【机械类文献翻译】关于建筑行业安全施工的分析
关于工程施工安全的文献
一、工程施工安全的重要性1. 保障人民群众的生命财产安全。
工程施工安全是保障人民群众生命财产安全的基础。
一旦发生安全事故，将给人民群众的生命财产安全带来严重威胁。
2. 促进建筑工程行业的健康发展。
工程施工安全是建筑工程行业健康发展的基石。
只有加强工程施工安全管理，才能提高工程质量，降低安全事故发生率，推动建筑工程行业的持续发展。
3. 维护社会和谐稳定。
工程施工安全事故往往引发社会关注，影响社会稳定。
加强工程施工安全管理，有利于维护社会和谐稳定。
二、当前工程施工安全面临的主要问题1. 安全意识淡薄。
部分施工企业和施工人员对安全生产的认识不足，安全意识淡薄，导致安全事故频发。
2. 安全管理制度不完善。
部分施工企业安全管理制度不健全，执行不到位，存在安全隐患。
3. 安全技术措施落实不到位。
施工现场安全防护措施不完善，安全设施设备老化，存在安全隐患。
4. 施工人员素质参差不齐。
部分施工人员缺乏专业知识和技能，安全操作不规范，容易引发安全事故。
5. 监督管理不到位。
部分监管部门对工程施工安全监管不力，导致安全事故得不到及时有效处理。
三、对策和建议1. 加强安全意识教育。
提高施工企业和施工人员的安全意识，树立“安全第一”的思想，形成全员参与安全生产的良好氛围。
2. 完善安全管理制度。
建立健全安全管理制度，严格执行，确保安全措施落实到位。
3. 强化安全技术措施。
加强施工现场安全防护，提高安全设施设备水平，降低安全隐患。
4. 提升施工人员素质。
加强施工人员培训，提高其安全操作技能和专业知识，确保施工安全。
5. 加强监督管理。
监管部门要加大对工程施工安全的监管力度，及时发现和消除安全隐患，确保安全生产。
总之，工程施工安全是建筑工程行业发展的重中之重。
只有切实加强工程施工安全管理，才能保障人民群众的生命财产安全，促进建筑工程行业的健康发展，维护社会和谐稳定。
建筑工程机械设备安全施工范文
建筑工程机械设备安全施工范文近年来，建筑工程行业的快速发展带来了对安全施工的更高要求。
为了保障工人的生命安全和财产安全，建筑工程机械设备的安全施工必不可少。
下面将从设备选择、操作规范和定期维护等方面，探讨建筑工程机械设备的安全施工。
首先，设备选择是建筑工程机械设备安全施工的重要一环。
在选择设备时，应根据工程的实际需要，选择符合规范要求且质量可靠的设备。
在选择过程中，要关注设备的技术指标、使用范围以及品牌信誉等方面的信息，确保设备具备安全性和可靠性。
同时，应根据工地的实际情况，合理配置设备，避免设备的过剩或不足，以提高施工效率和安全性。
其次，操作规范是建筑工程机械设备安全施工的关键。
在操作设备前，操作人员应接受相应的培训和知识的学习，了解设备的使用方法和操作规程。
在操作过程中，应按照操作规程进行操作，严禁超负荷工作，避免滥用设备，以免引发事故。
同时，操作人员要严格遵守操作规程，禁止与饮酒、吸烟等不良习惯相搭配，以确保安全施工。
另外，在建筑工程机械设备使用过程中，需要定期进行维护和保养，以保证设备的正常使用和延长使用寿命。
维护和保养工作包括清洗设备、检查设备各部件的运行状况、及时更换损坏的零部件等。
同时，还需要对设备进行定期的检查和维修，及时发现和排除潜在故障，确保设备的安全可靠运行。
在维护保养方面，应制定相应的计划和标准，并严格执行。
总之，建筑工程机械设备的安全施工对于保障工人的生命安全和财产安全至关重要。
在设备选择方面，要注重质量和品牌信誉，确保设备具备安全性和可靠性。
在操作规范方面，要进行培训和学习，严格遵守操作规程，杜绝超负荷工作等不良操作行为。
在维护保养方面，要定期进行清洗和检查，及时发现和排除潜在故障，保障设备的正常使用和延长使用寿命。
通过采取这些措施，可以有效提高建筑工程机械设备的安全施工水平。
最后，建筑工程机械设备安全施工是一项复杂而又重要的工作，需要相关部门和从业人员的共同努力和配合。
有关建筑工程施工安全管理的分析范文（二篇）
有关建筑工程施工安全管理的分析范文建筑工程施工安全管理是保障工程项目安全、提高工作效率和确保人员生命财产安全的重要环节。
建筑工程施工过程中存在着诸多危险因素，如高空作业、重物吊装、电气设备等，因此，对工程施工安全管理进行全面的分析和研究具有重要的意义。
本文将从施工现场管理、安全技术措施和应急预案等方面进行分析，旨在为建筑工程施工安全管理提供参考和借鉴。
首先，施工现场管理是建筑工程施工安全管理的核心环节。
施工现场管理包括管理人员的组织能力、管理制度的建立、施工现场的布置以及工人的教育培训等。
在施工现场管理中，应该做到以下几点：一是要加强施工现场的安全巡查，定期检查工地是否存在安全隐患，及时采取相应的措施加以解决；二是要加强对工人的安全教育培训，提高他们的安全意识和自我保护能力，确保他们在施工过程中遵守安全操作规程；三是要建立完善的安全管理制度，明确各岗位人员的职责和工作流程，确保每个环节都能按照规定进行操作；四是要加强对施工设备和机械的管理，确保设备的正常运行和安全使用。
其次，安全技术措施是建筑工程施工安全管理的重要手段。
安全技术措施包括安全防护设施的设置、作业人员的安全操作、施工设备的安全保护等。
在安全技术措施上，可以采取以下几点措施：一是要加强对施工现场的安全防护。
施工现场应设立标志牌和警示牌，明确施工区域和危险区域，避免人员误入危险区域；二是要加强对作业人员的培训和管理。
作业人员应接受相关安全操作培训，熟练掌握操作规程，遵守安全操作规定；三是要加强对施工设备的维护和保养。
施工设备应经常进行检修和保养，确保设备的正常运行和安全使用；四是要建立起安全监测体系。
通过安全监测体系，能够及时发现施工现场存在的安全隐患，采取相应的措施进行整改。
最后，应急预案是建筑工程施工安全管理中的重要环节。
应急预案包括事故处理、救援措施、善后处置等。
在应急预案上，需要注意以下几点：一是要及时制定和更新应急预案。
应急预案应根据实际情况制定，定期更新，确保应对突发情况的能力；二是要提高应急处置能力。
建筑机械施工安全论文
建筑机械施工安全论文建筑行业作为国民经济的重要支柱产业，其发展与国家的现代化建设息息相关。
在建筑施工过程中，建筑机械的应用日益广泛，大大提高了施工效率，但同时也带来了一系列的安全问题。
建筑机械施工安全不仅关系到施工人员的生命安全，也关系到工程的质量和进度。
因此，加强建筑机械施工安全管理，预防和减少安全事故的发生，具有重要的现实意义。
一、建筑机械施工安全事故的类型及原因（一）建筑机械施工安全事故的类型建筑机械施工安全事故主要包括机械坍塌事故、机械碰撞事故、机械倾覆事故、机械伤人事故等。
其中，机械坍塌事故通常是由于机械结构失稳、超载作业等原因导致；机械碰撞事故多因操作不当、视线受阻等引发；机械倾覆事故往往是由于机械基础不牢固、工作场地不平坦等造成；机械伤人事故则常见于操作人员违规操作、防护装置失效等情况。
（二）建筑机械施工安全事故的原因1、机械设备自身的缺陷部分建筑机械设备老化、磨损严重，存在故障隐患。
一些设备在设计和制造过程中就存在缺陷，无法满足施工安全的要求。
2、操作人员的失误操作人员缺乏专业培训和技能，对机械设备的性能和操作规程不熟悉，违规操作现象时有发生。
同时，操作人员的安全意识淡薄，工作中麻痹大意，也是导致事故的重要原因。
3、施工环境的影响施工现场环境复杂，如场地狭窄、道路不平、天气恶劣等，都会增加建筑机械施工的安全风险。
4、安全管理制度不完善一些施工单位缺乏健全的安全管理制度，对机械设备的维护、保养、检查等工作落实不到位，对操作人员的管理也较为松散。
二、建筑机械施工安全管理的重要性（一）保障施工人员的生命安全建筑机械施工安全事故往往会造成人员伤亡，给施工人员及其家庭带来巨大的痛苦和损失。
加强安全管理，能够有效降低事故发生率，保障施工人员的生命安全。
（二）保证工程质量和进度安全事故的发生会导致工程停工、设备损坏，严重影响工程的质量和进度。
通过有效的安全管理，可以确保施工的顺利进行，按时完成工程任务。
建筑施工现场的安全管理及分析范文（二篇）
建筑施工现场的安全管理及分析范文【引言】安全管理是建筑施工过程中至关重要的一环，对于保障工人的人身安全、维护现场的整体秩序和提高工作效率具有不可忽视的作用。
本文将对建筑施工现场的安全管理进行分析，并提出相关的措施和建议。
【一、施工现场安全隐患分析】1. 施工现场存在的安全隐患在建筑施工现场中，存在着以下安全隐患：（1）高空作业安全隐患：如悬挂脚手架、电梯维护等存在高空坠落的风险；（2）机械操作安全隐患：如起重机、吊篮、电锤等机械设备的操作不当可能造成人员伤害；（3）电气设备安全隐患：如电线松动、临时用电线路混乱等存在触电、火灾等隐患；（4）施工材料存放管理安全隐患：如堆放不规范、悬挂过高等存在材料坠落的风险；（5）工伤事故多发点安全隐患：如施工进度紧张、人员疏忽等导致事故频发。
2. 安全隐患的引发原因分析（1）管理不到位：施工现场的管理者对于安全管理的重视程度不够，对隐患的排查和整改不够及时和严格；（2）操作不规范：施工人员可能由于经验不足或疲劳等原因，进行操作时粗心大意，容易引发事故；（3）现场环境因素：如恶劣的气候条件、地势复杂等，会影响施工人员的工作状态，增加事故发生的可能性。
【二、施工现场安全管理的主要措施】1.加强安全教育培训（1）对施工人员进行全面的安全教育培训，包括对相关法律法规、施工现场安全规范等的掌握；（2）定期进行安全培训，提高施工人员的安全意识和操作技能；（3）利用现代化技术手段，如虚拟现实（VR）模拟等，进行真实场景的安全培训。
2. 加强现场巡查和监控（1）建立完善的巡查制度，对施工现场进行定期巡查，及时发现和整改安全隐患；（2）利用摄像监控等技术手段，对施工现场进行实时监控，提高安全管理的效果；（3）对巡查和监控结果进行记录和分析，形成报告，为改进管理提供依据。
3. 制定严格的安全操作规范（1）制定施工现场的安全操作规范，对高空作业、机械操作、电气设备使用等方面进行明确规定；（2）加强对施工人员的操作培训和监督，确保操作规范的执行；（3）对操作规范的执行情况进行检查和考核，对违规操作进行及时处理。
建筑施工质量控制外文翻译参考文献
建筑施工质量控制外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)译文：建筑施工过程中质量管理的动机分析和控制方法的研究摘要在建筑施工过程中实施质量管理可以有效地防止在后续建筑产品使用过程中安全事故的发生。
与此同时可以减少建设供应链的总成本，这也有利于增强建筑施工企业的品牌知名度和声誉。
