2017-1995年英语专业八级改错真题及答案-持续更新(部分详解)文字答案校对版

1995-2017年英语专业八级改错真题及答案（文字/答案校对版）2017年改错真题The ability to communicate is the primary factor that distinguisheshumanbeings from animals. And it is the ability to communicate well which1.________distinguishes one individual from another.The fact is that apart from the basic necessities, one needs tobe equipped with habits for good communication skills, thus this is2.________what will make one a happy and successful social being.In order to develop these habits, one needs to first acknowledgethe fact that they need to improve communication skills from time to time.They need to take stock of the way how they interact and the direction3.________in which their work and personal relations are going. The only constantin life is change, the more one accepts one’s strengths and works 4._______towards dealing with their shortcomings, specially in the area of 5.________communication skills, the better will be their interactions andthe more their social popularity.The dominated question that comes here is: How to improve6.________communication skills? The answer is simple. One can findplenty of literature on this. There are also experts, who conductworkshops and seminars based on communication skills of menand women. In fact, a large number of companies are bringing intrainers to regularly make sessions on the subject, in order to 7.________help their work force maintain better interpersonal work relations.Today effective communication skills have become a predominantfactor even while recruiting employees. While interviewing candidates,most interviewers judge them on the basis of the skills they communicatewith.They believe that some skills can be improvised on the job; but abilityto 8.________communicate well is important, as every employee becomes therepresenting face of the company.There are trainers, who specialized in delivering custom-made9._______programs on the subject. Through the sessions they not only facilitatebetter communication skills in the workplace, but also look intothe problems in the manner of being able to convey messages effectively.10._______2016年改错真题All social units develop a culture. Even in two-person relationships,a culture develops in time. In friendship and romantic relationships,1._________for example, partners develop their own history, shared experiences,language patterns, habits, and customs give that relationship a special2._________character—a character that differs it in various ways from 3._________other relationships. Examples might include special dates, places,songs, or events that come to have a unique andimportant symbolic meaning for the two individuals. Thus, any4._________social unit—whether a relationship, group, organization, orsociety—develops a culture with the passage of time.While the defining characteristics of each culture are unique,all cultures share certain same functions. The relationship between5.__________communication and culture is a very complex intimate one. 6.__________Cultures are created through communication; that is, communication isthe means of human interaction, through it cultural characteristics7.__________are created and shared. It is not so much that individuals set out to createa culture when they interact in relationships, groups, organizations, orsocieties,but rather than that cultures are a natural by-product of social interaction.8._________In a sense, cultures are the “residue” of social communication.Without communication and communication media, it would be impossible tohave and pass along cultural characteristics from one place and time to9.__________another. One can say, furthermore, that culture is created, shaped,10._________transmitted, and learned through communication.2015年改错真题When I was in my early teens,I was taken to a spectacular showon ice by the mother of a friend.Looked round at the luxury of the 1. ________rink,my friend’s mother remarked on the“plush”seats we had beengiven.I did not know what she meant,and being proud of my 2._____ ___vocabulary,I tried to infer its meaning from the context.“Plush”was clearly intended as a complimentary,a positive evaluation;that 3. ________much I could tell it from the tone of voice and the context.So I 4._ _______started to use the word.Yes,I replied,they certainly are plush,andso are the ice rink and the costumes of the skaters,aren’t they?Myfriend’s mother was very polite to correct me,but I could tell from her 5. ________expression that I had not got the word quite right.Often we can indeed infer from the context what a word roughlymeans,and that is in fact the way which we usually acquire both 6._ _______new words and new meanings for familiar words,specially in our7.__ ______own first language.But sometimes we need to ask,as I should haveasked for plush,and this is particularly true in the8 .________aspect of a foreign language.If you are continually surrounded by9 ________speakers of the language you are learning,you can ask them directly,but often this opportunity does not exist for the learner of English.So dictionaries have been developed to mend the gap.10.___ ______2014年改错真题There is widespread consensus among scholars that second language acquisition (SLA) emerged as a distinct field of research from the late 1950s toearly 1960s.There is a high level of agreement that the following questions 1.