies poor food, bad housing, inadequate hygiene and large families as the major causes of ....Rao (2003) lists three reasons why the English language has become so dominant. These are: ....Smith (2003) traces the development of Japanese history and philosophy during the 19th century.Jones(2003) provides in-depth analysis of the work of Aristotle showing its relevance to contemporary times.Smith (2003) draws our attention to distinctive categories of motivational beliefs often observed in ....Smith (2003) defines evidence based medicine as the conscious, explicit and judicious use of .....Rao (2003) highlights the need to break the link between economic growth and transport growth .....Smith (2003) discusses the challenges and strategies for facilitating and promoting .... Toh (2003) mentions the special situation of Singapore as an example of ....Smith (2003) questions whether mainstream schools are the best environment for .... Smith (2003) considers whether countries work well on cross-border issues such as .... Smith (2003) uses examples of these various techniques as evidence that ....Some analysts (e.g. Carnoy, 2002) have attempted to draw fine distinctions between .... Other authors (see Harbison, 2003; Kaplan, 2004) question the usefulness of such an approach.Reference to other writers' ideas (author as subject)According to Smith (2003), preventative medicine is far more cost effective, and therefore better adapted to the developing world.This view is supported by Jones (2000) who writes ....Smith argues that her data support O'Brien's (1988) view that ....As Smith reminds us, ....Elsewhere, Smith has argued that ....Some ways of introducing quotationsIn the final part of the Theses, Marx writes: "Philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways; the point ...."Sachs concludes: "The idea of development stands today like a ruin in the intellectual landscape…" (Sachs, 1992a: 156).As Smith argues: "In the past, the purpose of education was to ...." (Smith , 2000:150). As Carnoy (2004: 215) states: "there are many good reasons to be sceptical".Being CriticalAs an academic writer, you are expected to be critical of the sources that you use. This essentially means questioning what you read and not necessarily agreeing with it just because the information has been published. Being critical can also mean looking forreasons why we should not just accept something as being correct or true. This can require you to identify problems with a writer's arguments or methods, or perhaps to refer to other people's criticisms of these. Constructive criticism goes beyond this by suggesting ways in which a piece of research or writing could be improved. ...... being against is not enough. We also need to develop habits of constructive thinking. Edward de BonoIntroducing questions, problems and limitations (theory)One question that needs to be asked, however, is whether ......A serious weakness with this argument, however, is that ......One of the limitations with this explanation is that it does not explain why... .One criticism of much of the literature on X is that ......The key problem with this explanation is that ......The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y. However, there is an inconsistency with this argument.Smith's argument relies too heavily on qualitative analysis of ......It seems that Jones' understanding of the X framework is questionable.Smith's interpretation overlooks much of the historical research ......One major criticism of Smith's work is that .....Many writers have challenged Jones' claim on the grounds that .......X's analysis does not take account of ..... nor does he examine ......Introducing questions, problems and limitations (method/practice)Another problem with this approach is that it fails to take X into account. Perhaps the most serious disadvantage of this method is that .....Difficulties arise, however, when an attempt is made to implement the policy. Nevertheless, the strategy has not escaped criticism from governments, agencies and academics.One major drawback of this approach is that ......The main limitation of biosynthetic incorporation, however, is ......However, this method of analysis has a number of limitations.However, approaches of this kind carry with them various well known limitations. All the studies reviewed so far, however, suffer from the fact that ....... However, there are limits to how far the idea of/concept of X can be taken. However, such explanations tend to overlook the fact that......However, one of the problems with the instrument the researchers used to measure X was ......Identifying a study's weaknessOffering constructive suggestionsA better study would examine a large, randomly selected sample of societies with ......A much more systematic study would identify how X interacts with other variables that are believed to be linked to ......Highlighting inadequacies of previous studiesMost studies in the field of X have only focussed on ......Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about ......Such expositions are unsatisfactory because they .....However, few writers have been able to draw on any structured research into the opinions and attitudes of ......The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y. Researchers have not treated X in much detail.Previous studies of X have not dealt with ......However, these studies used non-validated methods to measure .....Half of the studies evaluated failed to specify whether ......However, much of the research up to now has been descriptive in nature …. Although extensive research has been carried out on X, no single study exists which adequately covers ......However, these results were based upon data from over 30 years ago and it is unclear if these differences still persist.Introducing other people's criticismsHowever, Jones (2003) points out that .....Many analysts now argue that the strategy of X has not been successful. Jones (2003), for example, argues that .....Non-government agencies are also very critical of the new policies.The X theory has been / vigorously / strongly challenged in recent years by a number of writers.Smith's analysis has been criticised by a number of writers. Jones (1993), for example, points out that ……Smith's meta-analysis has been subjected to considerable criticism.The most important of these criticisms is that Smith failed to note that ......Jones (2003) is probably the best known critic of the X theory. He argues that .….The latter point has been devastatingly critiqued by Jones (2003).Critics have also argued that not only do social surveys provide an inaccurate measure ofX, but the......Critics question the ability of poststructuralist theory to provide ......More recent arguments against X have been summarised by Smith and Jones (1982): Jones (2003) is critical of the conclusions that Smith draws from his findings.。
英语专业文献综述模板及填写要求
英语专业文献综述模板及填写要求一、综述模板标题：文献综述摘要：本文综述了英语专业领域中的相关文献，主要包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论等方面的内容。
通过对已有文献的分析和总结，本文试图对该领域的研究现状进行梳理，并指出进一步研究的方向和重点。
本文旨在为学术界提供参考，促进该领域的研究进展。
关键词：英语专业、文献综述、研究现状、研究方向一、引言介绍英语专业研究领域的背景和意义，指出该领域的重要性和存在的问题。
二、研究目的明确本文的研究目的和意义，即对英语专业领域的相关文献进行综述和总结。
三、相关文献列举已有的相关文献，包括期刊论文、学术研究报告、学位论文等。
四、研究方法描述本文综述所采用的研究方法，如文献查阅、内容分析、统计分析等。