在建筑施工过程中结合质量管理过程和当前建筑施工阶段的主要质量问题，分析了建设过程中的管理动机，将供应链管理与目标管理理念和方法应用到质量管理中，最后提出了具体的质量控制措施。
这些都是为了在建筑施工过程中提高建筑产品的总体质量。
关键字——建筑施工、质量管理、质量动机、控制1.引言调查显示建筑施工企业主要采用现场控制的质量管理模式是预先控制。
大多企业常常使得建筑施工过程中与建设管理中的质量管理相同，他们通常忽略了施工准备阶段质量问题的预防，如供应商的选择、道路的规划和临时设施，这些因素在建筑施工过程中的质量管理上起着至关重要的作用。
建设质量事故频繁发生，引起了许多领域的高度关注，如各级政府部门、施工企业和业主，特别是重庆綦江虹桥的坍塌、五龙的滑坡和洪湖湿地路基施工中的一系列质量安全事故，人们开始对施工质量问题做全方位的思考。
通过研究李秀峰总结归纳了造成工程的质量问题并引入项目质量控制分析方法，Low Sui Pheng 和Jasmine Ann Teo[2] 建立了施工中的质量管理框架来通过经验分析实现项目的质量控制，SangHyun Lee and others[3] 利用系统质量动态结构和变更管理模型的编程方法和控制方法，最终实现了大规模的并行设计和施工项目的管理和控制。
方唐分析了建设项目质量管理的整个过程和控制方法，她认为应该实现对影响建设单位质量的人、材料、机械、方法和环境的完全控制；吴天翔研究出管理因素是影响建设项目质量控制的重要因素，强调了施工过程中需要严格控制的各个方面和整体实现加强管理的需要。
为了解决建设施工过程中的建设质量问题，韩伟建立了一个建筑项目的分析和处理程序。
常用工程机械在建筑施工中的安全技术范文（二篇）
常用工程机械在建筑施工中的安全技术范文工程机械在建筑施工中起着至关重要的作用，但同时也带来了一系列的安全隐患。
好的安全技术措施能够最大程度地保障施工人员的生命安全和财产安全。
1. 加强机械设备的维护与保养维护与保养是确保机械设备正常运行和安全使用的关键。
首先，要对机械设备进行定期的检查，及时发现和排除故障，避免出现意外事故。
其次，要定期更换易损件，保证机械设备的正常使用寿命。
另外，机械设备在运行过程中会产生大量的热量和烟尘，需要定期清洗和维护散热器、滤网等部件，避免积尘过多导致散热不良。
总之，加强机械设备的维护与保养是确保施工安全的重要环节。
2. 严格控制机械设备的使用时机和环境条件在施工过程中，要根据天气情况和工作环境的需要，合理选择机械设备的使用时机和环境条件，确保设备能够正常运行和发挥作用。
例如，在恶劣的天气条件下，如大风、暴雨等，要暂停使用吊装设备、塔式起重机等容易受风影响的机械设备，防止发生倾覆和坍塌等事故。
此外，在使用机械设备时要保证周围没有杂物和人员，以免发生撞击事故。
3. 加强对机械设备操作人员的培训与考核机械设备操作人员的技术水平和操作经验直接影响到设备的运行效果和安全性。
因此，对机械设备操作人员进行培训和考核是确保机械设备安全使用的重要环节。
培训内容可以包括机械设备的基本原理、操作规程、故障排除等方面的知识和技能。
考核可以通过理论考试和实际操作演练相结合的方式进行，以确保操作人员熟练掌握机械设备的操作技能和安全操作规程。
4. 建立机械设备使用记录和事故报告制度每次使用机械设备前，要建立详细的使用记录，记录设备的型号、使用时间、操作人员等信息。
发生事故后，要及时进行事故报告，并进行事故原因的分析和总结，以便今后的工作中能够避免类似的事故再次发生。
此外，还要建立健全的机械设备维修和事故处理机制，及时对故障设备进行维修，保证设备的正常运行和安全使用。
5. 定期进行安全检查和隐患排查在施工过程中要定期对机械设备进行安全检查和隐患排查，及时消除存在的安全隐患，确保机械设备的安全运行。
建筑类外文文献及中文翻译
forced concrete structure reinforced with anoverviewReinSince the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance.Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency.1、steel mechanical link1.1 radial squeeze linkWill be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linkedCharacteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.Easy and simple to handle, construction fast, save energy and material, comprehensive economy profitable, this method has been already a large amount of application in the project.Applicable scope : Suitable for Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳgrade reinforcing bar (including welding bad reinfor cing bar ) with ribbing of Ф 18- 50mm, connection between the same diameter or different diameters reinforcing bar .1.2must squeeze linkExtruders used in the covers, reinforced axis along the cold metal sleeve squeeze dedicated to insert sleeve Lane two hot rolling steel drums into a highly integrated mechanical linking methods.Characteristic: Easy to operate and joining fast and not having flame homework , can construct for 24 hours , save a large number of reinforcing bars and energy. Applicable scope : Suitable for , set up according to first and second class antidetonation requirement -proof armored concrete structure ФⅡ, Ⅲgrade reinforcing bar with ribbing of hot rolling of 20- 32mm join and construct live.1.3 cone thread connectingUsing cone thread to bear pulled, pressed both effort and self-locking nature, undergo good principles will be reinforced by linking into cone-processing thread at the moment the value of integration into the joints connecting steel bars.Characteristic: Simple , all right preparatory cut of the craft , connecting fast, concentricity is good, have pattern person who restrain from advantage reinforcing bar carbon content.Applicable scope : Suitable for the concrete structure of the industry , civil buil ding and general structures, reinforcing bar diameter is for Фfor the the 16- 40mm one Ⅱ, Ⅲgrade verticality, it is the oblique to or reinforcing bars horizontal join construct live.conclusionsThese are now commonly used to connect steel synthesis methods, which links technology in the United States, Britain, Japan and other countries are widely used. There are different ways to connect their different characteristics and scope of the actual construction of production depending on the specific project choose a suitable method of connecting to achieve both energy conservation and saving time limit for a project ends.钢筋混凝土构造中钢筋连接综述改革开放以来，伴随国民经济旳迅速、持久发展，多种钢筋混凝土建筑构造大量建造，钢筋连接技术得到很大旳发展。
建筑工程安全施工论文(3篇)
5.加强安全监督检查。对施工现场进行定期和不定期的安全检查，及时发现和消除安全隐患。
五、结论
建筑工程安全施工关系到人民群众的生命财产安全和社会稳定。针对当前建筑工程安全施工中存在的问题，我们要采取有效措施，加强安全教育培训，完善安全管理制度，加大安全投入，强化施工现场管理，确保建筑工程安全施工，为我国建筑行业持续健康发展提供有力保障。
三、当前建筑工程安全施工存在的问题
1. 安全意识淡薄：部分施工人员安全意识不强，对安全施工的重要性认识不足。
2. 安全管理制度不完善：部分企业安全管理制度不健全，导致安全管理工作难以落实。
3. 施工现场管理混乱：施工现场管理混乱，安全设施不完善，存在安全隐患。
