高级英语教案第二册第二课Marrakech–GeorgeOrwell

课程教案Background Knowledge *Morocco*Marrakech*French Colonies*Jews*George Orwell Unit 2 Marrakech By George OrwellThe Histor y of M a r r a kech*Ma rra kech, called also the red town, because of the red wall surround the old town, the medina.A Br ief Introduction to C olonia lismDefinition1. a. emigrants or their descendants in a distant territory but remain subject to or closely associatedwith the parent country.b. A territory thus settled.2. A region politically controlled by a distant country; a dependency.3. A group of people who have been institutionalized in a relatively remote areaA Br ief Introduction to the AuthorGeorge Orwell*Orwell’s works are concerned with the sociopolitical conditions of his times, through merciless exposition of the poverty, misery and degradation 落魄of the native people in the colonies, he denounces the evils of colonialism or imperialism and manage to show his outrage at it.*Orwell is famous for his terse lucid 简洁易懂的prose style and good at the appropriate use of simple but forceful words to describe objectively the scenes before his eyes.*George Orwell is the pseudonym of Eric Arthur Blair(1903-50), British novelist and essayist, born at Motihari 摩坦赫利, Bengal(孟买), India. His father, Richard Walmesley Blair, was a minor customs official in the opium department of the Indian Civil Service.*W hen Orwell was 4 years old, his family returned to England where he remained until 1922. When Orwell was 8 years old, he was sent to a private preparatory school in Sussex. After attending Wellington and Eton, he failed to win a university scholarship then he served with the Indian Imperial Police in Burma.In the 1930s*His experience in Burma is described in his first novel “B urmese Days”(1934)缅甸风云.*On his return to Europe in 1927 he lived in a poor financial condition , first in Paris and then in London, a period which is the basis of his book “Do w n and Out in Paris and London”(1933)巴黎和伦敦的落魄生活. And in this book he assumed the name “George Orwell”by which he would become world famous*During the1930s Orwell had adopted the views of a socialist and traveled to Spain to report on their civil war.*He took the side of the Republican (United Workers Marxist Party militia 统一公党市民军) and fought alongside them, which earned him a wound in the neck. It was this war that made him hate communism in favor of the English brand of socialism.*Orwell wrote a book on Spain, “Homag e to Catalonia”(向加泰罗尼亚致敬), which was published in 1938.During World Wa r Two:*During the second World War rejected for military service on account of tuberculosis and a wound, Orwell served as a sergeant(军士） in the Home Guard and also worked as a journalist for the BBC, Observer and Tribune(论坛), where he was literary editor from 1943 to 1945.*It was toward the end of the war that he wrote “A nimal Farm”, and when it was over he moved to Scotland.*It was “A nimal Farm”(动物庄园) a satirical fantasy attacking communism as practiced in Soviet Union that finally made Orwell prosperous.*His other world -wide success “Nineteen Eighty-Four”(1984)is an elaborate satire on modern politics, a prophetic novel describing the dehumanization of man in a mechanistic, totalitarian 极权主义的world.Orwell wrote many literary essays as well, his volumes of essays include :Dickens(1946)狄更斯*Dali and Others(1946)达里*Shooting an Elephant(1950)射象*Collected Essays(1968)随笔*Journalism(1968) 新闻文章*Letters of George Orwell(1968)书信集Marriage and Death*Eileen O'Shaugnessy, Orwell's wife died in 1945 and in 1949 he remarried to a woman named Sonia Browell. Orwell's second marriage was short-lived, as he died from tuberculosis in London on January 21st, 1950. And he was just 46 years old.Detailed Analysis of the Text1)W hat kind of writing is the text?*Expository writing2)W hich sentence expresses the theme of the text? (or : W hich is the thesis statement? )*All colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact (para.3)3)What is the theme of the text?