五、研究结果与讨论对已有文献进行分析和总结，总结该领域的研究现状，包括已取得的成果、存在的问题和不足之处等。
六、研究的局限性七、研究的进展和展望提出该领域进一步研究的方向和重点，为学者们提供参考和启示，推动该领域的研究进展。
八、结论总结本文综述的主要内容，强调研究的重要性和意义，呼吁学者们重视该领域的研究。
二、填写要求1.精确查找并引用相关文献，确保论述的准确和可靠性。
2.文献综述要体现对目前研究现状的理解和分析，避免一味陈述已有文献的内容。
3.对已有文献进行分析和总结时，应注重对其方法和结果的评价，有利于找出其优点和不足之处。
4.综述应注意对已有文献的研究的局限性和不足之处进行描述，避免过于绝对化的态度。
5.研究的进展和展望要有针对性和可行性，避免过于宏观和空泛的表述。
6.综述要注重逻辑性和条理性，避免内容的杂乱和重复。
总的来说，英语专业文献综述要准确、全面地总结和分析相关文献的研究现状，并提出明确的进一步研究方向和重点。
通过合理的论证和论述，为学术界提供参考，推动该领域的研究进展。
文献综述英文模板
文献综述英文模板撰写文献综述英文模板的步骤如下：1. Title: Use a clear and concise title that reflects the focus of your literature review.2. Abstract: Provide a brief overview of your literature review, including the research question, methods, key findings, and conclusions.3. Introduction: Explain the background and importance of your topic, introduce the research question, and outline the aims and objectives of your literature review.4. Literature Search Methodology: Describe the search strategy you used to identify relevant studies, including databases, keywords, and inclusion/exclusion criteria.5. Summary of Literature Reviewed: Highlight the key findings and themes from the studies you have included in your literature review, paying attention to their relevance to your research question.6. Analysis and Discussion: Analyze and compare the findings from the selected studies, exploring patterns, trends, and gaps in the literature. Discuss how these findings contribute to ourunderstanding of the topic and identify any limitations or biases in the research.7. Conclusion: Summarize the main points of your literature review and highlight its significance. Draw conclusions about the state of research on your topic and identify any gaps or future research directions.8. References: Cite all the studies included in your literature review using the appropriate referencing style (, APA, MLA).这是一个基本的文献综述英文模板，具体内容可能需要根据研究领域和主题进行调整。
英文文献综述万能模板范文
英文文献综述万能模板范文英文回答：Introduction.A literature review is a comprehensive survey of the existing research on a particular topic. It provides a critical analysis of the literature, identifying the key themes, gaps, and areas for future research. A well-written literature review can help readers quickly and easily understand the current state of knowledge on a topic.Steps to Writing a Literature Review.1. Define your topic. The first step is to define the scope of your literature review. This includes identifying the key concepts, variables, and research questions that you will be addressing.2. Search for relevant literature. Once you havedefined your topic, you need to search for relevant literature. This can be done through a variety of sources, including academic databases, Google Scholar, and library catalogs.3. Evaluate the literature. Once you have found a bodyof literature, you need to evaluate it to determine its relevance, quality, and credibility. This involves reading the abstracts and full text of the articles and assessing their strengths and weaknesses.4. Organize your review. Once you have evaluated the literature, you need to organize it into a logical structure. This may involve grouping the articles by theme, methodology, or research question.5. Write your review. The final step is to write your literature review. This should include a clear introduction, a body that discusses the key findings of the literature, and a conclusion that summarizes your findings andidentifies areas for future research.Tips for Writing a Literature Review.Be comprehensive. Include all of the relevant literature on your topic, even if it is not supportive of your hypothesis.Be critical. Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the literature, and identify any gaps in the research.Be clear and concise. Write in a clear and concise style, and avoid using jargon or technical language.Proofread carefully. Make sure to proofread your literature review carefully before submitting it.中文回答：文献综述的撰写步骤。
英文文献综述怎么写范文(汇总3篇)
拆解论文结构，是一个很好的理解论文，学习论文写作，同时提高逻辑思维和表达的方法。
方法其实很简单，但凡事不能一蹴而就。
但相信勤加练习以后，你一定会觉得看论文、写论文都不再那么那么痛苦。
最后再来复习一遍步骤吧：step 1：找到自己喜欢的文献综述。
step 2：提炼框架。
提取出文献综述中的结构性语句，得到该篇文献综述的框架。
step3：填答案。
根据得到的框架来有目的地查阅文献，提取相关信息，填上答案。
得到初稿。
step4：多选几篇。
重复之前的方法，对其反复拆解、组装，最终得到完全属于自己的litera ture review。
英文文献综述怎么写范文第2篇当我们已经提炼出一篇文献综述的框架，去填每个空的答案就比较容易了。
但因为论文最注重的就是理论支撑。
我们不能随便百度到答案就填上去。
我们在文献综述中引用的一切，都需要在原文中找到依据。
但去看原文实在太累了。
所以建议的方法是：先在知乎、Quora、学术论坛或者相关好懂的文献综述，看看他们是如何引用这篇paper，评价这篇paper的。
看完之后你的心里就已经有底了。
那么我们需要做的也很简单：1. 翻到相关部分2. 关键词定位 (快速找到答案）3. 同义词替换 (降重)文献综述是一种通过对已有文献进行梳理、分析和评价的方法，以形成系统性的综合性文献报告，探讨某个问题的现状、发展趋势以及未来研究方向的方法。
那么如何写优秀的文献综述呢？下面从几个角度为大家介绍。
1.明确研究目的和问题在写文献综述之前，先要明确自己的研究目的和问题，这有助于你在文献中寻找和汇总符合研究方向的文献资料，也能避免收集到不必要的资料浪费时间。
2.合理筛选文献来源3.分类整理文献资料在文献综述的写作过程中，需要将搜集到的文献进行分类整理，例如按照时间、地区、专业领域、研究角度等进行整合，方便后续的分析和总结。
4.分析比较文献中不同观点和研究方法通过对文献的比较和分析，可以了解研究领域发展的趋势、发现未解决的问题和矛盾，并提出自己的新的解决方法，这就需要作家具有较强的综合分析能力。
英语论文文献综述(描述研究现状)
General descriptions of the relevant literature:A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies ....There is a large volume of published studies describing the role of ....The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with ....The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how .... During the past 30 years much more information has become available on ....In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of literature on ....A large and growing body of literature has investigated ....General reference to previous research/scholarly activity <usually more than one author>Many historians have argued that .... <eg. Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994> Numerous studies have attempted to explain .... <for example, Smith , 1996; Kelly, 1998; Johnson, 2002>Recent evidence suggests that .... <Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001> Recently, in vitro studies have shown that T.thermophylusEFTu can .... <Patel et al., 1997; Jones et al., 1998>.Surveys such as that conducted by Smith <1988> have shown that ....Several attempts have been made to .... <Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001> Several studies have revealed that it is not just X that acts on ..... <Smith, 1996; Jones ....Several biographies of Harris have been published. Smith presents an .... account, whilst Jones ....Several studies investigating X have been carried out on ....Data from several sources have identified the increased morbidity and mortality associated with obesityPrevious studies have reported .... <Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1992>. Previous research findings into X have been inconsistent and contradictory <Smith, 1996; Jones 1999, ....A number of studies have found that .... <Smith , 2003; Jones, 2004>.Twenty cohort study analyses have examined the relationship between ....At least 152 case-control studies worldwide have examined the relationship between.....Other studies have considered the relationship ....The relationship between X and Y has been widely investigated <Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987, ....The causes of X have been widely investigated <Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990;Smith, 1994>.The geology of X has been addressed in several small-scale investigationsand .....Xs have been identified as major contributing factors for the decline of many species <1>.X has also been shown to reverse