4. 施工技术不规范：施工过程中技术操作不规范，容易引发安全事故。
二、建筑工程安全施工的关键因素
1. 人员因素
（1）施工人员素质：施工人员素质直接影响施工安全。提高施工人员素质，需加强培训和教育，提高其安全意识和操作技能。
（2）管理人员素质：管理人员素质对施工安全具有重要作用。需加强管理人员的安全培训，提高其安全管理水平。
2. 设备因素
（1）机械设备：机械设备的安全性直接关系到施工安全。选用符合国家标准的机械设备，定期进行维护和保养，确保其正常运行。
第3篇
摘要：随着我国建筑行业的快速发展，建筑工程的安全施工成为了一个至关重要的议题。本文从建筑工程安全施工的重要性入手，分析了当前建筑工程安全施工中存在的问题，并针对这些问题提出了相应的对策和建议，旨在为建筑工程安全施工提供参考。
一、引言
建筑工程安全施工是保障工程质量和施工人员生命财产安全的重要环节。然而，在实际施工过程中，由于各种原因，建筑工程安全施工仍存在诸多问题。因此，研究建筑工程安全施工的实践与对策具有重要的现实意义。
机械类外文文献翻译(中英文翻译)
机械类外文文献翻译(中英文翻译)英文原文Mechanical Design and Manufacturing ProcessesMechanical design is the application of science and technology to devise new or improved products for the purpose of satisfying human needs. It is a vast field of engineering technology which not only concerns itself with the original conception of the product in terms of its size, shape and construction details, but also considers the various factors involved in the manufacture, marketing and use of the product.People who perform the various functions of mechanical design are typically called designers, or design engineers. Mechanical design is basically a creative activity. However, in addition to being innovative, a design engineer must also have a solid background in the areas of mechanical drawing, kinematics, dynamics, materials engineering, strength of materials and manufacturing processes.As stated previously, the purpose of mechanical design is to produce a product which will serve a need for man. Inventions, discoveries and scientific knowledge by themselves do not necessarily benefit people; only if they are incorporated into a designed product will a benefit be derived. It should be recognized, therefore, that a human need must be identified before a particular product is designed.Mechanical design should be considered to be an opportunity to use innovative talents to envision a design of a product, to analyze the systemand then make sound judgments on how the product is to be manufactured. It is important to understand the fundamentals of engineering rather than memorize mere facts and equations. There are no facts or equations which alone can be used to provide all the correct decisions required to produce a good design.On the other hand, any calculations made must be done with the utmost care and precision. For example, if a decimal point is misplaced, an otherwise acceptable design may not function.Good designs require trying new ideas and being willing to take a certain amount of risk, knowing that if the new idea does not work the existing method can be reinstated. Thus a designer must have patience, since there is no assurance of success for the time and effort expended. Creating a completely new design generally requires that many old and well-established methods be thrust aside. This is not easy since many people cling to familiar ideas, techniques and attitudes. A design engineer should constantly search for ways to improve an existing product and must decide what old, proven concepts should be used and what new, untried ideas should be incorporated.New designs generally have "bugs" or unforeseen problems which must be worked out before the superior characteristics of the new designs can be enjoyed. Thus there is a chance for a superior product, but only at higher risk. It should be emphasized that, if a design does not warrant radical new methods, such methods should not be applied merely for the sake of change.During the beginning stages of design, creativity should be allowedto flourish without a great number of constraints. Even though many impractical ideas may arise, it is usually easy to eliminate them in the early stages of design before firm details are required by manufacturing. In this way, innovative ideas are not inhibited. Quite often, more than one design is developed, up to the point where they can be compared against each other. It is entirely possible that the design which is ultimately accepted will use ideas existing in one of the rejected designs that did not show as much overall promise.Psychologists frequently talk about trying to fit people to the machines they operate. It is essentially the responsibility of the design engineer to strive to fit machines to people. This is not an easy task, since there is really no average person for which certain operating dimensions and procedures are optimum.Another important point which should be recognized is that a design engineer must be able to communicate ideas to other people if they are to be incorporated. Communicating the design to others is the