*The author denounces the evils of colonialism. He mercilessly exposes poverty, misery and degradation of the native people in the colonies. These people are not considered nor are they treated as human beings.4)How many scenes has the writer described to expose the evils of colonialism? What are they?Six Scenes to expose the evils of colonialismScene 1: The burial of the poor inhabitants (para 1-3)The idea: Life is cheap. People are so poor that they can not afford proper burials.Scene 2: The begging of bread of an employee (para 4-7)The idea: Life is poor. People can’t afford proper food.Scene 3: Living condition of the Jews (para 8-15)The idea: Jews live in great proverty and under prejudice.Scene 4: Cultivation of soil (para 16-18)The idea: Hard way of making a living.Scene 5: Life of women (para 19-21)The idea: Miserable of old women, no better than a donkeyScene 6: the soldiers (para 22-26)The idea: The negro’s attitude towards the whites*W hy did the writer choose these scenes?*W hat do you think they represent?*Do you think these scenes are effective to achieve the writer’s purpose?*W hat else would you add?*W hat is the tone of the writer throughout the text?Scene 1: The burial of the poor inhabitants (para 1-3)Life is cheap. People are so poor that they can not afford proper burials.Wor ds and Expr essionswail: to cry out in mourning or lamentation 悲伤地哭号The wind wa iled through the treeschant: a simple liturgical song in which a string of syllables or words is sung to each tonebier: a platform or portable framework on which a coffin or corpse is placedhack: to break up (land) with a hoe, mattock, etc.oblong: adj. longer than broad; elongatedhummocky: adj. full of or looking like low, rounded hills 布满小丘的derelict: adj. deserted by the owner; abandoned; forsakenprickly pear: any of a genus of cactus plans having cylindrical or large, flat, oval stem joints and edible fruits 仙人掌(属)Pa r a gr a phing & Inter pr eting…the flies left the restaurant table in a cloud and rushed after it, but they came back in a few minutes later.The cloud of flies flying to the corpse and then coming back to the restaura nt shows the unsa nita ry conditions of the city…the taxis and the camels…modern mea ns of tra nsporta tion a longside the old a nd ba ckwa rd mea ns of tra nsporta tionWhen the friends get to the burying-ground they hack an oblong hole a foot and two deep, dump the body in it and fling over it a little of the dried-up, lumpy earth, which is like the broken brick.The list of action verbs a re a ll single-sylla bic, showing the quick speed a nd simple buryingprocedureAre they really…? Do they …? Or are they … individual as bees or coral insects?A list of rhetorica l questions a dded force to author ’s denuncia tionThey rise out of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few yea rs, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard and nobody notices that they are gone.a llitera tion, showing the monotonous life. They a re born. Then for a few yea rs they work, toil a ndsta rve. Fina lly they die a nd a re buried in gra ves without a name.Scene 2: The begging of bread of an employee (para 4-7)Life is poor. People can’t afford proper food.Wor ds and Expr essionsgazelle: n. any of various small, swift, graceful antelopes of Africa, the New East , and Asia, with spirally twisted, backward pointing horns and large, lustrous eyes. 瞪羚hindquarter: n. either of two hind edges legs and loins of a carcass of veal, beef, lamb, etc. (pl.) the hind legs of a four-legged animalnibble: to eat (food) with quick bites, taking only a small amount at at time, as a mouse does.The fish were nibbling a t the ba itbutt: to strike or push with the head or horns; ran with the headnavvy: (BrE) an unskilled laborer, an on canals, roadssidle: to move sideways, esp. in a shy, fearful or stealthily mannerstow: to pack or store away, esp. to pack in an orderly, compact mannermunicipality: a city, town, etc. having its own incorporated government 自治市Pa r a gr a phing & Inter pr etingAn Arab navvy working on the path nearby lowered his heavy hoe and sidled slowly towards us.Although the la borer wa s hungry, he wa s not used to begging. Therefore