历年考研英语中常见的十五种“逻辑关系词”
英文逻辑关系词
一．并列关系coordinating relationAnd :conj. 和，与；就；而且；但是；然后granted, et, but, yet, onlyOr:conj. 或，或者；还是either, ossiaAnd also:Neither ….nor:Either…or:Not only….but also:Along with:沿（顺）着；连同…一起；与…一道；随同…一起Thai is to say:As well as:也；和…一样；不但…而且as well as除……之外；既as well as.除as well as everything以及一切in the same way:同样地；以同样的方式二．递进关系Also:adv. 也；而且；同样conj. 并且；另外Than:conj. 比（用于形容词、副词的比较级之后）；除…外（用于other等之后）；与其…（用于 rather等之后）；一…就（用于 no sooner等之后）prep. 比；超过Additionally:adv. 此外；又，加之In addition:另外，此外Furthermore:adv. 此外；而且and furthermore而且furthermore-而且Moreover furthermore而且moreover-furthermore进一步说furthermore ad. moreover而且；此外furthermore ad.而且moreover—furthermore进一步说furthermore ad.而且moreover, furthermore且moreover adv. 而且；此外what is more而且what is even more甚至更多what is more important更重要的是and what is more而且indeed adv. 的确；实在；真正地；甚至int. 真的（表示惊讶、怀疑、讽刺等）...accordingly 于是indeed 的确surely 无疑 ...Apart from远离，除…之外；且不说；缺少besides adv. 此外；而且prep. 除…之外And besides更何况aside from除…以外Aside from除Aside from hands除手以外apart/aside from除了三、引出新对象About：prep. 关于；大约adj. 在附近的；四处走动的；在起作用的adv. 大约；周围；到处n. 大致；粗枝大叶；不拘小节的人concerning prep. 关于；就…而言v. 涉及；使关心（concern的ing形式）；忧虑regarding prep. 关于，至于就…….而言with regard to adv. 关于；至于as for关于，至于as to至于，关于；就……而论in terms of依据；按照；在…方面；以…措词四，因果关系Because of adv. 因为；由于Since conj. 因为；由于；既然；自…以来；自…以后prep. 自…以来；自…以后adv. 后来For prep. 为，为了；因为；给；对于；至于；适合于conj. 因为As ad. 同样地,像prep. 当做conj. 当...之时,像...一样,因为Thus adv. 因此；从而；这样；如此conj. 因此So ad. 如此,如是,如...那样 conj. 所以,因此,所以Hence adv.此；今后Therefore：adv. 因此；所以consequently adv. 因此；结果；所以accordingly adv. 因此，于是；相应地；照著due to adv. 由于；应归于thanks to由于，幸亏in the light of根据，按照；当作However, in the light of the new development, we have reinforced our security systems in all our airports, ".in response to响应；回答；对…有反应Allergies are abnormal reactions of the immune system in response to otherwise harmless substanceson account of由于；因为；为了…的缘故" ...on account of the number of pine trees that grow in the gorge of the mountain in which it is situated.Given adj. 赠予的；沉溺的prep. 考虑到v. 给予（give的过去分词）given that假定；只要是；已知；考虑到Considering prep. 考虑到；就...而论conj. 考虑到v. 考虑到（consider的ing形式）Seeing that鉴于，由于；因为"People are now seeing that they can actually make a business from supplying this vaccine and getting out to the very rural areas where there is a market for this."In that因为；由于；既然in respect that因为in group that以便in order that以便；为了；目的在于A United Nations report says water availability in that area is the second lowest in the world, after Africa.Now that既然；由于The F.C.C.chairman also wants to extend all six principles to wireless carriers now that their phones access the Internet.As a result of adv. 因此，由于；作为…的结果For the reason由于；因为Owing to由于，因为…It's a supposition that whatever the object of theory might be, - theory itself must-- owing to whatever intellectual constraints one can imagine-- be of such and such a form.In view of adv. 鉴于；考虑到in the view of…根据……的观点By(in) virtue of 由于，凭借On grounds of 以…为理由；根据…The supreme court later o verturned the ruling on grounds of mistaken identity.as a consequence 因此，结果I think all those goals are still possible, but I think that as a consequence to the war on Iraq, we took our eye off the ball.as a consequence of因此；由于…的结果We have got an enormous amount of work to do, and people down in the Gulf, particularly businesses, are still suffering as a consequence of this disaster."五，转折关系But conj. 但是；而是；然而adv. 仅仅，只prep. 除…以外however adv. 无论如何；不管怎样conj. 然而；可是yet adv. 还；但是；已经conj. 但是；然而instead of代替；不是…而是…rather than而不是；宁可…也不愿on the contrary反之by contrast相比之下；与之相比unfortunately adv. 