the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids in murine-induced arthritis <11>.I t has been suggested that levels of X are independent of the size of the Y <Smith et al., 1995>It hasconclusively been shown that X and Y increase Z <Smith et al., 1999; Jones, 2001 ....It has been demonstrated that a high intake of X results in damage to .... <Smith, 1998; ....Reference to current state of knowledgeA relationship exists between an individual's working memory and their ability to ...... <Jones et al.,1998>.GM varieties of maize are able to cross-pollinate with non-GM varieties <Smith, 1998; Jones, 1999>.There is an unambiguous relationship between spending on education and economic development <Rao, 1998>.X is one of the most intense reactions following CHD <Lane, 2003>.MIF has been found to oppose the anti-inflammatory actions of X on Y <Alourfi, 2004>.Reference to single investigations in the past: researcher<s> as sentence subjectWang et al. <2004> have recently developed a methodology for the selective introduction of ......Reference to single investigations or publications in the past: time frame prominentIn 1975, Smith et al. published a paper in which they described ....In 1990 Patel et al. demonstrated that replacement of H2O with heavy water led to .... Thirty years later, Smith <1974> reported three cases of Candida Albicans which .... In the 1950s Gunnar Myrdal pointed to some of the ways in which …. <Myrdal, 1957> In 1981, Smith and co workers demonstrated that X induced in vitro resistance to ....In 1990, El-Guerrouj et al. reported a new and convenient synthetic procedure to obtain ....In 1984 Jones et al. made several amino acid esters of X and evaluated them aswater-soluble pro-drugs.Reference to single publication: no time frameSmith has written the most complete synthesis to date of ....Reference to single investigations in the past: investigation prominent Preliminary work on X was undertaken by Abdul Karim <1992>.The first systematic study of X was reported by Patel et al. in 1986.The study of the structural behaviour of X was first carried out by Rao et al.<1986>.....Analysis of the genes involved in X was first carried out by Smith et al <1983>.A recent study by Smith and Jones <2001> involved ....A longtitudinal study of X by Smith <2002> reports that ....A small scale study by Smith <2002> reaches different conclusions, finding no increase in ....Smith's cross-country analysis <2002> showed that ....Smith's comparative study <2002> found that ....Detailed examination of X by Smith and Patel <1961> showed that ....In another major study, Zhao <1974> found that just over half of the ....In a randomised controlled study of X, Smith <2004> reported that ....In a large longitudinal study, Boucahy et al. 2004> investigated the incidence of X in Y.Reference to single investigations in the past: research topic as subjectClassical conditioning was first demonstrated experimentally by Pavlov <Smith, 2002>. In his seminal study ....The electronic spectroscopy of X was first studied by Smith and Douglas 1 in 1970 The acid-catalyzed condensation reaction between X and Y was first reported by Baeyer in 1872X formed the central focus of a study by Smith <2002> in which the author found .... X was originally isolated from Y in a soil sample from .... <Wang et al., 1952>.The way in which the X gene is regulated was studied extensively by Ho and colleagues <Ho et al. 1995 and 1998>.To determine the effects of X, Zhao et al <2005> compared ....Reference to what other writers do in their text <author as subject>Smith <2003> identifies poor food, bad housing, inadequate hygiene and large families as the major causes of ....Rao <2003> lists three reasons why the English language has become so dominant. These are: ....Smith <2003> traces the development of Japanese history and philosophy during the 19th century.Jones<2003> provides in-depth analysis of the work of Aristotle showing its relevance to contemporary times.Smith <2003> draws our attention to distinctive categories of motivational beliefs often observed in ....Smith <2003> defines evidence based medicine as the conscious, explicit and judicious use of .....Rao <2003> highlights the need to break the link between economic growth and transport growth .....Smith <2003> discusses the challenges and strategies for facilitating and promoting ....Toh <2003> mentions the special situation of Singapore as an example of ....Smith <2003> questions whether mainstream schools are the best environment for .... Smith <2003> considers whether countries work well on cross-border issues suchas ....Smith <2003> uses examples of these various techniques as evidence that ....Some analysts <e.g. Carnoy, 2002> have attempted to draw fine distinctions between ....Other authors <see Harbison, 2003; Kaplan, 2004> question the usefulness of such an approach.Reference to other writers' ideas <author as subject>According to Smith <2003>, preventative medicine is far more cost effective, and therefore better adapted to the developing world.This view is supported by Jones <2000> who writes ....Smith argues that her data support O'Brien's <1988> view that ....As Smith reminds us, ....Elsewhere, Smith has argued that ....Some ways of introducing quotationsIn the final part of the Theses, Marx writes: "Philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways; the point ...."Sachs concludes: "The idea of development stands today like a ruin in the intellectual landscape…" <Sachs, 1992a: 156>.As Smith argues: "In the past, the purpose of education was to ...." <Smith ,2000:150>.As Carnoy <2004: 215> states: "there are many good reasons to be sceptical".Being CriticalAs an academic writer, you are expected to be critical of the sources that you use. This essentially means questioning what you read and not necessarily agreeing with it just because the information has been published. Being critical can also mean looking for reasons why we should not just accept something as being correct or true. This can require you to identify problems with a writer's arguments or methods, or perhaps to refer to other people's criticisms of these. Constructive criticism goes beyond this by suggesting ways in which a piece of research or writing could be improved....... being against is not enough. We also need to develop habits of constructive thinking. Edward de BonoIntroducing questions, problems and limitations <theory>One question that needs to be asked, however, is whether ......A serious weakness with this argument, however, is that ......One of the limitations with this explanation is that it does not explain why... .One criticism of much of the literature on X is that ......The key problem with this explanation is that ......The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y. However, there is an inconsistency with this argument.Smith's argument relies too heavily on qualitative analysis of ......It seems that Jones' understanding of the X framework is questionable.Smith's interpretation overlooks much of the historical research ......One major criticism of Smith's work is that .....Many writers have challenged Jones' claim on the grounds that .......X's analysis does not take account of ..... nor does he examine ......Introducing