上海大学沈天飞专业英语上课练习答案
上海大学网络英语答案
上海大学网络英语答案The only way to travel is on foot1、A people forget how to use his legs.2、A people’s focus on the future.3、C People can’t see anything on his way of travel.4、DThe best way to travel is on foot.5、CIt is a general view from a high position looking down.Vicious and Dangerous Sports Should be Banned by Law1. A. not very high.2. Avicious and dangerous sports should be banned by law.3. D. to indicate human beings are used to bloodthirsty.4. B. Five.5. A. that, by banning the violent sports, we human beings can improve our selves.Advertisers Perform a Useful Service to the Community1. C. Advertisers perform a useful service to communities.2. A. appreciative.3. A. Because advertisers often brag.4. C. Good quality products don’t need to be advertised.5. C Criticism.preface1. [C] the scientific community.2. [B] Science affects almost every aspect of our life.3. [A] are intelligent college students and lay person4. [D] male nouns or pronouns should not be used to refer to scientists.5. [B] the preface of a book.Meditation in Indonesian Business1. [C] Meditation.2. [A] The spirits of ancient Javanese kings.3. [B] To show they too focused on qualifications.4. [B] to gain peace of mind to make decision.5. [B] Ordinary way of doing business without meditation and fasting.Dropouts for Ph. D. s1.[A] steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campus.2. [D] about one-third of those who start3. [C] is an essential part of many Ph. D. programs.4. [A] optimism reigns in regard to5.[A] salary for Ph. D. too low.Stricter Traffic Law can Prevent Accidents1. [D] Only stricter traffic laws can prevent accidents.2. [D] Society condones their rude driving.3. [A] Driving can show his real self.4. [A] Build more highways.5. [B] criticalThe Development of Cities1.[D] The effect of mass transportation on urban expansion.2.[C] To show mass transportation changed many cities.3. [C] It was unplanned.4. [C] where the development of land exceeded population growth.Holmes’ Knowledge1. [A]Praising.2. [C]By contrast.3. [B]Learning what was useful to you.4. [C]One may become rather sharp through observation and analysis.Antinuclear Demonstration1.[C] The project of nuclear power construction.2.[D] Both B and C.3. [A] Public transportation.4. [B] With arrested demonstrators.5.[A] stubborn.Violence Can Do Nothing to Diminish Race Prejudice1.[B] Violence Can Do Nothing to Diminish Race Prejudice.2. [B] nothing.3. [D] Have difficulty in advocating law enforcement.4. [C] He gains nothing after listening.5. [A] law enforcement.The T ourist Trade Contributes Absolutely Nothing1. [A] tourism contributes nothing to increasing2. [C] critical.3. [B] noisy.4.[B] the way of touring should be changed.5. [D] everybody can enjoy the ‘grand tour’.Pop Stars Earn Much1. [B] They enjoy what once only belonged to the royalty.2.[A] Approval.3. [A] there exists fierce competition in climbing to the top.4. [D] Successful men represent the tip of the iceberg.5. [D] The fourth.Examinations Exert a Pernicious Influence on Education1.[A] examinations exert a pernicious influence2. [C] critical.3. [C] examinations.4.[B] to train students to think on their own.5. [B] For comparison.Killing in the Name of God1. [A] Many of them were killed for asking2. [A] poverty.3. [C] She prophesies about the end of the world.4. [B] They reject Christian Churches as Western or non-African.5. [A] The cult acted secretly.Equality of opportunity in the twentieth Century1. [A] Equality of opportunity in the twentieth2.[B] Nature ignores equality in dispensing brains and ability.3.[A] those with wealth.4. [A] money decides everything.5. [A] the rich and the poor.The Most Important of All Human Qualities is a Sense of Humor1. [A] a sense of humor.2.[C] They show that certain comic stereotypes have a universal appeal.3. [B] to redress balance.4. [A] It can reveal the truth of political events with satire.5. [A] A novelist.The Improving Economic Situation In Greece1. [B] The improving economic situation in Greece .2. [B] $2 a week.3. [A] more than 25%of its budget on military terms.4. [C] a single majority party.5. [A] totaling almost $700 millionThe Program-Federal Government Helps Minority Business1. [A] The use of MESBIC’s for aiding minority2.[D] Rely on the participation of large corporations tofinance minority businesses.3.[C] The anticipated failure rate for recipient4.[B] call attention to the fa ct that MESBIC’s must receive adequate funding in order to functioneffectively.5. [A] disappointing.The Importance of Independent Thinking1. [B] The need for Independent Thinking2.[C] be acquainted with the arguments favoring the point of view with which one disagrees,3.[B] controversy over principles4. [C] determinded on controversy5.[B] Periods of intellectual achievement are periods of unorthodox reflectionClinton Is Right)1.[C]. Clinton was right.2. [A]. Premier Zhu rejected their requirements.3. [A]. Contradictory.4.[D]. Businessmen.5. [A]. America will make concessions.Europe ’s Gypsies, Are They a Nation?1.[B]. Are They a Nation.2.[A]. Most probably they drifted west from India in the 7th century.3.[D]. It lobbies for a place in such international organizations as the EU or UN.4.[C]. It fears that the Basgnes, Corsicans and other5.[A]. Gypsies belong to different and antagonistic clansMethod of Scientific Inquiry1. [D]. Methods of Scientific Inquiry.2.[B]. that it was an act of God.3. [A]. is that the latter needs confirmation.4. [C]. a deductive science.5.[B]. a paradox.It Is Bush1.[A]. Bush’s victory in presidential election bore a political taint.2. [B]. Bush hopes Gore to concede defeat and to support him.3.[C]. the American president is elected by a slate of presidential electors.4. [D]. It was in essence against the vote recount.5. [B]. There were great similarities between the two presidential electionsWomen’s Positi ons in the 17th Century1.[A]. Women’s Position in the 17th Century.2. [C]. She did little.3.[D]. Queen Elizabeth’s political activities.4.[B]. It too asked women to be obedient except some texts.The Present Is the Most Important1. [A]. admiration.2.[B]. frequently faces vital problems better than grownups do.3. [B]. appraise the present for its true value.4.D]. theology and philosophy.Forecasting of Statistics1. [C]. population.2.[A]. is converting statistical study from an art to a science.3. [B]. statistics is not as yet a science.4. [A]. Christmas. [B]. The Mets.Wakefield Master’s Realism1.[C]. He write like John Steinbeck.2. [D]. pertaining to the Christian Fathers.3. [A]. introduction of mundane matters in religious plays.4. [B]. present a point of view which attack the thought of the second paragraph.The Continuity of the Religious Struggle in Britain 1.[A]. The continuity of the religious struggle in Britain in new ways.2.[B]. Protestantism3.[D]. Religious and military ways.4. [A]. The activities of missionaries in Britain .Photography and Art1. [C]. explaining the attitude of serious contemporary photographers3. [A]. He wants to provide an example of artists4.[D]. It was an art comparable to painting.。
上海大学英语课后习题答案
上海大学英语课后习题答案上海大学英语课后习题答案上海大学的英语课程是学生们学习英语的重要一环。
在课堂上，老师会讲解课文，进行听力训练，提供各种学习资源。
而课后习题则是巩固学生所学知识的重要方式。
在这篇文章中，我将为大家提供一些上海大学英语课后习题的答案，希望能够帮助到正在学习英语的同学们。
第一单元：家庭与朋友1. 完成句子1) I have a lot of friends at school. (改为一般疑问句) Do you have a lot of friends at school?2) My father is a doctor. (改为否定句) My father is not a doctor.3) She is my best friend. (改为复数句) They are my best friends.4) We often play basketball together. (改为一般疑问句) Do we often play basketball together?5) My grandparents live in the countryside. (改为一般疑问句) Do your grandparents live in the countryside?2. 阅读理解1) 根据短文内容，回答问题。
答案：The girl's name is Lily. She is 12 years old. She has a brother and a sister. Her brother's name is Tom, and her sister's name is Lucy. Tom is 10 years old,and Lucy is 8 years old. They have a cat named Kitty. They live in a small house near the park. They often play in the park after school.2) 根据短文内容判断正误。
大学英语课后答案(上海外国语教育出版社)(精)
Unit1 W ays of LearningPart II Reading TaskComprehensionContent QuestionPair W ork1.They were studying arts education in Chinese kindergartens and elementaryschools in Nanjing.2.Their 18-month-old son Benjamin was fond of trying to place the key into the slot ofthe key box during their stay at the Jinling Hotel.3.They would come over to watch Benjamin and then try to teach him how to do itproperly.4.Because he realized that this anecdote was directly relevant to their assigned tasksin China: to investigate early childhood education and to throw light on Chinese attitudes toward creativity.5.Most of them displayed the same attitude as the staff at the Jinling Hotel.6.He emphasized that the most important thing is to teach the child that on can solvea problem effectively by oneself.7.He means that this incident pointed to important differences in educational andartistic practices betw een China and the USA.8.The manner in which the Chinese staff saw the need to teach the child by guidinghis hand in the characteristic of a broader attitude to education, one that stands in contrast to the W estern preference for leaving the child to explore and learn unaided.9.One example is of children at the age of 5 or 6 painting flow ers, fish and animalsskillfully and confidently; in a second example, calligraphers 9 and 10 years old were producing works; and in a third, young artists w ork on perfecting their craft for several hours a day.10.Americans think that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge,and skills can be picked up later. Chinese think that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired, and there is no hurry to promote creativity.11.This is mainly due to the difference in their way of thinking.12.The author makes the suggestion that w e should strike a better balance betw een thepoles of creativity and basic skills.T ext OrganizationW orking On Y our Own1.1The text begins with an anecdote.2His thoughts are mainly about different approaches to learning in China andthe W est.3He winds up the text with a suggestion in the form of a question.2.Chinese1Show a child how to do something, or tech by holding the hand2Give greater priority to developing skills at an early age, believing that creativity can be promoted over timeAmericans1T each children that they should rely on themselves for solutions to problems 2Put more emphasis on fostering creativity in young children, thinking skills can be picked up laterLanguage Sense Enhancement(1Summarizing(2value originality andindependence(3contrast between (4in terms of(5harbor(6fearful(7comparable(8promote creativity(9emerge(10picked upLanguage Focus V ocabularyI1.1insert2on occasion3investigate4In retrospect 5initial6phenomena7attached8make up for9is awaiting10not; in the least11promote12emerged2.1 a striking contrast betw een the standards of living in the north of the country and the south.2is said to be superior to synthetic fiber.3as a financial center has evolved slowly.4is not relevant to whether he is a good lawyer.5by a little-known sixteen-century Italian poet have found their way into some English magazines.3.1be picked up; can’t accomplish; am exaggerating2somewhat; the performance; have neglected; they apply to3assist; On the other hand; are valid; a superiorII1.1continual2continuous 3continual4continuous2.1principal2principal3principle 4principles5principalIII1.themselves2.himself/herself3.herself/by herself/on her own4.itself5.ourselves6.yourself/by yourself/on your own Comprehensive Exercises I.cloze 1.(1contrast(2exaggerating(3priority(4on the otherhand (5promoting(6pick up(7assist(8accomplish(9occasion(10neglecting(11worthwhile(12superior2.(1end(2perform(3facing(4competent (5equipped(6designed(7approach(8rest(9definitely(10qualityII.translation1.(1It takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition.(2Tom used to be very shy, but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front of a large audience.(3Many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the child at anearly age.(4Assuming this painting really is a masterpiece, do you think it’s worthwhile tobuy it?(5If the data is statistically valid, it will throw light on the problem we areinvestigating.2.To improve our English, it is critical to do more reading, writing, listening and speaking. Besides, learning by heart as many w ell-written essays as possible is also very important. Without an enormous store of good English writing in your head you cannot express yourself freely in English. It is also helpful to summarize our experience as w e go along, for in so doing, w e can figure out which way of learning is more eff ective and will produce the most desirable result. As long as w e keep working hard on it, we will in due course accomplish the task of mastering English.Unit2 V aluesPart II Reading TaskComprehensionContent QuestionPair W ork1.The Salvation Army is a religious charitable organization. A Salvation Army bellringer is a volunteer who help it collect donations.2.The boy asked him: Are you poor? He did it simply out of confusion and curiosity.Obviously he knew nothing about the Salvation Army bell ringer.3.He said, “I have more than some people, but not as much as others.”This meansthat he was neither poor nor rich.4.The boy’s mother scolded him because the question was social inappropriate,especially to a person who looked poor.5.Y es, economically he is poor. He lives in a small bas ement apartment. He doesn’teven have a color TV. He falls into the low est income category. And so on.6.No, the writer does not f eel poor. This is because he has enjoyed good health andcreativity which he thinks are much more important than material goods.7.He f eels out of place among people who are primarily interested in material things.8.She told him that she was interested in what’s on the inside. but after he took hertohis poorly furnished apartment, she changed her mind completely.9.It only show s that to her the most important thing was still material goods ratherthan what she had claimed before.mercial can put people under pressure to purchase more than is reallynecessary.11.Because December is the time for to work for the Salvation Army as a bell ringer,which gives him a genuine sense of belonging and brings him happiness in helping others.12.The boy’s question has helped the writer realize that, despite his lack of expensivepossessions, he is rich in many other ways and should be thankful for that.T ext OrganizationW orking On Y our Own1.1 a.√2the essay is meant to explain something that is, the author’s view of life.3That one can live a lif e full of riches without being rich financially.2.Part One: The writer’s encounter with a boy who raised the question “are you poor?”Part Two: In search of an answ er the writer finds that not having expensive possessions doesn’t make him feel poor mainly because he enjoys life in many other ways. Part Three: In conclusion, the write r thinks he’s grown to understand more about himself because of the boy’s question.Language Sense Enhancement1.(1attain(2wear and tear(3dependable(4modest (5primarily(6minimal(7exceptionally(8illness-free(9spirited(10energizingLanguage Focus V ocabulary I1.1abrupt2emotional3bless4wear and tear 5dated6consequences7seemingly8in contrast to9Curiosity10genuine11primarily12sentiments2.1confronted with more than one problem, try to solve the easiest one first.2vital to the existence of all forms of life.3some confusion among the students about what to do after class to follow up on the subj ect.4nothing more than a job and an apartment to be happy.5tickled him to think that she’d come to ask his advice3.a a seemingly1; fabricating; sentiments2fill out; every item; vital; consequences3be denied; tangible; cherish; attainII1.It is a long trip and will take us five hours by bus.2.She arrived early and took a front row seat.3.Don’t take me for a fool.4.It takes a lot of imagination to fabricate such a story.5.My uncle will take me (along on his trip to the Arctic this summer.6.He took the dinner plate I passed to him.7.Kevin took second prize in the w eight-lifting competition.8.If you don’t take my advice, you will regret it.III1.hanging2.to give3.to return4.being praised5.not having written6.to say7.to open8.being helpedComprehensive Exercises I.cloze1.(1well-off/affluent(2dated(3falling into(4bracket (5deny(6tangible(7pursuit(8cherishes(9out of place (10abrupt(11focus(12donations2.(1consume(2fueled(3annual(4plain (5physically (6security(7indicates(8equally(9traditional(10followIII. Translation1.1The company denied that its donations had a commercial purpose.2Whenever he was angry, he would begin to stammer slightly.3Education is the most cherished tradition in our family. That’s why my parentsnever took me to dinner at expensive restaurants, but sent me to the bestprivate school.4Shortly after he recovered from the surgery, he lost his job and thus had to gothrough another difficult phase of his lif e.5In contrast to our affluent neighbors, my parents are rather poor, but they havealways tried to meet our minimal needs.2.With more and more donations coming in, our university will be much better off financially next year. W e will thus be able to focus on the most important task that w e, educators, must take on: to encourage students to attain their scholarly/academic goals, to train them to be dependable and responsible individuals, to prepare them for the life ahead, and to guide them in their pursuit of spiritual as w ell as material satisfaction.Unit3 The Generation GapPart II Reading TaskComprehensionContent QuestionPair W ork1.There are seven characters---Father, Mother, Heidi, Diane, Sean, Restaurant Manager, and Mrs. Higgins.2.No. Because what he does usually ends up embarrassing them.3.To buy a guitar.4.To check if Sean was going to embarrass him.5.He knew his father was going to embarrass him.6.It was unnecessary and embarrassing.7.He wanted Dan to pressure his son into asking Diane to the senior prom.8.He would speak to his son and insist that the latter give Diane a call.9.She f elt humiliated.10.Because the Thompson had just moved.11.He tried to let her know how exceptionally talented a young woman Heidi was.12.Because she couldn’t bear being embarrassed by her father.T ext OrganizationW orking On Y our Own1.1. A fast-food restaurant2.The Thompson family dining room3.An office at a high school2.Scene One: Father embarrassed Sean by talking too proudly to the restaurant manager. Scene Two: Father embarrassed Diane by persuading a colleague into pressing his son to ask her to the senior prom.Scene Three: Father embarrassed Heidi by boating to an official at her new school about how talented she was.Language Sense Enhancement1.