不幸地六．让步Although conj. 虽然，尽管Though adv. 可是，虽然；不过；然而conj. 虽然；尽管prep. 但Even though虽然，即使even if though纵然even if / though即使；尽管even though/if即使；尽管Neverthelessadv. 然而，不过；虽然如此conj. 然而，不过Despiteprep. 尽管，不管n. 轻视；憎恨；侮辱In spite of 尽管；不管，不顾Anyway adv. 无论如何，不管怎样；总之notwithstandingadv. 尽管，仍然prep. 尽管，虽然conj. 虽然"How can we empower our president and the Congress and the government to start to move the country forward, notwithstanding the differences we have, "as conj. 因为；随着；虽然；依照；当…时prep. 如同；当作；以…的身份adv. 同样地；和…一样的while conj. 虽然；然而；当……的时候n. 一会儿；一段时间vt. 消磨；轻松地度过7.比较关系Like vt. 喜欢；想；愿意vi. 喜欢；希望prep. 像；如同adj. 同样的；相似的n. 爱好；同样的人或物adv. 可能conj. 好像Unlike adj. 不同的，不相似的prep. 和…不同，不像By prep. 通过；被；依据；经由；在附近；在……之前adv. 通过；经过；附近；白俄罗斯In contrast与此相反；比较起来whereasconj. 然而；鉴于；反之8表时间关系When wheneverBefore prep. 在…之前，先于adv. 以前；在前conj. 在…以前；在…之前After adv. 后来，以后prep. 在……之后conj. 在……之后adj. 以后的after all 毕竟；终究go after 追求，追逐ever after 从此以后一直after hours adv. 下班；工作完毕后 adv.后来，以后since, subsequently prep.在……之后in theback of adj.以后的succeedingsinceconj. 因为；由于；既然；自…以来；自…以后prep. 自…以来；自…以后adv. 后来meanwhileconj. 因为；由于；既然；自…以来；自…以后prep. 自…以来；自…以后adv. 后来in the meantime 在此期间；于此际9条件Ifconj. （表条件）如果；即使；是否；（表假设）假如n. 条件；设想Only if只要……就；只是在……的时候If only只要；要是…多好In case of万一；如果发生；假设unlessconj. 除非，如果不prep. 除…之外as long as 只要；和…一样长suppose that假如supposing that conj. 假如；不妨去…吧v. 假使；让；猜想（suppose的ing形式）but for conj. 要不是；如果没有failing n. 失败；缺点，过失；弱点prep. 如果没有…adj. 失败的v. 失败；不及格（fail 的ing形式）10例Such as 比如；诸如For examplen. 例子；榜样vt. 作为…的例子；为…做出榜样vi. 举例For instancen. 实例；情况；建议vt. 举...为例Of these 这些Amongprep. 在…中间；在…之中To illustrate 说明显示Like to take an example to take sth for exampleSpeaking namely 说话即11总结构On the whole基本上，大体上；就全体而论In short总之；简言之In a word总之；简言之All in all 总而言之；头等重要的东西In conclusion 总之最后In summary总之概括起来In general总之，通常；一般而言12表强调Above all 首先尤其是In effect实际上；生效In fact 事实上，实际上In any case 无论如何13顺序关系Last of all 最后finally 最后。
考研英语常见的八种逻辑关系词汇
考研英语常见的八种逻辑关系词汇考研英语常见的八种逻辑关系词汇考研英语阅读重在素材的积累，而词汇和短语更是素材积累的基础，考研英语大纲也不能全面的覆盖词汇和短语。
下面是店铺整理的考研英语常见的`八种逻辑关系词汇，欢迎阅读参考！常见的八种逻辑关系不论是阅读、完型还是作文，逻辑关系词的用法都无比重要。
1、并列关系:and, and also, or, neither…nor, either…or,likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way,that is to say, as well as, same…as;2、递进关系:then, also, besides, additionally, furthermore,moreover, in addition, what is more, indeed,even;3、因果关系:because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore,so, so (such) … that, so that, consequently,accordingly, according to, due to, thanks to, as a result, because of, in that, in response to/with, for this reason, lead to,too…to, with;4、转折关系:but, however, yet, on the contrary, in fact,by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately,while, whereas, unlike, rather than, instead of,contrary to;5、让步关系:although, though, even though, even if,nevertheless, despite, in spite of;6、列举关系:first-second-last of all, first-then,to begin with-to continue/next,on one hand-on the other hand,for one thing-for another thing,one-another, some-others-still others;7、举例关系:such as, for example, for instance,of these/those/them, say,among these/those/them,to illustrate, as an illustration,to take an example,more specifically speaking, namely;8、总结关系:in all, in brief, in short, in a word, in general,inconclusion, altogether, to sum up,to summarize, to conclude, to generalize,to put it in one word, above all.下载全文。
考研英语中常见逻辑关系词的分类及使用方法
考研英语中常见逻辑关系词的分类及使用方法在如今的社会中，考研英语已经成为了许多人选择的一条途径。
然而，对于许多英语非母语的考生来说，英语中的逻辑关系词可能会使他们感到困惑。
因此，本文将会对考研英语中常见的逻辑关系词进行分类，并提供一些使用方法，帮助考生顺利通过英语考试。