__________have possessed the most attention of researchers in this area: 2._ _________◆Is it possible to acquire an additional language in thesame sense one acquires a first language? 3.__________◆What is the explanation for the fact adults have 4.__________more difficulty in acquiring additional languages than children have?◆What motivates people to acquire additional languages?◆What is the role of the language teaching in the 5.___________acquisition of an additional language?◆What socio-cultural factors, if any, are relevant in studying thelearning of additional languages?From a check of the literature of the field it is clear that all 6.__________the approaches adopted to study the phenomena of SLA so far haveone thing in common: The perspective adopted to view the acquiringof an additional language is that of an individual attempts to do 7.___________so. Whether one labels it “learning” or “acquiring” an additional language, it is an individual accomplishment or what is under8.___________focus is the cognitive, psychological, and institutional status of anindividual. That is, the spotlight is on what mental capabilities are involving, what psychological factors play a role in the learning9.___________or acquisition, and whether the target language is learnt in the classroom or acquired through social touch with native speakers. 10.___________2013年改错真题Psycho-linguistics is the name given to the study of the psychological processes involved in language.Psycholinguistics study understanding, production and remembering language,and hence are concerned 1._____ _____with listening,reading,speaking,writing,and memory for language.One reason why we take the language for granted is that it usually 2.__ ________happens so effortlessly,and most of time,so accurately. 3._ _________Indeed,when you listen to someone to speaking,or looking at this page, 4. ________you normally cannot help but understand it.It is only in exceptional circumstances we might become aware of5.__ _______the complexity involved:if we are searching for a word but cannot remember it;if a relative or colleague has had a stroke which has 6._ ________influenced their language;if we observe a child acquire language; 7. _________if we try to learn a second language ourselves as an adult;or if weare visually impaired or hearing-impaired or if we meet anyone else 8._ ________who is.As we shall see,all these examples of what might be called “language in exceptional circumstances”reveal a great deal about the processes evolved in speaking,listening,writing and reading.But 9.__________given that language processes were normally so automatic,we also10.__ ________need to carry out careful experiments to get at what is happening.2012年改错真题The central problem of translating has always been whether totranslate literally or freely.The argument has been going since at least 1.__________the first century B.C.Up to the beginning of the19th century,manywriters favored certain kind of“free”translation:the spirit,not the2.__________letter;the sense not the word;the message rather the form;the matter 3. __________not the manner.This is the often revolutionary slogan of writers who 4.__ _________wanted the truth to be read and understood.Then in the turn of 5.___ ________19th century,when the study of cultural anthropology suggested thatthe linguistic barriers were insuperable and that the language was 6._ _________entirely the product of culture,the view translation was impossible 7. __________gained some currency,and with it that,if was attempted at all,it must 8. __________be asliteral as possible.This view culminated the statement of the 9._____ ____extreme“literalists”Walter Benjamin and Vladimir Nobokov.The argument was theoretical:the purpose of the translation,the nature of the readership,the type of the text,was not discussed.Too often,writer,translator and reader were implicitly identified with eachother.Now,the context has changed,and the basic problem remains. 10._________2011年改错真题From a very early age, perhaps the age of five or six, Iknew that when I grew I should be a writer. Between the ages1._____________of about seventeen and twenty-four I tried to abandon thisidea, but I did so with the conscience that I was outraging my2._____________true nature and that soon or later I should have to settle down3._____________and write books.I was the child of three, but there was a gap offive years on either side, and I barely saw my father 4._____________before I was eight. For this and other reasons I was somewhatlonely, and I soon developed disagreeing mannerisms which5._____________made me unpopular throughout my schooldays. I had thelonely child's habit of making up stories and holdingconversations with imaginative persons, and I think from the6._____________very start my literal ambitions were mixed up with the feeling7._____________of being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a facilitywith words and a power of facing in unpleasant facts, and I8._____________felt that this created a sort of private world which I could get9._____________my own back for my failure in everyday life. Therefore, the10.