(1once in a while(2for(3the problem(4he thinks (5humiliated(6class president(7have(8Actually(9stop to think(10interferenceLanguage Focus V ocabularyI 1.1typical2dumb3junior4glorious 5welfare6came over7interference8fading9narrowed down10frank11schemes12at any rate2.1consists of five generals and four police officers.2will be in a location overlooking the lake.3was humiliated by her comments about my family background in front of so many people.4have any proof that it was Henry who stole the computer?5was exhausted after the long cycle ride.3.1hysterical; was handed down by; should have known better than2twisted; over and over; talented son3patience; not to keep him in suspense; assured; repeatedly II.Collocation1.adequate2.anxious3.certain4.content5.crazy6.likely7.fortunate8.keenage1.be admitted2.live3.be postponed4.buy5.be banned6.beComprehensive Exercises I.cloze1.(1typical(2welfare(3constant(4frank(5talent(6dumb (7know better than that (8repeatedly(9dread(10interference(11bet(12assure2.(1despite(2really(3same(4contact (5admitted(6attempt(7not(8tend(9different(10mannerII.Translation1.(1Have scientists found proof of water on Mars?(2The planning committee has narrowed down the possible locations for thenuclear pow er plant to two coastal towns.(3Sam not only lost his job but also both legs; he had to live on welfare for therest of his lif e.(4 A jury consisting of 12 members voted in unison that Mary was guilty.(5Sean f elt humiliated to hear his talent being questioned.2.George, the son of Mr. Johnson, liked listening to heavy metal music in the evenings, which made it hard for other residents in the community to fall asleep. Eventually the exhausted neighbors lost their patience and decided on direct interf erence. They called Mr. Johnson to tell him in a frank manner what they were thinking. Mr. Johnson assured them that he would certainly settle the issue. As soon as he put down the phone he scolded his son, “What has come over you? Y ou should know better than to disturb others for your own amusement.”In the end George traded his CD’s for computer games software from his classmates.Unit4 The V irtual W orldPart II Reading TaskComprehensionContent QuestionPair W ork1.She used to be a television producer, but now she is a writer.2.She writes and edits articles online, submits them via email, and communicates withcolleagues via the Internet, too.3.She could stay computer-assisted at home for weeks, going out only t get mail,new spapers and groceries.4.They feel as if they had become one with the computer, and life seems to be unreal.5.That people who grew used to a virtual life would f eel an aversion to outside formsof socializing.6.She gets overexcited, speaks too much, and interrupts others.7.She is bad-tempered, easily angered, and attacks everyone in sight, all because shehas long become separated from others and lacks emotional face-to-face exchanges with people.8.She fights her boyfriend, misinterpreting his intentions because of the lack ofemotional cues given by their typed dialogue.9.Because w e rely on co-works for company.10.She calls people, arrangers to meet the few friends remaining in the City, gets to thegym, arranges interview s for stories, doctor’s appointments---anything to get her out of the house and connected with others.11.No, she doesn’t f eel happy. She feels being face to face is intolerable.12.She makes her excuses and flees, re-enters her apartment, runs to the computer,clicks on the modem, and disappears into the virtual world again.T ext OrganizationW orking On Y our Own1.1.2-32.1,4-10,133.114.122.The first paragraph describes the consequences of living a virtual life and the last tells of the author’s escape back into it. Together, they bring out the dilemma people atpresent are in: Because of modern technology, w e have a choice betw een a virtual life and real life, but find both unsatisfactory.Language Sense Enhancement1.(1routine(2for company(3unemployment(4externally (5drug abuse(6restore(7fled(8gym(9set apart(10appointmentsV ocabulary I1.1conversely2but then3symptom4spitting 5abusing6tone7took; in8editing9have arranged10in sight11stretched12data2.1smoking cigarettes jars on me.2find themselves getting sucked in.3has arranged for a technician from the computer store to check and repair it. 4fled their country to avoid military service/fled to other countries to avoid military service.5restore people’s confidence in it.3.1the virtual; on line; via2nightmare; routine; any appointment; arrange for3cue; remarks; his tuneII.Collocation1.W e came here all the way on foot.2.Private cars are not allow ed on campus.3.They are on vacation in Florida.4.Mary has been talking to her friend on the phone for an hour.5.Don’t w orry, Lucy is always on time.6.Industrial demand on fuel is on the rise.age1.hard2.difficult3.impossible4.tough5.hard6.easy Comprehensive Exercises I.cloze1.(1Internet(2click(3virtual(4routines(5arrange(6nightmare (7annoying (8connection(9crawls(10take in(11spit(12data(13sucked into(14At times(15flee(16on line2.(1companion(2deliver(3access(4enables (5customers (6delights(7provides(8small(9remote(10informationII.Translation1.1Research shows that laughter can bring a lot of health benefits.2 A slow Internet connection speed is really annoying.3As the law stands, helping someone commit suicide is a crime.4In her report, Mary tries to interpret the data from a completely differentangle.5Sue is a girl of great talent. Her amazing memory sets her apart from herclassmates.2.Perhaps you envy me for being able to work from home on the computer. I agree that the Internet has made my job a lot easier. I can write, submit and edit articles via email, chat with my colleagues on line and discuss work with my boss. With a click of the mouse, I can get all the data I need and keep up with the latest new s. But then, communicating through the Net can be frustrating at times. The system may crash. W orse still, without the emotional cues of face-to-face communication, the typed words sometimes seem difficult to interpret.Unit5 Overcoming ObstaclesPart II Reading TaskComprehensionContent QuestionPair W ork1.Because the pole was set at 17 f eet which was three inches higher than his personalbest.2.Because pole-vaulting combines the grace of a gymnast with the strength of a bodybuilder.3.His childhood dream was to fly. His mother read him numerous stories about flyingwhen he was growing up.Nesting: fitting closely inside another thing or each other 镶嵌Progressively: a little at a time 渐进地;逐步地Dwarf: a person of much less than the usual size 矮子Giant: a person who is much bigger than usual 巨人;伟人Core: the basic and most important of sth 核心;中心(12fantasy(13sw eat(14congratulateFaçade: outward (especially deceptive(欺诈的 appearance 外观Cover-up: an attempt to prevent sth dishonorable from being publicly known 掩饰;掩盖Challenge: sth new and difficult that forces one to make a lot of effort Conscience: one’s own feeling about whether what one is doing right or wrong 道德;良知Enrich: improve the quality of 使丰富;使充实Succumb: give in 屈服;屈从Seductive: hard to refuse 有诱惑力的;诱人的Win the day: be successful 获胜;取得成功Unit12Clutter: cover or fill a space or room with too many things, so that it looks very untidy 杂乱;混乱(1engineer的;疏远的;遥远的Spot: a particular place or area, especially a pleasant place where you spend time 地点;现场(4how (5build(6accident(7thought(8only(9sharp(10touched(11instructions(12finallyII.Translation1.Tip: a helpful piece of advice 贴士Transition: the act or process of changing from one form or state to another 过渡;转变Goody: sth that is nice to eat 糖果Stroke: move your hand gently over sth 抚摸;轻抚Bolt: run away suddenly 逃跑;冲出Sway: move slowly from one side to another 摇摆Smear: spread a liquid or soft substance over a surface, especially carelessly or untidily 弄脏;污点Let go of: stop holding sth or sb 放手;释放Unit13Observer: sb who sees or notices sth 观察者To date: up to now 迄今为止Narcissistic: having a tendency to admire your own physical appearance or abilities 自恋的;自我陶醉的Converse: engage in(从事conversation 交谈;谈话Enunciate:pronounce words clearly and carefully 清晰地发音Conversely: if turned the other way around 相反地Invariably: almost always 不变地;总是2.To convert a gas-guzzling SUV into a hybrid electric vehicle.3.Because she didn’t know anything about cars and was afraid of being cheated bythe mechanic.4.She was craving independence and wanted to live away from home for some time.Orderly: sb who does unskilled jobs in a hospital 护理员Intone: say sth, especially in a slow and serious or solemn way 吟诵Approximately: not exactly, but nearly or roughly 大约Disposition: a particular type of character which makes sb more likely to behave or react in a certain way 性情;性格;气质Desert: be absent when needed 遗弃;抛弃Blurt out: say sth suddenly and without thinking, usually because you are nervous or excited 脱口而出Ridiculous: silly or unreasonable 可笑的;荒谬的Misconception: a mistake idea or view resulting from a misunderstanding of sth 误解;错觉;错误的想法Turn down: refuse an offer, request, or invitation 拒绝Qualification: an examination that you have passed, especially at school or university 资格证书Frustration: the feeling of being annoyed, upset, or impatient, because you cannot control or change a situation, or achieve sth 挫折;挫败Disillusioning: making sb realize that sth which they thought was true or good is not really true or good 醒悟Exclusion: a situation in which sb or sth is not allowed to take part in an activity 排除;排斥she had studied more.9.No, she wasn’t always confident. She had moments of panic, worried that as awoman she would be unable to understand thermodynamics.10.She considers it wrong because it is based on a faulty premise.Come upon: find or discover sth or sb by chance 偶然发现Unit14Access: the possibility or means of entering or approaching a place 进入Remote: far away in space or time 遥远的;偏僻的Mockingly: in a way to laugh at sb or sth 取笑地;愚弄地judgment.T ext OrganizationW orking On Y our Own1.Part One: The author describes how she stumbled into engineering.Part Two: The author writes about how she has overcome obstacles, including the bias against w omen, on her way to success.Part Three: The author draws the conclusion that women can do anything men can so long as they believe in their own abilities.2.1she was not a tomboy.not to an engineering department.she didn’t know the first thing about engineering.because she craved independence from her parents.already earned her six credits in engineering.2math and design.she participated in a national competition to convert an SUV into a hybrid electric vehicle.work harder at it.that she should study more.had to work hard at courses she found difficult, which encouraged her to keep going.Language Sense Enhancement1.(1limit(2denying(3favor(4others(5relevant (6translating(7hard and fast conclusions(8focus(9incredibly flexible(10consider the possibilityV ocabulary I1.1cultural/culture2indication3miniature4ironic 5stumbled into6decent7buzzing8abnormal9mechanical10Shuddering11implied12leap2.1convert RMB into US dollars in the foreign exchange office at the airport. 2didn’t know the first thing about cooking as she looked puzzled a s to how to cook rice with the rice cooker.3their faulty equipment the team had accomplished some very useful work. 4allowing me to work flexible hours as long as I work eight hours a day.5couldn’t help thinking the book must be quite fascinating.3.1wi ll not panic/feel panic; ’ll be at a disadvantage2hybrid; transmissions3crave; One indication; to distinguishII.Synonyms in Context1.also2.as w ell/too3.too4.also5.as w ell/too6.too7.also8.Alsoage1.I’ve had enough2.When I was old enough to work and earn money3.can’t got enough sleep at night4.has so far collected enough of them5.have strong enough arms6.have just enough money to live on Comprehensive ExercisesI.cloze1.(1stumbled into(2not know the first thing about(3mechanical(4when it comes to(5hybrid(6gritted her teeth (7premise(8at a disadvantage(9panic(10cultural(11flexible(12imply2.(1chair(2force(3secrets(4painstaking (5recognized(6steered(7essentially(8observations(9women(10tutor(11inspired(12unlessII.Translation1.1He is a man of few words, but when it comes to playing computer games, he is far too clever for his classmates.2Children who don’t know any better may think these animals are pretty cute and start playing with them.3There is no way to obta in a loan, so to buy the new equipment, I’ll just have to grit my teeth and sell my hybrid car.4The hunter would not have fired the shots if he had not seen a herd of elephants coming towards his campsite.5I find it ironic that Tom has a selective memory---he does not seem toremember painful experiences in the past, particularly those of his own doing. 2.Nancy Hopkins is a biology prof essor at MIT. She craves knowledge and works hard. How ever, as a scientist, she could not help noticing all kinds of indications of genderinequality on campus. Men and women prof essors did the same work, but when it came to promotion the administrators w ere rather selective. It was ironic that after so much cultural progress, women w ere still at a disadvantage in institution of higher education. When her request for more lab space was refused, she knew she had to fight. So she gritted her teeth and complained to the President. The fight ended in victory and Nancy was converted into a gender-equity advocate.Unit7 Learning about EnglishPart II Reading TaskComprehensionContent QuestionPair W ork1.It has borrowed and is still borrowing massively from other languages. T oday it hasan estimated vocabulary of over one million words.2.They don’t like borrowing foreign w ords. They try to ban words from English.3.Old English or Anglo-Saxon English.4.The Germanic tribes brought it to the British Isles in the 5th century.5.They are usually short and direct.6.They use w ords derived from Old English.7.An English judge in India noticed that several words in Sanskrit closely resembledsome words in Greek and Latin. A systematic study later revealed the Indo-European parent language.8.Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, English, etc.9.There w ere three languages competing for use in England.10.W ords from Greek and Roman classics came into the English language.11.The great principles of freedom and rights of man were born in England, then theAmericans carried them forward.12.No. English is and has always been the tongue of the common people. There shouldnot be any fence around it to protect its so-called purity.T ext OrganizationW orking On Y our Own1.Part One: Massive borrowing from other languages is a major feature of the English language.Part Two: the history of the English language from the Indo-European parent language to modern English.。
上海财经大学浙江学院《热动专业英语A》2023-2024学年第一学期期末试卷
2023-2024学年第一学期期末试卷1、You can only be sure of _____ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something _____ you might get in the future.A．that; what B．what; / C．which; that D．/; that2、--- I’ll take the blue one. This is twenty dollars.--- Here’s the change. .A．Best wishes B．My pleasureC．Have a nice day D．Let’s call it a day3、一"Peter, have you got your new flat furnished?—Yes. I ______ some used furniture and it was a real bargain.A．will buy B．have bought C．bought D．had bought4、The infrastructure project has consumed so much money that we can't find any financialsupport and have to ______.A．pull out B．pull throughC．catch up D．catch on5、The new means of transport ________ in this city, so whether it will work out remains tobe seen.A．have never tried B．has never tried C．have never been tried D．has never been tried6、He doesn't spend any more money on clothing than I do,but________he manages to look so stylish.A．therefore B．somehowC．furthermore D．otherwise—Oh, no．That old lady sitting next to us ______ have taken ours by mistake.A．must B．could C．should D．would8、—Would you please wait for a moment while I telephone the reception desk to check?—________.A．I wouldn't mind that B．Sound like funC．I mean it D．Y ou wish9、—I know it is really a lot to ask, but can I use your apartment during the summer?— ________. I happen to be out of town. It is all for your taking.A．Behave yourself B．Be my guestC．Have fun D．Take care10、The influence of this book might not have been reaching so far, ________for Mr. William, who dared to publish it.A. if had it not been B．is it not being C．had it not been D. its only having been第二部分阅读理解（满分20分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
高分子专业英语试卷
上海大学2018 ～2019学年秋季学期试卷课程名：高分子专业英语课程号：2XS103001 学分：应试人声明：我保证遵守《上海大学学生手册》中的《上海大学考场规则》，如有考试违纪、作弊行为，愿意接受《上海大学学生考试违纪、作弊行为界定及处分规定》的纪律处分。
应试人吴兆辉应试人学号18722389应试人所在院系材料科学与工程学院题一: Write a speech about “pure science or applied science, which direction should the Shanghai University chooses”. Please follow the 7 steps in a speech. The words of the speech are at least 300 words. (50 points)Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, I am Wu Zhaohui, the speaker of this report. I am from the School of Materials Science and Engineering. My theme is pure science or applied science, which direction should the Shanghai University chooses. Of course, I think pure science and applied science are very suitable for the development of Shanghai University, but if you choose one, I More inclined to choose application science, I will tell from the following aspects.1. As far as the current development of China is concerned, there is still a certain gap with the world's first echelon. Therefore, there is inevitably a gap in the field of basic scientific research. For the country's prosperity, the most fundamental thing is that Some people, especially most capable people, should apply their talents to solve the industrial problems of the country. In the "Made in China 2025" issued by the State Council in 2015, and our "two hundred years" plan in the 19th report of 2017, China's development focus is still the industrial modernization and manufacturing of the country for some time. The construction of a strong country. Obviously, the task of supporting this beautiful blueprint will inevitably fall on colleges and universities and corporate units. From an industrial point of view, there is no doubt that our applied science is more convincing.2. Of course, this is not to say that pure science is not important. In 1921, British physicist N. Norman Campbell writes that pure science and applied science are the roots and branches of the tree of empirical knowledge; theory and reality are inseparable entities. If they do not cause great damage to both sides, they cannot It is separate. However, the development of our university cannot be out of touch with the times, nor can it run counter to the development strategy of the country.3. In terms of the development of China and the development strategy, in the context of the need for comprehensive industrialization and the construction of a strong country, the tasks of the university naturally have a primary and secondary distinction, so I think that application science should be chosen.题二: Read the article: Nano-structured metal-containing polymer precursors for high temperature non-oxide ceramics and ceramic fibers—syntheses, pyrolyses and properties, JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY卷: 22期: 14-15页: 2577-2585出版年: 2002作者: Tsirlin, AM; Shcherbakova, GI; Florina, EK, et al.Write an abstract of it. (50 points)One of the different directions for further development in the field of polymer-derived ceramics is the application of metal-containing precursors, which include polymers containing nanostructured metals.Nano-structured metal-containing polymer precursors have great potential in polymer-derived ceramics. In this paper the synthesis and characterization of nano-metallopolycarbosilanes (nMPCS) and their transformation into ceramic materials are reported. The formation of metal nano-particles via fast thermolysis of metal- containing compounds in polymer solution or melt previously developed by the authors was applied to preceramic polymers.Tetrabenzyltitanium,tetrabenzylzirconium,bis(cyclopentadienil)dichloride-ti tanium and zirconium as well as tetrachlorides of these metals and tetrakis(diethylamino)zirconium were used for the introduction of metal nano-particles. The products were characterized by thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), differential-thermal analysis (DTA), gel-penetration (GP)-chromatography, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and other special analyses. The results of this study reveal new data for the nMPC manufacturing process. These nMPC contain nanoparticles or metal clusters of 2-4nm diameter. The detailed study of the thermal decomposition of MCC is very important. Cp2ZrCl2 and Zr [N(C2H5)2]4 for the ceramic matrix of CMC, the most suitable additive in nMPCS. The coreless fibers are obtained from nZrPCS and contain up to 3 mass% metal.And future research directions will concentrate on the optimization of oligocarbosilane as raw material and the development of Polycarbosilane (PCS) - metal containing compounds (MCC) system with low reactivity.。