questions, problems and limitations <method/practice>Another problem with this approach is that it fails to take X into account.Perhaps the most serious disadvantage of this method is that .....Difficulties arise, however, when an attempt is made to implement the policy. Nevertheless, the strategy has not escaped criticism from governments, agencies and academics.One major drawback of this approach is that ......The main limitation of biosynthetic incorporation, however, is ......However, this method of analysis has a number of limitations.However, approaches of this kind carry with them various well known limitations. All the studies reviewed so far, however, suffer from the fact that .......However, there are limits to how far the idea of/concept of X can be taken.However, such explanations tend to overlook the fact that......However, one of the problems with the instrument the researchers used to measure X was ......Identifying a study's weaknessOffering constructive suggestionsA better study would examine a large, randomly selected sample of societies with ......A much more systematic study would identify how X interacts with other variables that are believed to be linked to ......Highlighting inadequacies of previous studiesMost studies in the field of X have only focussed on ......Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about ......Such expositions are unsatisfactory because they .....However, few writers have been able to draw on any structured research into the opinions and attitudes of ......The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y. Researchers have not treated X in much detail.Previous studies of X have not dealt with ......However, these studies used non-validated methods to measure .....Half of the studies evaluated failed to specify whether ......However, much of the research up to now has been descriptive in nature …. Although extensive research has been carried out on X, no single study exists which adequately covers ......However, these results were based upon data from over 30 years ago and it is unclear if these differences still persist.Introducing other people's criticismsHowever, Jones <2003> points out that .....Many analysts now argue that the strategy of X has not been successful. Jones<2003>, for example, argues that .....Non-government agencies are also very critical of the new policies.The X theory has been / vigorously / strongly challenged in recent years by a number of writers.Smith's analysis has been criticised by a number of writers. Jones <1993>, for example, points out that ……Smith's meta-analysis has been subjected to considerable criticism.The most important of these criticisms is that Smith failed to note that ......Jones <2003> is probably the best known critic of the X theory. He argues that .…. The latter point has been devastatingly critiqued by Jones <2003>.Critics have also argued that not only do social surveys provide an inaccurate measure of X, but the......Critics question the ability of poststructuralist theory to provide ......More recent arguments against X have been summarised by Smith and Jones <1982>: Jones <2003> is critical of the conclusions that Smith draws from his findings.。
英语学科方面的文献综述范文3000字
英语学科方面的文献综述范文3000字全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: A Literature Review on the English Language SubjectIntroductionEnglish language is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world and is the primary language of communication in many fields such as education, business, and diplomacy. Understanding the significance of the English language, it is essential to explore the various aspects of the English language subject, which would contribute to our knowledge and practices in teaching and learning English. This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current research on the English language subject, focusing on its teaching methodologies, learning strategies, and the impact of technology in English language education.Teaching Methodologies in English Language EducationSeveral studies have examined different teaching methodologies in English language education, including the traditional grammar-translation method, communicativelanguage teaching, task-based learning, and content-based instruction. The research suggests that communicative language teaching is the most effective approach to teaching English as a second language, as it focuses on real-life communication and interaction. Task-based learning has also been proven to be beneficial in English language education, as it encourages students to work on meaningful tasks that promote communication and language development.Learning Strategies in English Language EducationResearch on learning strategies in English language education has shown that students employ various strategies to enhance their language learning process. These strategies include cognitive, metacognitive, affective, and social strategies. Cognitive strategies involve the mental processes used by students to understand and remember new information, while metacognitive strategies help students monitor and regulate their own learning. Affective strategies focus on managing emotions and motivation, while social strategies involve interactions with others to improve language skills.Impact of Technology in English Language EducationWith the advancement of technology, there has been a growing interest in incorporating technology into Englishlanguage education. Research has shown that technology can enhance language learning by providing interactive and engaging learning experiences. Online resources, language learning apps, and digital tools have been used to support language learning outside the classroom and enable personalized learning experiences. Virtual reality and augmented reality technologies have also been explored to create immersive language learning environments that simulate real-life situations.ConclusionIn conclusion, this literature review has highlighted the importance of exploring the various aspects of the English language subject, including teaching methodologies, learning strategies, and the impact of technology in English language education. The research suggests that communicative language teaching is an effective approach to teaching English as a second language, while task-based learning promotes language development through meaningful tasks. Students also employ various learning strategies to enhance their language learning process, and technology has the potential to enhance language learning by providing interactive and engaging learning experiences. Further research is needed to explore innovativeapproaches to teaching and learning English language education to meet the diverse needs of learners in the 21st century.