【红宝书】考研英语十年真题-词汇解析(2009年)
考研英语(一)高频重点单词详解—2009年新题型(下)
考研英语（一）高频重点单词详解—2009年新题型（下）这是一篇人文科学类的文章，文章简要介绍了人类学的起源和发展，以及关于人类学的一些学术分歧，其中主要是伯恩斯和斯宾塞对人类文化起源以及传播的学说分歧。
文章内容十分规范专业，而且专业术语偏多，所以大家在理解过程中会有些困难，但是这个专业的背景知识大家都有所了解，可以很快理解文章内容。
以下是文章中的10个重点词汇，带大家一起学习一下。
1. 15reject [rɪ'dʒɛkt]vt.1.拒绝2.拒纳，退回，摈弃n.被拒货品，不合格产品【词根记忆】：re作为前缀表示“回来”，ject作为词根表示“扔”(扔回来，表示拒绝)。
【真题例句】：Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control.鼓励孩子们排斥精神生活，会使他们很容易被利用和控制。
(2004年阅读Text 4)2. 7diffuse [dɪ'fjus]vt.&vi.1.扩散，(使)弥漫 2.传播，散布a.1.(文章等)冗长的，漫无边际的2.四散的，弥漫的【词根记忆】：di=dis表示离开+fus熔→熔开了→扩散【真题例句】：For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. 比如，英国人类学家格拉夫顿·艾略特和W·J·斐瑞在研究资料不足的基础上，错误地指出，农耕、制陶、冶金都源于古埃及，然后传播至全世界。
(完整word)【红宝书】《考研英语词汇》必考词
必考词Unit 1dilute 冲淡;削弱，降低；稀释的，冲淡的dim 暗淡的,模糊的；愚笨的；不乐观的diminish 削弱，减少,缩小；贬低，轻视pose 摆姿势，炫耀；提出；陈述；产生,引起，造成；冒充，假扮；姿势;姿态position 位置，地方;地位，身份，等级；职位；姿态；见解，立场，态度;处境,状况；安置;安装；使处于，定位positive 积极乐观的，自信的；确实的，明确的，肯定的;积极的，建设性的；十足的,完全的；优势,优点possess 拥有（某物)；拥有（某种品质或才能）；支配，控制possession 拥有；所有权；财产，所有物amateur 业余爱好者；外行；业余爱好的；外行的amaze 使惊愕,使惊异ambiguous 含糊不清的,模棱两可的，不明确的ambition 野心;雄心，抱负;追求的目标ambitious 有雄心的，野心勃勃的；费力的;耗时的；耗资的;艰巨的bubble 水泡，气泡；幻想的计划budget 预算；财政收支状况；做预算，按计划花钱build 体形，体格，身材；结构;建造，建立business 商业,生意,营业额；任务，职责，公事；企业，公司,店铺，商号compress 压缩；精简，浓缩comprise 包含，包括；构成，组成compromise 妥协，折中conceive 构想出，设想;想象；认为concentrate 集中，专心；浓缩;浓缩物concept 观念，概念conception 概念，观念，计划,意图；设想；怀孕concern 关心，挂念；涉及,关系到concise 简明的,简洁的concrete 具体的,确实的；混凝土；用混凝土修筑conclude 结束，终止；断定，下结论；缔结;议定conclusion 结束，终结；结论，推论confer 商谈，商议；授予，赋予conference 会议，讨论会confess 坦白，承认，忏悔epidemic 流行性的，传染的；流行病；泛滥，传播episode 片断，一段情节;一集epoch 时代，纪元，时期indifferent 冷淡的，不关心的,不积极的；一般的，平庸的；不偏的，中立的indignant 愤怒的,愤慨的indignation 愤怒,愤慨indispensable 必不可少的，必需的individual 个人的,单独的；独特的；个人，与众不同的人mess 混乱,困境；脏乱;弄脏,弄乱message 通讯，消息，信息；启示,要旨，主题思想，寓意；（用电脑、手机等)给……发消息messenger 送信者,使者method 方法，措施；方式；条理，规律militant 好战的，积极从事或支持使用武力的，激进的military 军事的,军用的，军队的；军队，军方，军人mind 头脑,精神；悟性；注意力；在乎redeem 补救,弥补；（尤指基督教的)拯救，救赎；付清；兑现;履行，遵守reduce 减少，缩小；简化；还原reduction 减少，缩小refer 提到；参考；询问，查询reference 提及，涉及；参考，参照；查阅；推荐信spoil 损坏，毁坏；宠坏，溺爱sponsor 发起者,赞助者；发起，举办；资助，赞助spread 伸展；散布,传播;(使）蔓延,扩散，延伸；广泛，多样；差额,价差spur 促进,激励，鞭策；刺激spy 间谍,密探；刺探；搜集情报;发现stability 稳定（性)，安定（性)stable 稳定的，安定的；沉稳的,可靠的staff 全体职员，行政人员；为（某部门）配备人员stage 舞台；阶段，时期；步骤必考词Unit 2anguish 极度痛苦,苦恼；使痛苦，悲痛annoy 使恼怒,使生气;打搅，骚扰annual 每年的；全年的；年刊，年鉴anonymous 匿名的；无特色的answer 答案，回答；响应;符合anticipate 预期,期望；先发制人；使提前发生anxiety 焦虑，担心，不安；渴望，热望anxious 焦虑的，发愁的；渴望的,急切的apart 分离,分开；相隔；单独地，个别地;分离的component 一部分的，组成的；组成部分，成份，部件compose 组成；创作；使平静composition 作品；作曲；结构；组成comprehend 理解，了解comprehension 理解，了解comprehensive 广泛的,综合的condemn 谴责；判刑condense 压缩，凝结，使简洁condition 状况，状态；环境，情况conduct 行为，举止;引导；处理;指挥；传导conductor 领队，指挥;售票员，列车员；导体，导线disable 使残疾（废）disappear 不见，消失disappoint 使失望，使扫兴discipline 纪律；训练，自制力；行为准则；（尤指大学里的)学科，专业,科目disclose 揭露,透露，使公开discover 发现discovery 发现；被发现的事物hoist 举起，升起，吊起hold 抓住；抑制;容纳；举行；掌握；控制holder 持有者,占有者；支持物narrative 叙述性的；叙述narrow 狭窄的；狭隘的nasty 龌龊的;下流的，讨厌的，严重的nation 民族,国家national 民族的,国家的，国立的nationality 国籍；民族native 本地的,本国的；天生的；本地人，本国人natural 自然的；天生的nature 大自然；本性，天性overall 全面的，总体的;全部；总体上；工作服,工装裤overcome 克服，占胜overlap 重叠，部分重叠portion 部分,分配possibility 可能，可能性；希望；机会possible 可能的；潜在的，合适的,合适的人(或物）potential 潜在性，可能性;潜在的，可能的pour 倒，注，灌；倾泻，涌流reflect 反映，表现；反省；考虑reflection/reflexion 影像，倒影；考虑，沉思；想法reform 改革；改造,改过自新;变革，改善stand 站立；坐落,位于；坚持;经受，忍受；台，座standard 标准,水平，规格，规范；普通的，标准的standpoint 立场,观点start 开始；出发；启动；开端，开始，起点；吃惊startle 惊讶，惊吓，使吃惊starve 挨饿；急需，渴望state 状态，情况；国，州；陈述,说明statement 声明，陈述statesman 政治家，国务活动家statistics 统计数据；统计资料；统计学statue 塑像,雕塑status 地位，身份；情形，状况statute 法令，法规，规则，条例stay 停留；保持；逗留；作客steady 牢固的；坚定的；使稳固，使稳定steer 掌舵，驾驶；带领，指导stem 茎，干；制止，阻止；起源于某事物step 脚步；台阶；步骤，措施；踏，走stern 严厉的，严肃的,严格的；船尾，飞机尾部必考词Unit 3confine 幽禁，禁闭；限制，使局限confirm 加强,巩固；证实，肯定;确认conflict 战争，战斗；冲突，抵触confidence 信任,信心,把握confident 确信的,自信的confidential 秘密的，机密的；亲信的trail 踪迹，痕迹；追踪，跟踪train 列车,火车；行列,一串;训练,培养training 训练，培养trait 特征，特点,特性traitor 叛徒，卖国贼victim 牺牲品，受害者view 景象,风景；见解；观察;看待；考虑viewpoint 观点violence 暴力，暴行；狂热；激烈violent 猛烈的，激烈的virtual 实际上的，事实上的virtue 美德；优点，长处apparent 显然的;表面上的appeal 有感染力；求助;申诉；恳求appear 出现，暴露；出场；问世；来到;仿佛appearance 出现，露面；外表，外貌appliance 用具，器具applicable 能应用的，适用的application 请求，申请；适用，应用appoint 任命，委派；约定，指定appointment 约会;预约；任命，委托;职务，职位apply 应用，使用；使专注于；申请，请求appreciate 欣赏;感激；理解；涨价，增值discriminate 区别，辨别;歧视discuss 讨论,商议disease 疾病disgrace 使丢脸；使失去地位；耻辱；失势escape 逃跑,逃脱;躲避，避免especially 特别，尤其essay 文章，短文；企图,试图essence 本质,实质；要素essential 必要的,必不可少的；本质的，基本的establish 建立，设立；查实；安置,使定居；派任estimate 估计，估价ethic 道德体系;行为准则；伦理学，道德学ethnic 民族的,种族的;少数民族的成员evaluate 估价，评价industrial 工业的,产业的industrializ(s）e 工业化industry 工业，产业；勤劳，勤奋inevitable 不可避免的，必然发生的miserable 痛苦的，悲惨的misery 痛苦，悲惨，不幸mislead 把……引入歧途；使产生错误想法，欺骗mix 混合，合群；混淆mixture 混合，混合物necessary 必需的，必要的；必然的，无法避免的necessitate 使成为必要，需要；迫使necessity 必要;必需品;必然性；迫不得已；贫困negative 否定的，消极的；阴性的；负数negotiate 谈判,交涉,商议outer 外部的，外面的，外层的outlet 出路，出口；发泄途径outline 轮廓,外形；提纲，大纲，梗概outlook 景色，风光;观点,见解；前景，展望output 产量,输出量poverty 贫穷，贫困power 能力；功率，动力；权力,势力，政权practical 实际的，实用的practice 练习;实践;业务，开业practise 实践，实习，训练；从事practitioner 实习者；从业者preach 讲道，说教；竭力鼓吹，宣传precede 在前，先于precaution 预防，警惕;预防措施precedent 先例；在前的，优先的preceding 在前的,前面的,在先的precious 珍贵的，贵重的precise 精确的，准确的precision 精确，精密度必考词Unit 4stick 棍，棒，拐杖；刺，戳；粘住，粘贴stimulate 刺激，促使；使兴奋stir 搅动，搅拌；移动;引起，轰动,骚乱stock 原料，库存；资本，股票;储存，供应store 商店，店铺；贮藏；贮备storage 储存，储藏，保管;库房approach 靠近，接近；处理,对付；方法，态度appropriate 恰当的，相称的approval 赞成,批准，同意，认可approve 批准,通过;赞成，同意apt 恰当的；聪明的conform 相似，一致，符合；遵从,适应confront 面临，遭遇;勇敢地面对，正视confuse 使混乱,混淆confusion 混乱，混淆congress (代表）大会；国会，议会connect 连接；联系，结合connection/connexion 联系；连接conscious 神志清醒的；意识到的,自觉的dismiss 解雇,免职disorder 混乱；骚乱；失调，疾病disperse 分散，驱散，散去displace 转移；替代，撤换display 陈列,展览evidence 形迹，迹象；根据,证据evident 明显的，明白的evil 邪恶的,罪恶的;邪恶，罪恶evolution 进化，发展，演化evolve 使发展，使进化，演变exaggerate 夸张,夸大examine 检查，细查fruitful 多产的，果实累累的；富有成效的frustrate 挫败，阻挠，使灰心；使无效infer 推断，推定inference 推论，推理；结论，推断结果inferior 下等的,下级的；差的;下级,晚辈influence 影响，感化；势力,权势influential 有影响的；权势的inform 通知，报告；告发，告密information 情报，资料，消息；信息mock 嘲笑，嘲弄;挫败；仿制的，假装的；模拟的mode 方式,式样model 模型，原型;模式；榜样；仿效，模仿；模范的,榜样的moderate 温和的，有节制的;适度的，中等的modern 现代的，近代的，新式的moderniz(s）ation 现代化modest 谦逊的;适度的modify 修改;缓和，减轻；修饰overlook 眺望；忽略；宽容,放任overseas 外国的，海外的；在海外predecessor 前辈，前任;原有事物predict 预言，预测，预告preface 序言，引言，前言preferable 更可取的,更好的preference 偏爱,优待，优惠；优先(权）prejudice 偏见，歧视；损害，侵害preliminary 预备的，初步的premier 首相，总理premise 前提；假定；营业场所；引导premium 额外费用；奖金；保险费；学费preparation 准备，预备；制剂reject 拒绝，驳回;排斥,退掉rejoice 感到高兴，充满喜悦relate 讲述，叙述；联系relation 关系，联系；亲属，亲戚relationship 关系，联系relative 亲属，亲戚；比较的,相对的；相关的relativity 相关(性），相对论relevant 有关的，相称的;有重大关系的；有意义的必考词Unit 5holy 神圣的，圣洁的honor/honour 尊敬；荣誉，光荣；荣幸honorable/honourable 尊敬的，高尚的;荣誉的,光荣的horizon 地平（线)；范围，眼界,见识horizontal 水平的,地平线的；水平线ingenious 灵巧的，机灵的；巧妙的ingredient 组成部分，成分initial 最初的，开头的；词首的；词首大写字母initiate 开始，发起;使初步了解initiative 主动性；进取心local 地方的，当地的；局部的locality 位置，地点locate 指出；使……坐落于，位于location 位置,场所neglect 忽视,忽略；疏忽，玩忽negligible 疏忽的,微不足道的prescribe 规定，指定；开处方prescription 药方,开药;计划；建议；秘诀presence 出席,到场；存在present 赠送,给予；提出，呈现；礼品；现在presently 一会儿，不久；现在,目前preserve 保护，保存preside 主持,主管，担任（会议）主席；掌管，领导press 新闻界;出版社，印刷厂;报道;挤压,榨取；催促，逼迫pressure 压（力);强制，压迫prestige 威望,威信；影响力presumably 推测起来，大概presume 推测；假设；认为，推定prevent 防止,预防previous 先前的，以前的；在……之前prey 受损害者;牺牲品；捕食；掠夺；损害reliable 可靠的reliance 依靠,依赖religion 宗教，信仰；信念，信条religious 宗教的；虔诚的rely 依赖,依靠；信赖，信任straight 笔直的;端正的;正直的；直率地straightforward 正直的,坦率的；简单的strain 使紧张；使损伤；拉力，张力；努力，尽力strategy 战略,策略strength 力量，实力，活力，效力strengthen 加强,巩固strenuous 努力的；精力充沛的；紧张的；热心的transaction 办理，处理,交易,事务transfer 转移；转让;迁移；调动transform 改变，改造；转（变）换；使改观transient 短暂的；临时的translation 翻译，译文，译本visible 可见的；明显的，有形的vision 视力，视觉;想象；目光visual 看的,视觉的architect 建筑师,设计师;缔造者，创造者architecture 建筑学；建筑风格，建筑式样area 地区，区域；范围，领域argue 争论,辩论,主张，说服argument 争论，辩论；论据，论点arise 形成，产生；上升；起立arouse 引起,唤起，激起；唤醒array 大量；排列，队形;部署；穿着，打扮consequence 结果，后果;影响；重要性consequently 因而，所以conservation 保存，保护,避免损失conservative 保守的，守旧的；保守主义者consider 考虑；认为;体贴，关心considerable 相当多的,可观的considerate 考虑周到的，体谅的dispute 争论,争执dissolve 溶解,融化；解散，取消environment 环境，客观环境，自然环境，生态环境enterprise 事业心，进取心；事业，企（事)业单位entertain 招待，款待;使有兴趣entertainment 招待，款待；文娱节目必考词Unit 6console 安慰，慰问 ;控制台，仪表板consist 组成，构成;一致，符合consistent 前后一致的,始终如一的constant 坚定的，永恒的，忠实的；经常的，不断的constituent 构成的，组成的；成分，要素constitute 组成，构成；建立，制定constitution 构成，构造；体格，体质;宪法constrain 强迫(某人）做某事；概述，概括construct 建造，构造；创立，构思consume 消耗,花费；耗尽consumption 消费;消耗;肺结核,肺病distinct 有区别的;明显的distinction 差别，区分distinguish 区别，辨别；使杰出distribute 分配；分布，散布distort 扭曲;歪曲，曲解distract 使转向;使分心，分散exchange 交换，兑换；交流，交易exclude 拒绝，排斥exclusive 专有的,独占的;除外的；(商品、商店等)高档的；独家新闻assassinate 暗杀,行刺；破坏assault 攻击,袭击；强暴assemble 集合，召集；装配，组装assembly 集合，集会;装配，安装assert 主张，维护fulfil/fulfill 履行，实现，完成;(使)满意function 功能，职责;运行，起作用fund 资金，基金；储备，蕴藏fundamental 基础的，基本的；基本原则household 家庭；家庭的however 无论如何，不管怎样；然而huddle 