final, vital step in the design process. Undoubtedly many great designs, inventions, and creative works have been lost to mankind simply because the originators were unable or unwilling to explain their accomplishments to others. Presentation is a selling job. The engineer, when presenting a new solution to administrative, management, or supervisory persons, is attempting to sell or to prove to them that this solution is a better one. Unless this can be done successfully, the time and effort spent on obtaining the solution have been largely wasted.Basically, there are only three means of communication available tous. These are the written, the oral, and the graphical forms. Therefore the successful engineer will be technically competent and versatile in all three forms of communication. A technically competent person who lacks ability in any one of these forms is severely handicapped. If ability in all three forms is lacking, no one will ever know how competent that person is!The competent engineer should not be afraid of the possibility of not succeeding in a presentation. In fact, occasional failure should be expected because failure or criticism seems to accompany every really creative idea. There is a great deal to be learned from a failure, and the greatest gains are obtained by those willing to risk defeat. In the final analysis, the real failure would lie in deciding not to make the presentation at all. To communicate effectively, the following questions must be answered:(1) Does the design really serve a human need?(2) Will it be competitive with existing products of rival companies?(3) Is it economical to produce?(4) Can it be readily maintained?(5) Will it sell and make a profit?Only time will provide the true answers to the preceding questions, but the product should be designed, manufactured and marketed only with initial affirmative answers. The design engineer also must communicate the finalized design to manufacturing through the use of detail and assembly drawings.Quite often, a problem will occur during the manufacturing cycle [3].It may be that a change is required in the dimensioning or tolerancing of a part so that it can be more readily produced. This fails in the category of engineering changes which must be approved by the design engineer so that the product function will not be adversely affected. In other cases, a deficiency in the design may appear during assembly or testing just prior to shipping. These realities simply bear out the fact that design is a living process. There is always a better way to do it and the designer should constantly strive towards finding that better way.Designing starts with a need, real or imagined. Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiently, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously done by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partly defined, the next step in design is the conception of mechanisms and their arrangements that will perform the needed functions.For this, freehand sketching is of great value, not only as a record of one's thoughts and as an aid in discussion with others, but particularly for communication with one's own mind, as a stimulant for creative ideas.When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive east. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strength of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles ofmechanics, such as those of statics for reaction forces and for the optimumutilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress。
建筑工程施工过程中安全管理与危险因素分析论文摘要(附英文)
建筑工程施工过程中安全管理与危险因素分析摘要：建筑施工的特点决定了该行业是一个高风险的行业，针对建筑行业特点及安全管理现状，如何控制施工现场的安全管理，是一个迫切需要解决的问题。
准确无误地找出导致事故发生的危险因素，并控制好各种危险因素，是有效预防安全事故发生的前提。
控制人的不安全行为、控制物的不安全状态、改善作业环境、科学的管理是我们实现安全生产的重中之重，切实做好施工现场的安全管理，就是要对上述四个因素进行有效地控制，认真贯彻和落实各项安全法律法规，为施工人员创造安全环境，构建和谐社会。
关键词：行业特点、安全现状、危险因素、控制、管理On Safety Management of Construction Engineering and Associated RiskAnalysisAbstract:The features of construction determines it as a high-risk industry. Safety management in construction site is of critical importance in terms of its features and current safety management situation.Finding the exact risk fastors and bring them under control is the prerequisite for effective prevention of accidents. The control of risky human behavior and unsafe status of materials, the improvement of the working envrionment and scientific management are the four most important factors to be considered in ensuring safety in production. The safety management can be fulfilled by practically controlling the above four factors and enforcing related safety laws and regulations so as to create a safe enviroment for the construction workers.Key Words: industry features safety status quo risky factors control management。