上海大学沈天飞专业英语上课练习答案
上海大学沈天飞专业英语上课练习答案1 Intelligent flight controllers for helicopter control1)A methodology for design of an intelligent helicopter flight controller is presented in this paper. 2)The methodology combines artificial neural network, genetic algorithms, conventional PID-controllers, and fuzzy logic algorithms in the design procedure.3) In this approach, the design of an intelligent controller is based on experimental data collected from actual helicopter flight and not based on analytical models.4) A neural network is trained to learn the dynamic characteristics of the helicopter. 5)Based on the neural model, the coefficients of a PID-controller used for blade angle control are searched for using genetic algorithms. 6)The main rotor speed controller is designed using fuzzy logic algorithm based on knowledge generated from understanding the aerodynamic theory and analyzing the helicopter experimental flight data. 7)The intelligent helicopter flight controller is formed by combining the blade angle PID-controller and the rotor speed fuzzy controller. 8)Simulation results showed that for desired altitude input H d, the intelligent controller was able to generate proper control signals for both the blade angle control and the rotor speed control. 9）The helicopter model altitude output H t follows the desired altitude input H d. 10）The design procedures, theoretical background, results and conclusions are presented in this paper2. EDFA gain modeling using Pspice and neural networks1）A new methodology in modeling the performance of an Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) Gain is presented in this dissertation. 2）It is based on the gain characteristics of an EDFA under different input signal power spectra and pump levels. 3）The novelty of this dissertation is based on the training and use of a neural network applied to the performance characteristics of an EDFA.;The modeling is divided in two sections. 4）The first model is an electrical equivalent circuit of an EDFA that can be simulated and analyzed by Pspice, a commercial electrical simulation program from OrCad. 5）The second section is the development and implementation of a Neural Network to model the gain response of the EDFA for a given number of input power spectra.;6）In order to provide data and verify the performance of both models, a simulation program was developed. 7）The simulation program's output performance was verified using an EDFA analysis program called Oasix.;8）The results from both models were accurate with respect to the theoretical and experimental data. 9）The electrical equivalent model's output spectrum was proven to match the output of the simulation program. 10）The neural network was trained successfully to identify the EDFA gain spectra to its correspondent input spectrum and pump power level with an accuracy of 98%.4、Characterization and Modeling of the Power Insulated Gate Bipolar T ransistor.The power Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) is a new switching device designed to overcome the high on-state loss of the power MOSFET. The IGBT behaves as a bipolar transistor which is supplied base current by a MOSFET. The bipolar transistor of the IGBT has a wide base with the base contact at the collector edge of the base and is operated with its base in high-level injection. Because of this, the traditional bipolar transistor models are not adequate for the IGBT and the new model developed in this dissertation must be used. The new model is developedusing ambipolar transport and does not assume the quasi-static condition for the transient analysis.;The new IGBT model is used to describe measurements for extracting the essential physical device parameters of the model. With these extracted parameters, the new IGBT model consistently describes the measured electrical characteristics of IGBTs with different base lifetimes. The important electrical characteristics of the IGBT are the on-state I-V characteristics, the steady-state saturation current, and the switching transient current and voltage waveforms. The transient waveforms are examined in detail for constant anode voltage switching, clamped inductive load switching, and series resistor, inductor load switching.;The disadvantage of the IGBT is its slow turn-off speed relative to that of the power MOSFET. The two methods which have been proposed to reduce the turn-off time of the IGBT are base lifetime reduction and buffer layer inclusion. Both methods have the disadvantage, though, of also increasing the on-state voltage. The buffer layer is a high-doped portion of the bipolar transistor base at the base-emitter junction. The new IGBT model discussed above is extended to include the buffer layer. Using the extended model, it is shown that the buffer layer IGBT can be made to have a faster switching time for a given on-state voltage than that of the nonbuffer layer (lifetime reduction) IGBT.;In summary, a new model is developed for the IGBT. It is shown that the new model must be used to accurately describe the steady-state and transient characteristics of the IGBT. The model is used to compare the effects of lifetime reduction and buffer layer inclusion. The results of the comparison show that a better on-state voltage, switching speed trade-off is obtained using the buffer layer than is obtained using lifetime reduction.5、Developing modeling and simulation methodology for virtual prototype power supply systemThis dissertation develops a modeling and simulation methodology for design, verification, and testing (DVT) power supply system using a virtual prototype. The virtual prototype is implemented before the hardware prototyping to detect most of the design errors and circuit deficiencies that occur in the later stage of a standard hardware design verification and testing procedure. The design iterations and product cost are reduced significantly by using this approach. ^ The proposed modeling and simulation methodology consists of four major parts: system partitioning, multi-level modeling of device/function block, hierarchical test sequence, and multi-level simulation. By applying the proposed methodology, the designer can use the virtual prototype effectively by keeping a short simulation CPU time as well as catching most of the design problems. ^ The proposed virtual prototype DVT procedure is demonstrated by simulating a 5 V power supply system with a main power supply, a bias power supply, and other protection, monitoring circuitry. The total CPU time is about 8 hours for 780 tests that include the basic function test, steady stage analysis, small-signal stability analysis, large-signal transient analysis, subsystem interaction test, and system interaction test. By comparing the simulation results with the measurements, it shows that the virtual prototype can represent the important behavior of the power supply system accurately. Since the proposed virtual prototype DVT procedure verifies the circuit design with different types of the tests over different line and load conditions, many circuit problems that are not obvious in the original circuit design can be detected by the simulation. ^ The developed virtual prototypeDVT procedure is not only capable of detecting most of the design errors, but also plays an important role in design modifications. This dissertation also demonstrates how to analyze the anomalies of the forward converter with active-clamp reset circuit extensively and facilitate the design and improve the circuitperformances by utilizing the virtual prototype. With the help of the virtual prototype, it is the first time that the designer is able to analyze the dynamic behavior of the active-clamp forward converter during large-signal transient and optimize the design correspondingly.7、Adaptive nonlinear control of spacecraftThe problem of spacecraft attitude control and momentum management is addressed using nonlinear controllers based on feedback linearization. A chief limitation of the feedback linearization technique is that it requires an exact cancellation of nonlinear terms in order to obtain linear input-output behavior. Adaptive nonlinear controllers for linearizable systems are investigated to overcome this restriction and to achieve asymptotic linear behavior.The spacecraft attitude control and momentum mangement model is characterized by having uncertain parameters appearing linearly on both sides of the dynamicl equation. Therefore，two adaptive controf laws are developed forgeneral models in which the parameters appear linearly on both sides of the dynamical equations.The spacecraft attitude control and momentum mangement problem is then addressed with the adaptive nonlineu control laws utilized and uncertainties in the spacecraft principal intertias assumed. The adaptive nonlinear approach is shown to effectively control the Space Station attitude and effector momentum, while providingaccurate estimates of inertias. The combined tracking prediction-error based tracking is shown to have improvement over the performance of the tracking-error based adaptive controller.8、Discrete-Time Control of A Spacecraft with Retargetable Flexible Antennas.This dissertation considers the discrete-time control of a spacecraft consisting of a rigid-platform. with retargetable flexible antennas. The mission consists of independent minimum-time maneuvers of each antenna to coincide with predetermined lines of sight, while the platform. is stabilized in an inertial space and elastic vibration of the antennas is suppressed. The system is governed by a set of linearized, time-varying equations of motion. A discrete-time approach permits consideration of the time-varying nature of the system in designing the control law.;Both global and decentralized controls are proposed for a noise-free system with full-state feedback. Initially, a time-varying linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) is implemented, followed by two types of decentralized controllers. First, a collocated control law is devised in which actuator forces are based on the position and velocity at the actuator locations. Next, a new metho d called Substructure-Decentralized Control is proposed, where each flexible substructure is controlled based on state measurements associated with the substructure modes of the separately modeled appendages.;In both global and decentralized cases, a linear control law is first implemented coupled with an open-loop disturbance-accommodating control based on the known inertial disturbances caused by the maneuver. Elastic motion is next controlled using nonlinear (on-off) antenna controllers for each decentralized case. For Substructure-Decentralized Control, the controls translate intoquantized actual controls. Lastly, nonlinear (on-off) control laws are also used to control the rigid-body motion for each case.;Next, the problem of controlling the time-varying system in the presence of noisy actuators and sensors is examined. It is assumed that only displacements, not velocities, are sensed for both rigid-body and elastic motion, making state reconstruction also necessary. A discrete-time, full-order Kalman filter is constructed for the time-varying system. A pseudo-decentralized control is proposed whereby feedback controls are based on system state estimates. As before, both linear and nonlinear controls are implemented. For each case mentioned, a numerical example is presented involving a spacecraft with a single flexible maneuvering antenna.。
上海大学《管理英语》2023-2024学年第一学期期末试卷
上海大学《管理英语》2023-2024学年第一学期期末试卷院(系)_______ 班级_______ 学号_______ 姓名_______1、They don’t feel safe in our town at night because it so dangerous. There’s a robbery every week now.A．becomes B．became C．has become D．had become2、The Games are known as the friendly games because of their ________ on kindness and mutual respect.A．lacks B．focusesC．challenges D．researches3、You look frozen．Sit down by the fire and I you some hot tea．A．make B．was making C．made D．will make4、Mr. Smart is believed to be a capable person, who is equal_____ charge of the company very well.A．to take B．to taking C．to be taken D．taking5、I need to be more mature and ready to ______ my mistakes.A．hold on to B．cut off C．make up for D．take up6、I ______ for Shanghai this Saturday, so I want to know when the earliest plane ______. A．leave; takes off B．am leaving; takes offC．leave; is taking off D．am leaving; is taking off7、---What do you do, Susan?---I am a clerk in a foreign company now. But I __________English in a high school for 8years.A．teach B．had taughtC．have taught D．taught8、Hopefully，the new method will be effective，helping students to get their career plans ________.A．at hand B．at willC．on trial D．on track9、________Wuhu with Shanghai, to be frank, and you'll find it's more convenient to live in the former.A．To compare B．ComparingC．Compare D．Compared10、Considered to be a less dangerous to tobacco, "e-cigs" are taking over the West as more and more people switch over when trying to kick the habit.A．adjustment B．alternativeC．advertisement D．amusement第二部分阅读理解（满分20分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
上海体育大学《港航工程专业英语》2023-2024学年第一学期期末试卷
上海体育大学《港航工程专业英语》2023-2024学年第一学期期末试卷院(系)_______ 班级_______ 学号_______ 姓名_______1、Although Jane agrees with me on most points, there was one on which she was unwilling to ______.A．give out B．give inC．give away D．give off2、---What’s wrong with your cell phone? I can’t get through.--- Oh, my line was cut off because I ________ my bill.A．haven’t paid B．hadn’t paid C．wasn’t paying D．don’t pay3、The church which is easily ________ from my home is being rebuilt.A．accessible B．availableC．acceptable D．responsible4、Paula waited until all the luggage was cleared, __________ hers never appeared.A．or B．so C．as D．but5、______ for the free tickets, I would not have gone to see films so often.A．If it is not B．Had it not beenC．Were it not D．If they were not6、The news came as no surprise to me. I ______ for some time that the factory was going to shut down.A．had known B．knewC．have known D．know7、She is quite________to office work. You had better offer her some suggestions whennecessary.A．familiar B．similarC．fresh D．sensitive8、---May I help you？You seem to be having some trouble.----____________，thanks. I think I can manage.A．No problem B．It's all rightC．ok D．No way9、____ up early in the morning to have a walk, I am sure, you are likely to feel active all day．A．Get B．Having got C．Getting D．To get10、Maria is constantly making efforts, she deserves the goal of entering the key university.A．achieving B．to achieve C．being achieved D．to be achieve第二部分阅读理解（满分20分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
上海大学英语教材i学答案
上海大学英语教材i学答案本文将为大家提供上海大学英语教材i学的答案，帮助学生们更好地学习和理解教材内容。
Unit 1: Hello, My Name Is...1. Vocabulary:- 1. abandon- 2. bachelor- 3. background- 4. backpack- 5. abbreviation2. Grammar:- 1. I prefer living in the city rather than in the countryside.- 2. She is not as tall as her sister.- 3. My sister prefers reading books to watching movies.- 4. He is older than me.- 5. I like playing basketball better than playing soccer.3. Comprehension:- 1. The speaker’s name is Sarah Smith.- 2. Sarah is studying economics.- 3. Sarah is from New York.- 4. Sarah traveled around Europe with her friends.- 5. Sarah is going to work at an international bank in London after graduation.Unit 2: My Hobbies1. Vocabulary:- 1. accomplish- 2. absorb- 3. actual- 4. suitable- 5. talent2. Grammar:- 1. His hobby is playing the guitar.- 2. I enjoy playing video games.- 3. We spent the whole day hiking in the mountains.- 4. She doesn’t like swimming.- 5. They are interested in photography.3. Comprehension:- 1. Sara’s hobby is playing tennis.- 2. Sara started playing tennis when she was 10 years old. - 3. Sara practices tennis three times a week.- 4. Sara wants to become a professional tennis player.- 5. Sara thinks tennis is a challenging and enjoyable sport. Unit 3: A Trip to Beijing1. Vocabulary:- 1. ancient- 2. attraction- 3. emperor- 4. magnificent- 5. pollution2. Grammar:- 1. We visited the Great Wall last year.- 2. She had never been to Beijing before.- 3. They will go sightseeing in the Forbidden City.- 4. He has already seen the Terracotta Warriors.- 5. I want to try traditional Chinese food.3. Comprehension:- 1. They visited the Forbidden City, the Great Wall, and the Summer Palace.- 2. The Great Wall is over 13,000 miles long.- 3. They took many photos during their trip.- 4. The Terracotta Warriors are located in Xi'an.- 5. They enjoyed the traditional Chinese food in Beijing.Unit 4: Environmental Protection1. Vocabulary:- 1. climate- 2. conserve- 3. pollution- 4. recycle- 5. renewable2. Grammar:- 1. We should recycle paper and plastic.- 2. My family conserves energy by turning off lights when not in use.- 3. They are planting trees to protect the environment.- 4. She is studying environmental science in university.- 5. I want to reduce air pollution.3. Comprehension:- 1. People can conserve energy by turning off lights and appliances.- 2. Recycling helps to reduce waste and protect natural resources.- 3. Air pollution is harmful to our health.- 4. The government should invest in renewable energy sources.- 5. Everyone should take responsibility for protecting the environment.通过本文提供的上海大学英语教材i学答案，学生们可以更好地理解课程内容并进行针对性的学习。