蜷缩;聚集在一起monopoly 垄断,专卖monotonous 单调无聊的，毫无变化的mood 心境，情绪;语气primary 初级的，最初的；首要的；基本的prime 第一的，原始的;初期，全盛时期；使准备好，做准备primitive 早期的；简单的，粗糙的，落后的principal 最重要的，主要的；负责人；资本；主角；当事人principle 原理,原则prove 证明;检验,考验，鉴定provide 提供；规定provided 倘若，只要，假如prudent 谨慎的，小心的;有先见之明的psychiatry 精神病学，精神病治疗法psychology 心理学，心理；心理特征stress 压力，紧张;着重，强调stretch 伸长；延伸；延续；使倾注全力;一片，一段stride 阔步前进；大步，阔步strike 打击，进攻；罢工；偶然发现striking 显著的，突出的string 细绳；一连串，一系列；串起structure 建筑物；结构,构造stun 使震惊，使晕倒；晕眩，惊倒transmission 播送，发射，传送,传染,传播transmit 传送，传递；播送，发射；传染,传播transplant 移植，移种；移居transport 运输，运送；运输系统，运载工具liability 责任，义务;债务；倾向liable 负有（法律)责任的，有义务的；易出问题的,易患病的liberal 不严格的；（政治或经济上）自由的，支持(社会、政治)变革的;慷慨的；宽容的人,开明的人liberate 解放，释放，使自由license/licence 许可证，执照;准许，认可vital （有）生命力的；致命的，极其重要的vivid 鲜艳的；生动的，栩栩如生的void 没有的，缺乏的volume 容积，体积;卷，册；音量必考词Unit 7remote 疏远的，远离的；遥远的，偏僻的remove 搬迁，移动；挪走；消除；开除，撤职removal 移动，迁居；除去，切除remain 剩下，余留；留待；仍然是remainder 剩余物，残余部分；其他人员；余数remains 残余；遗迹，废墟remedy 治疗,药品；补救，纠正；革除,消除remember 记得,回想起remind 提醒，使想起render 使成为；给予，回报；提出contemporary 同时代的；当代的；同代人contempt 轻视，轻蔑content 容量；内容；满足，愿意contend 竞争，争夺；声称，主张contest 竞赛，比赛；争夺，争论context 语境;环境，背景continual 不断的，连续的continue 连续，继续continuous 连续的，持续的contract 合同,契约；缩小，缩短,缩紧contradict 反驳;同……相矛盾contrary 相反的,对抗的;对方的;反对，对立面contrast 使成对比；对照,对比diverse 多种多样的，不同的diversion 转向，转移；娱乐，消遣divert 转移某人的注意力；转向;挪用资金divide 划分；分配;分开，隔开dividend 股息，红利，报酬division 分开，分配;部门；分歧document 文件，文献documentary 文献的，文件的;纪录片execute 实行,实施,履行executive 实行的，执行的，行政的;总经理，董事exemplify 列举，举例证明exert 用(力)，尽(力）；发挥；施加（压力等）exhaust 抽完；耗尽；排气装置;废气exist 存在，生活existence 存在，生存,生活exotic 由外国引进的；吸引人的；外来物，外来语innocent 清白的，无罪的；天真的，单纯的innovation 革新，改革；新方法,新技术，新思想moral 道德的，道义的;寓意morality 道德，美德moreover 再者，此外，而且mostly 主要地，大部分，基本上prior 先前的；优先的；更重要的priority 先前，优先，优先权privacy 隐居；私事，隐私private 私人的，个体的；秘密的privilege 特权，优惠;特殊的待遇subject 题目，主题；学科,科目；受……支配的；需要……的subjective 主观的，个人的submit 屈服，投降；听从；提交subordinate 下级的；附属的，次要的subscribe 捐助；订阅；同意;签名subsequent 随后的,后来的substance 物质；基本内容；财力，资产substantial 实质的,真实的；坚固的；大量的，富裕的;重要的substitute 代替者，代替物；代替,替换subtle 微妙的；细致的;敏锐的；精妙的treat 对待，处理；论述，探讨；款待,请客treaty 条约trend 倾向，趋势;时髦，时尚associate 联系，联合，结合;联合的，合伙的association 协会,团体;联系；联想amend 修改，修订；改进，改善among（st) 在……之中，在……中间amount 数量，总额；达到……之多ample 充足的，丰富的；宽敞的，面积大的amuse 逗乐，给……提供娱乐anchor 精神支柱;抛锚，停留；固定，扎根必考词Unit 8acclaim 喝彩，欢呼;称赞accommodate 使适应；调和；帮助;容纳，接纳accommodation（s）住宿，留宿accompany 陪伴，伴随accomplish 达到,完成，实现；走完，度完account 账目，账户，账单;描述，叙述；认为,视为;说明，解释；占(一定数量或比例) accountant 会计，会计师；账房，出纳bias 偏见；偏重;使有偏见，偏向bid 祝愿；命令，吩咐;出价，投标bill 账单；招贴，广告;法案；清单；钞票billion 十亿，万亿birth 出生，分娩;出身，血统charge 收（费）；使充满；控告；负荷；价钱，费用charm 美貌；魅力；使陶醉，迷住chase 追逐，追求demand 要求;查问；请求democracy 民主，民主制；民主国家democratic 民主的demonstrate 论证，证明；表明；宣传；游行，示威denote 表示;意思是denial 否认；拒绝,拒绝给予deny 否定，否认department 部，局，处；系，学部depend 取决于，依靠dependent 依靠的，依赖的deposit 使沉积;存放；沉淀物；存款；保证金depress 使沮丧,使消沉;使不景气，使萧条emerge 出现，浮现emergency 紧急情况，突然事件，非常时刻eminent 著名的，杰出的，卓越的；明显的,突出的emotion 情绪,情感fear 害怕,畏惧；担心fearful 担心的;可怕的feature 特征,特色；特写federal 联邦的federation 同盟,联邦，联盟，联邦政府feed 喂养，饲养；向……提供feedback 反馈feeling 感情；心情;知觉；同情fertile 肥沃的，富饶的;能繁殖的goal 目的,目标；守门员，球门；进球goods 商品，货物govern 统治,管理；决定,支配；抑制，控制government 政府，内阁；管理，支配；政治，政体governor 总督，州长；主管人员,理事gradual 逐渐的，逐步的graduate 毕业；获学位；有学位的,毕业的，毕业生grand 盛大的,豪华的;重大的，主要的grant 同意，准予;授予heap 大量，许多；堆积;装满heal 治愈;调停，消除，克服health 健康，健康状况；卫生healthy 健康的，健壮的；卫生的hesitate 犹豫，踌躇;含糊highlight 使显著，使突出;强调；最有意思或精彩的部分highland 高地，高原；高原的highly 高度地，非常；赞许地immediate 立即的；直接的，最接近的immense 广大的,巨大的immerse 使浸没;使专心于immigrant 移民,侨民immune 免除的，豁免的；不受影响的；有免疫力的likely 很可能的，有希望的；大概，多半likelihood 可能性likewise 同样（照样）地；又，也，而且必考词Unit 9perform 演奏,演出，表演;执行，完成；工作，表现performance 执行；表演；表现，行为period 周期；时期，时代；学时,课时;句点periodical 周期的,定期的；期刊,杂志perish 死亡；毁灭，消亡；腐败，腐烂perpetual 永恒的；反复的；没完没了的perplex 使困惑，使茫然；使复杂化personal 个人的,私人的；人身的，本人的personality 人格,个性personnel 全体人员;人事（部门）perspective 观点，看法；判断力，洞察力；透视图；景观pessimistic 悲观的optimistic 乐观的optimum 最适宜的，最有利的option 选项，选择权；买卖的特权optional 可以任选的，非强制的organ 机构;器官；风琴organic 器官的；有机的，绿色的organism 生物体,有机体organiz(s)ation 团体，机构；组织;组织性，系统性organiz(s）e 组织;使有条理rake 耙，耙状物;大量搜索，翻检rare 稀少的,珍贵的；稀薄的rarely 很少，难得，非常地rate 比率；速度；费率;价格;等级,品级;评估；定级ratio 比，比率rational 理性的，合理的reach 抵达，到达；触到；能达到的范围react 反应，起作用realistic 现实(主义)的reality 现实，实际;真实的事物realiz（s）e 认识到，了解到；实现select 选择，挑选；精选的，选择的selection 选择，挑选；精选物，选集self 个性，自我，自己；本来面目;个人利益；私心selfish 自私的,利己的sell 出售;让人失望的东西send 发送，传达；派遣;使做出；使表现出senior 年长的；地位较高的;（大学)四年级学生sensation 感觉，知觉；激动；轰动sense 感觉，感官；观念，意识;合理性；含义；感觉到，意识到sensible 明智的，合情理的;明显的sensitive 敏感的，易受伤害的；灵敏的separate 分开的，分离的；隔开sequence 先后，次序，连续serial 连续的；连载的；连载小说，连续电视；定期刊物series 连续，一系列serious 严肃的;严重的，危险的；认真的toast 烤面包,吐司；烘，烤together 共同,一起token 表示，标志，象征；纪念品；礼券，筹码；象征性的tolerance 容忍，耐性tolerant 容忍的,宽容的tolerate 容忍,默许accumulate 积累，积攒，积聚accuracy 准确性accurate 准确的，正确无误的accuse 指控,指责achieve 达到；完成,成功acknowledge 承认,供认board 板,木板；理事会,董事会boast 自吹自擂，夸耀,吹嘘；有，包含bonus 奖金；红利；补贴boom 繁荣期，迅速发展;兴起；暴涨，激增boost 增加，提高；帮助，鼓励cheer 喝彩，欢呼；鼓舞，鼓励choice 选择，挑选；精选的，优质的choose 选择，挑选；喜欢,愿意chemical 化学的；化学制品,化学药品cherish 珍爱,珍视;爱护，关心；抱有,怀有chip 打破；切削；薄片；碎屑verbal 用言辞的，用文字的；口头的verdict 判断，裁定;定论，意见verify 证明，证实；查对,查清verse 韵文，诗；诗句version 版本；译文;翻译；说法，看法vessel 船，舰；容器，器皿；管，血管必考词Unit 10meditate 沉思，冥想;考虑，谋划meditation 沉思，冥想;打算，熟虑medium 中间，中庸；媒介物，传导体deprive 剥夺，使丧失derive 取得,得到describe 形容，描述description 描述，形容；种类，类型deserve 值得，应得design 设计,绘制；图样designate 指明，标明；指定，指派desirable 称心的，合意的desire 希望，渴望；欲望，要求flaw 裂缝；缺陷,缺点flexible 柔韧的；易弯曲的;可变通的fling 扔,掷,抛，丢flourish 炫耀;繁荣，兴旺;挥舞grow 增长；生长,成长；种植，栽种grown—up 成熟的，成人的；成年人growth 生长，增长，发展hinder 妨碍，阻止hint 暗示；建议；线索,细微的迹象hitherto 到目前为止，迄今impact 冲击，撞击；影响,作用impair 削弱，减少；损害，损伤impart 传授;告知，透露implement 实施,执行；工具,用具implication 含意,暗示implicit 含蓄的;无疑问的,绝对的imply 意指，意味着，暗示import 进口,输入；进口商品；要旨，含意importance 重要（性），重大important 重要的，重大的;有权力的impose 征（税)；利用，占便宜impress 盖印；留下印象;铭记;压痕impression 印象,感想;盖印，压痕；印数impressive 给人深刻印象的,感人的improve 改善，增进,提高impulse 推动,驱动；冲动，一时的念头limit 界限,范围；限制，限定limitation 限制，局限性limited 有限的，被限制的origin 起源，由来；出身，血统original 最初的，原始的;新颖的，有独创性的;原物，原作，原文originate 发源,产生，引起；开创，发明petition 请愿，请愿书；申请书；正式的请求，要求phase 阶段，时期;相，相位phenomenon 现象；非凡的人、物或事philosopher 哲学家，哲人philosophy 哲学phrase 短语，词语，习语physical 自然科学的，物理的；肉体的,身体的；物质的，有形的physician 医师，内科医生pierce 刺入，穿透；看透，识破reason 理由，原因;道理；理性；推理;辩论reasonable 合理的，有道理的,通情达理的recent 新近的，近来的serve 服务，履行职责；接待顾客servant 仆人，佣工service 服务，帮助；公共设施，公共事业；维修,保养set 放置；确定，决定；树立；创造；调整;约定的，规定的，习惯的；一套，一副，一组setback 挫折，退步；复发；延迟，阻碍setting 安置，安装；环境，背景settle 安定,安顿；定居；解决settlement 解决，决定；新住宅区several 几个，一些；各自的；分别的severe 严厉的，严格的;剧烈的,严重的shape 形状；体形；状况;种类；塑造，形成share 一份,份额，一部分；股份；分享；分摊；分配sharp 锋利的；鲜明的；突然的；敏锐的；准时地shelter 掩蔽处；掩蔽；庇护;躲避sophisticated 老练的；复杂的；精密的;尖端的,高度发展的sovereign 君主,统治；至高无上的;独立自主的，完全的sow 播种；传播；激起toll 代价；损失;钟声;鸣钟tone 音调，音色，风气,气氛；腔调,语气topic 话题，主题，题目必考词Unit 11choke 使停止呼吸；窒息；抑制chop 削减，降低；终止;取消;劈，砍,剁;排骨,肉块circumstance 情况，形势，环境cite 引用，引证，举（例）claim 要求，主张；索赔；权利clear 明白的;清澈的；通畅的，无阻的；清楚地；证明；使清楚border 边界，边境,边沿；邻接，毗邻bore 使厌烦，使厌倦；钻孔；麻烦；（管道、枪管等的）内径,口径born 天生的，生来的bother 打扰；烦恼，操心;麻烦acquire 取得，获得；学到acquisition 获得;获得物act 行动，做事；起作用；行为；法令,条例action 行动；行为；作用；战斗activate 使激活，使加快；启动，使活动active 活跃的;积极的；现行的activity 活跃；行动；活性,活力actual 实在的，实际的acute 有观察力的，敏锐的；剧烈的；严重的；急性的despise 蔑视，鄙视despite 不管，不顾;即使,尽管energetic 有力的，精力旺盛的energy 活力，精力；能量，能源enforce 强迫；实施，使生效;坚持engage 尽力理解；雇，聘；吸引；占用engagement 约会，约定；婚约，订婚fold 折叠；褶，褶痕folk 人们；民间的follow 跟随，接着；领会;遵循;结果是following 接着的，下列的force 力量；势力;军队，兵力；强迫,迫使fore 在前部的;重要的；前部forecast 预测，预报foresee 预见,预知forge 锻造；伪造;编造;锻铁炉，铁匠铺grim 严厉的,严峻的；令人不愉快的;极其简陋的grasp 抓住，抓紧;掌握，领会grip 抓紧；吸引住；吸引力gross 总的；严重的，极端的；粗俗的；总共赚得ground 地面，土地；场所；根据，理由group 组；群;批；类；簇;集团；团体;乐团；（使)成群，成组guarantee 保证，保证书；担保guard 守卫,保卫；看守include 包括,包含，计入inclusive 包括的,包含的;范围广的income 收入，收益incorporate 包含，吸收;合并，混合increase 增加，增长，增进increasingly 不断增加地，日益incredible 难以置信的,惊人的,不可思议的incur 招致，引起，遭受link 连接，联系;环节list 表，目录，清单;列入表内;高兴,称心literally 照字面意义地;确实地，真正地literary 文学的；精通文学的literature 文学，文学作品，文献memo 备忘录memorial 追悼的，纪念的；纪念物，纪念碑，纪念馆memory 记忆，记忆力；存储mental 精神的，智力的mention 提及,说起other 另外的，别的;其他人或物otherwise 否则;不同地;在其他方面outcome 结果，成果sign 标记，符号，招牌;征兆，迹象；签名（于)，签署（于）signature 签名,署名,签字signal 信号，暗号；发信号significance 意义，含义;重要性,重大significant 有意义的；重要的，重大的signify 表示，表明，预示；有重要性similar 相似的，类似的simple 简单的；直率的,朴素的;迟钝的simplicity 简单;朴素；直率，单纯simplify 简化，使单纯simply 仅仅，不过；确实；简单地,朴素地slack 松弛的；松懈的；萧条的，不景气的；淡季必考词Unit 12addict 使沉溺，使上瘾；有瘾的人add 加,增加；补充说addition 加，加法；增加的人或物additional 附加的，另外的，额外的address 演说；地址，住址;称呼；对付，处理adequate 足够的,充分的；恰当的adjoin 贴近，与……毗连adjust 调节,调整;校正；适应administration 管理，经营；政府，行政(机关）admire 钦佩，羡慕;夸奖admission 允许进入,接纳;承认;入场券,入场费admit 接纳；承认adapt 适应；改编adopt 采用,采纳；批准;继承；收养adult 成年人的，成熟的;成(年）人brace 支架；支撑,加固；使防备,使做好准备,使经受锻炼brain 脑力,头脑，智能branch 分支；分部,分店;分科，部门；支流brand 商标，标记，牌子;打烙印；使铭记toss 扔，抛，掷；摇摆，颠簸total 总数，总计；全部的,完全的touch 触，碰，摸;感动，触动;涉及，论及；少许，一点儿tough 坚韧的,牢固的；强壮的；强硬的；艰苦的，棘手的；粗鲁的vice 不道德行为，恶习；老虎钳;副的vicious 邪恶的，凶残的，堕落的click 咔嗒声；发出咔嗒声；很快成为好朋友；突然明白或理解client 顾客；委托人；当事人cling 坚持;粘着；依附close 关，闭;结束,终止；接近的;详细的;严密的closet 壁橱,储藏室；秘密的;把某人关在房间里code 代码，密码;法典，法规，法则detach 拆卸；使分开，使分离detail 细节，详情;详述detain 拘留，扣押；留住，耽搁enhance 提高，增加,增强enlarge 扩大,放大，增大，扩展enlighten 启发；教育form 形状,形式;表格；组成，构成；形成formal 正式的；形式的。
