美文赏析第一章stu

Three Uses of Language1.The practical use of languageTo pass information and to communicate with people2. The hortatory use of languageAs an instrument of persuasionThat is to convince somebody about something that he or she should do.3.The literary use of languageFeatures of Literary Language•1，Make full use of the word’s connotation• 2. Saying one thing, meaning another• 3. Saying most in the fewest words• 4. The figurative use of language• 5. Multidimensional language1. Make full use of the word’s connotation•Denotation: The basic meaning of the word,i.e. the dictionary meaning•Connotation:What the word suggests beyond what it expresses ;it is the overtones of meaning. It required by its past history and association.(2)Saying one thing, meaning another•Here is a dialogue from a one-act play:•A:W ell, you‟re a pretty sight! Got slightly wet, didn‟t you?•B: Wet? I‟m drowned! It‟s raining cats and dogs outside, and my raincoat‟s just like a sieve!•A pretty sight—a wretched sight•slightly wet—very wet•Not got drowned—but got drenched•Cats and dogs-- heavily•《登高》•无边落木萧萧下•不尽长江滚滚来•The boundless forest sheds its leaves shower by shower•The endless river rolls its waves hour after hour•Coleridge•The best words in the best order•Beautiful in sense, in sound, in form(3)Saying most in the fewest words•In As Y ou Like It, Shakespeare says: “All the world‟s a stage, and all the men and women merely players.”•Ben Jonson says: “He was not of an age, but for all time!”•Comparing Ben Jonson with Shakespeare, Dryden says: “Shakespeare was the Homer, Jonson was the V ir gil; I admire Jonson, but love Shakespeare.”•Alexander Pope says:•“To err is human, forgive divine!”•“A little learning is a dangerous thing.”•Samuel Johnson said:•He who is tired of London is tired of life.(4) The Figurative use of the language•Images•S pecific words which build up a picture in the reader‟s mind.(5) Multidimensional language– e.g. Winter (by Shakespeare)When icicles hang by the wallAnd Dick the shepherd blows his nail,And Tom bears logs into the hall,•And milk comes frozen home in pail,When blood is nipped and ways be foul,•Then nightly sings the staring owl,•Tu-who;•Tu-whit, Tu-who: a merry note,•While greasy Joan doth keel the pot.•When all aloud the wind doth blow,•And coughing drowns the parson's saw,•And birds sit brooding in the snow,•And Marian's nose looks red and raw,•When roasted crabs hiss in the bowl,•Then nightly sings the staring owl,•Tu-who;•Tu-whit, Tu-who: a merry note,•While greasy Joan doth keel the pot.Imagery意象• a word used by a great many critics to mean a great many different things. In its most basic form imagery is descriptive language, most commonly simile or metaphor.Anything which creates a picture in the mind can be said to be an image.•The hare limped, trembling through the frozen grass.•----John Keats•In a Station of the Metro•The apparition of these faces in the crowd,•Petals on a wet, black bough.•--E·Pound•人群中出现的那些脸庞，潮湿黝黑树枝上的花瓣。

Figure of Speech1. Simile 明喻An expression which describes one thing by directly comparing it with another, using the words as or likeI am like a remnant of a cloud of autumn uselessly roaming in the sky.A Red, Red Rose•Robert Burns•O my luve is like a red, red rose,•That's newly sprung in June;•O my luve is like the melodie,•That's sweetly played in tune.•As fair thou art, my bonie lass,•So deep in luve am I;•And I will luve thee still, my dear,•Till a' the seas gang dry.•Till a' the sea gang dry, my dear,•And the rock melt wi' the sun;•And I will luve thee still, my dear,•While the sands o' life shall run.