建筑工程施工安全分析
建筑工程施工安全分析摘要本文旨在对建筑工程施工安全进行深入分析，探讨其发生原因、现状及解决方法，以期为建筑工程施工安全管理提供参考。
文章首先对建筑工程施工安全问题进行定义，然后从建筑工程施工安全问题的特点入手，分析建筑工程施工安全问题的原因和现状，最后提出了多种解决方法。
文章认为，建筑工程施工安全是一个复杂而系统的问题，需要通过多方面的措施，共同解决。
关键词：建筑工程施工安全；原因；现状；解决方法AbstractThis paper aims to make an in-depth analysis of thesafety of construction engineering, and explore its causes, current situation and solutions, in order to providereference for the management of construction engineering safety. This paper first defines the safety issues of construction engineering, and then analyzes the causes and current situation of construction engineering safety issues from the characteristics of construction engineering safety issues. Finally, multiple solutions are proposed. The paper concludes that the safety of construction engineering is a complex and systemic problem, which requires the implementation of multiple measures to collectively solve.Keywords: construction engineering safety; causes;current situation; solutions引言建筑工程施工安全问题是一个长期以来备受关注的问题。
建筑机械在施工时的安全技术分析
建筑机械在施工时的安全技术分析摘要：随着我国经济不断发展，我国建筑行业迈入新时期，出现各种新技术、新工艺，各种建筑机械更加复杂化，科技含量不断增加。
但目前我国建筑人员的素质仍然不太高，在使用建筑机械的过程中由于不规范操作，容易出现安全事故，影响了整体工程的进行。
本文主要分析了机械在施工时的安全问题，并提出了相关的解决措施。
关键词：建筑机械安全技术引言随着我国建筑行业快速发展，人们对其提出了更高的要求。
我国很多施工项目在机械施工的安全问题上还存在一些不足，给施工留下了安全隐患，也威胁到了施工人员的安全。
为了保证施工的顺利进行，就要严格管理建筑机械施工时的安全技术，提高人们的安全意识。
以下主要对施工中建筑机械存在的安全问题和解决方法进行阐述。
1.建筑机械在施工时存在的安全问题1.1缺乏养护意识一般施工项目任务重，很多施工单位为了在规定的工期内完成施工，往往盲目的追求速度，过度使用机械，轻视了对机械的保养和日常维修。
长此以往，机械设备很容易出现问题，一旦出现故障，现场也没有足够的人员和设备进行检测，面对突发情况不能及时处理，延误工期，影响施工进度。
日常养护主要包括及时更换滤芯，针对发动机及时添水换油等工作。
1.2使用过于频繁一些施工单位机械设备与工程量不匹配，导致一些施工机械被频繁使用，很多在连续超负荷的状态下运行，减少了机械的使用寿命，在使用过程中发生事故的可能性更高。
又由于一些操作人员并不懂安全技术要点，缺乏专业的操作知识，这些机械设备在不规范的状态下超负荷运行，对机械的伤害度更大，有些机械直接报废。
1.3操作人员缺乏安全意识在施工过程中由于操作人员大意而出现的安全事故频繁发生，在实际施工中，人员缺乏安全意识在施工之前不仔细检查设备是否安全，直接使用造成中途发生问题。
在施工过程中不注意周围是否有其他人员，造成人员伤亡。
这些问题都会带来安全事故，威胁到施工人员的生命安全。
2.各类机械在施工时的安全技术要点2.1垂直运输机械安全技术要点2.1.1施工升降机在施工升降机安装和卸载之前需要专业人员制定严格的施工方案，操作人员在进行操作之前必须经过专业培训，避免出现因人为操作不当而出现安全事故。
建筑工程机械设备安全施工分析
1、制定制度标准约束机械施工人员行为
建筑工程行业必须要建立健全机械设备安全施工的保障体系，以制度的形式，对施工人员进行强制性约束，这是一切机械设备安全施工的前提所在，也是有效保障施工人员安全的重要举措。例如，建筑工程企业可以通过定期组织机械设备施工人员进行定期的安全学习工作并对其学习成功进行定期检查，使施工作业人员具备较高的专业素养以及机械设备的操作方法，使其在施工作业时树立起标准化的操作规范，熟练掌握机械设备的正常操作方法[4]。以此来提高施工人员对于机械设备的使用效率，树立施工人员安全施工的争取理念，在确保机械设备的利用效率的同时，更好的保障机械设备施工安全。
（一）以高层建设为发展方向，忽视设备运行效率
现如今，我国建筑工程建设以高层建设为主要发展方向，这是目前建筑工程行业发展的特点之一，主要是以保障施工人员的安全为首要任务，该特点也在一定程度上反应出建筑行业机械安全施工的必要性[1]。但随着工程量的增加，机械施工设备的消耗程度也越来越大，某些建设工程企业为谋取更高的经济效益而忽视设备运行的标准，使得机械安全设备的效率大大降低，严重影响了建筑工程行业的机械施工安全。
建筑工程机械设备安全工分析
摘要：随着我国社会主义市场经济的不断发展，人民的社会生活也越来越丰富，生活水平的不断提高，使得越来越多的人们意识到社会生活环境对于其生活质量的意义，人们的关注点由原本追求经济效益开始向追求更高的生活质量转变，所以，社会的基础公共设施建设、城市建设越来越受到人民大众的关注。如与人们的生活质量息息相关的交通出行方面、城市绿化方面、建筑安全方面等，在此之中，建筑工程机械设备的安全施工作为人民居住安全的基础所在，人民对其的安全施工要求也越来越高，因此，对建筑工程机械设备的安全施工成为了人民提高生活安全水平发重要手段。本文通过分析了建筑工程机械设备的施工现状，明确的指出了造成安全隐患四方面因素，并在结合实际的情况下提出了具体的解决措施，为的就是完善建筑工程施工建设，建设健全社会的城市建设，从人民的根本利益出发，提高人民的生活的安全水平。
试论建筑工程机械设备安全施工
试论建筑工程机械设备安全施工摘要：建筑工程机械在建筑行业的应用较为广泛，机械的出现给人们带去无限的便利，可以代替人类完成一些复杂或高危工作，不但能够节约人力资源还可在一定程度上节约成本。
但是，由于机械设备操作不当或机械出现故障就会出现安全问题，届时则会威胁到施工人员的生命安全。
以此为背景，本文将针对建筑工程机械设备安全施工进行分析与研究。
关键词：建筑工程；机械设备；安全施工1前言随着建设机械化逐渐深入，中国的建筑项目速度和质量也得到了大幅度改善。
目前，建筑项目建设主要是高层建筑相对应的，建筑施工单位需要加强设备保护，提高设备操作的安全性，确保施工人员生命安全。
建设机械化可以减少建筑机械的损失，提升器材的有效使用，可以延长器材使用时间但如果机械设备不能得到有效储存和管理，就会影响设备的运行效率，运行标准达不到标准，影响建筑工程项目的施工质量。
2建筑工程机械设备施工现状在建筑工程项目施工方面，建筑设备受环境因素影响较大，主要体现在气温、交通、安全等方面的变化。
建筑工程项目具有工期长的特点，所以在环境方面容易受到影响，例如在南方气温高，在北方气温低，对建筑施工进程都有着较为直接的影响，为施工作业增加了一定的难度，而因为这些问题的出现，会导致建筑器械出现问题。
2.1机械设备缺乏正确的保养和维修不同的施工工程需要不同的设备。
为了确保取得最大化的经济收益，建筑学工程企业往往通过租赁的方式获得机械设备的短期使用权。
然而，有的机械设备管理者并没有认真学习机安全管理办法，也没有充分掌握设备养护与维修方式。
举例来讲，由于建设工程施工人员主要在室外开展各项工作，机械设备管理者常常把机械放置到户外。
当遇到雨雪或者高温天气时，管理者也很少转移或者用东西遮挡设备等。
长期以往，机械设备不仅外表失去光泽，而且内部零件被损坏，影响设备的稳定运转，不利于确保施工的安全性。
除此之外，管理者较少指派工作人员定期保养或检修设备。
2.2管理制度不健全通常情况下，建筑工程企业欠缺树立机械设备安全管理意识，更不用说机械设备管理者会重视该项工作了。
现代建筑机械施工安全管理分析
现代建筑机械施工安全管理分析摘要：机械设备在施工过程中占据着重要的地位，对于现代工程而言，缺乏机械设备就难以保证工程的质量以及工程的施工速度，甚至导致很多工程无法完成。
建筑工程机械施工中发生安全事故，主要是由于在安全管理工作方面没有重视。
为避免机械施工安全事故的发生，这就需要从安全管理工作方面加强重视，注重管理方法的科学运用，从整体上提升安全管理质量水平。
关键词：建筑工程；机械施工；安全管理；问题；措施1现代建筑机械施工安全管理中存在的问题1.1不完善的安全管理制度现代机械施工中，由于对应安全管理制度未形成统一体系，导致细节问题存在无序混乱操作状况。
施工中，由于管理体制缺陷，导致对应操作人员的权责划分不明确，导致工作内容混乱，缺少高效特点。
另一方面，忽视保养制度，机械设备在建筑施工现场的使用过程中，管理者只注重机械设备的正常运转，根本不关注机械是否在超负荷工作，重使用而轻保养，不关注机械的使用寿命。
机械设备完成每天的工作后，忽视对机械进行日常的检查和维护，这样会存在很大的隐患，1.2相关人员缺乏安全管理意识在建筑施工现场中，设备管理与施工人员起到了非常重要的执行作用，其自身的管理水平在一定程度上将直接影响最终的施工质量，尤其是在对机械设备进行安全管理以及现场配置的过程中，对于机械设备作用的发挥有着非常密切的联系。