考研英语红宝书——10年真题_部分9
【 词性】 ． ?ｎ 【 词义】 奇事： ｔ ｈ ｅ ～ｓ ｏ ｆ ｔ ｈ ｅｗ ｏ ｒ ｌ ｄ世界奇观 ／ Ｂ ｏ ｏ ｋ ｓ ① 奇迹， ａ ｒ ｅ ｆ ｉ ｌ ｌ ｅ ｄｗ ｉ ｔ ｈｍ ａ ｎ ｙ～ ｓ ． 书中充满了新奇的事物。 惊讶： Ｈ ｅｆ ｅ ｌ ｔ～ ｍ ｉ ｎ ｇ ｌ ｅ ｄｗ ｉ ｔ ｈａ ｗ ｅａ ｔ ｔ ｈ ｅＧ ｒ ａ ｎ ｄ ② 惊奇， 面对着大峡谷， 他又惊奇又惶恐。 Ｃ ａ ｎ ｙ ｏ ｎ ． 【 同义】 ｉ ｒ ａ ｃ ｌ ｅ② ｓ ｕ ｒ ｐ ｒ ｉ ｓ ｅ ， ａ ｍ ａ ｚ ｅ ｍ ｅ ｎ ｔ ①ｍ 【 词性】 ． ?ｖ 【 词义】 ａ ｔ ） 感到惊讶， 感到诧异： Ｉ～ ａ ｔ ｈ ｉ ｓ ｒ ｕ ｄ ｅ ｎ ｅ ｓ ｓ ． 我 ①（ 对他的粗鲁感到惊讶。 想要知道： Ｉ～ ｈ ｏ ｗｙ ｏ ｕｃ ａ ｍ ｅ ｔ ｏｍ ｉ ｓ ｓ ｙ ｏ ｕ ｒ ② 感到疑惑， ｗ ａ ｙ ． 我想知道你是怎样迷路的。 【 词组】 ｎ ｏ（ 或ｌ ｉ ｔ ｔ ｌ ｅ ， ｓ ｍ ａ ｌ ｌ ， ｗ ｈ ａ ｔ ）ｗ ｏ ｎ ｄ ｅ ｒ 难怪， 怪不得 【 派生】 ｗ ｏ ｎ ｄ ｅ ｒ ｆ ｕ ｌ ［ ｗ ｎ ｄ ｆ ｌ ］ａ ｄ ｊ ． 惊人的， 奇妙的， 极好的 ｕ ｌ ｂ［ ｂ ｌ ｂ ］ｎ ． ⒉ｂ 【 词义】 Ｔ ｈ ｉ ｓ ｌ ｉ ｇ ｈ ｔ ｂ ｕ ｌ ｂｈ ａ ｓ ｇ ｏ ｎ ｅ ．这灯泡不亮了。 ① 灯泡： 状物） ， 球状物 ： Ｒ ｏ ｏ ｔ ｔ ｈ ｅ ～ｓ ｉ ｎｐ ｏ ｔ ｔ ｉ ｎ ｇｓ ｏ ｉ ｌ ． 把 ② 鳞茎（ 这些球茎扦插在盆栽土壤里。 ｐ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ［ ｐ ｎ ］ｎ ． ⒊ｏ 【 词义】 选择权： Ｉ ｈ ａ ｖ ｅ ｎ ｔ ｍ ｕ ｃ ｈ～ ｉ ｎｔ ｈ ｅ ｍ ａ ｔ ｔ ｅ ｒ ． 在这 ① 选项， 件事情上我无可选择。 ａ ｎ～ｏ ｎａｐ ａ ｃ ｋ ａ ｇ ｅ ｈ ｏ ｌ ｉ ｄ ａ ｙ包价旅游选 ② 买卖的特权： 择权 【 词组】 ｏ ｐ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎｏ ｎｓ ｔ ｈ ． ……的选择权 ｎ ｓ ｔ ｉ ｎ ｃ ｔ ［ ｉ ｎ ｓ ｔ ｉ ｋ ｔ ］ｎ ． ⒋ｉ 【 词义】 本能， 直觉， 天性： Ｗ ｅ ｓ ｏ ｍ ｅ ｔ ｉ ｍ ｅ ｓ ａ ｃ ｔ ｏ ｎ～ ． 我们有时 凭直觉办事。
考研英语(一)高频重点单词详解—2009年翻译(上)
考研英语（一）高频重点单词详解—2009年翻译（上）这是一篇社会生活类教育学题材的文章，来源于John Dewey的专著Democracy and Education，主题围绕“对年轻人的教育”展开。
在试卷中，命题专家对部分句子进行了改写，以符合考研英语的考点。
相对于其他题材而言，教育类话题是更为考生们所熟悉的话题，语言和概念相对容易理解，并不特别抽象难懂。
以下是本文中出现的10个高频重点单词，就让我们一起来学习吧！1. 6deliberate [dɪ'lɪbərət]adj. 故意的;深思熟虑的;从容的vt. 仔细考虑;商议【词根记忆】：de(表示加强)+liber(=libra,拉丁文名词，“天平，磅”)+ate(动词后缀)→将事物定下来掂算重量→仔细考虑;商议→深思熟虑的→故意的;从容的【短语搭配】：take time to deliberate 做事要深思熟虑【真题例句】：There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others and the deliberate educating of the young. 在人们从与其他人相处中受到的教育和对年轻人的有意的教育之间，有着显著的不同。
(2009年翻译)2. 4incidental ['ɪnsə'dɛntl]adj. 附带的;偶然的;容易发生的n. 附带事件;偶然事件【词根记忆】：in(强调)+cid(忽然落下、降临)+ent(名词后缀)+al(形容词后缀)→忽然落下的事情→偶然的→偶然事件【真题例句】In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association. 在前一种情况下，教育是偶然的，它自然而然地发生，而且至关重要，但它并不是(社会)联系的直接原因。
2009年考研英语真题答案及解析
2009年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章总体分析本文是一个有关动物智力话题的文章。
文章第一段第一句就点名了文章中心，接着引用自然杂志上描述的实验论证这一观点。
从第二、三段作者从几个方面分析了产生这种情况的原因，最后一段从动物上升到对人的思考。
二、试题具体解析1.[A]Suppose假设猜想[B]Consider考虑[C]Observe观察[D]Imagine设想【答案】B【考点】固定搭配【解析】本题考查的是“consider+名词性词组”的用法，表示“以……为例”，显然与后面的试验搭配表示以该试验为例引出下文。
选项A、D同义，故排除。
选项C代入文中与上下文不合，故答案为B。
【补充】consider在这里等同于take…(as an example)。
2.[A]tended(to)倾向于……[B]feared害怕[C]happened(to)碰巧……[D]threatened(to)威胁要去做……【答案】A【考点】动词搭配【解析】从空格后面的to可首先排除B，因为fear不与to连用。
再结合文章题材看，文章是科技类，而科技类文章中通常为了表示说话客观性并避免绝对化，往往在主谓之间加一个tend to表示语气的弱化，故本题答案为A，其他两个代入文章语义不通。
3.[A]thinner较细的[B]stabler较稳定的[C]lighter更明亮的[D]dimmer较暗的【答案】D【考点】逻辑关系【解析】空前内容谈到聪明的果蝇寿命相对普通果蝇要短，这里拿灯泡做比喻，相对应的自然是光线的暗淡，即光线暗淡的灯泡使用时间更长。
下一句也有提示：no being too bright，故答案为D。
4.[A]tendency趋向[B]advantage优势[C]inclination倾向[D]priority优先【答案】B【考点】词汇辨析【解析】前文谈到暗淡的灯泡寿命更长，接着说“不太明亮也是”，对比四个选项，只有优势语义连贯，故答案为B。
2009年考研英语真题阅读理解试题(附答案、解析、翻译)
A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July。
2009考研试题答案及解析
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章结构本文是一篇有关动物智力话题的文章。
文章源自2008年5月的The New York Times （《纽约时报》），作者是Verlyn Klingkenberg ，原文标题为“The Cost of Smarts ” （《聪明的代价》）。
全文结构思路如下所示：二、试题解析Ⅰ○1Research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart humans are. ○2 1 the fruit-fly experiments described by Carl Zimmer in the Science Times. ○3Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. ○4This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is a(n) 4 in not being too bright. 对动物的智力研究总使我们想知道人类是如何得聪明。
就以《科学时代》里Carl Zimmer 的论文所描述的果蝇实验为例吧。
经过训练比一般果蝇更聪明的那些果蝇趋向于有更短的寿命。
这表明光线暗淡的灯泡使用时间更长一些，暗淡也是一种优势。
1. [A] Suppose 假设、猜想 [B] Consider 考虑 [C] Observe 观察 [D] Imagine 设想【正确答案】[B] 【试题考点】语义衔接/词汇辨析【解题思路】文章开篇指出：Research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart humans are （对动物智力的研究总是让我们对人类到底有多聪明感到好奇”，接着举了果蝇的例子。
2009-2012年考研英语阅读高分词汇
2009年阅读高分词汇：Text 11. mindlessly 不知不觉地；unconsciously; instinctively 本能地;2. unreflecting 没有思想的；不反省的3. herd 民众(容易受他人影响的人)4. connotation 含义，意义5. paradoxical 矛盾的；contradictory 矛盾的6. innovation 创新；innovative 创新的7. parallel 平行；类似8. inherently 固有的，内在的9. dismiss sb. as 不屑地把某人视为…10. rut 路径；tracks 路径11. bypass 绕路12. explore 探讨13. analytical 分析的14. modes of thought 思维方式15. highlight 突出16. collaborative 合作的17. perpetuate 维持，坚持18. foster 培育；滋养19. fantastic 绝妙的；20. causal 随意的21. mechanical 机械的22. regulate 制约；限制23. trace 追踪24. activate 激活；激发25. commonness 平庸26. comply with 遵守Text 21. boost 促进，提高2. paternal 父亲的；maternal 母亲的3. shell out 花钱；4. kit 成套用品或工具5. prescription 处方6. kinship 亲属7. adopted children 养子8. rage 流行9. genealogist 系谱专家10. swab 拭抹11. candidate 人选12. skeptical 怀疑的13. hawk 鼓吹，叫卖14. ancestry testing 家谱检测15. lineage 宗系；谱系；家系16. patent 受到专利保护17. be subject to 受到18. peer review 同行评阅19. evaluation 评估20. availability 获得21. flexibility 灵活性22. bloodlines 血缘关系23. overlapping 交叉的；重复的Text 31. priority 优先权；优先考虑2. consistently 一致地3. recessing 衰退的4. pre-bubble 泡沫前5. deride 嘲笑6. automotive-assembly 汽车装配生产力7. counterparts 同行，类似人或物8. housing 住房9. constrain 抑制10. groundless 毫无依据的11. fall victims of 成为….牺牲品12. downgrade 低估13. overestimate 高估14. prior to 在…之前Text 41. unfold 展开；进展2. dominant 占主导地位的3. episode 插曲4. civility 修养5. virtuosity 美德6. carrier 承载者7. let alone 更不用说8. dependents 家眷9. superstitious 迷信的10. mock 嘲笑11. end 目的12. religious commitments 宗教信仰13. learned 有学问的14. dominate 主宰15. obsess 着迷16. sermons 布道17. illusory 虚幻的18. groundbreaking 开创性的19. diffuse 传播20. solidarity 团结，一致21. institution 机构，组织；制度22. by-products 副产品23. directive 指导性的24. disposition 性情25. secure 获得，确保26. tuition 学费，教育27.schooling 学校教育2010年阅读真题词汇Text 11. inexorable =irresistible 不可阻挡的2. scope 范围；far removed from 与…有很大差异3. arts coverage 文艺报道；arts criticism 文艺评论；news coverage 新闻报道4. a considerable number of 相当量的；大量的5. in a large part=largely 大部分6. paper reviews 报纸评论；book review 书评7. marvel at 惊叹；8. learned 广博的；有学问的9. deem 认为，同义词contend=argue=imagine10. publication 出版；刊登11. general-circulation 大众发行；12. daily-dailies 日报13. unfocused 不集中的14. newsprint 新闻用纸15. ornaments 装饰16. at length 详细地；成分地17. wear one’s l earning lightly 卖弄学问18. the turn of the century 本世纪初19. journalism 新闻；20. calling 职业；profession21. literary gift 文学天赋22. keep their own end up 在困境中满怀勇气和希望23. be tempted to=can’t help doing 禁不住做24. define sb. as 把…定义为25. apply 运用；apply theory to practice 把理论运用到实践中去26. solely=only27. stylist 文体家；28. best-seller 畅销书29. in print 在版；在印刷30. his vast body of writing 他的大量作品31. save to=except 除…之外32. revival 复苏；复活33. prospect seem remote 前景似乎渺茫34. upholster 装饰；修饰35. prose 散文36. be specialized in 擅长；specialist 专家37. amateur 业余的；professional 职业的38. headlong 迅猛的；猛冲的39. in retreat 后退中40. be characterized by 具有…特征41. retain 保留42. suitability 合适性43. elaborate layout 精细的版面编排44. contemptible 鄙视的45. be capable of 能够做46. appeal to 吸引47. reputation 声誉48. in dispute 有争议49. cater to 迎合50. follow the amateur tradition 遵循业余传统51. the lost horizon 消失在视野之中的52. mournful decline 令人惋惜的衰退53. prominent 著名的Text 21. patent 专利；parent 父母亲2. grant 授予；take sth for granted 认为…理所当然3. one-click online payment system “一键式”在线支付系统4. asset allocation 资产分配5. top patent court 最高专利法院6. scale back 缩小规模7. controversial 有争议的8. authorize 授权；批准9. move 提议；建议10. abuzz 闹得沸沸扬扬11. conduct a broad review 就行一个广泛的审查12. eliminate 消除13. an entire class of 整个一类；a big deal 大事14. curb 限制15. about face 彻底转变16. pool 汇集；集中17. ruling 裁决18. patent filings 专利申请19. emerging 新兴的20. stake out 占据；监视21. exclusive rights 专有权22. established companies 知名公司23. race to do 争相去做24. beat sb. to punch 先发制人；捷足先登25. issue 发布，授予26. take positions in 持…立场27. hedge 规避28. evaluate 评价29. in the wake of=after 在…之后30. patent holders 专利持有者31. uphold 支持，维护32. arouse concern 引起关注33. restriction 限制34. authorization 授权35. comply with 遵守36. transaction 交易37. dismiss 驳回38. legal practice 法律实践39. hostility 敌意40. enhancement 提升；提高；促进41. be immune to 对…有免疫力；不受…影响42. esteem 尊严43. incidence 发生率44. loom =come=approach 出现，到来45. regarding 关于46. prevailing 流行的Text 31. social epidemics 社会时尚，社会潮流2. drive 驱动，推动；driving force 驱动力3. influentials 有影响力的人4. informed 见识广的；persuasive 有说服力的；well-connected 有人脉的5. intuitively 直觉地；6. compelling 让人信服的7. supposed 所谓的8. derive from =stem from来自于9. plausible-sounding 听起来可行的的10. untested 未经检验的11. embrace 接受12. select 经过挑选的13. cursory 粗略的14. anecdotal 奇闻异事的15. with the exception of 除….