一、表示并列关系的逻辑关系词并列关系指的是两个相互独立的要素之间的关系，如and、or、but、not only...but also…等。
其中，and是最常见的并列关系词，如"The government invests heavily in education, and it will continue to do so."，其表示的是两个相互独立的事件。
Or的意义为“或者”，通常在两个或多个选项中使用。
例如："Do you prefer coffee or tea?"。
而but表达的是相互对立或者相反的意思。
在文中可以用来表达转折、对比、前后衔接等意思，如"He is a great player, but he needs to work harder."。
Not only...but also…表示的是数量的增加或者加强，如"China has not only a rich culture but also a strong economy."。
二、表示因果关系/条件关系的逻辑关系词因果关系指的是两个事件之间的因果关系，如because、so、thus、therefore、as a result、result in等。
例如："He failed the exam because he didn't study hard enough."。
而条件关系表示的是某一事件/条件下引起的结果，如if、unless、provided that、in case等。
英语逻辑关系词
(1) 转折关系but, however, yet(然而), on the contrary, contrary to, contrarily, by(in) contrast (to), whereas, rather than, instead of, unlike, in fact(effect), actually 弱转, conversely(2)让步关系although, much as, though, even though(if), even, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, anyhow(anyway), as, while（虽然、尽管、即使）, still（尽管如此）(3)总结关系in sum，in general, overall, to sum up，on the whole, generally(4)举例for example、for instance、such as、including(5) 因果关系Because；in that ＋句子表原因due to；thanks to ；owing to＋名词表原因；since ；now that ；ever since ＋句子表原因because of；on account of；in response to ＋名词表原因；lead to；contribute to；result in＋名词（前因后果）so that；such that；in order that＋句子 (强调目的、结果的因果)in view of；in the light of；by virtue of ＋名词鉴于、由于put down to；ascribe to；attribute to；owe to ＋名词归因于so；thus；hence；therefore；consequently (as a consequence/ as a result) ＋句子（因此）for, as, as a result of, with（由于，由于某种条件或原因的存在出现了某种结果）(6)递进关系still、also、indeed、furthermore（进一步）、moreover（而且、此外）、highlighting （突出、强调）、even（甚至、更）、besides(注意区分except), additionally, in addition, what’s more(7)条件关系if, provided/providing that, suppose, supposing, in case (of), in the event of, assume, presumably, so long as, unless, only if, when(8)并列关系and（和）、as well as（也）、likewise（同样的）、while（与此同时）、similarly （类似地）、or（或者）、simultaneously（同时发生地）、meanwhile（同时）、in the meantime、neither…nor, either…or, not only…but also、more…than（9）列举first, then, on one hand, some…others…still others（10）时间关系when, since, as, meanwhile, at the same time。
2020考研英语常见的8种逻辑关系词汇.doc
2020考研英语常见的8种逻辑关系词汇常见的八种逻辑关系不论是阅读、完型还是作文，逻辑关系词的用法都无比重要。
1、并列关系:and, and also, or, neither…nor, either…or,likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way,that is to say, as well as, same…as;2、递进关系:then, also, besides, additionally, furthermore,moreover, in addition, what is more, indeed,even;3、因果关系:because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore,so, so (such) …that, so that, consequently,accordingly, according to, due to, thanks to, as a result, because of, in that, in response to/with, for this reason, lead to,too…to, with;4、转折关系:but, however, yet, on the contrary, in fact,by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately,while, whereas, unlike, rather than, instead of,contrary to;5、让步关系:although, though, even though, even if,nevertheless, despite, in spite of;6、列举关系:first-second-last of all, first-then,to begin with-to continue/next,on one hand-on the other hand,for one thing-for another thing,one-another, some-others-still others;7、举例关系:such as, for example, for instance,of these/those/them, say,among these/those/them,to illustrate, as an illustration,to take an example,more specifically speaking, namely;8、总结关系:in all, in brief, in short, in a word, in general,in conclusion, altogether, to sum up,to summarize, to conclude, to generalize,to put it in one word, above all.。
2022考研英语：熟练掌握13类逻辑衔接词
考研英语阅读和写作中，逻辑衔接词很关键，是考察点，也是你写好一篇高分作文的必备要素。