____________volume of serious — i.e. seriously intended — writing whichI produced all through my childhood and boyhood would notamount to half a dozen pages. I wrote my first poemat the age of four or five, my mother taking it down to dictation.2010年改错真题So far as we can tell,all human languages are equallycomplete and perfect as instruments of communication:that is,every language appears to be well equipped as any other to say1____________the things their speakers want to say.2____________There may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive3_______ ______peoples or cultures,but that is another matter.Certainly,not all groups of people are equally competent in nuclear physics orpsychology or the cultivation of rice.Whereas this is not the4____ ________fault of their language.The Eskimos,it is said,can speak aboutsnow with further more precision and subtlety than we can in5_______ ______English,but this is not because the Eskimo language(one of those sometimes miscalled'primitive')is inherently more precise andsubtle than English.This example does not come to light a defect6_____ _______in English,a show of unexpected'primitiveness'.The position issimply and obviously that the Eskimos and the English live in similar7___ ________environments.The English language will be just as rich in terms8____ ________for different kinds of snow,presumably,if the environments in which Englishwas habitually used made such distinction as important.9___ ________Similarly,we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo languagecould be as precise and subtle on the subject of motor manufactureor cricket if these topics formed the part of the Eskimos'life.10__ __________For obvious historical reasons, Englishmen in the nineteenth centurycould not talk about motorcars with the minute discriminationwhich is possible today: cars were not a part of their culture.But they had a host of terms for horse-drawn vehicleswhich send us, puzzled, to a historical dictionary when weare reading Scott or Dickens. How many of us could distinguish between a chaise, a landau, a victoria, a brougham, a coupe, a gig, a diligence, a whisky, a calash, a tilbury, a carriole, a phaeton, and a clarence?2009年改错真题The previous section has shown how quickly a rhyme passes fromone school child to the next and illustrates the further difference1 .__________between school lore and nursery lore.In nursery lore a verse,learnt in early childhood,is not usually passed on again when the littlelistener 2.__________has grown up,and has children of their own,or even grandchild 3.____ _______The period between learning a nursery rhyme and transmitting it maybe something from twenty to seventy years.With the playground lore, 4.___ _______therefore,a rhyme may be excitedly passedon within the very hour it is5._________learnt;and in the general,it passes between children of the same age,6._ __________or nearly so,since it is uncommon for the difference in age between playmates to be more than five years.If, therefore,a playground rhyme can be shown to have been currently for a hundred years,or even just7.____ _______for fifty,it follows that it has been retransmitted over and over;very8 .___________possibly it has passed along a chain of two or three hundred younghearers and tellers,and the wonder is that it remains live after so much9. __________handling,to let alone that it bears resemblance to the10.__ _________2008年改错真题The desire to use language as a sign of national identity is avery natural one,and in result language has played a prominent 1.____ ______part in national moves.Men have often felt the need to cultivate 2.___ _______a given language to show that they are distinctive from another 3.____ ______race whose hegemony they resent.At the time the United States 4._____ _____split off from Britain,for example,there were proposals that independence should be linguistically accepted by the use of a 5.____ ______different language from those of Britain.There was even one 6._____ _____proposal that Americans should adopt Hebrew.Others favouredthe adoption of Greek,though,as one man put it,things wouldcertainly be simpler for Americans if they stuck on to English7._____ _____and made the British learn Greek.At the end,as everyone8._______ ___knows,the two countries adopted the practical and satisfactorysolution of carrying with the same language as before. 9.______ ____Since nearly two hundred years now,they have shown the world10._______ ___that political independence and national identity can be completewithout sacrificing the enormous mutual advantages of a common language.2007年改错真题From what has been said,it must be clear that no one canmake very positive statements about how language originated.There is no material in any language today and in the earliest 1.____ ______records of ancient languages show us language in a new and 2._______ ___emerging state.It is often said,of course,that the language 3.__ _______originated in cries of anger,fear,pain and pleasure,and the 4.__ ________necessary evidence is entirely lacking:there are no remotetribes,no ancient records,providing evidence ofa language with a large proportion of such cries 5.______ ____than we find in English.It is true that the absenceof such evidence does not disprove the theory,but in other grounds6.