之外16. celebrities 名人17. outsize 非凡的18. acquaintances熟人19. the cascade of change 一连串的变化20. propagate 传播21. observation 观察；看法22. presence 影响23. dynamics 动态关系24. simulation 模拟25. manipulate 操纵26. variables 变量27. regardless of 不管28. exert 产生29. a chain reaction 连锁反应30. certain prevalent trends 某些流行趋势31. solid evidence 确凿的证据32. social interaction 社会交往33. impulse 冲动；动力34. readiness 乐意35. inclination 倾向Text 41. behind the scenes 私下里2. take aim at 矛头对准3. accounting standard-setters 会计准则的制定者4. moan 抱怨5. third party 第三方6. fetch 售卖，卖出7. lobby 游说8. functioning 运转9. capital market 资本市场运转10. compromise 妥协；破坏；compromise the independence 破坏独立性11. toxic assets 不良资产12. bruising encounter 激烈的冲突13. rush through 匆忙通过14. illiquid 不流动的15. flexibility 流动性16. cry out against 强烈反对17. question 质疑18. income statements 收入报表；损益表19. overall planning 全面计划20. develop rules 制定不同规则21. political vacuum 政治真空22. overvalue =overstate=overrate=exaggerate高估23. skeptical=dubious=doubtful 怀疑的24. paralysis 瘫痪25. booking losses 账面亏损26. supposed bargains 所谓的便宜资产27. mark 标注，标记28. stock options 优先认股；pension 养老金29. give in to 屈服于30. concession 让步31. diminish 下降，减少32. evade 逃避33. act on their own 独立行动；独立操作34. misinterpret 误解35. bad debts 坏账36. objectiveness 客观2011年真题词汇Text 11. favorable, 有利的，acclaim 称赞，赞扬2. appointment 任命，担任；约定3. to say the least 至少可以说4. sober 严肃的；critic 评论家5. unpretentious 不爱炫耀的，不招摇的6. air 神情，样子；气氛7. formidable 可怕的，敬畏的，难对付的8. orchestra 管弦乐队9. strike—struck 留下印象；strike sb. as sth 给某人留下印象是；10. for my part 就我而言11. impressive 影响深刻的12. composition 作曲，作文，结构13. boot up 启动14. download 下载15. live 现场的；直播的16. recordings 录音带17. available 可以得到的18. program 编程；编节目；节目19. note 注意到20. markedly different 显著不同21. vibrant 有生机的22. repertoire 演奏曲目23. revitalize 复兴；振兴Text 21. straight up 直截了当；frank 坦率的，直接的；come right out 直接说出来2. rather than 没有；other than 除了…之外；more than 不仅仅是3. cloak 掩盖4. vague 模糊的5. broadcast 广播；宣布6. line up 排队等候7. reflect on 反思，思考；反省8. aspirations 抱负，渴望，志向9. scrutinize 仔细检查；细致审查10. succession 接任，接班；一连串；连续不断11. turbulent 动荡不安的12. cautious 警惕的，小心的13. cloud 把…弄得模糊不清；使…黯然；诽谤14. reputation 名誉，声望15. turnover 营业额16. stick with 抓住不放；固守17. abound 大量；富裕18. headhunter 猎头19. adhere to 坚持20. poach 偷猎，挖走，盗用21. land in 找到，发现，着陆22. recruiter 招聘人员23. disgrace 耻辱，丢脸24. fade 消失；消退25. invert 使颠倒；使反转26. arrogant 傲慢的；self-centered 以自我为中心的；impulsive 冲动的27. strained 紧张的28. cling to=stick to坚持29. care about 在乎，在意30. way out 出路；Text 31. rough 大概的；粗略的；tough 艰难的2. guide 指南，向导3. marketing 市场营销4. paid media 付费媒体5. commercials 广告6. play a major role 发挥主要的作用7. exploit 利用，榨取8. alternative 可供选择的9. passionate 充满激情做10. promote 促销；宣传；促进11. leverage 杠杆作用；平衡12. alerts 警示，警告；警报13. stem from 来自于14. act as 起到，充当15. initiator 触发器，发起者16. traffic 流量17. hijack 劫持；绑架；强迫；hostage 人质；劫持物18. allegation 宣称，断言；看法19. apply 运用，施加，申请；apply to sb. for sth 向某人申请某事20. boycott 联合抵制21. learning curve 学习曲线22. steep 陡峭的，急剧的，突然的23. alleviate 减轻；24. stand-alone 独立经营的25. complementary 补充的，互补的26. marketer 市场营销人员27. objective 客观的；目标28. obsessed with 着迷于；enthusiastic about 对…热情；29. flexibility 灵活性30. alternative to 可供选择Text 41. insightful 有见解力的；富有洞察力的2. provocative 煽动性的；挑衅的；刺激的3. cover(N. ); 封面，(V.)报道，包括，涉及到4. arouse 激起；唤起5. chatter 喋喋不休；唠叨6. rear (N. Adj. ) 后部分；后面的；(V.)抚养，培育，饲养7. anything less than 只不过是；nothing more than=only8. redefine 重新定义9. tense (Adj.)紧张的；(N. )时态，past-tense 过去时态；intense 强烈的；intensive 精深的，细致的；extensive 广泛的；10. hard 艰难的11. dampen 使潮湿，使沉重，12. source 来源13. gratification and delight 满足和快乐14. cute 聪明的15. hardly 几乎不16. image 形象17. adoptive 收养的；采纳的18. single-mom 单亲母亲19. feature 特写，特征20. celebrity 名人21. procreation 生殖，生育22. equivalent to 相当于23. compare…to把…相比或比做24. bother 困惑25. gape 裂开26. unrealistic 不现实的27. on their own 独立，单独；28. a piece of cake 小菜一碟29. dumb 傻；迟钝的30. glamorous 有魅力的，富有魅力的31. stress-free 没有压力的32. subconscious 潜意识的33. in the same way 就像34. retrospect 回顾，回忆35. pregnant 怀孕的；entertaining 有趣的；快乐的36. be exposed to 暴露在；接触到2012年真题词汇Text 11. peer 同辈人，同龄人；V. 注视，盯着看，偷窥2. whisper 低声说；contend 认为3. causal 随意的；不经心的；4. dynamics 动力；动态，精神；group dynamics 团队精神，群体活力5. recipient 接受者；获奖者6. a host of 大量的7. uncool 不好；不受欢迎的8. initiative 创新活动9. sponsor 赞助；资助；赞助者；资助者；发起者10. recruit 招收11. promising 有前途的12. haze 烟雾；疑惑；迷惑13. perceptive 知觉的；感知的14. critique 批判15. lameness 跛；软弱无力16. campaign 运动17. spot-on 恰好的；准确的18. mobilize 动员，调动，鼓动19. billboard 广告牌；招贴栏20. take a page from 取经，向….某人学习21. nothing more than=no more than 仅仅22. persuasive 有说服力的23. irrelevant 不相关的24. exploration 探讨25. glaring 耀眼的，闪光的26. exert enormous influence on 对…产生巨大影响27. an emerging body of research 大量新的研究28. subtle 微妙的29. bureaucrat 官僚30. steer 掌握；控制31. pair 配对；搭档32. tactic 策略；方法33. engineer 产生；引起34. supplement 补充；35. a cause of undesirable behavior 不良行为的起因36. probe 探讨37. evade 逃避；illustrate 举例38. long-lasting 长期的39. stimulus 推动；40. unconsciously 无意识地Text 21. apparently 明显地2. be involved in 卷入到；涉及到3. supplier 供应商；4. provoke 激起；产生5. justified 合理的；justifiable 合理的6. outrage 愤怒；生气7. renege on 违背；违反8. longstanding 长期的9. commitment 承诺；奉献；致力于10. abide by 遵守11. nuclear regulations 核规则12. challenge 挑战；13. constitutionality 合法性；14. rule 规章15. federal court 联邦法院16. desperate 绝望的17. nuclear power plant 核电站18. stunning 令人吃惊的19. surface 浮出；显现20. aging 衰老的21. regulator 管理者22. extension 延长23. license 执照24. be subject to 受到25. intend to 打算26. a string of27. collapse 崩溃28. cooling tower 冷却塔29. leakage 泄露30. enrage 激怒；惹怒31. invalid 无效32. obscure 模糊的33. precedent-setting 开先例的34. patchwork regulations35. beside the point 离题36. pledge to 发誓；保证37. keep in mind 牢记在心38. reaffirm 再确认39. dishonor 不尊重；违背40. secure 获得；得到41. innovativeness 创新42. vision 远见；眼光43. capacity 能力44. defy 抗议；蔑视45. withdraw 撤掉；46. managerial practices 管理做法Text 31. idealized 理想化的2. version 说法；版本3. ambiguous 不清楚的4. context 环境5. prior 以前的6. self-deception 自我欺骗7. abound 大量存在；abundant 大量的；丰富的8. proto-science 前科学9. staked mining 打赌的采矿10. scrutiny 仔细检查11. transform…into 把…变成为12. mature 成熟的13. credibility 诚信14. gatekeeper 守门人15. interaction 互动；相互影响16. confrontation 针锋相对；对抗17. paradox 矛盾18. prevailing 流行的；盛行的19. duplication 复制；20. confirmation 确认21. modification 修改；22. refutation 驳斥23. novelty 新奇24. disbelief 不相信25. correspond to 与…一致26. conception 概念；认识27. uncertainty and complexity 不确定和复杂性28. misconception and deceptiveness 错误概念和欺骗性29. logicality and objectivity 逻辑性和客观性30. systematicness and regularity 系统性和规律性31. persistent innovation 不断创新32. quote 引用33. inspire 激发；引起34. call for 要求35. a critical mind 批判性思维Text 41. trade union 工会2. civil servant=public servant 公务员3. in one’s prime 处于鼎盛时期4. only one in ten 只有十分之一5. unionist 工会主义者； unionize 入工会6. public sector 公共部门7. ties 联系8. fearsome 可怕的9. patrol 巡逻，巡查10. keep an eye on 监视；监管11. benefits 福利12. backload 调整13. pensions 养老金14. notoriously 臭名昭彰的15. merit pay 绩效工资16. drawn-out 延长的；持续的17. clamp down 取缔，施压18. rally 集合；重整19. hard-line 强硬路线的20. norm 标准21. high achievers 高成就的人22. prudent 谨慎的23. secure 获得24. augment 增加；25. barrier 障碍26. tolerance 容忍27. indifference 冷漠28. dominant 占主导地位的；predominant 占绝对优势的；overwhelming 压倒性的。
2009年考研英语真题解析
2009年考研英语真题答案解析1. B.本题考查动词，后面的宾语是“the fruit-fly experiments described…”， suppose表示“假设”， observe表示“观察”，image表示“想象”， Consider“考虑”，代入文中表示“考虑已经被描述出来的实验”，符合语境。
2. A.本题考查动词短语，happen to(碰巧)，fear to(唯恐…)，be threatened to被恐吓…。
tend to do表示“有…倾向，往往…”，代入文中表示比较聪明的果蝇往往寿命较短。
3. D.本题考查形容词， lighter更轻的，thinner更瘦的，stabler更稳定的，dimmer比较暗淡的，本句是前一句推出的结论，即由“果蝇越聪明寿命越短”推出“灯泡越暗使用时间越长”。
4. B.本题考查名词。
由前半句“灯泡越暗使用时间越长”推出“这是不特别亮的灯泡的一个优点”。
tendency倾向，advantage优势，inclination倾向，priority优先权。
5. C.本题考查动词短语，turns out证明是，insist on坚持，sum up总结，put forward提出。
6. A.本题考查介词， off表示离开。
代入文中表示离开起点时。
7. D.incredible难以置信的，spontaneous自发的，inevitable不可避免的，gradual渐进的。
学习是一个渐进的过程，所以选gradual.8. C.本文的主旨是智力需要昂贵的代价。
大量的物种会学习，但它们首先学会的是知道什么时候停止学习，与上文的例子灯泡呼应。
四个选项中， fight表示斗争，doubt表示怀疑，stop表示停止，think 表示思考，正确答案为C9. B.本题考查形容词，修饰intelligence。
invisible看不见的， indefinite不确定的，这两个选项意思不符合，排除。
(完整word)考研英语十年真题高频词汇汇总(,推荐文档