篇2Title: Literature Review on Research in English Language TeachingIntroductionEnglish language teaching has been a prominent field of study in the education sector for decades. As the world becomes more interconnected, the importance of English as a global language has increased significantly. This literature review aims to provide an overview of recent research in the field of English language teaching and explore the advancements and challenges facing educators and researchers in this area.MethodsTo conduct this literature review, a systematic search was performed using online databases such as Google Scholar, JSTOR, and ERIC. Keywords such as "English language teaching," "pedagogy," "technology," and "assessment" were used to narrow down the search results. Only peer-reviewed articles published in the last five years were included in this review.Findings1. Technology in English Language TeachingOne of the key themes that emerged from the literature review was the integration of technology in English language teaching. Researchers have explored the use of various technological tools such as online platforms, mobile apps, and virtual reality to enhance language learning. Studies have shown that technology can make learning more interactive and engaging for students, leading to improved outcomes in language acquisition.2. Task-Based LearningTask-based learning has gained popularity in recent years as a more student-centered approach to teaching English. Researchers have highlighted the benefits of using real-world tasks and activities to promote language learning and communication skills. Task-based learning has been shown to be effective in improving students' fluency, accuracy, and confidence in using English.3. Multilingualism and DiversityWith the increasing cultural diversity in classrooms, educators are exploring new strategies to support multilingualstudents in English language learning. Research has shown that embracing students' native languages and cultures can enhance their language acquisition and overall academic performance. Educators are encouraged to adopt a more inclusive approach and create a supportive environment for diverse learners.4. Assessment in English Language TeachingAssessment plays a crucial role in evaluating students' language proficiency and progress in English language teaching. Recent research has focused on innovative assessment methods such as performance tasks, portfolios, and self-assessment tools. These approaches aim to provide a more holistic view of students' language abilities and promote reflective learning practices.Challenges and Future DirectionsDespite the advancements in research in English language teaching, several challenges remain. One of the key challenges is the digital divide, where students from disadvantaged backgrounds may not have access to technology for language learning. Educators need to address this disparity and ensure equal opportunities for all students. Additionally, the growing emphasis on standardized testing in English language teachinghas raised concerns about its impact on teaching and learning outcomes.In conclusion, this literature review has highlighted the recent advancements and challenges in English language teaching research. Educators and researchers are encouraged to continue exploring innovative approaches to enhance language learning and support the diverse needs of students. By addressing the challenges and embracing new technologies, English language teaching can evolve to meet the demands of a globalized world.篇3Literature Review on the English Language Teaching FieldIntroductionEnglish language teaching is a dynamic and constantly evolving field that has undergone significant changes in recent years due to advances in technology and changes in educational practices. This literature review aims to provide an overview of current research and trends in the field of English language teaching, focusing on key topics such as language acquisition, teaching methodologies, and the use of technology in the classroom.Language AcquisitionOne of the central concerns in the field of English language teaching is the process of language acquisition. Researchers have focused on understanding how second language learners acquire English language skills and the factors that influence language learning. Studies have shown that the age at which a learner begins studying English, as well as their motivation and exposure to the language, can impact their language proficiency.Research has also explored the role of individual differences such as cognitive abilities and learning styles in language acquisition. For example, learners who have a strong auditory memory may excel in pronunciation, while those withvisual-spatial intelligence may find it easier to understand written texts. Understanding these individual differences can help educators tailor their teaching approaches to better meet the needs of diverse learners.Teaching MethodologiesTeaching methodologies play a crucial role in English language education, as they determine how language skills are taught and practiced in the classroom. Traditional teaching methods focused on grammar rules and memorization, but recent research has emphasized the importance ofcommunicative language teaching approaches that prioritize meaningful communication and real-world language use.Task-based learning, for example, is a popular approach that involves engaging students in authentic language tasks that help them develop their language skills in context. This approach encourages learners to use English to complete real-world tasks, such as giving presentations or participating in group discussions. Research has shown that task-based learning can improve students' fluency, accuracy, and confidence in using English.The use of technology in language teaching has also transformed the way English is taught in classrooms around the world. Online resources such as language learning apps, virtual classrooms, and interactive multimedia materials have made language learning more accessible and engaging for students. Research has shown that technology-enhanced language learning can improve students' motivation, engagement, and language proficiency.ConclusionIn conclusion, the field of English language teaching is a rich and diverse area of research that continues to evolve as new technologies and teaching approaches emerge. Byunderstanding key topics such as language acquisition, teaching methodologies, and the use of technology in the classroom, educators can better meet the needs of their students and promote effective language learning. Further research and collaboration among educators, researchers, and policymakers are essential to advancing the field of English language teaching and improving language education for learners worldwide.。
英文论文写作文献综述
英文论文写作文献综述英文：When it comes to writing a literature review for an English paper, there are several key elements to keep in mind. First and foremost, it's important to choose relevant and credible sources that support your argument or thesis statement. This means conducting thorough research and evaluating the quality and reliability of each source.Once you've gathered your sources, it's time to start organizing your literature review. One common approach is to group sources by theme or topic, highlightingsimilarities and differences between different studies or articles. Another option is to organize sources chronologically, tracing the development of research on your topic over time.As you write your literature review, it's important to not simply summarize each source, but to critically analyzeand evaluate the information presented. This meansidentifying strengths and weaknesses in each study, and considering how each source contributes to the overall understanding of your topic.Finally, it's important to synthesize the information presented in your literature review, drawing connections between different sources and highlighting key takeaways from your research. This can help to provide a clear and comprehensive overview of the current state of research on your topic.中文：在撰写英文论文的文献综述时，需要注意几个关键要素。
