免疫学名词解释英

免疫名词解释历年题1. Recirculation of lymphocytes(淋巴细胞再循环)It means the continuo us movement of lymphocytes across the sites through out blood and lym phatic vessels, and it is critical for the initiation and effector phases of i mmune response.2. hapten(半抗原) antigen which can combine with the corresponding Ab or sensitized T lymphocyte but can not evoke the immune response independently.3. TD-Ag(thymus dependent Ag) Ag stimulates B cells to produce Ab with the help of T cells and macrophage.4. TI-Ag(thymus independent Ag)Ag stimulates B cells to produce Ab without the help of T cells and macrophage.5. heterophile Ag(异嗜性抗原)common antigens shared by different sp ecies and play an important role in immunopathology and diagnosis.6. HVR(hypervariable region)超变区Most of sequence differences am ong antibodies are confined to three short stretches in the V regions of heavy and light chains are called HVR7. CDR(complementary determinant region)互补决定区The sequences of the antibodies form an antigen binding surface that is complementary to the three dimensional structure of the bound antigen It is also called complementary determinant regions.8. idiotype (独特型) Igs produced by each B cells clone possessing unique structure respectively in HVR or CDR, the unique structure is call ed idiotype of Ig.9. monoclonal Ab (mAb 单克隆抗体) It is prepared by hybridoma tec hnique. Immunized spleen cells (B cells) fuse with myeloma cells and for m hybridoma with property of proliferating Ab10. conformational determinants 构象决定簇They are composed of amin o acid residues are not in a sequence but become special juxtaposed infolded protein. They are usually on the surface of antigen and be recog nized by B cells and Ab.11. ADCC（antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity）It is a proce ss in which NK cells are target to Ab coated cells, resulting in lyses Ab coated cells .FcRⅢ is expressed on NK cell membrane and mediate b inding of IgG.12. MAC membrane attack complex 攻膜复合体A lytic complex of the terminal components of complement cascade, Including C5678and multico pies of C9,which forms in the membrane of target cells MAC causes let hal ionic and osmotic changes in cells.13. CK cytokine 细胞因子A group of low molecular weight polypeptides or proteins which are secreted by activated immunocytes or some matri x cells and possess high activity and various functions. Their major funct ions are to mediate and regulation immune response and inflammation r eaction.14. CAM or AM cell adhesion molecules 黏附分子The cell surface mol ecules whose function is to promote adhesive interaction with other cells or the extra cellular matrix and play a crucial role in cell interaction, re cognition, activation and migration.15. CD cluster of differentiation 分化簇It is a group of cell surface mol ecules associated with the development and differentiation of immune cel ls.16. MHC major histocompatibility complex主要组织相容性复合体It is a g roup of genes which encode for major histocompatibility antigens and rel ate to immune response.17. HLA human leukocyte antigen 人类白细胞抗原The major histocomp atibility antigens for human bodies which associated with histocompatibilit y and immune response.18. HLA complex The MHC of human, a cluster of genes which encode for HLA and related to histocompatibility and immune response.19. MHC restriction In interaction of T cell and APC or target cells, T cells not only recognize specific antigen but also recognize polymorphic r esidules of MHC molecules.20. PAMP(pathogen associated molecular pattern) 病原相关分子模式dist inct structures or components that are common for many pathogens ，such as LPS, dsRNA of viruses etc.21. PRR (pattern recognition receptor) The receptors that can recognize PAMP, located on the surface of macrophage, including mannose rece ptor, scavenger receptor , toll like receptor etc.22. APC a group of cells which can uptake and process antigen and p resent antigen-MHC-Ⅰ/Ⅱ complex to T cells, playing an important role in immune response.23. TCR complex a group of membrane molecules on T cells that can specifically bind to antigen and pass an activation signal into the cell, c onsisting of TCR（αβγδ），CD3 （γεδε）andδ-δ。

24. ITAM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif) 免疫受体酪氨酸活化基序ITAM transduced e activation signals from TCR, composingof tyrosine residues separated by around 18 aas. When TCR specially bi nd to antigen, the tyrosine become phosphorylated by the receptor assoc iated tyrosine kinases to transduct actively signals.25. immunotolerance 免疫耐受a type of specific unresponsiveness to a given antigen previously exposure of specific lymphocytes to that antigen but response naturally to other antigens.26. clonal anergy 克隆无能a state of functional inactivation without cell death of Tlymphocytes induced by recognition of antigen in the absenceof co-stimulatory signal.27. AICD(activation induced cell death) 活化诱导细胞死亡repeated stim ulation to T B lymphocytes by persistent antigen results in death of the activated ell process of apoptosis. FasL on activated T cell binding to Fas on activated T cell and induce T cell apoptosis.28. Hypersensitivity超敏反应a harmful immune response when a sensit ized individual encounters the same antigen again, subsequently produce tissue injury or disorder of function and may cause serious disease.29 TSA tumor specific Antigen 肿瘤特异抗原 antigens that are only ex pressed on tumor cells but not on normal cells ,having high specificity.30 direct recognition 直接识别In transplantation immunology T cell is activated by recognition of an intact MHC molecules displayed by donor APC in the graft. It is a cross reaction of a normal TCR. In normal con dition, it recognize self MHC molecules plus foreign peptides , but now ,it recognize an allogenic MHC plus peptide.31 GVHD (graft versus host disease)移植物抗宿主病a disease usuall y occurs in bone marrow immune response, immune cells in the graft ca n give immune response to the host.32 lymphocyte homing 淋巴细胞归巢the process by which particular subsets of lymphocytes selectively enter some tissues but not others is c alled lymphocyte homing.33 isotype exclusion 同种型排斥double positive T cells whose TCR c an recognize and combine with MHC can develop and differentiate conti nuously into single positive T cells and got MHC restriction.34 IFN The CKs produced by human or animal tissue cells or T lym phocytes and NK cells,following the infection of virus and exposure to an tigen whose principle function is to inhibit virus replication or activate ma crophage in both innate immunity and adaptive immunity.35 cross-priming or cross-presentation 交叉递呈a mechanism by whicha professional APC activates, a naïve CD8 CTL specific for the antigen s of a third cell （e.g. a virus-infected or tumor cell）.1、 Active immunity(主动免疫）: Immunity that is induced by exposure to antigens in which the immunized individual plays an active role in responding to the antigen。