纺院英语词汇学11

1. 将下列矛盾修饰语译成汉语Old news 旧新闻student teacher 实习教师light heavyweight 轻重量级Peace offensive 和平攻势growing small 越变越小negative growth 负增长Half naked 半裸open secret 公开的秘密loose tights宽松的紧身裤Tight slacks 紧身的宽松裤awful good极好的same difference同样的区别Sight unseen 看不见的景象darkness visible看得见的黑暗2. Point out the rhetorical devices of the following sentences 1) A hundred bayonets were marching down the street.----metonymy借代2) She borrowed his wheel for a spin out to town. ----synecdoche 提喻3) Laziness travels so slowly that poverty soon overtakes him.---personification 拟人4) The scent of the rose rang like a bell through the garden.----simile 明喻5) Constant dropping wears the stone.----metaphor 隐喻6) His voice sounded like a thunder in the hall.—simile明喻7) When industry comes in at the window, poverty goes out of the door.----personification.拟人8) We are creating a nation once again vibrant, robust and alive. But there are many mountains yet to climb. ----mataphor隐喻9) You can not change his mind any more than you can change the orbit of the moon.----simile明喻10) That fut coat would be beyond his miserable pocket. ----metonymy借代11) There are hundreds of sails in the harbour. ----synecdoche提喻12) He was such an auful teacher that whenever he recognized a spark of genius you could be sure he’d water it. ---metaphor隐喻13) Sharp words may occasionally be spoken by unguarded or ignorant tongues.---synecdoche提喻14) When guns speak it is too late to argue.---personification拟人15) A major lesson Americans need to learn is that life consists of more than cars and television sets. ----synecdoche提喻English Idiom1. What is an idiom?An idiom is a fixed group of words or a single word, or even a sentence, with special meaning that cannot be guessed from its structure. That is to say, the meaning of an idiom must be learned as a whole. e.g. “to spill the beans” is not at all concerned with beans; it means “to tell sth that is secret” ; “kick the bucket----die”2. Sources of English Idioms1) the everyday life of the E peopleTo make ends meetTo play one’s last cardTo follow suit2) The BibleThe apple of one’s eyeW olf in sheep’s clothingDo as you would be done by3)Shakespeare’s playsTo give the Devil his dueTo wear one’s heart on one’s sleeves4) fables. Myths or legendsThe lion’s shareTo work like a Trojan3. Characteristics of English idioms1) English idioms can be very short or rather lang. Many idioms consist of two or more words; others may consist of entire sentences, e.g.an Indian summer (sunny weather / clear day)to cut one’s coat according to one’s cloth.Talk of the devil and he will appear2) English idioms take different structureThree kinds of structures of E idioms:a)the idiom has an irregular and illogical structure, but themeaning is clear.I am good friends with him.Diamond cut diamond.棋逢对手，将遇良才。

势均力敌b) the idiom has a regular structure, but the meaning is not clear.To have a bee in one’s head/bonnet.----to have a strange fixed idea about somethingc) the idiom is a special group in which both structure and meaning are irregular.through thick and thin----- through both good and bad times3) English idioms are structurally stable/unchangeablea) the component parts of idioms cannot be replacedlip service(support only in words,not in fact)----*mouth serviceThe idiom “A stitch in time saves nine” cannot be changed into “ One stitch in time saves nine” or “ A stitch in time saves eight”b) the word order cannot be inverted or changed.By twos and threes---* by threes and twosThe lion’s share----* the share of the lionc) the costituents of an idiom cannot be deleted or added toout of the question(imppossible)----*out of questionin question(being considered)----* in the question4) the meaning of an English idiom is usually unpredictable. That’s to say, meanings cannot be calculated by adding up the separate individual words.How do you do?--greeting used by people when they first meet.rain cats and dogs---- to rain very hardwear one’s heart upon one’s sleev----show one’s feelings plainlyWash one’s hands of sth---refuse to have anything more to do with5) English idioms are usually made of commonly-used words. They are vivid in usage, brief in structure and profound in meaning.Once in a blue moon----once in a very long time; almost neverTo put the cart before the horse----to do things in the wrong order4. the difference between idioms and free phrasesFree phrases are ones in which the meaning can be guessed from their components while idiomatic phrases are phrases with a special meaning that cannot be guessed from the combination of the words.Blue skyBlue book—an official report printed by the British governmentcold winterCold comfort—poor consolation（不起作用的安慰）Sometimes the same phrasal verbs can be used as free phrases as well as idioms.We get up early everyday.The students will get up an English evening next month.