经典英文文献综述范文
经典英文文献综述范文English:A classic English literature review typically provides an overview and analysis of key works in a particular field or topic. It often begins with an introduction that outlines the scope and purpose of the review, followed by a discussion of the historical context and the evolutionof the topic. The literature review then delves into a detailed examination of the most influential and significant texts, identifying key themes, arguments, and methodologies employed by the authors. The review also seeks to identify gaps or unresolved issuesin the existing research, and may propose avenues for future exploration in the field. This type of literature review is valuable for scholars and researchers seeking to gain a comprehensive understanding of the state of knowledge in their area of study, and often serves as a foundation for new research projects and critical debates within the academic community.中文翻译:经典的英文文献综述通常提供了一个特定领域或主题关键作品的概述和分析。
英语文献综述的范文
Title: English Literature Review: AComprehensive PerspectiveIn the realm of academic research, the literature review serves as a critical component, particularly in the field of English literature. This paper aims to provide an extensive overview of the significant developments and trends within the discipline, drawing upon a diverse range of sources and perspectives.Firstly, it is essential to recognize the evolving nature of English literature, which has been shaped by various historical, cultural, and societal influences. The early works of Shakespeare, for instance, have been extensively analyzed for their thematic depth andlinguistic intricacies. Modern scholars continue to delve into these classics, offering fresh interpretations that resonate with contemporary audiences.Moreover, the emergence of new literary genres and movements has significantly broadened the scope of English literature. Postmodernism, for example, has challenged traditional narrative structures and perspectives, introducing elements of ambiguity and fragmentation. Thistrend has been explored in numerous studies, highlighting the diverse ways in which authors have responded to and shaped the postmodern era.Furthermore, the intersection of English literature with other disciplines, such as psychology, sociology, and anthropology, has opened up new avenues for research. The exploration of character psychology in literary texts, or the analysis of societal norms and values reflected in literature, are just a few examples of thisinterdisciplinary approach.In terms of methodologies, the literature review has also undergone significant transformations. With the advent of digital technologies and online databases, scholars now have access to vast repositories of information, enabling them to conduct more comprehensive and rigorous reviews. However, the challenge lies in effectively synthesizing and evaluating this vast amount of data.One notable trend in recent years has been the increasing focus on global perspectives in English literature. With the growth of international literary movements and the rise of multiculturalism, scholars arenow more inclined to explore the global dimensions of literary works. This approach not only broadens our understanding of English literature but also promotes cross-cultural understanding and exchange.Moreover, the impact of gender and race on English literature has also been a topic of increasing interest. The examination of how gender roles and racial identities are represented and constructed in literary texts has provided valuable insights into the complex intersections of identity, power, and representation.In conclusion, the literature review in English literature is a dynamic and evolving field that continues to shape our understanding of the discipline. By exploring diverse themes, genres, and methodologies, scholars are able to delve deeper into the rich tapestry of English literature, revealing new meanings and perspectives that resonate with our contemporary world.**英语文献综述：全面视角**在学术研究领域，文献综述是一个至关重要的组成部分，尤其在英语文学领域更是如此。
英语专业毕业论文文献综述样例
英语专业毕业论文文献综述样例参考范文1Distance LearningThis paper will summarize two articles on distance learning and give the author‟s views on the benefits and obstacles of implementing distance-learning in a junior and senior high school learning environment.Jeannette McDonald, in her article: Is “As good as face-to-face” as good as it gets? (2002), raises a very important question as to whether “[the] goal [of online learning should be] to meet existing standards of traditional education”(McDonald, 2002) or “has distance learning, and especially online education opened the door to enhanced strategies in teaching and learning”(McDonald, 2002)? Online learning may just be “doing different things”(McDonald, 2002). What are these different things? Jeannette McDonald claims that “distance education can be a frontier for new methods of communication giving rise to innovative teaching and learning practices that may not be possible in traditional, place-bound education”(2002). The article discusses both the positive and “potential negative impacts of online education”(McDonald, 2002).There are many benefits to using online distance learning environments. Online education is available “anyplace, anytime [for] global communities of lea rners based on shared interests”(McDonald, 2002). Jeannette McDonald claims that “online education [with its] group-based instruction [and] computer mediated communication (CMC) provides an opportunity for new development and understanding in teaching and learning”(2002). CMC encourages “collaborative learning [by not providing] cues regarding appearance, race, gender, education, or social status bestowing a sort of anonymity to participants”(McDonald, 2002). Distance also “permits the expression of emotion (both positive and negative) and promotes discussion that normally would be inhibited. [Y et, this same] text-based [positive aspect of online learning], makes online education more cumbersome and therefore takes more time than face-to-face learning. [In addition,] the sheer bulk of messages can be overwhelming”(McDonald, 2002). The learner only has the written text and no other “non-verbal”(McDonald, 2002) cues. This may confuse the learner and cause “misunderstanding” (McDonald, 2002). The article lists the “seven principles of good practice in undergraduate education” (McDonald, 2004) published in 1987 by the American Association of Higher Education Bulletin. Jeannette McDonald claims that “online education has the potential to achiever all of these practices” (2002). There is a need for quality and standards for distance learning. “In April 2000, the institute of Higher Education Policy produced a study with 24 benchmarks for the success in Internet-based distance education” (The Institute for Higher Education Policy, 2000).Although Jeannette McDonald feels that there are “biases against distance learning programs” (2002), her recommendation is “to take advantage of the potential of online education [by striving] to understand the technology and how it affects human communication and interaction” (2002).