2020届上海飞翔日本人补习中心高三英语第二次联考试题及参考答案
2020届上海飞翔日本人补习中心高三英语第二次联考试题及参考答案第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项AWe are proud to present a showcase for kid inventions from children chosen from the Kid's Forum at Blue Print Earth. We hope you enjoy the ideas expressed here and join us in supporting the next generation.Eater of Natural DisastersMy invention cansave your home by sucking up all-natural disasters. The government will not own this machine, but by you so there will be no taxes on it. Order Now! The Eater of Natural Disasters will run on renewable batteries. It will cost 50 dollars to make and I will sell it for just $ 75.Created by Matthew Szekeresh —Mt.WashingtonElementary, 5th Grade.Pick-up-Pollution BombMy invention is called the Pick-up-Pollution Bomb. It will just pick up pollution and it won't hurt anything else like people, animals, property, playgrounds, and parks. The reason why I made it is that I think there is too much pollution on the Earth. It sells for $100 apiece, and if you buy this now, I will send you another one for free.Created gratefully by Lauren Newberry — Mt. Washington Elementary, 5th GradeFlying HouseMy invention is a home that will blast off in space. For example, if there were an earthquake people would immediately blast off, or if there were a flood it would take off. Only for $ 400.99.Created by David Turner —Mt.WashingtonElementary, 5th GradeBug RobotMy invention is a robot that catches little bugs, eats little bugs, sucks up pollution, sucks up natural disasters, and turns them into food solving the problems of too many little bugs, natural disasters, pollution and starvation. My product is worth $500. My invention works on 2 triple — A batteries. And if you order one today I'll throw in 4 rechargeable triple-A batteries.Created by Cassie Courtey —Mt.WashingtonElementary, 5th Grade1. Why is the Flying House created?A. To explore the space.B. To clean the air.C. To prepare people for earthquakes.D. To help people escape from natural disasters.2. Which invention can turn pollution into food?A. The Bug Robot.B. The Pick-up-Pollution Bomb.C. The Flying House.D. The Eater of Natural Disasters.3. What can we infer about the four inventions?A. They are very easy to build.B. They are ideas from kids in the same school.C. They are expensive but of practical use.D. They are being used by people.BHave you ever noticed that some people can eat what they want and stay in shape, while others carefully watch what they eat and still put on weight? How annoying! However, scientists are beginning to believe that some people get the ability to stay thin from their parents.Scientists say that when some people eat, their bodies will naturally store the excess energy from food as fat. These people gain weight if they eat more than they need each day. Meanwhile, other people eat more than they need but their bodies are able to “burn off” the extra food without making fat, so they rarely have weight problems.To show that this is true, scientists have experimented on laboratory mice. They gave the mice a special diet with a lot of fat. Some mice gained weight while the other mice stayed thin, even though both groups of mice ate the same amount of food and got the same amount of exercise. Scientists concluded that weight gain seemed to be influenced by genetic (基因的) factors. They also believe they have now identified the genes that may cause this tendency. These genes, according to the scientists, get passed down the generations. Armed with this knowledge, they believe it may be possible to develop medicines thatcan target the genes and stop people from gaining weight.The study of weight gain is becoming more important as the numbers of people who are overweight continues to grow. In theUnited States, over seventy percent of the population have weight problems. This means they are at risk of illness such as high blood pressure and heart disease.Current medicines for weight control do not work very well because they can have serious side effects, such as heart problems. However, it takes a long time to develop and thoroughly test new drugs. Therefore, despite this breakthrough in the study of weight-loss drugs, scientists and health professionals all agree that currently the best way to control weight gain is to have a healthy, balanced diet and an active lifestyle with daily exercise. This will not only help people avoid becoming overweight, but also help them stay healthy and energetic.4. According to the scientists, some people ________.A. are able to stay thin because of genetic factorsB. can eat what they want and stay healthy foreverC. usually keep doing exercise to lose their weightD. don’t eat anything every day but still put on weight5. Some people don’t need to worry about weight problems because ________.A. they eat many vegetablesB. they eat less than othersC. they don’t store any energy from food as fatD. they can burn off the extra food without making fat6. What can we learn from the passage?A. Fewer people will have weight problems in the future.B. People with weight problems may suffer from heart trouble.C. We now have good medicine for people with weight problems.D. The result of the experiments on mice and humans are different.7. What does the last paragraph imply?A. Current medicine solve weight problems well.B. We should exercise regularly and eat properly.C. Taking exercise every day may cause heart problems.D. Testing new drugs is hard because of the side effects.CHave you ever imagined that your simple T-shirt could cool you down by up to5℃on these hot summer days? Thanks to a recent discovery, the possibility is getting closer. While there are many alternatives that manage to keep the body warm, this amazing invention aims to offer real relief for those who are eager to feel comfortable and fresh in the outdoors on extremely hot days.Its inventors, engineers Ma Yaoguang of Zhejiang University and Tao Guangming of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in China, look a completely innovative approach. They designed a special textile dial can absorb body heat and re-emit its energy into space as mid-infrared radiation (MIR). This textile cools both the objects and their surroundings through a technique that is known as radiative cooling, Science reveals. This means that even when it looks like you are wearing a regular shirt, you are actually wearing a device that works like a mirror.Research conducted at Stanford University in 2017 had already managed to cool the wearer by 3℃, but this previous trial was limited. So researchers still need to test the new approach to determine how effectively the new fabric cools while the wearers are standing or walking, and not directly facing the sky, like in their trials. They also need to examine and measure how well it works when T-shirts are not in close contact with the skin.Inventors Yaoguang and Guangming are now looking out for textile manufacturers and clothing brands that are interested in using their fabric. They estimate that the new material will increase clothing manufacturing costs by just 10 percent. “We can make it with mass production which means everybody can get a T-shirt and the cost is basically the same as theirs,” old Yaoguang said.So if you are an athlete or simply someone that has to deal with the extremely high temperatures, be patient because your days of feeling hot and bothered may be corning to an end!8. What is the purpose of the new invention?A. To warm up people's body.B. To cool people off in hot weather.C. To detect the wearers' temperature.D. To protect clothes from becoming wet.9. How does the special product work?A. By turning sunlight into energy.B. By sending out absorbed heat.C. By keeping heat out completely.D. By using light color1 s to reflect sunlight.10. What is the main idea of paragraph 3?A. The invention needs further testing.B. The previous studies lack evidence.C. The new fabric has a good cooling effect.D. The new fabric applies to various situations.11. The invention of the T-shirt may hean example of ________.A. barking up the wrong treeB. robbing Peter to pay PaulC. killing two birds with one stoneD. pulling the cart before the horseDLast summer, I spent four months working in France, where the company I was working for put me up in a house that didn’t have Wi-Fi. I wasn’t looking forward to it.I soon discovered, however, that living in a house without Wi-Fi was easier than I expected.Contact between my friends and family was significantly reduced to the odd text message here and there. I couldn’t enjoy my usual web browsing on BBC iPlayer, social media sites, keeping up to date with the news, or even wanting to know the opening hours of shops in the new area I was in.I didn’t, however, spend a full four months without connecting to a Wi-Fi network. It was only a five minutewalk to the reception where I could connect for free and spend as much time online as I wanted to at my own leisure. It made me think , though , how unnecessary it can be , how unnecessarily we rely on it—how we perhaps rely on it too much. As a person, I was more sociable. I spent more time with my housemates instead of hiding behind a computer screen. I did other things that I wouldn’t necessarily have done if I could have browsed the web at my leisure. I read more, I cooked meals for my friends, and I even tidied up more often. Dare I say it; I learned how to live without Wi-Fi. Dare I say it; I found it was easier than I had imagined.12. What was the writer’s first feeling when finding her house had no Wi-Fi?A. Unexpected.B. Angry.C. Shocked.D. Depressed.13. How did the writer keep in touch with her friends and family without Wi-Fi?A. By writing regularly.B. By text message.C. By video calls.D. By telegram.14. What was the writer’s life like without Wi-Fi?A. Dull.B. Lonely.C. Active.D. Relaxing.15. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. A life without Wi-FiB. Different views on the InternetC. The disadvantages of Wi-FiD. How to use the Internet第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
2020届上海飞翔日本人补习中心高三英语第三次联考试题及参考答案
2020届上海飞翔日本人补习中心高三英语第三次联考试题及参考答案第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项APlan Your Visit to the British MuseumWe've made a few changes to ensure you can safely enjoy your visit:How to book tickets·Tickets for the permanent collection can only be hooked online in advance.·To book tickets for exhibitions, visit our exhibition pages. If you want to guarantee your visit to the permanent collection as well as the exhibition on your visit, you will need to book a separate ticket.·We are limiting numbers of people in the museum to ensure there is room for you to safely enjoy your visit. Everyone, including members and volunteers, will therefore need to book a free, timed ticket in advance.Important information about your ticket booking·You can book up to six tickets for people who live in the same family.·We will email yourticket to you, and you will need to show it either printed out or on your device (设备) when you arrive.·Please arrive at the time stated on your ticket-we cannot guarantee admission before or after it.Following the routeWe have created a new one-way route through the museum which will allow you to safely explore world cultures from the Mediterranean to the Middle East and from the Americas to Africa.·View a map of the route (Open in a new window).·Our audio guides (音频指南) are not available. However, youcan pay to download the audio introductions from iTunes (Open in a new window) or Google Play (Open in a new window) to each of the galleries and listen on your own device. Please remember to bring along your own headphones.1.Why does the museum offer timed tickets?A.To earn more money.B.To hire more volunteers.C.To save room for collections.D.To control the number of visitors.2.How can a visitor learn about the new route in advance?A.View an online map.B.Buy a new headphone.C.Buy audio guides from the museum.D.Download video introductions from iTunes.3.Where can you probably find the text?A.In a newspaper.B.In a magazine.C.On a website.D.In a report.BEmojis are very popular among mobile phone and social media users. While there are emojis of almost every kind imaginable, from dinosaurs to joyful tears and eggplants, there is no emoji for forgiveness. Seeing the need to show understanding, aFinnish group decided it was time for a "forgiveness" emoji.Every year, the Unicode Consortium, which sets the standards, adds new emojis to the emoji keyboard on mobile phones and computers. In 2019, the Forgivemoji campaign was launched. Forgivemoji's site made an open call to the public to give their designs for a new forgiveness emoji, with the goal of presenting the symbol to the Unicode Consortium and getting it accepted by people.Tuomo Pesonen, communications director of the Unicode Consortium, explained why the forgiveness emoji isindispensablein today's world. “In our modern communication culture, emojis are an important way of expressing human feelings beyond words.” The campaign gained popularity, reaching over two million people around the world. They received many designs, including a bandaged heart, two holding hands, and people from different cultures hugging.After hundreds of people offered their ideas for this emoji, the winner was announced in February 2020. Former Finnish president Tarja Halonen was selected to choose the winner as she has been important in building bridges between people. The emoji that will be presented to the Unicode Consortium is an image of two hands giving a thumbs-up symbol in front of a heart. If the Unicode Consortium accepts the design, it will become available to the public in late 2021.The Forgivemoji campaign goes far beyond having a strong influence on social media. The message of showing forgiveness and understanding is helpful for the world at large.4. What's the idea behind the Fogivemoji campaign?A. people develop pleasant habits.B. To get people more friendly to each other.C. To pick a forgiveness emoji for the public to use.D. To make mobile phones and computers more convenient to use.5. What does the underlined word “indispensable” in Paragraph 3 mean?A. Necessary.B. Different.C. Changeable.D. Interesting.6. Why was Tarja Halonen selected to choose the winner for the campaign?A. She launched the campaign herself.B. She designed the most popular emoji.C. She was familiar with the emoji history.D. She played an important role in relating people.7. What can be the best title for the text?A. Forgiveness is important for peopleB. Emoji for forgiveness is on the wayC. Emojis are becoming interestingly popularD. Finnish people explore the stories of emojisCJeff Bezos, Elon Musk and Richard Branson have a combined net worth of 400 billion, roughly the size of the GDP of the entire nation of Ireland. And all three men have decided to put vast sums of their wealth into chasing their space travel dreams, creating a modern space race in which ultra — rich men — rather than countries — shoot for the stars.But why the three billionaires choose the crazy plan? Just for the travel dreams? It’s not that simple.As we all know, the space travel is a mirror of comprehensive national strength, whether it’s the cold war or the present. The first space racespannedmultiple presidents and premiers — Kennedy, Krushchev, Brezhnev, Nixon. It made heroes of astronauts and cosmonauts, and it focused national prides. But obviously, this year’s race between the billionaires features none of that national pride or opposing ideas. It’s tax — averse tycoons (大亨) who want to sell high — priced tickets to rich people interested in experiencing weightlessness. Amazon’s Bezos has said he is funding his portion by selling off large chunks of his Amazon stock (股票) — 1 billion or more a year.What are the odds? If anyone is taking bets on how this will end, and who will have the more profitable space tourism business, consider Amazon’s method of making very little profit in order to eat up competition. So, from this point of view, what’s hiding behind this crazy race is business. As a method of expand influence, it is not a bad idea.Richard Branson has carried out his plan on July 12, and Jeff Bezos announced that he will start his space travel on July 20. Bezos is getting some good press because he’s taking Wally Funk along for the ride. She’s thepilot now in her 80s who was kept out of space in the 1960s because she’s a woman. This may be a bonus for him. As for Musk, he thinks these two above are not real space trips, he wants a larger move.Who will win the race in the end? Let’s wait and see.8. Which of the following people might be the potential client of the space travel?A. Daisy aged 45 with a heavy debt.B. Clarkson who doesn’t enjoy taking risks.C. Billy aged 60 with an ample retirement pension.D. Alexander who knows nothing about space travel.9. What stopped Wally Funk flying to space in the 1960s?A. Age.B. Gender.C. Height.D. Disposition.10. What does the author think of the billionaires race?A. Profit — driven.B. Meaningless.C. Foolish.D. Generous.11. What does the underlined word “spanned” in paragraph 3 probably mean?A. Revolved.B. Turned down.C. Entered.D. Leapt through.DDid you know people who live in different parts ofChinahave different habits and preferences? For example, people from southernChinaprefer to eat vegetables, while people from northChinalike to eat meat. According to a new study in a journal, gene variations (变异) might be responsible for these differences. Researchers fromChina’s BGI collected genetic information from 141,431 Chinese women, who came from 31 provinces and consisted of 36 ethnic minority groups.They found that natural selection has played an important role in the ways that people living in different regions of China have developed, affecting their food preferences, immunities (免疫力) to illness and physical features.A variation of the gene FADS2 is more commonly found in northern people. It helps people metabolize (新陈代谢) fatty acids, which suggests a diet that is rich in flesh. This is due to climate differences.Northern Chinais at a higher latitude. This weather is difficult to grow vegetables in. Therefore, northerners tend to eat more meat.The study also found differences in the immune systems of both groups. Most people in southernChinacarry the gene CR1, which protects against malaria. Malaria was once quite common in southernChina. In order to survive, the genes of people in the south evolved to fight against this disease. However, people in the south are also more sensitive to certain illnesses, as they lack the genes to stop them.Genes can also cause physical differences between northerners and southerners. Most northerners have the ABCC11 gene, which causes dry earwax, less body smell and fewer sweats. These physical differences are also more beneficial to living in cold environments. Southerners are less likely to have this gene, as it did not develop in their population.12. What did the new study focus on?A. Regions.B. Eating habits.C. Gene variations.D. Ethnic minority groups.13. What is the main function of the gene FADS2?A. It helps store fat.B. It helps digest meat.C. It helps gain weight.D. It helps treat an illness.14. According to the study, most northerners ________.A. sweat less frequentlyB. are immune to malariaC. prefer vegetables to meatD. are more sensitive to climates15. How many differences did the study find related to genes?A. Two.B. Three.C. Four.D. Five.第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