----arrange5. Classification of IdiomsClassification of idioms can be approached from different angles. According to syntactic functions, idioms can be classified into five types:1) idioms nominal in natureIdioms of this class have a noun as the key word in each and function as a noun in sentences, e.g.white elephant ----sth useless and unwanted but big and costlybrain trust----a group of people with special knowledgewho answer questionsor give advicenarrow escape----a case of only just avoiding eviltop dog----a person in the highest positionflesh and blood---- human being; relatives or familythe lion’s share----the greatest part of…Jack of all trades----a person who can do many dif kindsof work but may not be good at any ofthem.2) idioms adjectival in natureidioms function as adj but the constituents are not necessarily adjs, e.g.as poor as a church mouse----having barely enough money for one’s needs.Up in the air----uncertainBeyond the pale----beyond the limit of proper behavior3) idioms verbal in naturelook in ---- investigategive somebody the bag----dismiss somebodymake ends meet----earn what it costs to livecome back to earth----stop imagining or dreaming4) idioms adverbal in natureLook after/into take after----look /behave likein nothing flat----in a very little time; soonthrough thick and thin----through all difficulties and troubles They threw her out of the house bag and baggage.----with all one’s belongingsHe was born in the village and worked on the farm man and boy.----all one’s life5) sentence idiomsAll idioms of this type are complete sentences. They are mainly proverbs and sayings, including colloqualisms and catchphrases, e.gA bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.How are you?Never do things by halves.Upon my word!Art is long, life is short.All is not gold that glitters.6. English idioms around different subjects1) idioms containing names of birds and animalsBirds of a feather flock together.----people of the same sortDon’t follow anyone like sheep.----follow blindly2) idioms containing names of parts of the human bodyHe went on with his work even when he was dead on his feet.----too tired to do moreHe is hand in glove with you.----very close or friendlyThe teacher told him to hold his tongue.----to be silent3) idioms involving colorsA motor car would be a white elephant to him, because he can’t drive.----sth of little or no valueWhenever someone played a joke on him, he saw red.----become very angry4) idioms containing words related to clothesWhat he said just now is another pair of shoes.----a totally different matter.My mother gave me a dollar in pocket money.----money given to a person to spend5) idioms invoving timeThe train arrive to the minute.----exactlyAs he got on in years, he became quiet and thoughtful.----grow old6) idioms invoving flowers and plantsSay what you have got to say. I hate a man who beats about the bush.----not to come to the pointThey don’t let the grass grow under their feet in learning English.----to waste no time in doing sth7) idioms containing words related to fruitSo long as she was at home, everything in the house was in apple-pie order.----in perfect orderYour proposal is a hard nut to crack.---a problem difficult to solve8) idioms involving food and cookingThis kind of exam is a piece of cake to him.----sth very easyFootball is my cup of tea. I watch the game every night.----sth which one likesAfter months of unemployment, all he asked for was a chance to earn his bread.---earn one’s living9) idioms containing words related to shapes and measures Please drop me a line when you got to Shanghai.----write a noteHe was on top of the world when he found out that he had admitted into college.----feel pleased and happyWhat he said is beside the point.----off the subject7. ProverbsAccording to their structures, English proverbs have the following kinds:1) the elliptical sentencesNo gains without pains.----Nothing can be gained without effort.Out of sight, out of mind.----It is easy to forget someone or something not seen regularlyEasier said than done.----It is harder to do than to talk about.2) the simple sentencePractice makes perfect.----Only practice will bring success.The early bird catches the worm.----A person who strives early will be successful.3) the compound sentenceLend your money and lose your friend. 借钱失友4) the complex sentenceWhere there’s a will, there is a way.Strike while the iron is hot. ----Seize a good opportunity.Ex:1 将下列成语译成英语光阴似箭挥金如土猫哭老鼠一模一样衣冠禽兽破釜沉舟Column A Column B1. Prevention is__. a). to make a quarrel. .2. Deeds are fruits, ___. b). pound foolish3. Don’t cro ss a bridge___. c). easy go4. It is an ill wind ___. d) better than cure5. If you run after two hares, ___e) to every question6. Never put off till tomorrow __f) you will catch neither7. Soon learnt, ________. g) in a day.8. Penny wise, ______. h) want not9. Good advice _______. i) soon forgotten10. All work and no play ______j) less speed11. Easy come____ k) but pours12. Rome was not built ___ l) is beyond price13. Two eyes can see ________m)so let them reap14. Waste not, ______. n) that blows nobody good15. More haste _______. o) what may be done today16. There are two sides ______ p) makes Jack a dull boy17. As they sow, _______. q) words are but leaves18. A new broom ___ r).until you come to it19. It takes two ____. s)more than one20. It never rains ____ t) sweeps clean.。