he moved slowly a nd shyly.I could eat some of that bread.This is a n indirect request a nd expresses a desire to ea t some the . The word “could”suggestspoliteness a nd uncerta inty.I took off a piece and he stowed it gratefully in some secret place under his rags.The word “stow”a nd “secret”show tha t the na vvy looks a t the piece of brea d a s something precious. He is a fra id of loosing it.This man is an employee of the municipality.This simple sta tement is very important. It serves to convey a deeper mea ning. “Even a n employed la borer goes sta rving, so you ca n ima gine the plight of the poorer people.Scene 3: Living condition of the Jews ( para 8-15)Jews live in great property and under prejudice.Wor ds and Expr essionsghetto: n. (in certain European cities) a section to which Jews were formerly restricted;cluster: to gather or grow in a cluster or clustersskull-cap: n. a light, closefitting, brimless cap, usually worn indoors.infest: to overrun or inhabit in large numbers, usu. so as to be harmful or bothersome; swarm in or over. Fly-infestedwarp: to become bent or twisted out of shape frenzied:adj. full of uncontrolled excitementclamour: v. n. (to) make a loud confused noise or shout; cry outself-contained: adj. having within oneself or itself all that is necessary; self-sufficient, as a community *Impossible--hard to deal with, sth. That cannot happene.g. It wa s not a n impossible scheme.His ba d temper ma kes life impossible for a ll the fa mily.He is a n impossible person to work with.Infla tion is a n impossible problem.*Grope –to feel or search about blindlye.g. In the da rkness, I groped for the door ha ndle.Throughout the ages men ha ve groped a fter the meaning of the Universe a nd their own role in it.The lecturer pa used, groping for the most effective word to express his mea ning.They had to grope their wa y through a mist tha t wa s rapidly turning into a thick fog.Pa r a gr a phing & Inter pr eting(para9) …the houses are completely windowless.Windowless beca use the houses sit so close to ea ch other tha t it is inconvenient to ha ve windows. Sore-eyed children cluster …, like clouds of flies.A simile, compa ring clusters of children to clouds of flies. The repea ted use of flies shows the unsa nita ry conditions a nd the preva lence of diseases in colonia l countries(para 11) Fruitsellers, potters, silversmiths, blacksmiths, butchers, leather-workers, tailors, w ater-carriers, beggars, porters –There is a list of jobs here including tha t of begger.whichever way you look… a good job Hitler wasn’t here.It wa s lucky for the J ews tha t Hilter ha d not come to this pla ce. If he ha d, the J ews would ha ve been extermina ted a s they were in Pola nd a nd other Europea ns countries.(para 15) In just the same way, a couple of hundred years ago, poor old women used to be burned for witchcraft when they could not even work enough magic to get themselves a square meal.a squa re mea l: a decent substa ntia l mea lAna logy is used here. It means tha t these people’s a ccusation of the J ews wa s a s a bsurd a nd irra tiona l a s the a ccusa tion of the witchcra ft.Scene 4: Cultivation of soil (para 16-18)Hard way of making a living.W or ds and Expr essionsconspicuous: adj. attracting attention by being unexpected, unusual, outstandingChances are that : (oral) it is possibleCha nces a re tha t he ha s hea rd the news.ones’ey es take in: see, look atI wa s too busy ta king in the bea utiful furniture to notice who wa s in the room.Her eyes were ta king in nothing but the expensive ha ts.It wa s amusing to see his surprise a s he took in the new ca r.Foreign Legionnaires: France organized a foreign legion shortly after the conquest of Algiers in 1830, enlisting recruits who were not French subjects. Its international character and the tradition of not revealing enlistees’backgrounds have helped to surround the Foreign Legion with an aura of mystery and romancewring: v. to get or extract by force, threats, persistence, etc; extortwring money from sb. 