2019-2020学年上海飞翔日本人补习中心高三英语第三次联考试题及参考答案
2019-2020学年上海飞翔日本人补习中心高三英语第三次联考试题及参考答案第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项AMembership CardFighting Fit is a members-only club. When you first join, we give you a computerized card. It has your name, photo and membership number on.Please have your card with you every time you use the club. The card is for your use only, and there is a small charge to provide a new one if you lose it. Members are permitted to bring guests to use the facilities at the club.A visiting guest fee is charged for each guest.Fitness ProgramsYour Fitness Program includes a meeting with one of our skilled instructors. This will happen two or three weeks after you have joined. The instructor looks at your health, your current needs and the way you live, and organizes a program suitable for you.GymnasiumOur gymnasiums are the most modem in the area and have high quality exercise equipment. For safety reasons, you must wear sportswear and trainers while exercising, and please remember to take a small towel too. It is one of our rules that you wipe the equipment after use.There is no limit to how long you spend in the gymnasiums, but we ask you to respect other members by only spending 20 minutes on each piece of equipment. There are experienced staff helping you in the gymnasiums at any time.Locker RoomsWe have large male and female locker rooms. Please ensure that your property is kept in your locker at all times. Any belongings which are found in a locker overnight will be removed and taken to Lost Property.CafeThe Cafe offers free tea, coffee and soft drinks.Suggestion BoxMembers' suggestions are always welcome, and the suggestion box and forms can be found at reception. Wetry to respond within two days.1.What does the Fighting Fit Health Club provide for its members?A.A personalized program on their first visit.B.A second membership card for free.C.Help from the staff all the time.D.Certain kinds of clothes and towels.2.At the Fighting Fit Health Club, you can_.A.share your membership cardB.have free drinks in the CafeC.leave personal items in the locker for 24 hoursD.spend as long as you like on all equipment3.Where is the information most probably from?A.A news report.B.A notice board.C.A guide book.D.A reference book.BUntil quarantine (隔离期) ends, we are left picturing what sport we might do: working out at the gym, playing on a competitive sports team, swimming, biking, or rock climbing. However, we don’t often think of martial arts as possible activities; instead, we rule it out because we think it’s dangerous, uncommon, and even, impossible. Martial arts aren’t considered a sport, right?Well, here’s some good news: you’re wrong! Martial arts aren’t much more common than people think, and you can start learning at any age. Practicing martial arts is a great way to keep in shape, both physically and mentally. They’re much less boring and much lessarduoussport than they’re usually described as in movies, so do not worry that they need a lot of effort.Martial arts generally require you to focus on the position and movement of every one of your legs and arms, sometimes even your breathing too. Think about it: when you leave the gym, your mental state has improved and you are much calmer. This is because you’ve only paid attention to one activity. It is a great way to clear your head. Andpracticing it can help you learn to stay more focused, which is the greatest advantage of martial arts training.Martial arts also improve your coordination (协调性), and greatly improve your posture (姿势). I have personally seen students go from slouching (没精打采) to walking tall with their shoulders back in just a couple of months.There are many styles and countless kinds of martial arts. Whichever one you like better, know that all of them are good choices.4. What can we know about martial arts from the first two paragraphs?A. They often have people hurt.B. They are difficult to practice.C. People have a wrong view on it.D. People practice them more often.5. What does the underlined word “arduous” in paragraph 2 mean?A. Interesting.B. Difficult.C. Friendly.D. Exciting.6. What is the biggest benefit of practicing martial arts?A. Adjusting the breath.B. Enjoying one’s free time.C. Correcting the movement.D. Keeping one’s attention.7. What does the writer think of martial arts?A. They are notsports.B. They attracted many teenagers.C. They are beneficial and helpful.D. They were invented to protect others.CSomeday soon an emoji (表情符号)might really save lives.Hiroyuki Komatsu is a Google engineer who suggested adding a series of new emojis to the standard emoji library. It could help those with food allergies (过敏)understand what they are eating anywhere inthe world. Emojis should cover characters representing major food causing allergies. They make people understand what are used in foods even in foreign countries and safely select meals.Emojis are universal because they are chosen and developed by the Unicode Consortium, a non-profit company that oversees, develops and maintains how text is represented. This is in regards to all software products and standards. It's thanks to the Unicode Standard that when you text a friend six pizza emojis, they’ll see those six pizza pieces on their phone. This is true regardless of whether they use an iPhone or an Android.Because emojis are everywhere and visual(视觉的),they could be helpful for restaurants and food packaging designers. They can communicate whether a product is made with common causing-allergy food. But as Komatsu’s advice argues, many of the most common causing-allergy foods are missing or poorly represented by the present emoji library. For example, there is an emoji for octopus, but nothing for squid. There is a loaf of bread that could symbolize grain, but a picture of wheat could be clearer. The emojis can be more direct when symbolizing foods.It’s not uncommon for the Unicode Consortium to add new emojis to the library: several food-related emojis were put into use last June, including some long-waited food emojis. Apple included support for multiracial emojisin a recent iOS update. An artist even recreated Moby-Dick in emoji characters. Some might be sorry for the continuing death of the written word if Komatsu’s suggestion is accepted, but look on the bright side: if you ever see that happy poop on a box, you’ll know to stay away.8. How will emojis save lives according to the text?A. By showing what the food contains visually.B. By telling the safest places in the world.C. By teaching people how to treat allergies.D. By adding standard emojis about safety.9. What does paragraph 3 mainly tell us?A. Emojis have the same meanings around the world.B. The Unicode Consortium is a non-profit company.C. What emojis represent is different in different places.D. Different mobile operating systems have different emojis.10. What can be the reason for Komatsu’s advice?A. Emojis are easy to mix up.B. Present emojis are not enough.C. Emojis can't interest most users.D. Emojis can't represent foods directly.11. What is the author’s attitude to Komatsu's suggestion?A. Doubtful.B. Worried.C. Supportive.D. Uninterested.DWe use what is known as inner speech, where we talk to ourselves, to evaluate situations and make decisions. Now, a robot has been trained to speak aloud its inner decision-making process, giving us a view of how it responds to contradictory demands.Arianna Pipitone and Antonio Chella at the University of Palermo, Italy, programmed a humanoid robot named Pepper, with software that models human cognitive(认知的)processes, which allowed Pepper to retrieve (检索)relevant information from its memory and find the correct way to act based on human commands, as well as a text — to — speech processor. It allowed Pepper to voice its decision-making process while completing a task, "With inner speech, we can better understand what the robot wants to do and what its plan is," says Chella.The researchers asked Pepper to set a dinner table according to etiquette (礼仪)rules they had programmed into the robot. Inner speech was either enabled or disabled to see how it affected Pepper's ability to do what wasinstructed.When instructed to place a napkin on a fork with its inner speech enabled, Pepper asked itself what the etiquette required and concluded that this request went against the rules it had been given. It then asked the researchers if putting the napkin on the fork was the correct action. When told it was, Pepper said, "OK, I prefer to follow your desire," and explained how it was going to place the napkin on the fork.When asked to do the same task with inner speech disabled, Pepper knew this contradicted etiquette rules, so it didn't perform the task or explain why.With the potential for robots to become more common in the future, this type of programming could help the public understand their abilities and limitations, says Sarah Sebo at theUniversityofChicago. "It maintains people's trust and enables cooperation and interactions between humans and robots," she says. However, this experiment only used a single human participant, says Sebo. "It's unclear how their approach would compare across a wide range of human participants," she says.12. Why does the author mention how people make decisions in the first paragraph?A. To introduce the topic.B. To make comparisons.C. To provide an example.D. To support his argument.13. How did Pepper react to the contradictory instruction with its inner speech enabled?A. It failed to complete the task.B. It followed the etiquette rules.C. It made a random decision.D. It communicated with the researchers.14. What did Sarah Sebo think of the research?A. It was creative but worthless.B. It was a good try but the result was a failure.C. It was inspiring but needed further evidence.D. It was carefully designed but poorly performed.15. Which of the following is the best title for the text?A. Robot Taught To Be PoliteB. Robot Can Explain Its DecisionC. Robot Making Decisions: No Longer A DreamD. Robot-Human Communication: No Longer A Problem第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
2019-2020学年上海飞翔日本人补习中心高三英语第一次联考试题及参考答案
2019-2020学年上海飞翔日本人补习中心高三英语第一次联考试题及参考答案第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项AI started working with my hands at a young age. The youngest of five brothers, I took on the role as a “maintenance (维修) man” at an early age for our family’s small grocery store. Often my dad wouldn’t give me a clear idea of how something shouldbe done, so I just had to figure it out by researching or through trial and error.Fast forward to 2016 and those problem-solving skills would become the focus of Tippecanoe High School’s Homebuilding class. I knew I wanted to teach the students skills that went beyond just being able to hammer nails or cut pieces of two-by-fours. The problem was that we didn’t have the resources at the time to do much else. The idea of attracting some type of funding seemed very important. Designing, building and selling a tiny house on wheels seemed like the perfect project to accomplishthe task. I reached out to a number of local businesses and most of them responded with the greatest support for what x k w we were doing.This year we added a new element to the program. Through one of our partners, we were able to connect with the nonprofit Veteran’s Ananda Incorporated. Students in the Homebuilding class are leading the design and production of micro houses to be donated to this organization. The new partnership gives the students another focus to consider when designing and building the houses.There has been no shortage of students since our first year. Three years ago we had 41 students, the next 191, and this year it was limited to just over 160 students so we could have a safe and manageable classroom environment. The number of girls taking the class has risen steadily over the last few years as well. This class offers something for everyone and the skills are universal.1. How can we describe the young author?A. He opened a small grocery store.B. He did a lot of research in the lab.C. He enjoyed doing hands-on activities.D. He learnt about maintenance from his father.2. What do the underlined words “the task” in paragraph 2 refer to?A. Getting some financial support.B. Selling a tiny house on wheels.C. Reaching out to many local businesses.D. Offering the students some problem-solving skills.3. What can be inferred about the Homebuilding class from the last paragraph?A. Its size needs increasing.B. Itis popular with the students.C. It has caused some safety concerns.D. Its classroom environment is hard to manage.BDad’s comb was jade green. I heard he bought it when he married Mum, which made the comb two years older than I was. Every night, he wouldsmile, hand me the comb and say, “Be a good girl and help Daddy clean it, OK?”I was more than happy to do it. At age five this mundane task brought me such joy. I would excitedly turn the tap on, then brush the comb with a used toothbrush as hard as I could. Satisfied that I’d done a good job, I would proudly return the comb to Dad. He would smile at me and place the comb on top of his wallet.About two years later, Dad left his sales job and started his own wholesale business. I started primary school. That was when things started to change. He didn’t come home as much as he used to – just a couple of times a week. And when he did come home, it was always late and I’d already be in bed. I started to get mad. I stopped waiting for him to come home, and stopped going downstairs to check on him.Today, I’m no longer a kid. I’ve graduated from college and got a job. Dad’s business has got back on track. Things are better now. Yet the uncomfortable silence between Dad and me persisted.Two days before my birthday last year, Dad came home early. As usual, I helped him carry his bags into his study. When I turned to leave, he said, “Hey, would you like to help me clean my comb?” I looked at him a while, then took the comb and headed to the sink.I passed the clean comb back to Dad. He looked at it and smiled. But this time, I noticed something different. My dad has aged. He has wrinkles next to his eyes when he smiles, yet his smile is still as heartwarming as before. The smile of a father who just wants a good life for his family. Dad carefully placed his comb on top of his wallet.After so many years, he still organizes his personal items in the same meticulous way. I guess some things never change. And for that, I’m glad.4. What caused the uncomfortable silence between Dad and me?A. Generation gap.B. Dad’s failure in business.C. My ignorance of Dad.D. Dad’s absence from the family.5. Which of the following can best describe Dad?A. Gentle but strict.B. Hardworking and caring.C. Cautious and realistic.D. Demanding but patient.6. Why did Dad ask his daughter to clean his comb before her birthday?A. To give her a lesson.B. To follow his old habit.C. To fix their relationship.D. To praise her helpfulness.7. Which saying concludes the text best?A. Yesterday once more.B. Let bygones be bygones.C. Some things never change.D. Like father, like daughter.CSummer is quickly passing by—but not without the ultimate meteor（流星）shower event!The2021 Perseids Meteor Shower, which is considered to be the best meteor shower of the year, is expected to start lighting up skies on this Wednesday, according to NASA. Known for fireballs, the Perseids typically light up skies on warm summer nights, leaving “long wake（尾迹）of light and color1 behind them.”Under ideal conditions, sky watchers may see approximately 50-100 meteors per hour with each meteor traveling at 37 miles per second. .Because the meteors appear in all parts of the sky, it will be pretty easy to witness the celestial（天上的）event from anywhere in the world. To get the best show, it is advised to view the Perseids from the Northern Hemisphere（半球）during the pre- dawn hours, ideally between 2 a.m. and dawn. In some cases, sky gazers may be able to seemeteors during this shower as early as 9 or 10 p. m.“If it's not cloudy, pick an observing spot away from bright lights, lie on your back, and look up! You don't need any special equipment to view the Perseids—just your eyes,” NASA wrote on their site, adding that telescopes or binoculars are not recommended due to their small fields of view.Remember to let your eyes become adjusted to the dark. Try to stay off of your phone too, as looking at devices with bright screens will negatively affect your night vision and thus reduce the number of meteors you see!For those who may be unable to view the Perseids in person, a live broadcast will be streaming from NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, starting around 8 p. m. on Aug. 11 and continuing through sunrise on Aug. 12.8. What can we learn about the Perseids Meteor Shower?A. It will be the best meteor shower in history.B. The ultimate shower only happens on this Wednesday.C. We can observe 50- 100 meteors per hour in any place.D. The Meteors usually have long and bright trails behind them.9. Which of the following may be the best time to view the shower?A. At 4 a. m. on the Northern Hemisphere.B. At 2 p. m. on the Northern Hemisphere.C. At sunrise on the Southern Hemisphere.D. At dawn on the Southern Hemisphere.10. What can be inferred about the observation of Meteors?A. If you use a telescope, you will see more meteors.B. You can use smartphones to record the grand scene.C. The brighter the moon is, the more meteors you can see. .D. Bright lights will reduce the visibility of meteors.11. If you are not available to watch the Perseids personally, you can ________.A. browse the unofficial website of NASAB. watch a video recorded by a flight centerC. stream a live show on Aug. 11 nightD. use special devices to connect with the showerDSalad plants have already been grown in old sheltersand tunnels. Urban farming is a regular topic of interest at places like the World Economic Forum (WEF) in Davos, where leaders consider whether the world's food system, blamed for causing both obesity and malnutrition, can be fixed. There are already plenty of urban farming projects around the world, particularly in the US, Japan and the Netherlands, from urban fish and plant farms to vertical farming.“It's becoming an expanding industry,” said Richard Ballard, one of the founders of the farm Growing Underground. “There're several other businesses starting up in London in containers, and there are other vertical farms around the country now.”Growing Underground is not a standard farm. The rows of crops could be in almost any tunnel, but theseplants are 100 feet below Clapham High Street and show that urban agriculture is, in some cases at least, nota fad. The underground farm has occupied a part of the Second World War air-raid shelters for nearly five years, and Ballard is planning to expand into the rest of the space later this year.Growing Underground supplies herb and salad mixes to grocery shops, supermarkets and restaurants. Being in London creates an advantage, Ballard says, as they can harvest and deliver in an hour.He adds other advantages. Being underground means temperatures never go below 15℃surface greenhouses need to be heated. They can do more harvests: 60 crops a year, compared with about seven in a traditional farm. Electricity to power the lights is a major cost, but the company believes renewable energy will become cheaper.Similar British companies include the Jones Food Company in Lincolnshire, while in the US AeroFarms has several projects in New Jersey, and Edenworks in Brooklyn.12. What do we know about urban farming?A. It leads to a healthier lifestyle.B. It is rarely discussed at the WEF.C. Different farming methods are used.D. Local governments pay efforts to develop it.13. Which of the following best explains "a fad" underlined in Paragraph 3?A. A dream that's easy to realize.B. A field controlled for a long time.C. An approach to a serious problem.D. A fashion that’s popular for a short time.14. What can we learn about the underground farm?A. It is more productive than a traditional farm.B. It provides food directly to the customers.C. Its major products are herbs and salads.D. It uses less energy than a greenhouse.15. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Current food system causes health problemsB. Growing Underground attracts more peopleC. Traditional farming will be replaced soonD. Urban farming isstill thought costly and time-consuming第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