___________too the theory is not very attractive.People of all races and languages make rather similarnoises in return to pain or pleasure.The fact that 7.____ _______such noises are similar on the lips of Frenchmenand Malaysians whose languages are utterly different,serves to emphasize on the fundamental difference 8._________ __between these noises and language proper.We maysay that the cries of pain or chortles of amusementare largely reflex actions,instinctive to large extent, 9.____ ________whereas language proper does not consist of signsbut of these that have to be learnt and that are wholly conventional.10.___________2006年改错真题We use language primarily as a means of communication withother human beings.Each of us shares with the community in which welive a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing conventions as 1._ _______to the way in which words should be arranged to convey a particular 2.__ ______message:the English speaker has in his disposal vocabulary and a 3.__ _______set of grammatical rules which enables him to communicate his 4.___ ______thoughts and feelings,in a variety of styles,to the other English5._________speakers.His vocabulary,in particular,both that which he uses actively and that which he recognises,increases in size as he growsold as a result of education and experience. 6.___ ______But,whether the language store is relatively small or large,the syst emremains no more than a psychological reality for the individual,unlesshe has a means of expressing it in terms able to be seen by another7.____ _____member of his linguistic community;he has to give the system aconcrete transmission form.We take it for granted the two most8.____ _______common forms of transmission-by means of sounds produced by ourvocal organs(speech)or by visual signs(writing).And these are 9.__ _________among most striking of human achievements.10._______ ____2005年改错真题The University as BusinesA number of colleges and universities have announced steep tuition increases for next year—much steeper than the current,very low rate of inflation.They say the increases are needed because of a loss in value of university endowments heavily investing in common stock.I am skeptical.1 ._______A business firm chooses the price that maximizes its net revenues, irrespective fluctuations in income;and increasingly the outlook of2._________universities in the United States is indistinguishable from those of3._________business firms.The rise in tuitions may reflect the fact economic 4 ._________uncertainty increases the demand for education.The biggest cost ofbeing in the school is foregoing income from a job(this is primarily a 5. _________factor in graduate and professional-school tuition);the poor one's job prospects,the more sense it makes to 6.__________reallocate time from the job market to education,in order to make oneself more marketable.The ways which universities make themselves attractive to students7._________include soft majors,student evaluations of teachers,giving studentsa governance role,and eliminate required courses.Sky-high tuitions8.____________have caused universities to regard their students as customers.Just asbusiness firms sometimes collude to shorten the rigors of competition,9.___________universities collude to minimize the cost to them of the athleteswhom they recruit in order to stimulate alumni donations,so the bestathletes now often bypass higher education in order to obtain salariesearlier from professional teams.And until they were stopped by theantitrust authorities,the Ivy League schools colluded to limit competitionfor the best students,by agreeing not to award scholarships on the basisof merit rather than purely of need—just like businessfirms agreeing not to give discounts on their best customer. 10___________2004年改错真题One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S.Congressis the power to investigate. The power is usually delegtated tocommittees — either stading committees,special committees set for a specific purpose, 1.___________or joint committees consisted of members of both houses.2.___________Investigations are held to gather information on the need forFuture legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed,to inquire into the qualification and performance of members andofficials of the other branches, and in rare occasions, to lay the3.___________groundwork for impeachment proceedings. Frequently, committeesrely outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings4.___________and to make out detailed studies of issues.5.____________There are important corallaries to the investigative power.One is the power to publicize investigations and its results.6.___________most committee hearings are open to public and are reported7.___________widely in the mass media. Congressional investigationnevertheless represent one important tool available to lawmakes8.___________to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in nationalissuses.9.__________Congressional committees also have the power to compeltestimony from unwilling witnesses, and to cite fro contemptof Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjurythese who give false testimony.10.