考研英语十年真题高频词汇汇总（精编）频率为26次的单词growth n. 增加，增长(量)；生长，发展technology n. 工艺，技术theory n. 理论，原理；学说；看法，见解频率为25次的单词economy n. 经济(制度)，经济情况；节约，省俭频率为23次的单词behavio(u)r n. 行为，举止；运转情况频率为21次的单词account n. 账(目)，账户；叙述，说明vi. 说明(原因等)；(数量、比例方面)占economic a. 经济(学)的，经济上的频率为20次的单词individual a. 单独的，个人的频率为19次的单词product n. 产品，产物；乘积rate n. (比)率；速度，进度；价格，费用频率为18次的单词create vt. 创造，创建，创作；引起，产生频率为17次的单词decline vi.／n.下降，减少，衰退；婉拒hard a．硬的，坚固的；烈性的；困难的ad．努力地；猛烈地：困难地频率为16次的单词ability n. 能力，本领；才能，才智频率为15次的单词professional a．专业的；高水准的spot n. 斑点，污点；地点；一点儿vt．认出，发现；玷污tend vi．倾向，趋向于vt.照管，护理view n. 眼界；风景；(常用pl．)看法vt．看待；观察频率为14次的单词advocate vt/n. 鼓吹(者)，拥护(者)amount n. 数量vi．合计；等同community n. 团体，社会；界，族；社区;群落concern vt. 关联；关心n. 企业；焦虑；关心environment n．环境，周围状况factor n. 因素，要素intelligence n. 智力，智慧；情报likely a. 可能的，有希望的ad．可能return v./n. 回来；归还，送还；回答social a. 社会的；交际的频率为13次的单词consequence n. 结果，后果；重要(性)，重大drug n. 药物；（pl.）麻醉品，毒品expert n. 专家，能手a.熟练的，内行的extend vi. 延续；达到vt. 提供，发出industrial a. 工业的，产业的moral a. 道德(上)的n. 寓意，教育意义频率为12次的单词action n. 行为；活动；作用adult n. 成(年)人a.成年人的，已成熟的ambition n. 雄心；野心competition n. 竞争，比赛capacity n. 容量，容积；能力，才能detail n. 细节，详情vt.详述，细说evidence n. 根据，证据；迹象，形迹evolution n. 进化，演化，渐进fund n. 基金，专款；现款vt．为…提供资金inflation n. 通货膨胀；(充气使)膨胀local a. 当地的．地方的；局部的maintain vt. 维持；维修，保养；主张management n. 经营；管理(部门)；管理人员productivity n. 生产力，生产率survive vt. 幸免于；比…活得长vi.幸存universe n. 宇宙，世界；范围，领域频率为11次的单词learn vt. 学会；得知vi. 学习；了解频率为10次的单词advertising n. 广告宣传；广告业，广告事务affect v. 影响；感动benefit n. 益处v. 有益，得益debate v./n. 辩论，争论directly ad．直接地；立即element n. 要素；元素；基础；自然环境essential a. 必不可少的；本质的n.(常pl.)要素，要点；必需品identify vt. 把…等同于；认出，鉴定vi．认同intend vt. 想要．打算，企图investment n. 投资(额)reasonable a. 合理的；通情达理的；公道的；尚好的responsibility n. 责任(心)；职责，义务opportunity n. 时机，机会personality n. 人格，个性；人物private a. 私人的；秘密的频率为9次的单词alter vt. 改变，变更appropriate a. 适当的vt.私占；拨款用boom n. 叫喊声；繁荣vi.隆隆作响；迅速增长combine v. 联合，化合n.联合企业corporation n. 公司，团体enterprise n. 进取心，事业心；(企)事业单位federal a. 联邦的gas n. 煤气；气体；汽油highly ad. 高(度)地，非常issue n. 问题，争论点v.颁布，出版；分发；流出，发出organization／-isation n. 团体，机构；组织体制principle n. 原理，原则；信条project n. 计划；项目；工程vt. 投射，放映；(使)伸出recognize/-ise vt. 认出；承认；表彰，报偿specific a. 特有的；具体的n(pl.) 详情，细节structure n. 结构，构造；建筑物vt.构造；安排substance n. 物质；实质；内容；根据trend n. 趋势，倾向；时新款式，时尚频率为8次的单词activity n. 活跃，活力；(常pl.)活动advantage n. 优点，有利条件；利益aspect n. 外表；(问题等的)方面attitude n. 态度，看法；姿势balance v. 使平衡，称n.天平；平衡；差额，结余characteristic a. 特有的，典型的n.特征claim vt./n. 声称，断言；索取comment n. 评论，意见vi.评论constitute vt. 组成；设立contract v. 订(约)；缩小n.合同，包工creative a. 创造(性)的，有创造力的culture n. 教养，教育；文化；培植，培养historical a. 历史(上)的，史学的interpret vt. 解释，说明，诠释vi.口译，翻译manner n. 方式，方法；态度，举止；风度，礼貌，规矩mass n. 大量；团，块; (pl) 群众；质量obtain vt. 获得vi．通用，流行powerful a. 强大的，有力的；强壮的predict vt. 预告，预言，预测risk n. 风险，危险；冒险vt.冒…的危险robot n. 机器人，自动机械shift v. 转移；改变，转变n.转换；轮(或换)班species n. 种，类频率为7次的单词approach v./n. 接近n.途径；方法argument n. 争论，辩论；论点，论据assume vt. 假定；承担；呈现blueprint n. 计划，蓝图climate n. 气候；风气，气氛competitive a. (好)竞争的；求胜心切的；有竞争力的complex a. 复杂的；复合的n. 综合体concept n. 概念，观念，思想confuse vt. 使困惑；混乱，混淆critical a. 危急的，决定性的，关键性的；批评(判)的crude a. 天然的；生的；粗鲁的emerge vi.出现；发生，显露employee n.受雇者，雇员existence n.存在；生存，生活(方式)innovation n.新方法，新事物；革新interview n./v.接见，会见；面试；采访involve vt.使卷入，使参与；包含，牵涉journal n.定期刊物；日志link v. 连接，联系n. 环节，联系，纽带manifest a. 明显的vt. 使显现；证明motion n.运动；手势，眼色；提议v. (向…)打手势，示意频率为6次的单词analysis n. 分析(报告)apply vi. 申请，请求；适用于vt.应用，运用arise vi. 出现，发生；引起，起源于；起身assumption n. 假定，臆断；担任，承担assure vt. 使确信，使放心；确保authority n. 权威，专家；权力；(常用pl．)官方，当局avoid vt. 避免，避开；预防bias n. 偏见；偏袒，偏心vt.使有偏见brief a. 简洁的v. 简短介绍，简要汇报cash n．现金v.兑现，付(或收)现款challenge vt. 向…挑战n.挑战；难题committee n. 委员会conflict n. 冲突；战斗vi. 冲突，抵触consideration n. 考虑；体贴，关心constant a. 不断的；始终如一的；忠实的n.常数consumption n. 消耗量，消费量contact vt./n. (与…取得)联系convention n. 大会；协定，公约；惯例convince vt. 使确信，使信服，说服cosmic a. 宇宙的data n. 资料，数据definition n. 定义；清晰(度)，鲜明(度)delivery n. 交付，投递；分娩；演讲的风格(方式) demonstrate vt. 说明,演示；论证；表露vi.游行示威(或集会) deny vt. 否认；拒绝给予，拒绝…的要求digital a. 数字的discipline vt./n. 纪律；学科；训练；惩罚distinction n. 差别；区分，辨别；优秀educate v. 教育，培养，训练effective a. 有效的；事实上的electronic a. 电子的emphasis n. 强调，重点enable vt. 使能够，使可能，使可行error n. 错误，差错establish vt. 建立，设立，创办；确定extent n. 广度，宽度；范围，程度focus v. 聚焦n. 焦点，焦距；(活动等的)中心function n. 功能；函数vi．运行，起作用fundamental a. 根本的，基础的n. (常pl.)基本原则gene n. 基因genius n. 天才，天赋；天才人物giant n. 巨人；才智超群的人a．巨大的humo(u)r n. 幽默(感)；脾性，情绪，心情v. 使满足，迁就implication n. 含意，暗示；牵连improvement n. 增进；改进(处)independent a. 独立自主的；中立的；无关的influence vt./n. 影响(力) n. 势力，权势instinct n. 本能，直觉；生性，天性intention n. 意图，意向，目的invention n. 发明，创造；捏造，虚构item n. 条款，项目；(新闻等的)一条mechanism n. 机械装置；机构；机制observation n. 注意，观察；言论；(常pl.)观察数据odd a. 古怪的；奇数的；剩余的n.(p1.) 可能性offend vt. 冒犯；使不舒服；违犯oppose vt. 反对，反抗panel n. 控制板，仪表盘；专门小组phenomenon n. 现象；非凡的人(或物)physical a. 物理(学)的；物质的；身体的potential a. 潜在的，可能的n. 潜力，潜能prolong vt. 延长，拉长，拖延psychological a. 心理(学)的reflect v. 反射；反省，深思；反映relevant a. 有关的，切题的remark v. 评论，谈论；注意到，察觉n. 评语，议论，意见requirement n. 要求；需要(的东西)respond vi. 回答，答复；响应rsponse n. 回答，答复；反应，响应responsible a. 负责任的；重要的；有责任感的revolution n. 革命；旋转，转数rob vt／vi. 抢劫，盗取scale n. 刻度；级别；规模；鳞；(pl.)天平secure a. 安全的，可靠的vt．获得；使安全site n. 位置，地点vt. 使坐落在，设置status n. 地位，身份；情形，状况stock n. 库存，现货；股票v.储备a．常备的stress n. 压力，紧张；重音；强调vt．强调；重读sufficient a. 足够的，充分的survey n. 测量；概括论述；调查sympathy n. 同情(心)；支持；(pl.)慰问threaten v. (构成)威胁，可能发生unemployment n. 失业(人数)vote vi．投票n. 选票；选举；投票总数频率为5次的单词abroad ad. 国外，在国外；到处appeal vi/n. 呼吁；申诉；(有)吸引力；求助captive n. 俘虏a.被俘虏的；被迷住的infrastructure n. 基础结构，基本设施(如运输、动力等) premium n. 保险金；奖品a.高级的；售价高的resign vi. 辞职vt．放弃；使顺从span n. 跨距，范围v.横越title n. 题目，标题；称号，头衔；权益，权利unlikely a. 未必的，靠不住的频率为4次的单词abandon vt. 抛弃；放弃acknowledge vt. 承认；告知收到，致谢addition n.（增）加，加法；附加（物）advertisement n.（登）广告；公告aid n. 援助；助手，辅助物（设备）v.帮助，援助annoy vt. 使恼怒，使生气，打搅apparent a. 表面上的；显然的，明白的appreciate vt. 鉴赏；领会；感激vi.增值artificial a. 人工的；假的，矫揉造作的assemble v.（人）集合，聚集；（物）装配attribute vt. 把···归因于n.属性basis n. 基本，根据，原则bid vt. 命令；祝，表示v./n. 出价，投标n.企图，努力career n. 履历，生涯；职业ceremony n. 典礼，仪式；礼仪character n. 特征；性格，品质；人物，角色；（汉）字commercial a. 商务的；商业（性）的n.商业广告commit vt. 将···托付给；使承担义务，献身于；犯（错误）commodity n. 商品，货物comparative a. 比较的，相对的comparison n. 比较；比拟，比喻compensation n. 补偿，赔偿conduct vt. 指挥；管理；传导n. 行为；管理（方式）conference n. 讨论，会谈；（正式）会议confidence n. 信任，信心，自信；秘密confront vt. 遭遇；勇敢地面对；使对质contrast v./n.（形成）对比，对照conventional a. 常规的；普通的criminal a. 犯罪的，刑事的n.罪犯crisis n. 危机，危急关头；关键时刻critic n. 批评家，评论家current a. 流行的，当前的n.（潮）流；电流；趋势cycle n. 循环，周期vi.循环define vt. 限定，规定；给···下定义，解释deprive vt. 剥夺，使丧失derive v. 起源，衍生；追溯···的起源deserve vt. 应受，值得，应得device n. 装置，设备，器械；手段，策略diminish vt. （使）减少，减小，降低disappear vi. 不见，消失discard vt. 打出（无用的牌）；抛弃，丢弃easily ad. 容易地，不费力地efficient a. 效率高的，有能力的employer n. 雇佣者，雇主entitle vt. 给（书、文章）题名；给···权利（或资格）estimate vt./n. 估计，估量n.评价，看法executive a. 执行的，实施的n. 董事，行政负责人expense n. 花费；(pl.) 开支export v./n. 出口，输出（品）external a. 外部的，外面的，外表的fascinate vt. 强烈地吸引，迷住fashion n. 方式，样子；流行款式，时装fatal a. 致命的；重大的，决定性的flash n. 闪光（灯）vi.闪光，闪烁；飞驰，掠过forbid vt. 不许，禁止formal a. 形式的；正式的formation n. 形成（物），构成former a. 以前的，在前的n. 前者gross a. 总的，毛重的；臃肿的vt. 获得···总收入（或毛利）n.总额guarantee n. 保证（书）vt.保证，担保happiness n. 幸福，幸运，快乐harmful a. 有害的hence ad. 因此；从此illustrate vt. 阐明；（给···作插图）说明imply vt. 暗示，含有···的意思indicate vt. 指出，指示；表明，示意inevitable a. 不可避免的，必然（发生）的injure vt. 伤害，损害，损伤intellectual n. 知识分子a.智力的，善于思维的intelligent a. 聪明的，有才智的internal a. 内部的，内地的，国内的；内心的；内在的justify vt. 证明···正当（或有理），为···辩护label n. 标签，标记；称号vt.贴标签于；把···称为manufacture vt. 制造，加工n.制造（业）；产品modify vt. 修改，更改；（语法上）修饰monopoly n. 垄断（物、商品），专卖商品mostly ad. 几乎全部地，主要地，基本上neglect vt./n. 忽视，忽略；疏忽，玩忽network n. [广义]网络，网状物；[狭义]广播网，电视网nevertheless ad. 仍然，然而，不过notion n. 概念，观念；意图，想法nuclear a. 核能的，原子核的；核心的offspring n.（sing.同pl.）子孙，后代，结果originate v. 起源于，产生；创造，开创pace n. 步（速），速度，节奏vi．踱步painful a. （引起）疼痛的；困难的politics n. [单数性]政治（学）；[复数性]政纲，政见possess vt. 占有，拥有poverty n. 贫困，贫穷privilege n. 特权，优惠profit n. 利润；收益v.有益于；得益promote vt. 促进，发扬；提升；推销proportion n. 比例；部分；均衡，相称pursue vt. 追踪，追赶；从事；追求radical a. 根本的；激进（派）的n.激进分子range n.（变动）范围；一系列v.变动；涉及；使排列成行rarely ad. 很少，难得reality n. 现实，实际；真实register n./v. 登记，注册regulate vt. 控制，管理；调整，调节reject vt. 拒绝；退回n.被拒货品，不合格产品remarkable a. 引人注目的；非凡的replace vt. 取代；把···放回原处；更换represent vt. 象征；描绘；代表restriction n. 限制，约束reveal vt. 揭露；（事物）展现，显示reward n./vt. 报酬，酬金；报答，奖赏rival vt. 与···竞争a. 竞争的n.竞争对手scatter vt. 撒（播）；使散开，驱散security n. 安全，安定，保证skilled a. 熟练的，有技能的；需要技能的storage n. 储藏（量），保管；库房strive vi. 努力，奋斗，力求style n. 风格；式样；时尚vt.（根据新款式）设计surplus n. 剩余，盈余a.过剩的，多余的surround vt. 包围；环绕，围绕survival n. 幸存（者），残存物target n. 目标，对象，靶子vt. 瞄准tendency n. 趋向，趋势trace vt. 查出；追溯;描摹n.痕迹，踪迹；微量tradition n. 惯列，传统transform vt. 把···转换成；变换，改革union n. 工会，同盟；联合；一致utility n. 功用，效用；（常pl.）公用事业valid a. 有根据的；有效的visible a. 看得见的，可见的，有形的wisdom n. 智慧，明智；格言，名言worthwhile a. 值得（做）的频率为3次的单词abuse vt./n. 滥用；辱骂，虐待acquisition n. 获得（物），取得activate vt. 使活动起来，使开始起作用alternative a. 两者择一的n. 供选择的东西anticipate vt. 预料，期望；先于···行动assess vt.估价，评估，评定assign vt.分配，布置；指定；指派，选派assignment n.（分派的）任务；分配，委派associate vi. 交往vt.使联想；使联合n.伙伴，同事a. 副的attain vt. 达到，获得ban v./n. 禁止bind vt. 捆绑，捆扎；使结合；约束；装订budget v. （编）预算；安排，规划n.预算（拨款）a.合算的，廉价的candidate n. 侯选人；应考者casual a. 碰巧的；随便的；临时的；census n. 人口普查，统计chemical a. 化学的n.（pl.）化学制品，化学药品circumstance n. 环境，条件，形势；（pl.）境况，状况colleague n. 同事，同僚compel vt. 强迫，迫使complaint n. 抱怨；控告；疾病compose vt. 创作，为···谱曲；组成，构成；使平静comprehension n. 理解（力）conclusion n. 结尾；推论，结论confusion n. 混淆；混乱；困惑congress n. 代表大会；[C]国会，议会connection n. 连接，联系considerate a. 体贴的，体谅的contend v. 斗争；竞争；主张context n. 上下文，语境；环境，背景contrary a. 相反的，对抗的n. 相反，对立面contribute v. 贡献出，捐赠，捐助；投稿counsel v./n. 忠告n.法律顾问，辩护人crucial a. 至关重要的，决定性的decrease v./n. 减少，减小democratic a. 民主的，有民主精神(或作风)的dependent a. 依靠的，依赖的；取决于dispute v./n. 