下面整理了13类逻辑衔接词，大家一定要背下来，并且娴熟的去运用。
表对比whereas, while, as opposed to, by contrast, by comparison, on thecontrary, oppositely, but, yet示in general, every, some, sometimes, after, on the whole, usually, most,at other times, in most cases, frequently, main, finally, as a rule, rarely,before, meanwhile表举例for example ，to name a few, say , such as，to list but a few, forinstance表递进in addition, furthermore ,what’s more, what’s worse, additionally表示转折:although, instead, rather than, but, nevertheless, though, however, onthe other hand, otherwise表示时间顺序：now，then，before，after，afterwards，earlier，later，immediately，soon，next，ina few days，gradually，suddenly，finally表示空间顺序：near(to)，far(from)，in front of，behind，beside，beyond，above，below，tothe right (left)，around，outside表示对照：but，still，yet，however，on the other hand，on the contrary，in spiteof，even though等。
考研英语中常考的十种逻辑关系词
考研英语中常考的十种逻辑关系词考研英语完型填空文章最重要的特点之一就是逻辑性很强，而逻辑连接词在文中起着辅助篇章衔接与连贯的重要作用，可以表达文中的因果、转折、原因等各种逻辑关系，是历年真题知识运用的必考点，也是广大考生最难入手，掌握最不好的一种考题，因为它需要考生极大的逻辑判断能力以及对完形填空整体把控能力。
但是，既然是应试的考试形式，它就必然有规律可循。
对于完型填空逻辑惯性词这样的考题，我们同样可以找到它的规律，相信广大考生掌握了这样的规律，加之以充分的练习，逻辑连接词的将变得简单易操作。
下面将从逻辑关系词的分类出发，帮助同学们总结这些规律，并通过相应真题为广大考生讲解。
根据对连年真题的总结发现，完型填空中的逻辑关系词总共有十大类。
第一：并列关系。
并列关系是比较简单的一种逻辑关系词。
常考的标志词：and, and or so, not only…but also, neithe r nor, that is to say. 我们看一个真题，1996(41)：They do not provide energy, ___do they construct or build and part of the body. [A]either [B]so [C]nor [D]never观察一下这句话，有一个显著的特点是在横线后面的语序采用的是倒装语序，那么回忆一下语法中哪些情况可以引起句子倒装呢?肯定有否定词前置引起句子倒装。
同时，在本句中，逗号之前的句子有否定词，因此，横线上选择的词汇必然要满足两个条件，第一可以前面的否定呼应，第二，可以引起句子倒装。
所以，纵观四个选项，只有nor 满足两个条件，为正确答案。
第二：因果关系。
因果关系词是比较容易判断的一种逻辑关系，前面叙述原因，后面叙述结果，反之亦然。
但是，在历年考研完型填空中，经常出现广大考生不熟悉的词组，为了帮助考生辨认，我将这些短语列出如下：because, for, so that, such… that , in order that, due to, thanks to, in response to , con sidering that. 考生看到这样的短语就要想到是因果关系，反过来，判断出上下句逻辑关系是因果，要能够从选项中选出这些短语。
考研英语写作逻辑关系衔接用词.doc
考研英语写作逻辑关系衔接用词…and so…；another important factor/reason…；as a consequence；as a result；as；because；because of；being that；consequently；due to；for the reason that；for the same reason；for；hence；for this reason；in consequence；in that…；in view of；owing to；since；so；…so that…；the reason seems obvious；therefore；thus；obviously；evidently；subsequently；in order toand；also；as well as；both…and…；either…or…；neither…nor…；not only…but also…；in the same way；too first…, second…, third…, and so forth；first ofall；first and foremost；for a start；to begin with；to start with；following this；at the same time；finally；before this；simultaneously；in the meantime；besides；even；further；furthermore；in addition；in other words；in the first place…，in the second place…；in this way；meanwhile；moreover；not…but…；lastly；for one thing…，for another…yet；but；unless；despite that；in spite of；though；although；although this may be true；even though；however；reckless of；regardless ofas long as；even if；even though；if necessary；if not all；if possible；if so；if；lest；once；provided that；unlessapart from；pared with；in parison with；likewise；rather than；similarly；similarly important；equally；when pared witha good example would be；for example；for instance；in this case；in another case；on this oasion；in this situation；take the case of；to demonstrate；toillustrate；aording to；as an illustration；as for；as regards；as to；namely；notably；such as；like；take…as an example；sayas opposed to；balanced against；up against；conversely；on the one hand…on the other hand…；contrary to；unlike；different from this；however；in contrast；nevertheless；on the contrary；oppose to；whereas；while