勒索某人back-breaking: requiring great physical exertion; very tiring; nerve-rackingdesolate: adj. uninhabited; deserted, forlornPa r a gr a phing & Inter pr eting*The author is extremely bitter and ironical. Instead of openly blaming the white colonialists who d on’t pay the least attention to the people who suffer from poverty and hunger, he pretends that they have a sound reason to ignore such people just because they have the color of the earth.(para 16) a white skin is always fairly conspicuous.synecdoche: a white-skinned European is a lways fa irly conspicuous.It is only because of this…tourist resorts.“This”here sta nds for the fa ct tha t people a lwa ys miss the pea sa nts la boring in the fields beca use they ha ve the color of the earth a nd a re a lot less interesting to look a t.(para 17) What does Morocco mean to a Frenchman? ... Or to an Englishman?Question a nd answer both elliptica l. This pa ra gra ph mea ns tha t this colonia l country a rousespeople’s interest for va rious rea sons except true concern for the people living in poverty(para 18) This is as much as the strength of the animals is equal to.The anima ls yoked to the plough had just enough strength to plough the soil to a depth of a bout four inches.A pa ssage from Invisible Ma n --R a lph EllisonI AM An invisible man. No, I am not a spook like those who haunted EdgarAllan Poe; nor am I one of your Hollywood-movie ectoplasms. I am a man ofsubstance, of flesh and bone, fiber and liquids—and I might even be said topossess a mind. I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to seeme. Like the bodiless heads you see sometimes in circus sideshows, it is as thoughI have been surrounded by mirrors of hard, distorting glass. When they approachme they see only my surroundings, themselves, or fragments of their imagination---indeed, everything and anything except me. (Prologue )Sentences to show the ha r d w or k*(para 17) …the reality of life is an endless back-breaking struggle to wring a little food out of an eroded soil.*(para 18) Most Morocco is so desolate that no wild animal bigger than a hare can live on it. Hugeareas which were once covered with forest have turned into a treeless waste where the soil is exactly like broken-up brick. Nevertheless a good deal of it is cultivated, with frightful labor.(para 18)…Long lines of women, bent double like inverted capital Ls, work their way slowly across the fields, tearing up the prickly weeds with their hands.Scene 5: Life of women (para 19-21)Miserable of old women, no better than a donkeyWor ds and Expr essionsfile: a line of persons or things situated one behind another 纵队mummify: v. to dry up (become a mummy)register: v. record 记录, 登记to register the birth of a ba by’/to register the na mes of a bsent studentsThe court stenogra pher registered the tria l proceedings.damnably: adv. In a damnably mannerto be damna bly trea ted 遭到虐待packsaddle: a saddle designed to support the load carried by a pack animal 驮鞍bridle: n. a head harness for guiding a horse; it consists of stall, bit and reinshalter: n. a rope, cord, strap, etc. usually with a a headstall, for try ing or leading an animal, with or without a lead rope （缰绳）（马）笼头gut: （usu. Pl.) the bowels; entrails 内脏have the guts to do sth. 有胆量做某事plight：n. condition or state of affairs; esp. now, an awkward, sad, or dangerous situationtip: v.t to pour sth. from one place or container into anotherShe wiped out the flour a nd tipped it into a bowlThe comparison of fate between the donkey and the women*Donkey Women*no bigger than a St. Bernard dog tiny, mummified*Overloaded, working for weeks vast of load of wood* A willing creature accepted status as a beast ofburden*W hen dead, tipped into a buried simply, dumped into aditch, thrown to dogs hole, no name, no graveyard*People feel enraged at nobody feels sympathetic forthem, unnoticedBy describing the fate of donkey the author’s purpose is to arouse the sympathy and anger of the readers for “people”, People are also cruelly treated but they are not noticed, simply invisible P aragraphing & Interpreting(para 19)All of them are mummified with age and the sun, and all of them are tiny.Yea rs of ha rd work a nd heat of the sun ha ve dried up the old women. They look like mummiesShe accepted her status as an old woman, that is to say as a beast of burden.She took it fro gra nted tha t a s a n old woma n she wa s the lowest in the community, sha t she wa s only fit for doing hea vy work like a n a nima l.