争论，争议disregard vt. 不理会，漠视n. 忽视，漠视distort vt. 扭曲；歪曲，曲解vi.变形distract vt. 使分心，转移；迷惑diverse a. 多种多样的draft n. 草稿，草案；汇票；征兵vt．起草；招募drift vi. 漂泊，游荡n.漂流(物)；大意economics n. 经济学；(pl.)经济状况，经济因素，经济意义efficiency n. 效率，效能，功效endanger v. 危及，危害endure v. 持续；忍受，忍耐enlarge v. 扩大；放大enlighten vt. 启发，开导enormous a. 庞大的，巨大的，极大的ensure vt. 保证，担保，确保equip vt. 装备，配备；使有准备equivalent a. 等价的；相当的n. 等价物essay n. 短文，文章establishment n. 建立；机构，企业；当权人物evolve v. (使)发展，(使)进化，(使)演变exceed vt. 超出；越出excess n. 超越；过量，过度a．过量的，额外的extreme a. 末端的；极端的，极度的n.极端，过分fade v. (使)褪色；逐渐消失；凋谢failure n. 没做到；失败fiction n. [总称]小说；虚构flourish vi. 繁荣，茂盛，兴旺folk n. (常pl.) 人们a.民间的forecast v.／n. 预报，预测formulate vt. 用公式表示；规划；阐明generate vt. 生殖；生产；引起，导致geology n. 地质学；地质情况global a. 全球的，全世界的；总的，完整的grant n. 拨款，授予物vt. 授予，同意，准予gravity n. 重力；严重；庄重，严肃handle n. 把手vt.触摸；操作；处理，对待harm n./vt. 伤害，损害，危害helpful a. 有帮助的；有益的，有用的hesitate vi. 犹豫，踌躇；含糊，支吾highlight vi. 使显著，突出n.精彩场面hospitality n. 友好款待，好客ideal n. 理想的东西(或人)a. 理想的；想像的immigrant n. 移民，侨民immune a. 免疫的；不受影响的；免除的impact n./v. 冲击，碰撞；影响，作用import vt./n. 进口，输入impose v. 把…强加于；征(税)，处以(罚款、监禁) inferior a. 下等的，下级的；次的n. 下级，晚辈inform vt. 通知，报告vi．告发，检举inquiry n. 打听，询问；调查instance n. 例子，例证，事例instant n. 瞬间a.立即的；紧急的；速溶的instrument n. 仪器，器械，工具；乐器insurance n. 保险(业,费)interact vi. 互相作用，互相影响irritate vt. 使恼怒，使烦躁；使疼痛keen a. 热心的，喜爱的；敏锐的；锋利的legislation n. 法律，法规；立法leisure n. 空闲时间，闲暇；悠闲liability n. 责任；(常pl.)负债；累赘logical a. 逻辑(上)的，符合逻辑的mankind n. 人类mathematical a. 数学(上)的military a. 军事的，军队的n. 军方；陆军mode n. 方式，式样moreover ad. 而且，此外motive n. 动机，动因，目的multitude n. 大量，许多；民众novel n. (长篇)小说a．新颖的，新奇的oblige vt. 迫使，责成；(使)感激，施恩于opponent n. 敌手，对手；反对者optimistic a. 乐观(主义)的organic a. 有机物的，有机体的output n. 产量；输出(功率) vt. 输出(信息、数据等) phase n. (方)面；阶段vt．分阶段实行(或计划) pollution n. 污染precise a. 精确的，准确的；严谨的prejudice n. 偏见，成见vt. 使有偏见；对…不利presence n. 出席，存在；仪态primary a. 最初的，初级的；首要的，基本的prompt vt. 促使，推动；提示a.敏捷的，及时n.提词，提示proof n. 证据，证明a．能防…的propose v. 提出；提名，推荐；打算；求婚proposition n. 建议，提案；主张；命题outlook n. 观点；前景；景色prosperity n. 兴旺，繁荣provision n. 供应；条款，规定；(pl.)给养random a. 任意的，随机的rare a. 稀有的；(空气等)稀薄的；(肉)煎得嫩的readily ad. 容易地，迅速地；乐意地reckon vt. 认为，估计；指望，盼望；测量recovery n. 痊愈；重获，恢复reference n. 提到；参考(书目)；推荐信(或人)reform vt./n. 改革，改良vi.改正，改过自新region n. 地区，区域；范围，幅度regret v./n. 懊悔，遗憾，抱歉relieve vt. 缓解，减轻；使宽慰；接替religion n. 宗教，信仰；信念，信条resist v. 忍住；抗(病等)；反抗，抵制revolve vi. 旋转schedule n. 时刻表；清单vt. 安排screen n. 屏幕，银幕；帘，纱窗vt.遮蔽；播放select vt. 选择，挑选a.精选的；一流的sensitive a. 敏感的；神经过敏的；易受伤的significance n. 意义，含义；重要性，重大slip vi. 滑(倒)；溜走；下降n.疏漏vt．悄悄放进solution n. 解答，解决(办法);溶液somewhat ad. 稍微，有点spite n. 恶意，怨恨stake n. 标桩；利害关系；股份；赌注vt.以…打赌，拿…冒险standardize/-ise v. 使符合标准，使标准化steer vt.. 引导strategy n. 战略，策略stream n. 溪流；一股，一串vi.流出substantial a. 牢固的；充裕的；主要的，实质性的trail n. 小路；痕迹vt．跟踪vi. 拖，下垂；(比赛等)失败transition n. 过渡，转变transmit vt. 播送，发射；传送，传染transport n. 运输(系统)，运输工具vt.运输，运送trial n. 审讯；考验，试验typical a. 典型的，有代表性的underlie v. 构成…的基础unexpected a. 想不到的，意外的unfortunately ad. 不幸地；遗憾的是unknown a. 未知的，不知名的unlike a. 不同的prep．不像…，和…不同unusual a. 不平常的；与众不同的urgent a. 急迫的，紧要的vain a. 徒劳的，无效的；自负的verify vt. 证明，证实via prep. 经，通过violence n. 暴力；猛烈，剧烈whereas conj．然而，可是，不过。
2009年12月真题词汇总结
2009年12月真题词汇总结快速阅读merit－based以学生出色的学业表现为基础的award vt授予；奖给financial adj财政的；金融的；财务的precious adj宝贵的；institutional adj公共机构的; 慈善机构的need－based按需求评定的recruit vt招募；grant n助学金critic n批评pressure v加压；n压力destructive adj破坏性的competition n竞争competitor n竞争者jointly adv共同地；联合地sustain vt支撑；支持break away与…决裂;从…退出complicating adj复杂的tuition n学费blur vt变模糊superior adj优秀的eliminate vt排除,消除,消灭expand vt展开；扩大acknowledge vt承认recommend vt推荐excel vt突出；胜过他人revise vt修改implement vt履行；实施novel adj新的；新颖的；n小说motivation n积极性fierce adj激烈的disqualify vt取消...资格听力recommend vt推荐promote vt推动；推销enhance vt增强；提高；放大promotion n提升responsiibility n职责；责任highly adv非常ambitious adj有野心的；有理想的face up to 勇敢面对limitation n局限；弱点work out锻炼out of shape身体状况不佳terrific adj非常好的pay off清偿债务；取得成功；得到好的结果yield vt产生（效果、收益）；使屈服（to）constructive adj建设性的tutor n家教be laid off被解雇be tired of 讨厌resign vt辞职indifferent adj冷淡的；不关心的register vt注册；申报sign up 注册have a reputation for尽人皆知；以....闻名stressful adj紧张的；压力重的take －away 外卖effective adj 有效的specific adj具体的；明确的factor n因素element n元素；成份actually adv实际上positive adj积极的；正面的aspect n方面inevitable adj不可避免的fascinate vt迷恋；着迷locate vt确定...地点surface n表面form vt形成；essential adj必不可少的primitive adj原始的form n形状resolve vt解决undergo vt经历evolution n进化emergency n紧急状况；突发事件discharge n释放；解雇instruction n用法说明；指示version n版本episode n轶事；插曲communication n语言交流；通讯fast－moving快速移动的impermanent adj不持久的；暂时的facilitate vt使容易；推动motivate vt激励；激发repetitive adj 重复的staff n职员identify vt确认；认为一致reliable adj可靠的arbitrarily adv任意地；专横地humanities n人文学科inform vt通知报告classify vt分类type n类型；型号factual adj真实的；实际的descriptive adj描写的；记述的process n加工；进程appreciation n欣赏；感激context n语境；上下文imply vt暗示；表明image n图像；图片；形象instrument n仪器composition n创作阅读15选10recruit vt征募；招聘establish vt确立；建立session n时间complexity n复杂性aspect n方面analyze vt分析quality n质量contribute vt贡献character n人物；品质；性格quote vt引用unconscious adj无意识的阅读第一篇tense adj紧张的candidate n候选人fascinate vt迷住；使着迷potential adj潜在的prevailing adj占优势的；普遍的；流行的image n形象confidence n信心intelligence n 智慧fascination n魅力possess vt拥有admirable adj令人羡慕的stereotype n成见victim n受害者violence n暴力inferior adj低等的；次的priority n优先考虑的事情；重点outshine vt胜过previous adj以前的distinction n区别；差别阅读第二篇equivalent n相等物adj相等的；相当的competitive adj 竞争的talent flow 人才流动personnel n人员；人事部门budget n预算board n董事会ultimately adv最终fund－raising集资distinctively adv特殊地；区别地rely on依赖于donation n捐赠funding n基金；资金keep pace with 赶上decline n下降；衰退administrator n管理者committee n委员会prominent adj著名的trend n趋势appoint vt任命provost n教务长perspective n正确眼光；看法institution n机构；学校enroll vt招收considerably adv相当地；非常operation n操作；手supervision n监督enhance vt提升；增强faculty n全体教职员术完形填空contribute vt贡献fanancial adj财政的；财务的；金融的approach n态度；方法；方式operate on开刀count on 指望；期望adequate adj 充足的；足够的superior adj上等的；优秀的essential adj必不可少的；本质的regular adj有规律的；定期的budget n预算regulation n规定；规章obstacle n障碍guideline n指导方针；纲领retirement n退休stability n稳定inability n无能pension n抚恤金；养老金identify vt识别instruct vt命令；指示concentration n集中desire n渴望realm n领域；范围intention n意图；打算portion n部分；分配额measure n测量；估量ration n比例；比率mood n心情previously adv以前；事前formerly adv从前；以前adjust to适应transform vt转变yield vt生产；产出unpredictably adv不可预测地unfairly adv不公正地instantly adv立刻available adj现成可用的；可获得的reliable adj可靠的；可信的considerable adj相当的；可观的feasible adj可行的sense of identity 认同感conscience n良心；良知constructive adj建设性的assets n资产；财产ideal n理想。
2009年考研英语·英译汉真题及解析
2009年考研英语·英译汉真题及解析真题：There is a marked difference between the education which everyone gets from living with others, and the deliberate（故意的，蓄意的）educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express（明白的，明确的；专门的，特别的）reason of the association. （46）It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify（满足；使高兴）appetites and secure family perpetuity（稳定，永远）; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. （47）Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance. （48）While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. （49）Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.（50）We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.解析：1、It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. 【译文】虽然我们可以说衡量任何一个社会机构价值的标准是其在丰富和完善人生经验方面所起的作用，但这种作用不并不是我们最初动机的组成部分。
考研英语(一)高频重点单词详解—2009年Text 2(下)
考研英语（一）高频重点单词详解—2009年Text 2（下）这篇文章是一篇关于医学类话题的议论文，讨论当时流行的非处方类亲子鉴定方式以及专家学者对此的看法。
以下是本文中出现的10个高频重点单词，就让我们一起来学习吧！1.64 require [rɪ'kwaɪə]v. 要求，需求【词根记忆】：re(再)+quire(寻求)→一再要求→请求【同根单词】：request v/n. 要求，恳求acquire v. 获得inquire v.盘问，追究【真题例句】：Most tests require collecting cells by swabbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing.绝大多数测试需要用棉签蘸取嘴里的唾液的方式收集细胞，并将其送往公司测试。
2. 8 candidate ['kændɪdeɪt]n. 候选人，应试者【词根记忆】：cand(白色)+id(连接性词缀)+ate(名词后缀，多数情况下是动词后缀)→古时宗教的竞选者都是需要穿着白色的大褂的→候选人【真题例句】：All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.所有的测试都需要一个DNA 比对的候选人。
3. 6 skeptical ['skɛptɪkl]a. 怀疑的【词根记忆】：skept(怀疑)+ical(形容词后缀)→怀疑的【短语搭配】：be skeptical about 对…怀疑的【真题例句】：But some observers are skeptical. 但一些观察家持怀疑的态度。
4. 4 ancestry ['ænsestrɪ]n. 祖先，血统【词根记忆】：an(或者anti = ante)+ cest(=cess走)+or(表示“人”的名词后缀)→走在前面的人→祖先【近义词】：blood / root / stem【真题例句】：Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down only from mothers.然而大部分的家谱检测只考虑单一的谱系，抑或通过父系中男性遗传的Y染色体，或者通过母亲遗传的的线粒体DNA。
2009年考研英语真题及详解