•And fare thee weel, my only luve,•And fare thee weel a while;•And I will come again, my luve,•Tho's it were ten thousand mile!2.Metapher 暗喻•An expression which means or describes one thing or idea using words usually used of something else with very similar qualities, without using the words as or likeThe Lost LoveWilliam Wordsworth•She dwelt among the untrodden waysBeside the springs of Dove:A maid whom there were none to praise•And very few to love.•A violet by a mossy stoneHalf-hidden from the eye!-Fair as a star, when only oneIs shining in the sky.•She lived unknown, and few could know•When Lucy ceased to be;•But she is in her grave, and, oh,The difference to me!3.Metonymy 转喻•The glories of our blood and state•Are shadows, not substantial things;•There is no armour against fate;•Death lays his icy hand on kings;•我们血统与权位的辉煌•都是幻影，不实在的东西；•没有甲胄可以抵御天数；•死神无情，并不放过君主；4. Synecdoche提喻•Short of hands•I see five sails.•I locked the house.•He cut me open, took out the appendix and stitch me up again.5. Personification 拟人•The leaves whispered to each other.•Falseness withered in her presence, hypocrisy left the room •Time, you old Gypsy manWill you not stay?Put up your caravanJust for one day?Love said to the world, “I am yours.”The great earth makes herself hospitable with the help of the grass. The birth and death of the leaves are the rapid whirls of the eddy Whose wider circles move slowly among stars.Power said to the world, “ I am mine.”The world kept it prisoner on her throne.Love said to the world, “ I am yours.”The world gave it the freedom of her house.Dream is a wife who must talk;Sleep is a husband who silently suffers.The night kisses the fading day whispering to his ear,“I am death, your mother. I am to give you fresh birth.”6. Transferred Epithet移位修饰语•Brooding look: the look of a brooding person •Sleepless night: a night spent by a sleepless person7.Symbol标志•Dove- peace•Peacock-proud•Cross- Christ•Sunset-deathMy StarRobert Browning•All, that I know•Of a certain star Is,•it can throw•(Like the angled spar)•Now a dart of red,•Now a dart of blue•Till my friends have said•They would fain see, too,•My star that dartles the red and the blue!•Then it stops like a bird;•like a flower, hangs furled:•They must solace themselves with the Saturn above it.•What matter to me if their star is a world?•Mine has opened its soul to me; therefore I love it.The Road Not T aken Robert Frost●Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,And sorry I could not travel bothAnd be one traveler, long I stoodAnd looked down one as far as I couldTo where it bent in the undergrowth;●黄色的树林里分出两条路●可惜我不能同时去涉足●我在那路口久久伫立●我向着一条路极目望去●它在草丛中不见了去处●Then took the other, as just as fair,And having perhaps the better claimBecause it was grassy and wanted wear,Though as for that the passing thereHad worn them really about the same,●但我却选择了另外一条路●它荒草萋萋，也许过路人对它更紧要●十分幽寂显得更诱人，更美丽●虽然在这两条小路上●都很少留下旅人的足迹●And both that morning equally layIn leaves no step had trodden black.Oh, I marked the first for another day!Y et knowing how way leads on to wayI doubted if I should ever come back.●虽然那天清晨落叶满地●两条路都未经脚印污染●呵，留下一条路等改日再见●但我知道路径延绵无尽头●恐怕我难以再回返●I shall be telling this with a sighSomewhere ages and ages hence:Two roads diverged in a wood, and I,I took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the difference.●也许多少年后在某一个地方●我将轻声叹息把往事回顾●一片森林里分出两条路●而我却选择了人迹更少的一条●从此决定了我一生的道路.●Keats Ode to a Nightingale●O, for a draught of vintage! that hath been●Cool‟d a long age in the deep-delved earth,●Tasting of Flora and the country green,●Dance, and Provencal song, and sunburnt mirth●啊，让我一饮那葡萄美酒！●清凉佳酿窖藏陈年日久，●含有百花芬香、绿野青翠欲滴，●法国南方歌舞、阳光与欢乐气息！8.Parallelism 排比•不自由，毋宁死•Give me liberty,or give me death.•语言是银，沉默是金•Speech is silver, silence is gold.•Crafty men contemn studies,simple men admire them and wise men use men.•有实际技能的人看不起学问，无知的人仰慕学问，聪明的人运用学问。