但是结合目前的实际情况来看，建筑行业没有加强对相关人员的培养工作，导致其在综合素质水平方面存在非常明显的差异，并且在施工过程中缺乏安全管理意识，无法对机械设备安全管理进行全面的掌握和控制。
1.3安全施工环境比较恶劣建筑工程施工过程中所面临的环境是比较恶劣的，在实际施工中，要充分注重从安全方面加强重视，做好各方面的安全管理工作，如此才能保证机械施工的质量。
在具体的机械施工中，安全施工环境恶劣，如果没有做好相应的安全防护工作，这就会直接影响建筑机械施工的整体安全。
1.4机械设备的技术管理问题机械设备在施工环节中，由于操作人员专业能力低、技术文件配置不全等原因，导致设备的执行操作中安全隐患较多。
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附录AAnalysis of Safety Performance in the Construction IndustryData source:The HKU Scholars HubOver the years,many researchers have investigated into the safety performance of the construction industry.Some of them identified factors leading to the occurrence of accidents on construction sites.The high frequency of construction accident has casted the industry a considerable amount.The government and many concerned parties have taken measures against the potential causes of accidents,aiming at reducing accidents and promoting safety in the industry.1.Definition of AccidentLaney(1982)states that the simplest definition of an accident is“an uncontrollable occurrence which results in injury or damage”.The events leading up to an accident are controllable in most cases.International Labor Office Geneva(1983)and Kennedy(1997) also agree that accidents don’t just happen,they are preventable.All industrial accidents are, either directly or indirectly,attributable to human failings.Rowlandson(1997)points out that a number of elements which need to be incorporated into the definition if this is to be useful in terms of accident prevention.These elements are:ck of management control;b.basic personal and task factors;c.sub-standard acts and conditions–the symptoms of the accident;d.an unplanned and undesired event or incident–the accident;e.an undesired outcome–death,injury or property damage;f.a cost.He thus defines accident as:“...an unplanned incident leading to death,injury or property damage which stems from inadequate management control of work processes manifesting itself in personal or job factors which lead to substandard actions or conditions which are seen as the immediate causes of the accident.”mon Accidents in Construction IndustryAccording to Lingard and Rowlinson(1994)accident proneness can be measured by thefrequency of accident occurrence.According to some researches,construction industry has the highest accident rate over the years,thus it is said to be more accident-prone than other industries.It is essential to understand why construction industry is more vulnerable to accident than the others.The Labour Department classified construction accidents by types. Table1shows the number of injuries in2004and figures in blankets are the number of fatality fixed or stationary object11.9%Fall of person from height11.7%Injured whilst lifting or carrying16.0%Slip,trip or fall on same level17.3%Striking against or stuck by moving object19.7%Contact with moving machinery or object being machined7.0%Others16.4%The above chart shows the major accidents which contributed more than5%of the construction accidents in2004:3.Facors Affecting Safety Performance of Construction IndustryMany researchers have studied the factors affecting safety performance on construction sites.Stranks(1994)points out that the reasons of the poor safety recordmay correlate with many factors such as complexity of the work or system,risk nature of works,management style,safety knowledge and commitment,and personal behavior.Here are several factors that affect safety performance of contraction industry.pany SizeTam and Fung(1998)study the effectiveness of safety management strategies on safety performance.In this study,the safety performance of companies is gauged by their accident rates in1994as accident rates are steadier throughout the year and they can be easily obtained.In the study,it is found that company size,in term of number of management staff, affects safety performance.Tam and Fung(1998)observe that the accident rate of small companies is highest,the rate for medium sized lies almost at the industrial average and that for the large firms is the lowest.This demonstrates that larger firms generally have better safety records.This could be resulted from the more structured and formalized safetyprogrammers,and stronger management commitment to safety.It is found that the higher number of employees in the organization,the lower figure of the accident rate.b.Level of SubcontractingMulti-layer subcontracting is unique to China construction industry and has been the most common practice being used with long history.Subcontractors would normally further