2009年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及解析Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are _____ the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit files who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly ______ to live shorter lives. This suggests that ____ bulbs bum longer, that there is an _____ in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it _____ out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep. Bums more fuel and is slow _____ the starting line because it depends on learning – a gradual ____ - instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to _____.Is there an adaptive value to ______ intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance _____ at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real ____ of our own intelligence might be. This is ______ the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would _____ on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, _____ , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. We believe that ____ animals ran the labs, they would test us to ______ the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain, They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really ______, not merely how much of it there is. ______. They would hope to study a _____ question; Are humans actually aware of the world they live in?_____ the result are inconclusive.1. [A]Suppose [B]Consider [C]Observe [D]Imagine2. [A]tended [B]feared [C]happened [D]threatened3. [A] thinner [B]stabler [C]lighter [D]dimmer4. [A]tendency [B]advantage [C]inclination [D]priority5. [A]insists on [B]sums up [C]turns out [D]puts forward6. [A]off [B]behind [C]over [D]along7. [A]incredible [B]spontaneous [C]inevitable [D]gradual8. [A]fight [B]doubt [C]stop [D]think9. [A]invisible [B]limit [C]indefinite [D]different10. [A]upward [B]forward [C]afterward [D]backward11．[A]features [B]influences [C]results [D]costs12．[A]outside [B]on [C]by [D]across13．[A]deliver [B]carry [C]perform [D]apply14．[A]by chance [B] in contrast [C]as usual [D]for instance15．[A]if [B]unless [C]as [D]lest16．[A]moderate [B]overcome [C]determine [D]reach17．[A]at [B]for [C]after [D]with18．[A]Above all [B]After all [C]However [D]Otherwise19．[A]fundamental [B]comprehensive [C]equivalent [D]hostile20．[A]By accident [B]In time [C]So far [D]Better stillSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts, Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habit are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,‖ William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word ―habit‖ carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says, Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways; analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought .―Thi s breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,‖ explains M.J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book ―This Year I Will…‖ and Ms. Markova’s business partner. ―That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness Know ing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by being_______.A. usualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be________.A. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23. ―ruts‖ (in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning to__________.A. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms, Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing _______?A. prevents new habits form being formedB. no longer emphasizes commonnessC. maintains the inherent American thinking modeD. complies with the American belief system25. Ryn most probably agree that_______.A. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 forpaternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing. Which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists- and supports businesses that offe r to search for a family’s geographic roots.Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing, All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, ―There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing.‖ Says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers, This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26. In paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows PTK’s ________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C]successful promotion[D]popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A] locate one’s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C]identify parent-child kinship[D]choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to ________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B]rebuild reliable bloodlines[C]fully use genetic information[D]achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetic testing faces is _________.[A] disorganized data collection[B]overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be _______.[A] Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It’s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies, however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counter e pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, Non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance, Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only wi th broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph I that the important of education in poor countries _______.[A]is subject groundless doubts[B]has fallen victim of bias[C]is conventional downgraded[D]has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system _________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C]demands priority from the government[D]requires sufficient labor force33. A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that _________.[A]the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B]the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged _______.[A]when people had enough time[B]prior to better ways of finding food[C]when people on longer went hung[D]as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph, development of education _____________.[A]results directly from competitive environments[B]does not depend on economic performance[C]follows improved productivity[D]cannot afford political changesThe most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England, According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was ―So much important attached to intellectual pursuits‖ According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding. Dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puri tans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely under stood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629. There were political leaders like john Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston, There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget, however, that most New Englanders were less well educated, While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words. ―come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and I will be your God and you shall be my people.‖ One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermonsexplaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while, many settles had slighter religio us commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion. ―Our main end was to catch fish.‖36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England _________.[A]Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B]intellectual interests were encouraged.[C]Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D]intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders _________.[A]experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B]brought with them the culture of the Old World[C]paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D]were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay __________.[A]were famous in the New World for their writing[B]gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C]abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D]created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often ____.[A]influenced by superstitions[B]troubled with religious beliefs[C]puzzled by church sermons[D]frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England _________.[A]were mostly engaged in political activities[B]were motivated by an illusory prospect[C]came from different backgrounds.[D]left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45),choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank, There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection . 41._________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s, Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies. 42._________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boasdeveloped a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, Which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology.43. ___________.Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.44. ____________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures.45.___________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture-known as functionalism-became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A]Other anthropologist believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B]In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C]He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the ―survival of the fittest,‖ in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D]They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adult hood.[E]Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property. forms of government, technology. And systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G]For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W.J.Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese, Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points) There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association. 46 It may be said that association under which the word’s work is carried on receives little attention as compared withphysical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education –that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. ―White pollution‖ is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1)give your opinions briefly and2)make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use ―Li Ming‖ instead, You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay. You should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning, and then3)give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20points)2009年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及解析Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are _____ the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies that were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly ______ to live shorter lives. This suggests that ____ bulbs burn longer, that there is an _____ in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it _____ out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep. Burns more fuel and is slow _____ the starting line because it depends on learning – a ____ process - instead of instinct. Ple nty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to _____.Is there an adaptive value to ______ intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance _____ at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real ____ of our own intelligence might be. This is ______ the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.—Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would _____ on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, _____ , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. We believe that ____ animals ran the labs, they would test us to ______ the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain, They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really ______, not merely how much of it there is. ______. They would hope to study a _____ question; Are humans actually aware of the world they live in?_____ the result are inconclusive.1. [A]Suppose [B]Consider [C]Observe [D]Imagine2. [A]tended [B]feared [C]happened [D]threatened3. [A] thinner [B]stabler [C]lighter [D]dimmer4. [A]tendency [B]advantage [C]inclination [D]priority5. [A]insists on [B]sums up [C]turns out [D]puts forward6. [A]off [B]behind [C]over [D]along7. [A]incredible [B]spontaneous [C]inevitable [D]gradual8. [A]fight [B]doubt [C]stop [D]think9. [A]invisible [B]limit [C]indefinite [D]different10. [A]upward [B]forward [C]afterward [D]backward11．[A]features [B]influences [C]results [D]costs12．[A]outside [B]on [C]by [D]across13．[A]deliver [B]carry [C]perform [D]apply14．[A]by chance [B] in contrast [C]as usual [D]for instance15．[A]if [B]unless [C]as [D]lest16．[A]moderate [B]overcome [C]determine [D]reach17．[A]at [B]for [C]after [D]with18．[A]Above all [B]After all [C]However [D]Otherwise19．[A]fundamental [B]comprehensive [C]equivalent [D]hostile20．[A]By accident [B]In time [C]So far [D]Better still1. B 本题考查动词，后面的宾语是―the fruit-fly experiments described…‖，suppose假设，observe观察，imagine想象，consider考虑，代入文中表示―考虑已经被描述出来的实验‖，符合语境。
2009考研英语text3红宝书
2009考研英语Text3 红宝书一、概述2009年考研英语Text3是一篇来自红宝书的文章，该文章出现在考研英语真题中，是备考考研英语的学生必须重点关注的一篇文章。
通过深入阅读和分析，可以帮助考生更好地理解英语语言和考研英语的要求，有助于提高自己的阅读理解和写作能力。
二、文章分析1. 文章主题文章的主题为“红宝书”，主要介绍了一种名为“红宝书”的新型钢琴练习书籍，通过对其特点和优势的描述，试图向读者推荐这本书。
2. 文章内容文章首先介绍了“红宝书”对练习钢琴的方式有着全新的理念，其中所用的练习曲目有着自己的特色。
文章详细描述了“红宝书”采用的针对性练习方法，旨在有效提高钢琴演奏水平。
文章还介绍了“红宝书”所倡导的练习方式和其所产生的积极效果。
3. 文章结构该文章采用的是典型的议论文结构，包括概述、中间段落和结论。
在概述部分，文章提出了要介绍“红宝书”的目的；在中间段落中，则分别介绍了“红宝书”的特点和优势；在结论部分，文章再次强调了“红宝书”的推荐意义。
三、文章解读1. 作者观点作者在文章中对“红宝书”给予了积极的评价，认为其练习曲目新颖独特，练习方式独具匠心，对提高钢琴演奏水平有着积极的促进作用。
整篇文章在语气上显然是偏向于推荐的，作者试图向读者推销“红宝书”，让读者对这本书产生兴趣，并将其列为钢琴练习的首选。
2. 文章亮点文章采用了具体的例子和数据来支持作者的观点，这样能够让读者更容易理解“红宝书”对钢琴练习的推荐意义。
文章用词精准，句子通顺，读起来流畅易懂。
四、文章意义通过对2009考研英语Text3的阅读和分析，我们不仅仅可以了解到“红宝书”这本书籍的特点和优势，更能够领略到考研英语对学生语言能力和阅读理解能力的要求。
这对于备考考研英语的学生来说是一个很好的实践机会，在阅读和分析文章的过程中，可以提高英语语言水平和阅读理解能力。
五、结语2009考研英语Text3的文章《红宝书》是一篇值得深入研读和解析的文章，其对钢琴练习书籍的推荐和优势展示，对于考研英语的备考学生具有一定的指导意义。
红宝书考研词汇
adoptive a.收养的
adopted a.收养的；被采取的
adore v.崇拜，热爱
adoration n.爱慕，崇拜
adorable a.迷人的，可爱的
adorn v.增加美观，使生色，装饰
adaptation n.适应；改编，改写本
adaptable a.能适应新环境的；适应性强的；适合的；可改编的
adaptive a.适应的，有适应性的；适合的
addict v.使沉溺，使醉心；使成瘾n.有瘾的人，吸毒成瘾者
addiction n.上瘾，沉溺
accident n.意外遭遇，事故；意外，意外因素
accidental a.意外的，偶然的
acclaim v.向……欢呼，为……喝彩n.称赞，欢迎
acclaimed a.受欢迎的，受称赞的
accommodate v.容纳；向……提供住处（或膳宿）；使适应，顺应
accompany v.陪伴，陪同；伴随，和……一起发生；为……伴奏（伴唱）
accompanying a.陪伴的，附随的
accompaniment n.伴随物；【音】伴奏
accompanist n.伴奏者
accomplish v.达到（目的），完成（任务），实现（计划、诺言等）
abandon v.抛弃；放弃（希望等）；放任，无拘无束
abandoned a.被抛弃的，废置的
abandonment n.放弃，抛弃
abate v.减轻，减退；废除
aberrant a.畸变的；异常的；脱离常轨的
abide v.容忍，忍受
acknowledge v.承认；答谢，致谢；报偿
红宝书词汇
红宝书，英语词汇表[助记]a（一条）+band（带子）+on（在……上面）→一条带子被扔在地上→遗弃，抛弃【词义】1、遗弃、抛弃：The cruel man ～ed his wife and children.那个狠心的人抛弃了妻子和女儿。
2、放弃：The scientist ～ed his research for lack of fund.由于缺乏资金，这位科学家放弃了他的研究工作。
【反义】retain vt 保留，维持【词组】abandon oneself to sth.陷入，沉湎于某事：She abandoned herself to the beautiful landscape.她沉浸在美丽的景色之中。
【派生】1、abandonment []放弃、抛弃2、abandoned[] adj被遗弃的，无约束的Abide【】v。
（abided/abode,abided/abode）【助记】把字母序“abcde”中的“c”换成i就是容忍（abide）【词义】1、容忍、忍受：She couldn＇t ～to live in poverty.在贫穷中度日，她忍受不了。
2、遵守、忠于：you＇ll have to ～by the referee＇s decision.你得遵从裁判的决定。
3、逗留、居住：They ～in a remote village。
他们住在一个偏远的村子里。
【同义】endure 忍受忍耐容忍tolerate容许承认【词组】abide by遵守（法律等）信守（诺言等）忠于（某人）【派生】abiding【】adj.持久不变的、永久的Ability【】n.【词义】1、能力、智力2、才能、才干【同义】faculty 、capacity、capability【词组】to the best of one＇s ability尽自己最大的努力Abnormal []adj.【助记】ab（no不）+norm（标准）+al（形容词后缀）→不标准的→反常的，异常的【词义】反常的，异常的，变态的：it is~for a man to eat so much at a meal。
2009考研英语真题及答案解析
2009考研英语真题及答案解析2009年考研英语真题及答案解析2009年的考研英语真题是一次重要的考试，对考生们的英语水平进行了全面的考察。
本文将对2009年考研英语真题进行详细解析，并提供答案和解析，帮助考生更好地理解和应对考试。
一、阅读理解2009年的考研英语真题中，阅读理解部分占据了重要的位置。
这一部分主要考察考生的阅读能力和理解能力。
以下是真题中的一篇阅读材料及其答案解析。
阅读材料：In the United States, the social value of a college education has long been taken for granted. American parents expect their children to attend college, and college graduates have become the norm in the professional job market. Among the ten fastest-growing occupations, eight require an associate’s degree o r higher. In fact, experts predict that by 2008, about 90% of the fastest-growing jobs will require post-secondary education or vocational training.However, not all high school students are prepared for college-level work. Even those students who are academically prepared for college may not be able to afford it. Rising tuition (学费) has made college a luxury that is out of reach for many middle-income families.But cost is not the only reason a high school graduate might decide notto attend college. A university education is not appropriate or necessary forall careers. For example, vocational school or on-the-job training is often a better option for careers in the trades (工艺行业) or for those who want tobe business owners or operators. Some people simply choose not to go to college because they do not want to further their education in an academic setting.答案解析：1. According to the passage, what has become the norm in the professional job market in the United States?答案：College graduates.2. What does the author say about the fastest-growing occupations?答案：Eight out of ten of the fastest-growing occupations require a degree or higher education.3. Why do many high school graduates decide not to attend college?答案：The cost of college is one reason, and not all careers require a university education.通过对阅读材料的仔细阅读和理解，我们可以得出以上问题的答案。