2019-2020学年上海飞翔日本人补习中心高三英语模拟试卷及答案
2019-2020学年上海飞翔日本人补习中心高三英语模拟试卷及答案第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项AEver wonder why there are so many people polluting the earth? Ever say to yourself：Hey, I wish that I could do more to help the environment? Have you ever thought about trying to help the earth but never really did it? Well, here are some pretty easyand skillful ideas for that green - earth desire inside you.●Turn off your computer. By leaving it on all day you are creating more CO2than a regular passenger would, driving to and from work in one day.● Ride your bike or carpool (合用汽车).Obviously, youare creating less CO2which will help the ozone(臭氧).● Make a garden. Even simply grow some plants in your kitchen, which will help produce more oxygen while eating up some of that evil CO2.● Buy local groceries. It creates less impact on the environment. Besides, you're supporting your local farmers.● Recycle. You had to see this coming. But you have no idea how much you are helping the environment by simply reusing a water bottle instead of buying a huge pack at the store.● Don't run the water while brushing. It saves you money and helps the water resources.● Open the curtains. Natural light is much prettier and it will keep the energy usage down.● Rechargeable batteries. You have no idea how much it takes to get rid of batteries. Do yourself a favor. Save some money and some energy.1. If you don't want to create more CO2, you may_______.A. turn off your computer or open the curtainsB. turn off your computer or ride your bike or carpoolC. make a garden or open the curtainsD. use rechargeable batteries or make a garden2. Which of the following can best describe the function of the first paragraph?A. Main body.B. Argument.C. Lead - in.D. Conclusion.3. The main idea of the passage is about________.A. the importance of environmental protectionB. some ways about how to prevent pollutionC. some suggestions about how to save energyD. some suggestions about environmental protectionBA world in which extinct creatures could be brought back to life came a step closer yesterday. Australian scientists have managed to extract a gene from a preserved sample of a Tasmanian tiger and make it active. Thebreakthroughhas left them dreaming that one day they will be able to recreate the animal, which died out more than 70 years ago. And if it can be done with the Tasmanian tiger, it may also be possible to resurrect (复活) creatures that have been extinct for far longer.“There used to be a time when extinction meant forever, but no more, ” said Professor Mike Archer. “We are now able to seriously challenge whether those animals that have gone for ever. What has been achieved is a very important step in bringing back those animals that are extinct. And while I think that technically it is still pretty difficult at the moment, we can now see the possibilities. I’m personally convinced that the Tasmanian tiger will be brought back to life in my lifetime.”The breakthrough came after nine years of experiments by scientists at the University of Melbourne, who extracted a gene from one of several tigers preserved in alcohol in a Melbourne museum. They removed the equivalent gene from a mouse embryo implanted the tiger gene and then watched as the mouse continued to grow normally, suggesting the tiger gene had been activated.Team leader Dr. Andrew Pask said it was the first time DNA from an extinct species had been used to “induce (引起) a functional response in another living organism”.However, the animal’s entire gene structure would have to be revived in the same way to even begin the possibility of bringing the Tasmanian tiger back from the dead.Mick Mooney, a wildlife officer ofthe Tasmanian Government, was worried that such developments could encourage people’s indifference to the protection of endangered species.“If people think that we can bring animals back to life after they’ve gone, they will start saying that there is nothing to worry about because we can fix it up later.”4. What does the underlined word “breakthrough” in the l paragraph refer to?A. Scientists have recreated new animals.B. Scientists have resurrected endangered animal.C. It has turned out that some creatures would not go extinct.D. A tiger gene has been extracted successfully and activated.5. Scientists are carrying out the experiments in order to ________.A. bring extinct animals back to lifeB. transplant the genes of tigers into other animalsC. find out what factors lead to the animals’ extinctionD. find a new way to extract animals’ DNA6. Mike Archer thinks that ________.A. scientists now have no technological difficulty reconnecting extinct animalsB. it’ll be a century or so before a Tasmanian tiger walks on the earth againC. humans have come closer in reconnecting extinct animalsD. reconnecting extinct animals is impossible7. We can learn from Mick Mooncy’s words that_________.A. he thought it unnecessary to worry about endangered animalsB. his opinion is in contrast with that of the Tasmanian GovernmentC. he thought people should be encouraged to protect endangered animalsD. he is concerned that bringing extinct animals back to life may have a negative effectCDo you ever listen to the songs that your parents like? Chances are that you don’t. You probably think the music that they like is old and boring and that the songs on your playlist are muchcooler. But scientists found that people’s music taste changes as time goes by. So it is likely that your own musical preferences will follow a similar path to your parents’, whether you like it or not.We used to think that culture and personality (个性) are the only reasons for different music choices. But researchers at the University of Cambridge noticed that as people enter into different age groups, their social environment changes, and so does their music taste. There are some musical periods that people go through in their life.The first period comes in the teenage years, during which people like strong music such as punk and rock, because teenagers tend to be aggressive or want to be independent.But as people move into early adulthood, their lifestyles change they want to build close relationships with others. As a result, they become fonder of contemporary music, such as pop and R&.B, which is usually upliftingand danceable.When middle age comes, most people have settled down. During this period, people prefer music, such as jazz and classical, as well as music like country, folk and blues.As for old people, they prefer old songs in their childhoods. They generally listen to relaxing music, such as country music and jazz music. But you must be questioning. “Aren’t there old people who are still interested in or even crazy about rock music?” Of course there are. But their reasons for listening to rock music may have changed. At that age people may listen to remind themselves of their youth.8. What do young people usually think of the songs their parents enjoy?A. They are actually less cool.B. They are worth listening to.C. They are especially serious.D. They are hard to understand.9. How many musical periods are there that people go through in their life?A. Two.B. Three.C. Four.D. Five.10. People who want to make friends mostly prefer ________.A. jazz musicB. country musicC. rock musicD. pop music11. What is the best title for the text?A. People Have Different Opinions on MusicB. People Listen to Music for the Same ReasonC. People’s Taste in Music Changes with TimeD. People’s Lifestyle Can Be Changed by MusicDIn order to help discover spoilage and reduce food waste for supermarkets and consumers, researchers have developed new low-cost, smart phone-linked, eco-friendly spoilage sensors for meat and fish packaging.One in threeUKconsumers throw away food just because it reaches the use-by date, but 60% of the £12.5 billion-worth of food we throw away each year is safe to eat.The researchers, whose findings were published in ACS Sensors, say the sensors could also eventually replace the use-by date—a widely used indicator of being fresh and eatable.The sensors cost two US cents each to make. Known as “paper-based electrical gas sensors (PEGS)”, they detect spoilage gases like ammonia (a poisonous gas with a strong unpleasant smell) in meat and fish products.The information provided by the electronic nose is received by a smart phone, and then you can know whether the food is fresh and safe to eat.The Imperial College London researchers who developed PEGS made the sensors by printing carbon electrodes onto a special type of paper. The materials are eco-friendly and harmless, so they don’t damage the environment and are safe to use in food packaging. The sensors, combined with a tiny electronic system, then inform nearby mobile devices, which identify and understand the data about spoilage gases.Lead author Dr Firat Guder of Imperial’s Department of Bioengineering, said, “Although they’re designed to keep us safe, use-by dates can lead to eatable food being thrown away. They don’t always reflect its actual freshness. In fact, people often get sick from food-borne diseases due to poor storage, even when an item is within its use-by date.”“These sensors are cheap enough so we hope to see supermarkets using them within three years. Our goal is to use PEGS in food packaging to reduce unnecessary food waste.”The authors hope that PEGS could have applications beyond food processing, like sensing chemicals in agriculture, air quality, and detecting disease markers in breath like those involved in kidney disease.12. What is the function of PEGS according to the text?A. To improve the taste of foods.B. To improve the service of stores.C. To help supermarkets store foods.D. To help people test food freshness.13. What role does the smartphone play while PEGS are functioning?A. It acts as an electronic nose.B. It reads the data collected by PEGS.C. It helps print the gas sensors onto paper.D. It discovers the spoilage gases from foods.14. What does Dr. Firat Guder say about use-by dates?A. They are not completely reliable.B. They can help reduce food waste.C. They are based on scientific research.D. They are not accepted by the consumers.15. What does the author mainly talk about in the text?A. The process of researching spoilage sensors.B. A new technology in packaging to reduce food waste.C. The application of spoilage sensors beyond food processing.D. The influence of use-by dates on supermarkets and consumers.第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
2020届上海飞翔日本人补习中心高三英语第四次联考试题及参考答案
2020届上海飞翔日本人补习中心高三英语第四次联考试题及参考答案第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项AThe Origins of Famous BrandsOur lives are full of brand names and trademarked products that we use every day. Although many brand names are simple acronyms(首字母缩略词) or versions of their founders names, some of the companies we trust every day actually have fascinating and surprising back stories.StarbucksIt seems fitting that the most famous coffee brand in the world would take its name from one of the world’s greatest works of literature. The inspiration for the name of the coffeehouse came from Herman Melville’sMoby Dick. The founders’ original idea was to name the company after the Captain Ahab’s ship, but they eventually decided that Pequot wasn’t a great name for coffee, so they chose Ahab’s first mate, Starbucks, as the name instead.GoogleGoogle was originally called Backrub, for it searched for links in every corner of the Web. In 1997, when the founders of the company were searching for a new name showing a huge amount of data for their rapidly improving search technology, a friend suggested the word “googol”. When a friend tried to register the new domain (域) name, he misspelled “googol” as “google”.NikeOriginally founded as a distributor for Japanese running shoes, the company was originally named BRS, or Blue Ribbon Sports. In 1971, BRS introduced its own soccer shoe, a model called Nike, which is alsothe name for the Greek goddess of victory. In 1978, the company officially renamed itself as Nike, Inc.The right name is essential to a company’s success, and a great origin story is just as important as a great product. An attractive origin story is one more thing that keeps customers guessing, wondering, and buying its products.1. What is the name of the Captain Ahab’s ship?A. Moby Dick.B. Starbucks.C. Pequot.D. Herman Melville.2. Why did the founders of the Google want to change its name?A. They mistook their name.B. They wanted new customers.C. The company’s original name was too long.D. The company’s search technology was improving rapidly.3. Where does the importance of the origin story of one company lie in?A. It can change the company’s image.B. It can add myth to the company.C. It explains the development of the company to customers.D. It makes customers imagine and purchase its goods.BIf you’ve ever had a dog, you know just how deep a connection you can develop with “man’s best friend”. But a dog has a much shorter life span — about 12 to 15 years long — than humans, which means every dog owner has to go through the heartbreaking moment when their loving pet passes away.Why not make a clone of that dog then? This is the solution offered by a South Korean company, Sooam Biotech Research Foundation. The company has successfully cloned at least 400 dogs, mostly for US customers, ever since it pioneered the technique in 2005. Now, Sooam Biotech is planning to introduce their business toUKdog owners, offering them dogs that look just like their lost ones.Meanwhile, another dog is selected to supply an egg.Researchers then replace the DNA in the egg with that from the skin cell and implant the egg into the womb (子宫) of a female dog. The egg grows into a puppy over the following two months. To clone a dog, researchers first need to take a skin cell from a living dog or one that has just died.The whole process takes less than a day, but it comes at a shockingly high price — around £63,000 (614,000 yuan). But if you can’t afford it now, you can also save the cells in a laboratory and access them at a later date. Just like identical twins of humans, they share the exact same DNA but there will still be small differences between them. “The spots on a Dalmatian clone will be different, for example,” Insung Hwang, head of Sooam Biotech, toldThe Guardian. However, as magical as cloning might sound, there is no guarantee that the cloned dog will be a perfect replica of the original one.Dog owners will also have to accept the fact that personality is not “clone-able”. Apart from genes, personality is also determined by upbringing and environment, which are both “random elements [that] cloning technologies simply cannot overcome”, Professor Tom Kirkwood atNewcastle University,UK, toldThe Telegraph.Perhaps bringing our dogs back with cloning is not the best way to remember them after all.Kirkwood, a dog owner himself, pointed out: “An important aspect of our relationship with them is coming to terms with the pain of letting go.”4. According to the article, Sooam Biotech Research Foundation is ______.A. working on plans to help dog owners enjoy their pets longerB. offering a way to help dogs give birth to more puppiesC. providing a service that will make copies of pet dogsD. introducing a completely new technique to clone dogs5. Which of the following statements about dog cloning is TRUE according to the article?A. Dog cloning technology hadn’t been put into practice until recently.B. Dog cloning is very expensive and usually takes several months to complete.C. Dog cloning is very popular among US andUKpet owners.D. Cloned dogs might develop different habits and characteristics even though they look very similar.6. Which of the following shows the correct order of the dog cloning process?a. an egg is taken from another dogb. a skin cell is taken from the pet dog and saved in a laboratoryc. the egg is placed in the womb of a female dogd. the DNA of the egg is replaced by the DNA from the skin celle. the egg grows into a puppy in two monthsA. acbde.B. adbce.C. bacde.D. badce.7. We can learn from the article thatKirkwood______ dog cloning.A. disapproves ofB. supportsC. is afraid ofD. is curious aboutCSalad plants have already been grown in old sheltersand tunnels. Urban farming is a regular topic of interest at places like the World Economic Forum (WEF) in Davos, where leaders consider whether the world's food system, blamed for causing both obesity and malnutrition, can be fixed. There are already plenty of urban farming projects around the world, particularly in the US, Japan and the Netherlands, from urban fish and plant farms to vertical farming.