subcontract their work without the consent of their principal contractor to several smaller firms in order to minimize their overheads.Multi-layers of subcontractors is one of the major difficulties in implementing safety management.Recent study carried out by Wong and So (2004)shows the current status of the subcontracting practice and how multi-layer subcontracting system affects construction safety performance.Their questionnaire survey reveals that the majority of respondents(45.5%)would sublet80-90%of their works to subcontractors.None of the respondents would carry out construction work that fully relies on their own effort;at least30%of works would be subcontracted out.Lai(1987)attributes the high site accident rates to the use of labour-only subcontractors. As subcontracted workers are highly mobile,lack loyalty to contractors and are rewarded according to work done,they are difficult to control.Implementing safety practices on site becomes more difficult.Recent researchers,like Wong(1999)and Lee(1996),believe multi-layer subcontracting system is one of the major causes to poor safety performance in China’s construction industry.The most extreme case of subcontracting quoted by Lee(1999) was subcontracting up to15layers.He describes such multi-layer subcontracting as common and excessive.Small business,like subcontractors,face with specific health and safety challenges. Many firms lacked adequate resources and were often struggling to survive.Moreover,they lack an understanding of their obligations and the health and safety issues of their processes. These can be supported by Rawlinson’s(1999)study for Housing Authority.He finds that average84%of workers injured from1995to1998were subcontractors’workers.Such situation may be due to subcontractors’workers’inadequate training and awareness of safe working practice.Tam and Fung(1998)find there is a significant difference between trained and un-trained employees in relation to accident rate.municationAccording to Wong(2002),communication is a major factor affecting the safety on sites. However,it has seldom been discussed before.Wong(2002)conducts a research to find out the causes of communication problems between main contractors and subcontractors.He identifies12factors leading to poor communication in construction industry.Among them,10 are discussed here as they are more relevant to the territory and have been discussed by other researchers.These factors are listed below:i.Industry NatureIn order to complete the project on time,construction projects are carried out under almost all sorts of weather conditions.Besides,construction workers are usually not well-educated.These cause communication difficulties.ii.Industry CultureWong(2000)identifies sub-contracting system is a hurdle to construction safety as they are engaged on day-work basis,thus they are not aware to site safety.iii.Client TypeThere are2types of clients,public and private ernment bodies are public clients.Private clients can be further divided into experienced and inexperienced.Their concern and expectation on site safety performance appear to be different.anization StructureFryer(1997)suggests that organization structure,including hierarchy,downsizing and decentralization vs.decentralization,rigidity vs.flexibility,rules and procedure,would affect the result of communications.According to Wong(2002),downsizing became popular since 1990s because this can allow flexibility for people for respond more quickly to change.v.Relationship of Main and Sub-ContractorsThe poor relationship between contractors is an obstacle to construction safety.However, such situation could be resolved by partnering.Wong(2002)says that partnering is considered by most of the project participants as a worthwhile initiative.munication BarriersHicks and Gullett(1983)points out that communication overload and inattention to message can cause ineffective communication.People may receive more information than they can process or they spend time evaluating the sender and the message before the entiremessage is being passed or read.vii.Content of InformationWong(2002)attributes poor safety performance to the content of information.If content of information,such as method statements,working,drawings or safety procedures,are inaccurate or unclear,safety could not be effectively achieved.viii.Value of CommunicatorsTam et al(2001)point out that many production personnel rank safety in a lower priorities when compare with meeting the production schedule,quota and cost