definitely；extremely；obviously；absolutely；positively；naturally；surprisingly；always；unquestionably；without a doubt；certainly；surely；undeniably；without reservation；believe it or not；especially；particularly；in particular；specifically；in fact；as a matter of fact；actually；in deed；not to mention…；what is more importantas a result；in one word；in brief；in short；in other words；in summary；on the whole；in conclusion；the conclusion can be safely drawn that…；to conclude；to sum up；summing up；as I have shown；as I have said；all inall；as I have noted；as has been noted；as is mentioned above。
考研英语二完形核心逻辑关系考点汇总
考研英语二完形核心逻辑关系考点汇总导语：逻辑关系的考察是英语二完形填空考察的重点，理解了文章段与段、句与句之间的关系有助于理解整篇文章的中心思想。
现将真题中出现过的重要逻辑关系总结如下：1. 顺承关系常见连词：and ;also; sure enough; likewise2014.3For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. 3 , among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an 4 of good health.3. [A]. Instead [B]. However [C]. Likewise [D]. Therefore【答案】C解析：[A] Instead 相反 [B] However 然而 [C] Likewise 同样 [D] Therefore 因此此题句意：较重的女人患缺钙的比例低于较瘦的女人。
_____，在老年人中，一定程度上超重……。
此题考查上下文逻辑，需要填入的是和前半句表示顺接的词语。
A、B选项都表示转折，D选项表示因果关系，只有C选项表示顺承关系，因此正确答案为C。
2. 递进关系常见连词：indeed; in fact；even；further ; in particular ; in turn 2014.1717 very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.17. [A]. Even [B]. Still [C]. Yet [D]. Only【答案】A解析：[A] Even 甚至 [B] Still 仍然 [C] Yet 然而 [D] Only只有此题句意：_____小孩子都蔑视超重，而且对身材的嘲笑一直是学校的一个问题。
考研英语完型中常见的10种逻辑关系词
考研英语完型中常见的10种逻辑关系词出国留学考研网为大家提供考研英语完型中常见的10种逻辑关系词，更多考研资讯请关注我们网站的更新!考研英语完型中常见的10种逻辑关系词下面十种常见的逻辑关系词汇总，小伙伴们一定要牢牢记住，才能在日后做题的过程中一路畅通。
因果关系because;for;since;as;therefore;consequently;hence;so;thu s;so…that;such…that;inorderthat;accordingly(因此;于是;相应地);dueto;thanksto;asaresult;inthat(=because);nowthat(既然);becauseof;consideringthat,seeingthat;inresponseto;forth isreason;转折关系but;however;onthecontrary;contrarily;bycontrast;incontra st;conversely;insteadof;ratherthan;unlike,ontheotherhand;un fortunately;让步关系although;though;eventhough;even;evenif;nevertheless;desp ite;inspiteof;while;as;Kingashewas,hewasnothappy.Childashei s,heknowsalot.Hardthough/ashetried,hefailed;对比关系while;whereas;as;insteadof;ratherthan;not…but;列举关系firstsecondlastofall;inthefirstplaceinthesecondplacefina lly;tobeginwithtocontinue;first…then;ononehand…ontheotherhand;foronething…foranother;one…another;some…others…sti llothers;时间关系when;whenever,before;after;since;as;while;until;till;sim ultaneously;meanwhile;inthemeantime,atthesametime;距离关系suchas,forexample,forinstance,of(these,those,them);among (these,those,them)，toillustrate,asanillustration,totakeanexample,morespecifica llyspeaking,namely;条件关系if;onlyif;ifonly;unless,otherwise;assoonas;aslongas;prov idingthat;providedthat;onconditionthat;when;whenever;with;递进关系also;then;besides;inaddition;additionally;furthermore;wh atismore;moreover;indeed;theotherone;anotherone;apartfrom;a boveall;并列关系and;andalso;or;neithernor;eitheror;notonly…but(also)…; inthesameway;thatistosay;similarly;likewise;equally;aswella s,same…as;考研英语各题型中，数完形填空的难度最大，小伙伴们在训练的时候遇到的困难也最多。
考研英语逻辑连接词汇总
英语连接词连接词的意义分类表递进, , ，, , , , .表转折, , , , .表层次 , ... ; , ... , ... ;表强调, ... , ... ...; , ... ... .表强调 , , , a , , ,表结果, , , , .表结尾, a , , , , , .表例举 a , , , , , .表强调, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . , .表比较, , , , , .表对比 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .表列举 , , , . (), .表时间, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , a . a表顺序, , , , , , , , , , , , .表可能, , .表解释 , , a , , , .表递进 , , , , , , , , , , , .表让步, , ..., , , , , , .表转折, , , , , , .表原因 , , , , , , , .表结果 a , , , , , , , .表总结 , , a , , , , ,, .其他类型连接词, , , , , , , , , , a , , , ,表空间表举例 a , ,表递进’s ’s表对比表示时间与频率的词汇 , , , , , , , , , , , , a , , , .表示附加的词, , , , , , , , , , , ,引出例子 , , , ,表示转折, , , , , , , ,得出结论 , , , a , , , , , .表示增加的过渡词：，，，，，，，，，，等。