“It's becoming an expanding industry,” said Richard Ballard, one of the founders of the farm Growing Underground. “There're several other businesses starting up in London in containers, and there are other verticalfarms around the country now.”Growing Underground is not a standard farm. The rows of crops could be in almost any tunnel, but these plants are 100 feet below Clapham High Street and show that urban agriculture is, in some cases at least, nota fad. The underground farm has occupied a part of the Second World War air-raid shelters for nearly five years, and Ballard is planning to expand into the rest of the space later this year.Growing Underground supplies herb and salad mixes to grocery shops, supermarkets and restaurants. Being in London creates an advantage, Ballard says, as they can harvest and deliver in an hour.He adds other advantages. Being underground means temperatures never go below 15℃surface greenhouses need to be heated. They can do more harvests: 60 crops a year, compared with about seven in a traditional farm. Electricity to power the lights is a major cost, but the company believes renewable energy will become cheaper.Similar British companies include the Jones Food Company in Lincolnshire, while in the US AeroFarms has several projects in New Jersey, and Edenworks in Brooklyn.8. What do we know about urban farming?A. It leads to a healthier lifestyle.B. It is rarely discussed at the WEF.C. Different farming methods are used.D. Local governments pay efforts to develop it.9. Which of the following best explains "a fad" underlined in Paragraph 3?A. A dream that's easy to realize.B. A field controlled for a long time.C. An approach to a serious problem.D. A fashion that’s popular for a short time.10. What can we learn about the underground farm?A. It is more productive than a traditional farm.B. It provides food directly to the customers.C. Its major products are herbs and salads.D. It uses less energy than a greenhouse.11. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Current food system causes health problemsB. Growing Underground attracts more peopleC. Traditional farming will be replaced soonD. Urban farming isstill thought costly and time-consumingDHave you ever done something for someone else—knowing that your actions would solely benefit THEM and not YOU? Maybe you opened a door or donated blood or volunteered in a hospital’s ER during the pandemic. This is called a prosocial behavior. Humans engage in these types of behaviors all the time.But a question remains in science: Are we the only species who do this? As one of out closest s, chimpanzees have long been studied for signs of this. So far, research has provided mixed results on the question.Some studies show that chimps cooperatively hunt, share food and comfort each other. But one study came to a very different conclusion. The study used a controlled lab experiment where chimpanzees in enclosures were given two options: push a button to give food to themselves or push the button to give food to themselves AND a partner chimp. If they chose the latter, it was seen as a prosocial behavior. But the result is that chimps showed no special preferences for feeding themselves and a friend over feeding just themselves. Another study conducted by DeTroy, however, discovered a totally different result.Compared to previous controlled lab-based experiments, the setup for DeTroy’s research was very naturalistic. “We installed a button and a fountain into the chimpanzees’ outer enclosures. When an individual pushes the button, it releases juice from the fountain. However, since the button and fountain are approximately five meters apart, the individual pushing cannot directly drink from the fountain. And if any other chimpanzees are at the fountain when the button is pushed, they, and not the pusher, will be able to drink the juice.In this experiment, chimpanzees showed a willingness to act in the interest of others, with individual chimpanzees prepared to push the button without benefiting themselves.“It is really fascinating to see that many of the chimpanzees were willing to prosocially provide valuable resources to the group members even if they couldn’t benefit themselves from their behavior.” said DeTroy.Further research may reveal what lies behind their prosocial motivation. But for now, it’s safe to assume that chimpanzees are not simply aping human behavior.12. Which of the following belongs to prosocial behaviors?A. Jack participated in voluntary work in the library just to earn credits.B. Mark turned to his classmate for help when feeling stressful in study.C. Tim guided a lost child back home on his way to an important job interview.D. Rose often interrupted the teacher to ask questions actively in the math’s class.13. What is the task of the chimpanzees in the lab-based study?A. Sharing food.B. Making a choice.C. Comforting others.D. Showing sympathy.14. How is DeTroy’s study different from the previous ones?A. It was based on controlled lab experiment.B. It gave juice to the chimpanzees as a reward.C. It offered the tested chimpanzees a natural surrounding.D. It provided a chance for chimpanzees to help their partners.15. What can we learn from DeTroy’s quotes?A. Chimpanzees can develop abilities to help others.B. Chimpanzees have acquired many human behaviors.C. Chimpanzees in the wild is cleverer than those in the lab.D. Chimpanzees displayed prosocial behaviors for certain rewards.第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
2019-2020学年上海飞翔日本人补习中心高三英语下学期期末试题及答案解析
2019-2020学年上海飞翔日本人补习中心高三英语下学期期末试题及答案解析第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项AThe “laugh out loud” face is officially the world’s most popular emoji, according to researchers from Adobe (ADBE) who surveyed 7,000 users across the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Japan, Australia, and South Korea.The “thumbs up” emoji came in second, followed by the “red heart” emoji. The flirtatious “wink and kiss” and “sad face with a tear” emojis respectively rounded out the top five.The software maker on Thursday released the findings from its 2021 Global Emoji Trend Report ahead of World Emoji Day on Saturday.Adobe’s latest Emoji Trend report also examined the three most misunderstood emojis in the world. The “eggplant” symbol edged out the “peach” and the “clown” emojis respectively as the most confusing for users.The vast majority of emoji users (90%) believe the modern —day hieroglyphs make it easier for them to express themselves. Eighty — nine percent of respondents said emojis simplify communicating across language barriers. And 67% said they think people who use emojis are friendlier, funnier and cooler than those who don’t. A slight majority of respondents said they are more comfortable expressing emotions through emojis than talking on the phone or in —person. More than half of global emoji users (55%) said using emojis in communications has positively impacted their mental health. Seventy — six percent of those surveyed said emojis are an important communication tool for creating unity, respect and understanding. And 88% said they feel more empathetic toward people who use emojis.1.What are the three most popular emojis according to the passage?A.clown thumbs up laugh out loudugh out loud thumbs up wink and kissugh out loud thumbs up red heartD.thumbs up red heart sad face with a tear2.Which emoji is the most confusing one for users?A.Peach.B.Eggplant.C.Clown.D.Wink and kiss.3.Which of the following best describes the attitude of most people surveyed to emojis?A.Favorable.B.Passive.C.Indifferent.D.Doubtful.BIt might have been Jimmy Kimmel, or any other sharp-tongued talk show hosts of late-night TV. In this instance, it was Samantha Bee, stating her opposition to childhood vaccinations humorously. “Who are you going to believe?” she asked. “Leading authorities on medical science, or 800 comments on your cousin’s Facebook page?”Joking about science can have serious effects, according to studies by communication scholars. Accordingly, since 2013, Paul, a psychological professor, has conducted studies of how satire (讥讽) can influence people’s beliefs about science, which have shown that if you want to interest people in science and shape their views on hot-button science issues, satirical humor can work better.Many Americans pay little attention to science. Even people who regularly watch TV news receive only scraps of science information in their media diet, because mainstream media outlets devote so little airtime to the subject. On top of that, some Americans may regard science as inaccessible.Yet satirical humor can reach viewers who would never watch NOVA or read — well, National Geographic. Millions of people watch late-night television programs live, and videos of these shows get millions of views on streaming services. In 2016, a vote conducted by the University of Delaware Center indicated that nearly one in 10 said they learned about science from late-night television shows.Late-night hosts may occasionally poke fun at scientists. More often, however, the hosts promote a positive image of science. By making science entertaining to audience with little knowledge of the topic, late-night television could spark science engagement. Furthermore, the researchers concluded that satirical shows had the biggest impact among the least educated viewers, thus helping to narrow a gap in attention to science. Though late-night satirical humor can boost science interest and awareness, it has its limits. Science is complex, and conveying that complexity in a few minutes while telling jokes can be a challenge.4. What does Paul’s studies of joking about science indicate?A. It may do serious damage to science.B. It can effectively popularize science.C. It totally changes people’s attitude to science.D. It will shift people’s attention from entertainment to science.5. Why do TV watchers receive a little science information?A. Because they enjoy watching entertainments.B. Because science is not easy to come up with.C. Because they find no interest in science issues.D. Because science is scarcely seen on mainstream media.6. What do we know about the late-night shows involving science?A. The hosts get used to playing tricks on scientists.B. The hosts’ aim is to build a positive image of science.C. Education gap can be bridged through late-night shows.D. Science participation can be promoted among their viewers.7. What’s the author’s attitude towards combining science with satire?A. Critical.B. Objective.C. Positive.D. Negative.CThe China International Search and Rescue Team(CISAR) was formed in 2001 and is now made up of several hundred rescue workers and about 20 police dogs. The team brings help and hope to those whose lives are changed by astorm, flood, earthquake, or any other natural disasters.After long and careful training, the team went on its first international rescue tasks in 2003. That year, the Chinese team helped save lives after earthquakes inAlgeriaandIran. It was the first time that a Chinese team had worked outsideChinawhose members won high praise for bravery and skill.Since then, the CISAR has completed many tasks. The list of people to whom help has been given is long. The team treated more than 3,000 people who were wounded in the 2006 earthquake inIndonesia, helped 2,500 wounded people after the earthquake that hitHaitiin 2010, and spent several months giving aid to over 25,000 people suffering from the 2010 floods inPakistan. On April 26, 2015, a group of 62 people from CISAR went toNepalafter the 8.1 magnitude earthquake that happened there.Rescue workers are trained to find people, treat wounds, and hand out food, water, and other supplies. They have to be able to do work that is difficult under conditions which can be very dangerous. After a disaster, there is usually no electricity or water, and there may be diseases and other dangers. Rescue workers get to save lives, but they must also bury the dead. That means they have to be strong in both body and mind.Rescue workers must have big hearts, too. It takes a lot of love and courage to risk one’s own life to save someone else’s. The members of the CISAR have plenty of both and are always ready to go wherever help isneeded.8. What is the function of the numbers in Paragraph 3?A. To advertise for the CISAR.B. To add some basic information.C. To praise Recue Workers’ contributions.D. To stress the dangers Rescue Workers face.9. What is the author’s attitude towards Rescue Workers?A. Hopeful.B. Respectful.C. Curious.D. Supportive.10. What are the last two paragraphs mainly about?A. The duty rescue workers must perform.B. The qualities rescue workers must own.C. The difficulties rescue workers must go through.D. The willingness rescue workers should require.11. What may be the best title of the passage?A. China to the RescueB. How to train CISARC. Welcome to CISARD. Rescue on requestDMost teenagers are still trying to find their passion and purposes in life. However, not Gitanjali Rao. The 15-year-old girl has been coming up with innovative solutions to worldwide problems since she was ten. It is, therefore, not surprising that the teenager has won the honor of “America's Top Young Scientist”.In the third grade, Rao was inspired to build a device after witnessing the shocking story unfold in Flint, Michigan, where cost-cutting measures led to the use of a polluted river as the city's primary water supply and incredibly high levels of lead made their way into people's drinking water.After two months' research, Rao designed a small and portable device that used sensors to instantly detect lead in water. Called Tethys, after the Greek Goddess(女神) of freshwater, it attaches to a cellphone and informs the residents via an app if their drinking water contains lead. The design earned her the 3M Young Scientist Challenge in 2017. She is currently working with scientists and medical professionals to test Tethys' potential and hopes the device will be ready for commercial use by 2022.Later, Rao took on another social issue-drug addiction. Her app, called Epione, which won the Health PillarPrize at the TCS Ignite Innovation Student Challenge in May 2019, is designed to catch drug addiction in young adults before it's too late.More recently, the teenager has developed an app named Kindly, which usesartificial intelligence technology to detect possible signs of cyberbullying(网上欺凌). When users type in a word or phrase, Kindly is able to pick it up if it's bullying, and then it gives the option to edit it or send it the way it is. It gives them the chance to rethink what they are saying so that they know what to do next time.All kinds of awesome, Gitanjali Rao has been selected from 5,000 equally impressive nominees(被提名人) for TIME Magazine's first-ever “Kid of the Year”.12. What gave Rao the idea of inventing the device Tethys?A. The incident of lead pollution.B. The issue with drug addiction.C. The shortage of water supplies.D. The high cost of purifying water.13. What is Rao expecting of Tethys?A. It'll remove metal from water.B. It'll make it to market soon.C. It'll win her a higher prize.D. It'll be fitted to cellphones.14. What will Kindly allow users to do?A. Receive pre-warning signals of threat.B. Input words into a computer automatically.C. Choose from secure social networking sites.D. Weigh their words before posting them online.15. Which of the following can best describe Gitanjali Rao as a young scientist?A. Ambitious and humble.B. Optimistic and adventurous.C. Talkative and outstanding.D. Creative and productive.第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
2021年上海飞翔日本人补习中心高三英语第一次联考试题及参考答案