“In the road to dotcom in education”(2004), Mark David Milliron deals with a very progressive idea that suggests educators “slow … down from [their] busy lives… to be free to focus first on connecting with learners and connecting them to learning … before [they] end up feeling like [they] are no longer using technology, but are being used by it” (Milliron, 2004). He compares education to a highway where educators are faced with many “road hazards”. MarkMilliron claims that “looking for road hazards on a journey takes concentration [which] is not often practiced by those with a need for speed or those caught up in their competitive drives”(2004). He gives examples of how ridiculous people are becoming when they “strive to stay connected [to cell phones and e-mails at the price of] deep personal connections with [their] family members and friends” (Milliron, 2004). He quotes Dr. Edward Hallowell, who ironically states “how many electronic connections we have today, yet how hard it is for us to form authentic and deep personal connections”(Milliron, 2004). Mark Milliron gives an excellent comparison of how technology has blinded people when he says that they are becoming “more and more like Pavlov‟s dogs: at the ding of incoming e-mails they stop what they‟re doing, salivate, and rush to the screen” (2004). There is pressure to keep up with the times as well as “a cost-of-entry issue regarding technology in education. Without a certain level of technology services and learning options, many students will not consider attending [a certain] institution”(Milliron, 2004). Mark Milliron claims that “any technology has to prove that it will ultimately improve or expand learning” (2004). This will come about if educators “slow down, look around, and get on the road to DotCalm- a place [to] thoughtfully engage and explore all aspects of technology, good, bad, or indifferent; …a place with mindful focus on the people and passions that make life worth living” (Milliron, 2004).The author of this paper has been trying to implement distance learning in both junior and high school environments for the past year. The school has added a platform called “Britannica”to make online learning possible in case of emergency or a teacher‟s strike. The students are not willing to take the time to go in and look up homework assignments and other online learning activities. The author keeps reminding students to add their e-mail addresses to the form but they are unwilling to cooperate. The process is very slow with little results. Some teachers have made these online lessons compulsory for their students. ESL students shy away from online classes. They have expressed fear of having their work viewed by others. Every student has to login to the school site but within a classroom, everyone who takes the class can view the other‟s work. ESL students don‟t see the advantage of learning by sharing. Should online learning be an issue of control or should students be convinced of its value as an authentic learning tool? Fear and a threatening environment don‟t enhance learning according to brain-based learning research. “How students …feel‟ about a learning situation determines the amount of attention they devote to it”(Sousa, 1998). “Positive emotions ensure that learning will be retained” (Lackney, 2002). It‟s very important to discuss with students how they feel about technology and online learning so that they feel good about what they are doing. The author feels that the process of implementing online distance learning is a slow and delicate one. Change will eventually come about but it will take time. As Mark Milliron has said “[let‟s not let] new technology … get in the way of learning” (2004). Let‟s calm down as we “focus first on connecting with learners [and only then begin] connecting them to learning” (Milliron, 2004).参考范文2 Language and GenderWith the general growth of feminist work in many academic fields, it is hardly surprising that the relationship between language and gender has attracted considerable attention in recent years. In an attempt to go beyond “folk linguistic” assumptions about how men and women use language (the assumption that women are “talkative”, for example), studies have focused on anything from different syntactical, phonological or lexical uses of language to aspects of conversation analysis, such as topic nomination and control, interruptions and other interact ionalfeatures. While some research has focused only on the description of differences, other work has sought to show how linguistic differences both reflect and reproduce social difference. Accordingly, Coates (1988) suggests that research on language and gender can be divided into studies that focus on dominance and those that focus on difference.Much of the earlier work emphasized dominance. Lakoff‟s (1975) pioneering work suggested that women‟s speech typically displayed a range of features, such as tag questions, which marked it as inferior and weak. Thus, she argued that the type of subordinate speech learned by a young girl “will later be an excuse others use to keep her in a demeaning position, to refuse to treat her seriously as a human being”(1975, p.5). While there are clearly some problems with Lakoff‟s work - her analysis was not based on empirical research, for example, and the automatic equation of subordinate with …weak‟is problemati c－the emphasis on dominance has understandably remained at the centre of much of this work. Research has shown how men nominated topics more, interrupted more often, held the floor for longer, and so on (see, for example, Zimmerman and West, 1975). The chief focus of this approach, then, has been to show how patterns of interaction between men and women reflect the dominant position of men in society.Some studies, however, have taken a different approach by looking not so much at power in mixed-sex interactions as at how same-sex groups produce certain types of interaction. In a typical study of this type, Maltz and Borker (1982) developed lists of what they described as men‟s and women's features of language. They argued that these norms of interaction were acquired in same-sex groups rather than mixed-sex groups and that the issue is therefore one of (sub-)cultural miscommunication rather than social inequality. Much of this research has focused on comparisons between, for example, the competitive conversational style of men and the cooperative conversational style of women.While some of the more popular work of this type, such as Tannen (1987), lacks a critical dimension, the emphasis on difference has nevertheless been valuable in fostering research into gender subgroup interactions and in em phasizing the need to see women‟s language use not only as …subordinate‟ but also as a significant sub-cultural domain.Although Coates‟ (1988) distinction is clearly a useful one, it also seems evident that these two approaches are by no means mutually exclusive. While it is important on the one hand, therefore, not to operate with a simplistic version