表示时间顺序的过渡词：，，，，，，，，，， a ，，，等。
表示空间顺序的过渡词：（），（），，，，，，，（），，等。
表示比较的过渡词：，，等。
表示对照的过渡词：，，，，，，，等。
表示结果和原因的过渡词：，，， a ，，，，等。
(完整版)英语阅读逻辑关系词
英语阅读逻辑关系词1．因果关系过渡词语：…and so…; another important factor/reason…; as a consequence; as a result; as; because; because of; being that; consequently; due to; for the reason that; for the same reason; for; hence; for this reason; in consequence; in that…; in view of; owing to; since; so;…so that…; the reason seems obvious; there are about…; therefore; thus; obviously; evidently2．并列关系过渡词语：and; also; as well as; both…and…; either…or…; neither…nor…; not only…but also…; in the same way; too3．序列关系过渡词语：first…, second…, third…, and so forth; A…, B…, C…, and so forth; next; then; following this; at the same time; now; at this point; after; afterwards; subsequently; finally; previously; before this; simultaneously; concurrently; thus; therefore; hence; next; and then; soon4．递进关系过渡词语：accordingly; as a popular saying goes…; as far as…is concerned; at the same time; besides; even; further; furthermore; in addition; in order to…; in other words; in the first place…, in the second plac e…; in this way; meanwhile; moreover; not only…, but also…; not…but…; lastly; for one thing…, for another…5．时间关系过渡词语：afterwards; as soon as; at last; before; eventually; every; first; first of all; first and foremost; for a start; meanwhile; in the meantime; while; now; next; not…until; later; formerly; previously;prior to; since then; since; subsequently; till; to begin with; to start with; when; then6．转折关系过渡词语：yet; but; unless; despite that; in spite of; though; although; although this may be true; even so; even though; however; sometimes; once in a while; independent of; reckless of; regardless of7．条件关系过渡词语：as long as; even if; even though; if it necessary; if not all; if possible; if so; if; lest; once; provided that; unless8．重复关系过渡词语：in brief; as I have said; as I have noted; as has been noted; as is mentioned above9．比较关系过渡词语：apart from; by the same token; compared with; in comparison with; in the same vein; like; likewise; rather than; similarly; simil arly important; equally; when compared with; when in fact…10．举例关系过渡词语：a good example would be; for example; for instance; in this case; in another case; on this occasion; in this situation; take the case of; to demonstrate; to illustrate; according to; as an illustration; as for; as regards; as to; in particular; including; namely; notably; such as; like; take…as an example; you may say…11．对比关系过渡词语：after all; as opposed to; balanced against; up against; vis a vis; where; conversely; on the one hand…on the other hand…; contrary to; conversely; unlike; different from this; however; in contrast; nevertheless; on the contrary; oppose to; whereas; while12．强调关系过渡词语：definitely; extremely; obviously; absolutely; positively; naturally; surprisingly; always; forever; perennially; eternally; emphatically; never; unquestionably; without a doubt; certainly; surely; undeniably; without reservation; believe it or not; especially; particularly; in particular; specifically; in fact; as a ma tter of fact; actually; in deed; moreover; not to mention…; what is more important; notably; that is13．总结关系过渡词语：accordingly; altogether; as a result; consequently; hence; in one word; in brief; in short; in other words; in summary; on the whole; in conclusion; overall; the conclusion can be safely drawn that…; therefore; to conclude; to sum up; summing up; as I have shown; as I have said; all in all。