targets. Besides,Nichols and Stevens(1999)mention the failure of many superiors to listen.As a result,safety issue does not receive enough attention.ix.Provision of Continuous TrainingEnrichment of safety knowledge is essential.Teo et al(2005)carry out a study to find out the methods in fostering workers’safe work behaviours.They find that training is an important way to enable workers to work safely,because they are equipped with the knowledge of how to work safely.x.Workers’AttitudeWorkers’incorrect attitude towards site safety is a big difficulty in making safety sites. In Chan et al’s(1999)research,it is found that workers do not think they have the duty to comply with safety regulations for the main contractors.They will be more aware to safety issues after serious accident but they will resume their own way of practice shortly after that. Hinze(2002)and Vredenburgh(2002)state that site safety could only be improved if workers change their behaviours towards site safety.Teo et al(2005)also agree that negligence in safety and lack of awarenessto ensure lingering dangers on site would increase the chances of workers getting injured.5.Accident Costs and Safety CostsThe construction industry in China,especially for building projects,has a very poor safety record.According to Hinze and Raboud(1988),it is a common perception that “safety”is unproductive and not vital to the success of a project as contractors may not be appreciated by just keeping good safety on sites.However,it should be noted that accidents do not just lead to injury and loss of lives,a huge amount of accident costs is induced as well.Accordingly,safety investment in construction projects could better the safety performance and avoid the huge amount of accident costs.Ridiculously,most contractors are not willing to invest their money,time and effort to operate and to maintain effective safety programmers. They are not fully aware of the costs of an accident.Over the years,there have been many studies of the cost of accidents and it is found that, accident costs could be huge.Rowlinson(1997)identifies that cost of an accident is not only constituted of hospitalization and compensation costs of the individual involved in the accident.De Saram and Tang(2005)admit that construction accidents may result in numerous damages and losses.By understanding all the costs incurred by construction accidents,contractors might be surprised,and thus realize the importance of site safety investment.6.Safety Management SystemSafety management systems are not new to us.Many have been written on it.Site safet is regarded as an integral part of the project objective and safety attitudes a part of the project culture in order to pursue site safety effectively.Management at head office and on-site must be seen to care.Only then,an effective and committed safety officer will be appointed and given sufficient call on time and resources to achieve site safety.According to the Labour Department,below are the objectives of setting up a safety management system:a.to prevent improper behaviour that may lead to accidents;b.to ensure that problems are detected and reported;andc.to ensure that accidents are reported and handled properly.Besides,a safety management system enables flexibility of developing safety policies and measures most suitable to the particular circumstances of individual companies.The inputs from employer and employees make the safety management processes more readily be modified to keep pace with changing circumstances.An effective safety management system can be used to manage and control both existing and potential hazards and its effectiveness can be maximized when an organization is able to combine occupational safety and health issues into its business strategy.In this paper,statistics of construction safety,common accident types,factors affectingsafety performance and legislations related to construction safety have been reviewed. Statistics shows the unacceptable construction safety performance in the past.Therefore,the government introduced safety management system to the industry,hoping to establish a self-regulating atmosphere.Besides,government keeps introducing new legislation,for example the Construction Workers Registration Ordinance,and amending existing legislations to cope with the industry. Though the accident rate becomes stagnant in recent years,the fact shows the government’s determination in improving the industry to an accident-free one.附录B关于建筑行业安全施工的分析资料来源：香港大学学者中心多年来，许多研究人员都对建筑业的安全施工做出过深入研究。