of power and to consider language and gender only in mixed-group dynamics, it is also important not to treat women‟s linguistic behavior as if it existed outside social relations of pow er. As Cameron, McAlinden and O‟Leary (1988) ask, “Can it be coincidence that men are aggressive and hierarchically-organized conversationalists, whereas women are expected to provide conversational support?” (p.80). Clearly, there is scope here for a great deal more research that is based on empirical data of men‟s and women‟s speech; operates with a complex understanding of power and gender relationships (so that women‟s silence, for example, can be seen both as a site of oppression and as a site of possible resistance); looks specifically at the contexts of language use, rather than assuming broad gendered differences; involves more work by men on language and gender, since attempts to understand male uses of language in terms of difference have been few (thus running the danger of constructing men‟s speech as the …norm‟ and women‟s speech as …different‟); aims not only to describe and explain but also to change language and social relationships.。
英文毕业论文文献综述的写法及范文
英文毕业论文文献综述的写法及范文文献综述要求：1). 文献综述所用文字---- 英语；2). 文献综述的字数------ 不少于1500字；3). 文献综述的参考文献篇数不得少于10篇,其中英语原版文献2-3篇；4). 文献综述要求中心明确,有逻辑性,前后连贯,而不是将各种摘录放在一起；建议各位老师让学生在写文献综述前先写一份大致的提纲，帮助他们理清自己的思路.文献综述的写法及范文文献综述是对某一方面的专题搜集大量情报资料后经综合分析而写成的一种学术论文，它是科学文献的一种。
文献综述是反映当前某一领域中某分支学科或重要专题的最新进展、学术见解和建议，它往往能反映出有关问题的新动态、新趋势、新水平、新原理和新技术等等。
要求同学们学写综述，至少有以下好处：①通过搜集文献资料过程，可进一步熟悉文献的查找方法和资料的积累方法；在查找的过程中同时也扩大了知识面；②查找文献资料、写文献综述是进行科研的第一步，因此学习文献综述的撰写也是为今后科研活动打基础的过程；③通过综述的写作过程，能提高归纳、分析、综合能力，有利于独立工作能力和科研能力的提高；④文献综述选题范围广，题目可大可小，可难可易，可根据自己的能力和兴趣自由选题。
文献综述与“读书报告”、“文献复习”、“研究进展”等有相似的地方，它们都是从某一方面的专题研究论文或报告中归纳出来的。
但是，文献综述既不像“读书报告”“文献复习”那样，单纯把一级文献客观地归纳报告，也不像“研究进展”那样只讲科学进程，其特点是“综”，“综”是要求对文献资料进行综合分析、归纳整理，使材料更精练明确、更有逻辑层次；“述”就是要求对综合整理后的文献进行比较专门的、全面的、深入的、系统的论述。
总之，文献综述是作者对某一方面问题的历史背景、前人工作、争论焦点、研究现状和发展前景等内容进行评论的科学性论文。
写文献综述一般经过以下几个阶段：即选题，搜集阅读文献资料、拟定提纲（包括归纳、整理、分析）和成文。
英语专业毕业论文文献综述
英语专业毕业论文文献综述英语专业毕业论文文献综述在英语专业的学习过程中，毕业论文是一项重要的任务。
而在撰写毕业论文之前，进行文献综述是必不可少的一步。
文献综述是对已有研究成果的梳理和总结，为后续的研究工作提供理论基础和研究方向。
本文将对英语专业毕业论文文献综述的重要性、撰写方法和注意事项进行探讨。
首先，毕业论文文献综述的重要性不可忽视。
通过对相关文献的梳理和分析，可以了解当前研究领域的研究进展和热点问题。
这有助于研究者明确自己的研究方向，避免重复研究，提高研究效率。
此外，文献综述还可以帮助研究者掌握相关理论知识，提高研究水平。
因此，在进行毕业论文研究之前，进行文献综述是必要的一步。
其次，撰写毕业论文文献综述需要掌握一定的方法。
首先，要选择合适的文献来源。
可以通过图书馆的数据库、学术期刊和学术会议等渠道获取相关文献。
其次，要对文献进行筛选和评估。
根据研究的主题和目标，选择与之相关的文献进行阅读和分析。
在阅读文献时，要注意文献的质量和可信度，避免使用低质量的文献。
最后，要将文献进行整理和总结。
可以按照时间顺序、主题分类或研究方法等方式对文献进行分类和归纳，提取出关键信息和研究成果，形成文献综述的结构。
然而，在撰写毕业论文文献综述时，也需要注意一些事项。
首先，要保持客观和中立的态度。
文献综述应该是对已有研究成果的客观评价和总结，而不是个人的主观看法。
其次，要注意文献的引用和参考格式。
在引用文献时，要遵循学术规范，使用正确的引用格式，避免抄袭和侵权问题。
此外，要注意文献的更新和补充。
由于研究领域的不断发展，新的研究成果可能会对已有文献产生影响。
因此，在撰写毕业论文期间，要及时更新和补充文献综述的内容，确保研究的全面性和准确性。
总之，英语专业毕业论文文献综述是一项重要的任务，对于后续的研究工作具有重要意义。
通过文献综述，可以了解当前研究领域的研究进展和热点问题，明确自己的研究方向，提高研究水平。
在撰写毕业论文文献综述时，需要掌握合适的方法，选择合适的文献来源，对文献进行筛选和评估，进行整理和总结。
英语文献综述 范文
英文文献综述范文深度解析与仿写**Abstract**This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the structure and format of an English literature review by analyzing a highly downloaded example. The review will delve into the essential elements of the review, such as the introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. Furthermore, a high-quality imitation of the example will be provided to demonstrate its application in a different research context.**Introduction**The literature review is a crucial component of any research paper, as it provides a comprehensive overview of the existing knowledge in a particular field. An effective literature review not only summarizes previous studies but also identifies gaps in knowledge and offers directions for future research. This article focuses on analyzing a popular English literature review example to understand its structure and key elements. By doing so, readerscan gain insights into writing a literature review that is both comprehensive and impactful.**Methodology**To ensure a thorough analysis, the article adopts a mixed-methods approach. First, a qualitative analysis of the example literature review is conducted to identify its key features and structure. This involves a close reading of the review, noting its organization, themes, and arguments. Second, a quantitative analysis is performed by examining the frequency of citations, types of sources used, and the overall tone and language of the review. This combination of qualitative and quantitative methods allows for a comprehensive understanding of the example's strengths and weaknesses.**Results**The analysis reveals that the example literature review follows a clear structure, with distinct sections for the introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. Theintroduction provides a broad overview of the topic and sets the stage for the review. The methodology section describes the approach taken to select and analyze the literature, while the results section presents a synthesis of the key findings. The discussion section offers insights into the implications of the findings and highlights areas of controversy or disagreement. Finally, the conclusion summarizes the key points and offers directions for future research.**Discussion**The analysis further highlights the importance of critically evaluating the sources used in the literature review. The example demonstrates the use of both primary and secondary sources, with a focus on peer-reviewed articles from reputable journals. This ensures the reliability and validity of the information presented. Additionally, the review's language is clear, concise, and engaging, making it accessible to a wide audience.However, it is worth noting that while the example is highly regarded, it may not be suitable for all research contexts.Researchers need to consider their specific research aims, topic, and audience when writing a literature review. For instance, a review focusing on a niche area may require a different approach or may need to include less common or non-traditional sources.**Conclusion**In conclusion, the analysis of the popular English literature review example provides valuable insights into its structure, format, and key elements. By模仿this example, researchers can create a comprehensive and impactful literature review that adds value to their research paper. However, it is essential to adapt the review to the specific research context, ensuring its relevance and applicability.**中文文献综述范文深度解析与仿写****摘要**本文旨在通过分析一篇下载量极高的英文文献综述范文，为读者提供关于文献综述结构与格式的综合理解。
英语文献综述 范文
英语文献综述范文English: Conducting a literature review in English requires a comprehensive understanding of the research topic, the ability to analyze and synthesize information, and critical thinking skills to evaluate different studies. The process involves systematically searching for relevant articles, reading and summarizing the key points, analyzing the findings, and identifying gaps in the existing research. A well-written literature review should provide a clear overview of the current state of knowledge on the topic, discuss different perspectives and findings, and propose future research directions. Additionally, it is essential to acknowledge and cite the sources properly to avoid plagiarism and give credit to the original authors for their work.Chinese: 进行英语文献综述需要全面了解研究主题，具备分析和综合信息的能力，以及评估不同研究的批判性思维技能。