考研英语逻辑关系词,代词,和文章结构词(DOC)
考研英语逻辑关系词,代词,和文章结构词（DOC）1.五类逻辑关系(前三类常考为核心，后二类为非核心):第一类逻辑关系词:转折，让步，对比(本质:不一致)(1). 转折，对比:however, but, nonetheless, nevertheless, yet*,though*, whereas*, while*, still*(但是),conversely, contrarily, contrary to, to the contrary, on the contrary, by contrast, in contrast, in comparison(相反地), compared with (与…相比), unlike(不像), excluding, save, except, except that, except for, other than,barring*, aside from*, apart from*(不包括)(2). 让步:even if, even though, despite, in spite of, granted that, granting that, albeit, notwithstanding, although,though*, whereas*, while*(尽管), (but) even so, (but) even now, (but) even then(尽管如此), regardless of, irrespective of, regardless,even*(即使)(3). 转折，让步，对比:while*(尽管，然而)(4). 对比:instead, instead of, rather than, prefer to(与其做…不如做…), either…or…(或者…或者…),neither…nor…(既不…也不…), other, another(其它),some…,others…(一些…另一些…);some…most…(一些…大部分…);some…the remaining(一些…剩余的…);the former…the latter…(前者…后者…); on (the)one hand…on the other hand…; on (the) one side…on the other side…(一方面…另一方面…); some…others…still others…(一些…另一些…再一些…); against (相对)类逻辑词:no, not, without, hardly, rarely, seldom, barely, scarcely, less(否定功能), stop, cease(停止), firstly, at first, previously(曾经), in effect, in fact, as a matter of fact, actually(其实), oppose, against(反对), comparison, contrast(对比), interestingly(有趣的是), ironically(讽刺的是), (un)fortunately(不幸的是), than(比较级), anyway, anyhow(无论如何，不顾),第二类逻辑关系词:并列，递进，举例(本质:一致)并列:and(和), or(或者), also, as well as, as well, too(也), equally, similarly, alike, likewise, similar to(与…相似), consistent with, parallel with(与…一致), aside from*, apart from*, besides, including(包括), still*(仍然), according to(根据), as*, like*, as if, as though(像，如), the way(按…的方式), as usual(像通常那样)递进:furthermore, moreover, additionally, in addition, in addition to, what’s more(并且), aboveall(最重要的是), indeed(的确), even*(甚至), not only…but (also)…not simply…but (also)(不仅…而且…), more importantly, more significantly(更重要的是), still*, yet*, even*(更，后加比较级)举例总分:for example, for instance, such as, like*(例如), of, among, in, between(在这些当中…)举例分总:on the whole, in short, in brief, in conclusion, in summary, in a word, in a nutshell, toconclude, to sum up, all in all, generally, in general, overall,over all(总而言之), eventually, finally, lastly, at last(最终) 举例的分: firstly, at first, first and foremost, in the first place, to begin with, to start with(第一),secondly, in the second place, in the meanwhile*, meanwhile*, simultaneously* (与此同时) ,then*(然后), 递进词(第二), thirdly(第三)…类逻辑词:并列:“,”, “;” , “—” , “()” , namely, viz., that is, or rather, in other words, put another way(即),this/it mean, this/it refer to, this/it signify, this/it suggest,this/it imply, this/it indicate, this/itconveys, this/it infer, this/it demonstrate, this/it show, this/it illustrate, this/it display, this/ itmanifest, this/ it depict, this/it boil down to…(这意味着, 这指的是), call sth. sth., regard sth. sth. (宾语补足语), 同位语, 同位语从句, same(相同), again, once more(再次), still*(仍然,用于肯定句), yet*(仍然,用于否定句), continue(继续),be动词(是), at theleast(至少), at the most(至多), beregarded as, be considered as, be believed as, be envisioned as…(被看作)举例:“:”, e.g., include, including(包括), 数词+名词, all these(所有这些), conclusion, summary(总结)第三类逻辑关系词:原因，结果，目的(本质:因果), because of, on the ground of, 原因:because, as*, for*, given, considering, now that, in that, since*in view of, in (the) light of, by virtue of, as a result of, as a consequence of, on account of, due to, owing to, thanks to(因为), after all(毕竟), for fear of/that,lest(由于害怕, 唯恐)结果:therefore, so, hence, thus, accordingly(因此), consequently, in consequence, as a result, thereby(结果是), so…that…, such…that…(如此…以至于…)目的:for*, so that, such that, in order to, so as to(为了), incase*(以防), to(为了)提示词:explanation(n.), explain(v.), account for(解释), justify, prove(证明), reason(n.), cause(n.,v.),account(原因)problem(问题), causal(adj.), resulting(adj.)