__________2003年改错真题Demographic indicators show that Americans in the postwarperiod were more eager than ever to establish families.They quicklybrought down the age at marriage for both men and women and broughtthe birth rate to a twentieth century height after more than a hundred1.________years of a steady decline,producing the“baby boom.”These young 2.________adults established a trend of early marriage and relatively largefamilies that went for more than two decades and caused a major 3.___________but temporary reversal of long-term demographic patterns.Fromthe1940s through the early1960s,Americans married at a high rate 4.__________and at a younger age than their Europe counterparts.5.__________Less noted but equally more significant,the men and women who 6._________formed families between1940and1960nevertheless reduced the7._________divorce rate after a postwar peak;their marriages remained intact toa greater extent than did that of couples who married in earlier as well8.__________as later decades.Since the United States maintained its dubious9.__________distinction of having the highest divorce rate in the world,thetemporary decline in divorce did not occur in the same extent in10._________Europe.Contrary to fears of the experts,the role ofbreadwinner and homemaker was not abandoned.2002年改错真题There are great impediments to the general use of a standardin pronunciation comparable to that existing in spelling(orthography).One is the fact that pronunciation is learnt“naturally”and unconsciously,and orthography is learnt 1.____________deliberately and rge numbers of us,in fact,remain throughout our lives quite unconscious with what 2.____________our speech sounds like when we speak out,and it often 3.____________comes as a shock when we firstly hear a recording of ourselves. 4.____________It is not a voice we recognize at once,whereas our own handwritingis something which we almost always know.We begin the“natural”5.___________learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to read orwrite,and in our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and 6.___________practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hoursper every day than we ever have to spend learning even our difficult7.__________English spelling.This is“natural”therefore,that our speech-sounds8.__________should be those of our immediate circle;after all,as we have seen,speech operates as a means of holding a community and 9.__________giving a sense of “belonging”.We learn quite early to recognize a “stranger”, someone who speaks with an accent of a differentCommunity—perhaps only a few miles far. 10.__________2001年改错真题During the early years of this century, wheat was seen as the very lifeblood of Western Canada. People on city streets watched the yieldsand the price of wheat in almost as much feeling as if they were growers.1.________The marketing of wheat became an increasing favorite topic of conversation.2.______War set the stage for the most dramatic events in marketing the western crop. For years, farmers mistrusted speculative grain sellingas carried on through the Winnipeg Grain Exchange. Wheat priceswere generally low in the autumn, so farmers could not wait for 3.____________markets to improve. It had happened too often that they sold their wheat soon shortly after harvest when farm debts were coming due, 4.____________just to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On variousoccasions,5.________producer groups, asked firmer control, but the government had no wish to6.________become involving, at least not until wartime when wheat pricesthreatened7.________to run wild.Anxious to check inflation and rising life costs, the federal8.___________government appointed a board of grain supervisors to deal with deliveriesfrom the crops of 1917 and 1918. Grain Exchange trading was suspended,and farmers sold at prices fixed by the board. To handle with the cropof 9._________1919, the government appointed the first Canadian Wheat Board,with total authority to buy, sell, and set prices.10.___________2000年改错真题The grammatical words which play so large a part in Englishgrammar are for the most part sharply and obviously differentfrom the lexical words. A rough and ready difference which mayseem the most obvious is that grammatical wordshave“ less 1.___________meaning”, but in fact some grammarians have called them2.___________“empty”words as opposed in the “full”words of vocabulary.3.__________But this is a rather misled way of expressing the distinction.4.__________Although a word like the is not the name of something as man is,it is very far away from being meaningless; there is a sharp5.__________difference in meaning between “man is vile and”“the man isvile”, yet the is the single vehicle of this difference in meaning.6.___________Moreover, grammatical words differ considerably amongthemselves as the amount of meaning they have, even in the7.___________lexical sense. Another name for the grammatical words has been“little words”. But size is by no mean a good criterion for8.___________distinguishing the grammatical words of English, when weconsider that we have lexical words as go, man, say, car. Apart9.___________from this, however, there is a good deal of truth in what some。