(para 20) though they had registered themselves on my eyeballs I cannot truly say that I had seen them.His eyes must ha ve recorded the scene but he did not consciously observe wha t wa s ha ppening (for he did not see the old woma n ca rrying the hea vy load of firewood)It carries a load which…too much for a fifteen-hands mule.fifteen-ha nds mule: a mule a bout 60 inches or f feet high.(para 21) This kind of things makes on e’s blood boil.metonymy. The cruel trea tment of the donkey makes one very angry.People with brown skin are next door to invisible.People with brown skins a re a lmost invisible.It is generally owing to some kind of accident…If people ever notices the old women, it is a sheer chance.Scene 6: the soldiers (para 22-26)The negro’s attitude towards the whitesWor ds and Expr essionsstork: n. any of a group of large, long-legged wading birds, having a long neck and bill, and related to herons 鹳infantry: soldiers who fight on battle 步兵clump: v. to cause to form the sounds of heavy footstepsGra ndpa clumped a long in his boots.clatter: n. A rapid succession of loud, sharp noises 急促的敲击声reach-me-down: adj. colloq. Second-hand or ready madesullen: showing resentment, sulky; glum 揾怒的，闷闷不乐的syphilis: n. an infectious venereal disease, caused by a spirochete and usu. transmitted by sexual intercourse or acquired congenitally 梅毒charger: n. a horse ridden in battle or on parade 战马，军马garrison: n. troops stationed in a fort or fortified place 驻军reverence: n. feeling or attitude of deep respect, love and awe, as for sth. sacred;glitter: v. to shine with a sparkling light; glisten; sparkle; be bright*Squash –vt. 压坏,捏坏，e.g. She sa t on his ha t and squa shed it.He squa shed the insect with his finger.This pa cka ge wa s squa shed in the ma il.*Squash –vi.e.g. Soft fruits squa sh ea sily. (a gla ss of ora nge squa sh)This ha t squa shes ea sily.*Squash –vi. vt (使劲)挤e.g. She squa shed into the crowded tra in.D o n’t a ll try to squa sh into the lift together.He squa shed his clothes into a box.* Squash –vt. (使不说话/谈)e.g. W hen I tried to speak, he squashed me.He is try ing to squash the story of the defeat.* S lump –vi. 沉重地倒下[践踏]e.g. He slumped in his cha ir a sleep.Tired from his wa lk, he slumped into a cha ir.The boy’s feet slumped repea tedly through the corridor.* S lump –vi. (质量,价格等)下降, (买卖)清淡起来e.g. Her work slumped because of personal problems.The company ’s shares slumped last month.Business has slumped.*S lump—n.e.g. The economy went into a severe slump.When there is a slump in a country it is difficult to do tra de, a nd ma ny people a re out ofwork.There was a serious slump in the 1930s.Pa r a gr a phing & Inter pr etingIn this part, the author shows the mentality of the colonized by describing the boy ’s look.(para 23) Their splendid bodies … curiously sensitive black faces were glistening with swea t.The Senega lese soldiers were wea ring rea dy-ma de kha ki uniforms which hid their bea utifully well-built bodies. Their feet were squeezed into boots wha t were too sma ll a nd were fla t a nd squa re like blocks of wood and their hea ds were a lso squeezed into tiny tin ha ts which seemed to be a little too sma ll for them.The words ‘splendid’a nd ‘sensitive’show the author ’s positive a ttitude towa rds them. This pa ra gra ph revea ls the poor conditions of the soldiers.(para 24) It was the shy, wide-eyed Negro look, which actually is a look of profound respect.wide-eyes: with the eyes opened widely, a s beca use of surprise, fea r, la ck of sophistica tion.The Negro genera lly looks a t the white ma sters with his eyes opened widely showing ba shfulness, fea r, unea siness, etc. it is a docile, subservient look.