美文赏析第二章stu

-- Early Period _________ Beowulf 贝奥武夫( Anglo-Saxon Period)中古时期--Medieval Period( Anglo-Norman Period)______ William Langland 威廉·朗兰The Robin Hood Ballads 罗宾汉民谣集Geoffrey Chaucer 乔叟Background Information1)The Roman Conquest 罗马征服(55BC-410AD) Julius Caesar2)Anglo-Saxon Conquest 盎格鲁-萨克逊征服（5th century-7th century）verse literature inoral form3)Danish Invasion 丹麦入侵King Alfred4)Norman Conquest 诺曼征服rovers NormandyThe Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.Important Nouns1.Romance 传奇文学、骑士文学The romance was prevailing form of literature in the Middle Ages. It was a long composition, either in verse or in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.2.Ballads 民谣The English people had a literature of their own, not written but oral. English folk songs had existed long before the Norman Conquest. The most important part of English folk literature is the ballad. A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4 line stanza, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.3.Couplet 双韵体Two successive lines of poetry, usually of equal length and rhythmic correspondence, with end-words that rhyme.Important Works1.Beowulf 贝奥武夫Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language. It is the most important specimen of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language.2.The Robin Hood Ballads 罗宾汉民谣集The various ballads of Robin Hood are gathering into a collection .Robin Hood is a legendary popular hero and is depicted in the ballads as a valiant outlaw, expert at archery, living under the good wood tree with his merry man , taking from the rich and giving to the poor, waging war against bishops and archbishops, and constantly hunted by the sheriffs, whom he constantly outwits.3.Piers the Plowman 农夫皮尔斯It is a long poem of over 7000 lines, written by William Langland, who was born in the western midland of England, and educated in the school of a monastery at Malvern.4.The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集It is total about 17000lines—about half of Chaucer‟s entire literary production. The whole poem is a collection of tales and stories strung together according to a simple plan, which shows the influence of Boccaccio‟s Decameron（十日谈）Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400), the father of English poetry and one of the greatest narrative poets of England. He was said to have studied to have studied at Oxford and Cambridge. He was the greatest writer in this century and the 14th century is usually known as Age of Chaucer.BeowulfNot for anything would the protector of warriors let the murderous guest go off alive: he did not consider his lifedays of use to any of the nations. There more than enough of Beowulf‟s earls drew swords, old heirlooms, whished to protect the life of their dear lord, famous prince, however they might. They did not know when they entered the fight, hardy-spirited warriors, and when they thought to hew him on every side, to seek his soul, that not any of the best of irons on earth, no warsword, would touch the evil-doer: for with a charm he had made victory-weapons useless, every sword-edge. His departure to death from the time of this life was to be wretched; and the alien spirit was to travel far off into the power of friends. Then he who before had brought trouble of heart to mankind, committed many crimes—he was at war with God—found that his body would do him no good, for the great hearted kinmen of Hygelac had him by the hand. Each was hateful to the other alive. The awful monster had lived to feel pain in his body, a huge wound in his shoulder was exposed, his sinews sprang apart, his bone-locks broken. Glory in battle was given to Beowulf.The Canterbury TalesA Knight was with us, and an excellent man,Who from the earliest moment he beganTo follow his career loved chivalry.Truth, openhandedness, and courtesy.He was a scout man in the king‟s campaignsAnd in that cause had gripped his horse‟s reins.In Christian lands and pagan through the earth,None farther, and always honored for his worth.He was on hand at Alexandria‟s fall.He had often sat in precedence to all….Question:Give a brief comment on Chaucer‟s contribution1.The Canterbury Tales has its social significance in several ways. It represents the spirit of therising bourgeoisie. The ideas of humanism are shown in Chaucer‟s praising of man‟s energy, intellect, wit and love of life.2.Chaucer makes English the language of literature. The language he used, known as MiddleEnglish now, is vivid and smooth.3.Chaucer‟s contribution to English poetry is that he greatly enriched the rhyme schemes byintroducing from France the rhymed stanzas of various types.Dante Alighieri 但丁•He was the last poet in medieval and the first poet in new epoch.●---Engels●Come after me, and to their babblings leave.●Follow your own course, let people talk.The Divine Comedy•The Inferno 地狱篇•The Purgatory 炼狱篇•The Paradise 天堂篇•Midway upon the journey of our life.•I found myself within a forest dark,•For the straightforward pathway had been lost.•Ah me how hard a thing it is to say.•What was this forest savage, rough, and stern,•Which in the very thought renews the fear•so bitter is it, death is little more;•But of the good to treat, which there I found,•spark Will I of the other things I saw there!•Limbo 边缘/Lust 色欲/Gluttony 饕餮/Greed 贪婪/Anger 暴怒•Heresy 异教/Violence 暴力/Fraud 欺诈/Treachery 背叛•Seven Deadly Sins:Gluttony/ Greed/ Sloth/ Envy/ Wrath/ Pride/ Lust•Heaven:1.Shiamaim/ 2. Akira/3. Sagoon/4. Zeble/5. Mahon/6. Zebel/7. ArabotSidney 锡德尼Poetry 诗歌Spenser 斯宾塞Marlowe马洛文艺复兴时期Drama 戏剧Shakespeare莎士比亚The Renaissance Jonson 琼森Translation of BibleProse 散文More 莫尔Bacon 培根English Renaissance•Renaissance with the center of Humanism•a) revival or rediscovery of the ancient Greek and Roman culture•b) introduction of humanism•c) new ideas pros and cons the interests of the rising bourgeoisie•d) the religious Reformation or religious struggle in the folk life•e) the development of early science, like astrology•f) the shaping of nationalismHumanism•a) emphasis of man and individual; man is the measure of all things•b) Humanists try to exalt human nature and regard human beings as glorious creatures capable of individual development towards perfection with a life to a question, explore and enjoy•c) emphasis of human values, dignity, ambitions and present life rather than the afterlife. Three representatives of Literature•Dante•Petrarca•Giovanni BoccaccioWilliam Shakespeare•He was born on April 23,1564 in Stratford-on-Avon, a charming little town. His father was a well-to-do trader in wool. At the age of seven, William was sent to the local grammar school which attended for six years. Besides reading and writing he was taught Latin and Greek. In 1577,he was taken from the school and for some time had to help his father in the trade.In 1582, Shakespeare was married to Anne Hathaway, a far mer‟s daughter, who was eight years older than her boy husband.They had three children:Susanna and the twins,Judith and Hamnet.•Shakespeare‟s activities as a dramatist, poet, actor and proprietor, lasted till the year 1612, when he retired from the stage and return to Stratford. Shakespeare died on the 23rd of April, 1616.Some famous sentences•Frailty, your name is woman!•脆弱啊，你的名字是女人！To be or not to be，that…s a question。