2021年上海飞翔日本人补习中心高三英语第一次联考试题及参考答案第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项AThe last thing Caitlin Hipp would have expected as she prepared to turn 28 years old was to be living at homewith her parents. But through working as a part-time skating instructor and restaurant server, she isn't able to earn enough to live anywhere other than home.To some degree, multigenerational households have always been a part of American life. However, the number of young adults who have been moving back in with their parents — or never leaving home in the first place — has been growing steadily.UBS Financial Services released a report that even suggests one reason for the growing number of young adultsstill living at home could be that their family doesn't want them to leave.The report shows that 74 percent of millennials (千禧一代)get some kind of financial support from their parents after college. It finds that millennials have redefined the ties that connect parents and children. Millennials see their parents as peers,friends and instructors. Nearly three quarters talked with their parents more than once a week during college. In return, their parents happily provide financial support well into adulthood, helping fund everything for them.Stuart Hoffman, chief economist for the PNC Financial Services Group in theUS, said the number of young adults striking out on their own fell during the Great Recession. Although job growth for millennials since 2014 has improved, that doesn't necessarily mean that millennials are starting to fly the nest. He said, “They may like living at home and being able to save money.“ There's no doubt it has held back household formation and purchases of things people spend money on related to household formation and perhaps related to child-raising," Hoffman explained. "But they are probably traveling more and eating out more if they don't have a house expense or marriage. I don't know if it represents a change in moral values. But it's much more common for adult children to live in their parents’ homes because it's becoming part of the culture.1. What can we learn from the UBS Financial Services' report?A. Millennials are on good terms with their parents.B. Millennials are financially independent after college.C. Parents are unwilling to give their young adults allowance.D. Parents want their kids to stay with them forever.2. What does Hoffman think of young adults' living at home?A. It increases the consumption of household products.B. It may continue despite job growth.C. It is a sign of shift in moral values.D. It is new in American culture.3. What is the author's purpose of writing this passage?A. To introduce millennials' living habits.B. To stress the importance of financial independence.C. To explain why American young adults still live at home.D. To inform people of a social trend in theUS.BDid you know that the average child has heard the word "no" over 20,000 times before they turn the age of three? Ironically, it is also around this time that children begin to develop enough personal character to refuse to obey. The "terrible twos" are categorized by a lack of understanding. Somewhere between three and four, children begin to acquire the skills to reason. It is during this time they watch how other children and adults reason. If we're not careful, the children will watch us model a world of "NOs".By the time a person turns eighteen, how many times have they been told no? I haven't found any studies that even attempted to track this statistic, but I'm sure if the number is 20,000 by three, then at eighteen that number has multiplied. You can do the math.Anyway, I think I know why we say no. We say no to protect. We say no to direct. We say no to stop potential confusion. However, do we sometimes say no just for the sake of saying no? Do we say no because we have internalized(内在化)all of the "NOs" we've heard over the years and we feel it is finally our time to say no to someone else?The internalized no can damage the growth process of dreams in infancy as quickly as it can weaken a three-year-old. And we wonder why we run intopeople with big, un-accomplished dreams who have a bit of a chip on their shoulder. They have to take on the 20,000 NOs. However, the thing that keeps them going is the possibility of the power of ONE YES! Just as it only takes one book to make a writer a Pulitzer Prize Winner, it only takes one word to change the course of your day. That word is YES!4. What do we know about two- year- olds?A. They understand well.B. They often say no to others.C. They think logically.D. They don't do all they're told.5. What effect does saying no have on children?A. They lose all their dreams.B. They aren't easy to succeed.C. They don't make mistakes.D. They never say yes to others.6. Which word best describes the author's attitude to a world of "NOs"?A. Tolerant.B. Disapproving.C. Favorable.D. Carefree.7. What is the text?A. A how-to guide.B. A survey report.C. An opinion essay.D. A short story.CThe prevalence of melanoma (黑素瘤) has been rapidly rising around the world for nearly a century. While some of the increase may be due to better detection, researchers also believe it’s because we’re spending more time outdoors in the sun, vacationing to warmer climates during the winter and using tanning beds. That rise is concerning, since melanoma is the most dangerous kind of skin cancer.Most of us know to cover up and apply sunscreen on hot, sunny days, but when fall arrives, we tend to drop those habits. Experts warn that’s a mistake. Though there’s less need for sun protection after summer ends, exposure to UV rays still adds up.What precautions you should take to defend against melanoma during the cooler months depends on where you are in the world. That’s because the further away you are from the equator, the more UV rays weaken in the winter. “In southern England or Canada, the daily dose of UVA on a clear summer day is 6.5 times higher than on a clear winter day,” says Professor Brian Diffey of the British Association of Dermatologists. “People in those countries typically receive only about 5% of their annual UV exposure in the winter months.”But no matter where you are, even during colder, lower risk months, it’s a mistake to put your sun-protection habits on ice. “It’s important to wear sun-screen when there is a lot of glare from the snow,” says Victoria Mar, director of the Victorian Melanoma Service at Alfred Hospital in Melbourne, Australia.Finally, you should monitor your moles(痣). “Early detection of melanoma is vital for successful treatment,” says Diffey. If it’s caught before it spreads to other parts of the body, the patient will have 99 % of chance to survive for five years. If it’s caught late, that can drop to 25%. Warning signs are a mole that’s changing size, shapeor colour, or one that’s asymmetrical — sometimes referred to as “ugly duckling” moles. If you have concerns, talk to your doctor.8. What’s the main cause of the rise ofmelanoma?A. The climate change.B. Better detection.C. More exposure to the sun.D. The increase ofskin cancer.9.What’s a mistake according to experts?A. Applying sunscreen in summer.B. Wearing sun-screen when there is snow.C. Using sunscreen during lower risk months.D. Dropping sun-protection habits in winter.10. What can we learn from the last paragraph?A. Prevention is better than cure.B. Health is better than wealth.C. A disease known is half cured.D. When the sun comes in, the doctor comes out.11. What is the best title of the text?A. Detect Melanoma.B. Beware Winter Rays.C. Monitor Your Moles.D. Spend Less Time Outdoors.DChinese archaeologists（考古学家）announced on Saturday that some new major discoveries have been made at the Sanxingdui Ruins site in Southwest China, helping uncover another start of the Chinese civilization.Archaeologists have found six new sacrificial pits（祭祀坑）and unearthed more than 500 treasures dating back 3,000 years at the Sanxingdui Ruins in Sichuan Province. So far, archaeologists have unearthed masses of important cultural items from four of the pits, including pieces of gold masks, gold foil, bronze（青铜）masks, bronze trees and large numbers of ivories. The rest of the newly discovered pits arc still being dug up.“Surprisingly, we have unearthed some never — heard — of — before bronze items," said Lei Yu, from the Sichuan Archaeology Research Institute. 'Tor instance, some large and well-made bronze items have strange-looking dragon or cow designs on them.”In another major discovery, relics of silk products were found for the first time at Sanxingdui, which shows “the ancient Shu Kingdom was one of the important starts of silk in ancient China" according to Tang Fei, head ofthe digging team.The new pits sit next to two sacrificial pits discovered in 1986, with areas ranging between 3o square meters and 19 square meters. Together they form an area in which people of the ancient Shu civilization held ceremonies to offer sacrifices to heaven, earth and their forefathers, and prayed for good luck and peace.The Sanxingdui Ruins is regarded as one of the greatest archaeological finds of mankind in the 20th century. The site was accidentally discovered by a farmer in the 1920s. The ruins are located in the city ofGuanghan, about 60 kilometers fromChengduand are believed to be the relics of theShuKingdom.12. What can we learn from the text?A. Totally there are 500 treasures unearthed.B. Six new sacrificial pits are under repair.C. The unearthed treasures date from 3000 years ago.D. There are six sacrificial pits at Sanxingdui.13. What does the discovery of the relics of silk products mean?A. Chinese civilization was widely influential.B.AncientShuKingdomwas also the home of silk.C. Chinese silk has a much longer history than known.D.ShuKingdombelonged toChinasince ancient times.14. What was the main function of the sacrificial pits?A. To celebrate festivals.B. To store valuable items.C. To bury important figures.D. To hold sacrifice ceremonies.15. Who first discovered the Sanxingdui Ruins?A. A farmer.B. Lei YuC. Tang Fei.D. Archaeologists.第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
1 Intelligent flight controllers for helicopter control1)A methodology for design of an intelligent helicopter flight controller is presented in this paper. 2)The methodology combines artificial neural network, genetic algorithms, conventional PID-controllers, and fuzzy logic algorithms in the design procedure.3) In this approach, the design of an intelligent controller is based on experimental data collected from actual helicopter flight and not based on analytical models.4) A neural network is trained to learn the dynamic characteristics of the helicopter. 5)Based on the neural model, the coefficients of a PID-controller used for blade angle control are searched for using genetic algorithms. 6)The main rotor speed controller is designed using fuzzy logic algorithm based on knowledge generated from understanding the aerodynamic theory and analyzing the helicopter experimental flight data. 7)The intelligent helicopter flight controller is formed by combining the blade angle PID-controller and the rotor speed fuzzy controller. 8)Simulation results showed that for desired altitude input H d, the intelligent controller was able to generate proper control signals for both the blade angle control and the rotor speed control. 9）The helicopter model altitude output H t follows the desired altitude input H d. 10）The design procedures, theoretical background, results and conclusions are presented in this paper2. EDFA gain modeling using Pspice and neural networks1）A new methodology in modeling the performance of an Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) Gain is presented in this dissertation. 2）It is based on the gain characteristics of an EDFA under different input signal power spectra and pump levels. 3）The novelty of this dissertation is based on the training and use of a neural network applied to the performance characteristics of an EDFA.;The modeling is divided in two sections. 4）The first model is an electrical equivalent circuit of an EDFA that can be simulated and analyzed by Pspice, a commercial electrical simulation program from OrCad. 5）The second section is the development and implementation of a Neural Network to model the gain response of the EDFA for a given number of input power spectra.;6）In order to provide data and verify the performance of both models, a simulation program was developed. 7）The simulation program's output performance was verified using an EDFA analysis program called Oasix.;8）The results from both models were accurate with respect to the theoretical and experimental data. 9）The electrical equivalent model's output spectrum was proven to match the output of the simulation program. 10）The neural network was trained successfully to identify the EDFA gain spectra to its correspondent input spectrum and pump power level with an accuracy of 98%.4、Characterization and Modeling of the Power Insulated Gate Bipolar T ransistor.The power Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) is a new switching device designed to overcome the high on-state loss of the power MOSFET. The IGBT behaves as a bipolar transistor which is supplied base current by a MOSFET. The bipolar transistor of the IGBT has a wide base with the base contact at the collector edge of the base and is operated with its base in high-level injection. Because of this, the traditional bipolar transistor models are not adequate for the IGBT and the new model developed in this dissertation must be used. The new model is developedusing ambipolar transport and does not assume the quasi-static condition for the transient analysis.;The new IGBT model is used to describe measurements for extracting the essential physical device parameters of the model. With these extracted parameters, the new IGBT model consistently describes the measured electrical characteristics of IGBTs with different base lifetimes. The important electrical characteristics of the IGBT are the on-state I-V characteristics, the steady-state saturation current, and the switching transient current and voltage waveforms. The transient waveforms are examined in detail for constant anode voltage switching, clamped inductive load switching, and series resistor, inductor load switching.;The disadvantage of the IGBT is its slow turn-off speed relative to that of the power MOSFET. The two methods which have been proposed to reduce the turn-off time of the IGBT are base lifetime reduction and buffer layer inclusion. Both methods have the disadvantage, though, of also increasing the on-state voltage. The buffer layer is a high-doped portion of the bipolar transistor base at the base-emitter junction. The new IGBT model discussed above is extended to include the buffer layer. Using the extended model, it is shown that the buffer layer IGBT can be made to have a faster switching time for a given on-state voltage than that of the nonbuffer layer (lifetime reduction) IGBT.;In summary, a new model is developed for the IGBT. It is shown that the new model must be used to accurately describe the steady-state and transient characteristics of the IGBT. The model is used to compare the effects of lifetime reduction and buffer layer inclusion. The results of the comparison show that a better on-state voltage, switching speed trade-off is obtained using the buffer layer than is obtained using lifetime reduction.5、Developing modeling and simulation methodology for virtual prototype power supply systemThis dissertation develops a modeling and simulation methodology for design, verification, and testing (DVT) power supply system using a virtual prototype. The virtual prototype is implemented before the hardware prototyping to detect most of the design errors and circuit deficiencies that occur in the later stage of a standard hardware design verification and testing procedure. The design iterations and product cost are reduced significantly by using this approach. ^ The proposed modeling and simulation methodology consists of four major parts: system partitioning, multi-level modeling of device/function block, hierarchical test sequence, and multi-level simulation. By applying the proposed methodology, the designer can use the virtual prototype effectively by keeping a short simulation CPU time as well as catching most of the design problems. ^ The proposed virtual prototype DVT procedure is demonstrated by simulating a 5 V power supply system with a main power supply, a bias power supply, and other protection, monitoring circuitry. The total CPU time is about 8 hours for 780 tests that include the basic function test, steady stage analysis, small-signal stability analysis, large-signal transient analysis, subsystem interaction test, and system interaction test. By comparing the simulation results with the measurements, it shows that the virtual prototype can represent the important behavior of the power supply system accurately. Since the proposed virtual prototype DVT procedure verifies the circuit design with different types of the tests over different line and load conditions, many circuit problems that are not obvious in the original circuit design can be detected by the simulation. ^ The developed virtual prototype DVT procedure is not only capable of detecting most of the design errors, but also plays an important role in design modifications. This dissertation also demonstrates how to analyze the anomalies of the forward converter with active-clamp reset circuit extensively and facilitate the design and improve the circuitperformances by utilizing the virtual prototype. With the help of the virtual prototype, it is the first time that the designer is able to analyze the dynamic behavior of the active-clamp forward converter during large-signal transient and optimize the design correspondingly.7、Adaptive nonlinear control of spacecraftThe problem of spacecraft attitude control and momentum management is addressed using nonlinear controllers based on feedback linearization. A chief limitation of the feedback linearization technique is that it requires an exact cancellation of nonlinear terms in order to obtain linear input-output behavior. Adaptive nonlinear controllers for linearizable systems are investigated to overcome this restriction and to achieve asymptotic linear behavior.The spacecraft attitude control and momentum mangement model is characterized by having uncertain parameters appearing linearly on both sides of the dynamicl equation. Therefore，two adaptive controf laws are developed forgeneral models in which the parameters appear linearly on both sides of the dynamical equations.The spacecraft attitude control and momentum mangement problem is then addressed with the adaptive nonlineu control laws utilized and uncertainties in the spacecraft principal intertias assumed. The adaptive nonlinear approach is shown to effectively control the Space Station attitude and effector momentum, while providing accurate estimates of inertias. The combined tracking prediction-error based tracking is shown to have improvement over the performance of the tracking-error based adaptive controller.8、Discrete-Time Control of A Spacecraft with Retargetable Flexible Antennas.This dissertation considers the discrete-time control of a spacecraft consisting of a rigid-platform. with retargetable flexible antennas. The mission consists of independent minimum-time maneuvers of each antenna to coincide with predetermined lines of sight, while the platform. is stabilized in an inertial space and elastic vibration of the antennas is suppressed. The system is governed by a set of linearized, time-varying equations of motion. A discrete-time approach permits consideration of the time-varying nature of the system in designing the control law.;Both global and decentralized controls are proposed for a noise-free system with full-state feedback. Initially, a time-varying linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) is implemented, followed by two types of decentralized controllers. First, a collocated control law is devised in which actuator forces are based on the position and velocity at the actuator locations. Next, a new metho d called Substructure-Decentralized Control is proposed, where each flexible substructure is controlled based on state measurements associated with the substructure modes of the separately modeled appendages.;In both global and decentralized cases, a linear control law is first implemented coupled with an open-loop disturbance-accommodating control based on the known inertial disturbances caused by the maneuver. Elastic motion is next controlled using nonlinear (on-off) antenna controllers for each decentralized case. For Substructure-Decentralized Control, the controls translate into quantized actual controls. Lastly, nonlinear (on-off) control laws are also used to control the rigid-body motion for each case.;Next, the problem of controlling the time-varying system in the presence of noisy actuators and sensors is examined. It is assumed that only displacements, not velocities, are sensed for both rigid-body and elastic motion, making state reconstruction also necessary. A discrete-time, full-order Kalman filter is constructed for the time-varying system. A pseudo-decentralized control is proposed whereby feedback controls are based on system state estimates. As before, both linear and nonlinear controls are implemented. For each case mentioned, a numerical example is presented involving a spacecraft with a singleflexible maneuvering antenna.。