(para 24) This wretched boy, who is a French citizen and has therefore been dragged from the forest to scrub floors and ca tch syphilis in garrison townsThis misera ble bla ck boy is, a s a result of the coloniza tion of his country, a French citizen.Therefore he ha s been conscribed a nd forced to lea ve his home in the forest to come to a ga rrison town where he will ca tch syphilis.(para 25) In this connection it doesn’t matter twopence if he calls himself a socialist.it doesn’t ma tter twopence: it does not ma tter a t a ll.Every white ma n, even those who ca ll themselves socia lists ca n’t help but think this thought when he sees a black a rmy ma rching pa st.(para 26) And really it was like watching a flock of cattle to see the longcolumn , … like scraps of paper.Wa tching the one-or-two miles long column of soldiers marching peacefully. Up the roa d wa s just like wa tching a flock of ca ttle. Ca ttle d o n’t think, d o n’t a sk questions, but follow their ma sters blindly.These bla ck soldiers were just like ca ttle.Com m ent:Soldiers a re to serve the government. The Senega lese soldiers a resupporting the colonia l ma sters who a re cruelly exploiting the country.It sounds ironica l. Yet the young ma n, instead of ha ting the white men,a ctua lly holds a deep respect for them. The whole situa tion gives a depressing future of the country.SummaryThe text is a piece of objective exposition of the poverty, misery anddegradation of the inhabitants in Marrakech. The ordinary local funeral,which treats the dead as animals, is merely one episode of the miserablelives of native people. However, this fact is the basis upon which all theimperialists build up their empires. The author illustrates the followingfacts to show the plight of the inhabitants. An Arab navvy , an employeeof the municipality, begs for a piece of brea d which is formerly the foodof the gazelles. In the unsanitary ghettoes which are crowded with Jews,people overwork in a wretched situation, but they cannot possibly afforda piece of cigarette. The brown laborers working in the barren fields in abackward way are partly invisible to the white colonists who are insensi-tive to the suffering all around them. The old women carrying fireworkare more invisible for their skinny a nd distorted figures. Ironically,oblivious to the miseries of the human beings, the white express moresympathy to the da mna ble fa te of the donkeys. However, the colonized ,such as one of the Senagalese soldiers, bear blind deep respect for thewhite masters. This provokes the white to reexamine themselves as wellas their ways of treating the colonized people.Stylistic features* Generally speaking, Orwell describes objectively the suffering and misery of the colonial people inMarrakech, yet he manages to show that he is outraged at the spectacle of misery. He succeeds in imparting this feeling to his readers:a)through the clever choice of the scenes he describesb)through the appropriate use of words: concretec)through the tone in which he describes these scenes: objective, matter-of-factly, yet readers can see his anger beneath.d)by contrasting the indignation at the cruel handling of the donkey with the unconcern towards the fate of the human beings.e)figures of speech used: simile, metaphor, parallelism, repetition, rhetorical question, synecdoche, analogy, transferred epithetDictation1.wail a chant2. hack an oblong hole3. inhabitants4. undifferentiated5. derelict6. medieval ghettoes7. fly -infested 8. warp out of shape 9. conspicuous10. frenzied rush 11. grope in the air 12. eroded soil13. desolate place 14. conserve water 15. mummified with age 16. invisibility 17. be infuriated 18. plight of human beings 19. slump under weight 20. glisten with sweat 21. contemptuous 22. reverence 23. sullen 24. inquisitive 25. scraps of paper26. hummocky 27. prickly pear 28. bumpy 29. hindquarter30. nibble 31. sidle 32. stow 33. municipality34. skull-cap 35. booth 36. prehistoric 37. clamour38. self-contained 39. grove 40. witchcraft 41. hobble42. damnably 43. bridle 44. packsaddle 45. halter46. reach-me-down 47. squash 48. syphilis 49. garrison 50 George Orwell。