(结果的), influence(n.), implication effect(n.)(影响), consequence(n.),result(n.)(结果), why(为什么), result from(导致于), root in,originate from, launched by, follow(来源于), raise, incur, arouse, affect, result in, bring about, lead to(导致), provoke, spur, urge, force, drive, stir, prompt(刺激,激起), make(使得), attribute A to B, owe A to B(把A归因于B), A be put down to B(A被归因于B), A be in response to B, A as a reaction to B(A是B的反应), the problem of A(A的问题在于…), by(通过…手段),to(为了)第四类逻辑关系词:时间(本质:时间)时间:after(在…后), thereafter(此后), before(在…前), between,during(在…间), later(后来), by,until(直到…), in the meanwhile*, meanwhile*, simultaneously* (与此同时), since, ever since,ever after(自从), even as(正当…时候), whenever(每当), then*(然后，那时), as*, while*, when*,whilst, once(当), henceforth, from now on(从今以后), until now, hitherto, so far, to date(至今为止)第五类逻辑关系词:条件(本质:条件)条件:unless, barring*, otherwise, or else(除非), when*, in case*, in case of(在…情况下), oncondition that, as long as, so long as，providing, provided, suppose, supposing, if(如果), only if(只有当), if only(如果是…就好了)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------有一个以上功能的词:even; after all; still; yet; for; in case; aside from; apart from; while;as; like; since; barring; in the meanwhile; meanwhile; then; since; when; whereas, simultaneously易混淆的词:so…that(结果)/so that(目的); such…that(结果)/suchthat(目的);accordingly(结果)/according to(并列); only if/if only(条件)/evenif/even though(让步)/as if/asthough(并列); in case(条件，目的)/in case of(条件); though(让步，转折)/although(让步)2. 代词第一类:he(him, his, his), she(her, her, hers), it(it, its, its), they(them, their, theirs) 第二类:this, that, these, those 第三类:the former, the latter第四类:other, another, else第五类:so, such第六类:then第七类:some, a few, a little, many, much, something, anything, nothing, none 第八类:here, there第九类:the previous, the last, the latest, the next, the subsequent3. 文章结构词第一类:ago, before, past, previously, at first, firstly, once, old, traditional, conventional 第二类:now, nowadays, today, these days, these weeks, these months, these years, these decades,presently, lately, new第三类:no longer, no more, not any more, change, alter, until, subsequently, after 第四类:still, yet, so far, up to now, hitherto, to this day4. 等于号be动词, 代词，并列逻辑关系词和提示词，举例逻辑关系词和提示词5. 提问词直接表达:means, show, reveal, demonstrate, signify, depict, indicate 间接表达:imply, infer, suggest, hint, connote。
考研英语中常考的十种逻辑关系词
考研英语中常考的十种逻辑关系词考研英语中常考的十种逻辑关系词考研英语完型填空文章最重要的特点之一就是逻辑性很强，而逻辑连接词在文中起着辅助篇章衔接与连贯的重要作用，可以表达文中的因果、转折、原因等各种逻辑关系，是历年真题知识运用的必考点，也是广大考生最难入手，掌握最不好的一种考题，因为它需要考生极大的逻辑判断能力以及对完形填空整体把控能力。
但是，既然是应试的考试形式，它就必然有规律可循。
对于完型填空逻辑惯性词这样的考题，我们同样可以找到它的规律，相信广大考生掌握了这样的规律，加之以充分的练习，逻辑连接词的将变得简单易操作。
下面将从逻辑关系词的分类出发，帮助同学们总结这些规律，并通过相应真题为广大考生讲解。
根据对连年真题的总结发现，完型填空中的逻辑关系词总共有十大类。
第一：并列关系。
并列关系是比较简单的一种逻辑关系词。
常考的标志词：and, and or so, not only…but also, neithe r nor, that is to say. 我们看一个真题，1996(41)：They do not provide energy, ___do they construct or build and part of the body. [A]either [B]so [C]nor [D]never 观察一下这句话，有一个显著的特点是在横线后面的语序采用的是倒装语序，那么回忆一下语法中哪些情况可以引起句子倒装呢?肯定有否定词前置引起句子倒装。
同时，在本句中，逗号之前的句子有否定词，因此，横线上选择的词汇必然要满足两个条件，第一可以前面的否定呼应，第二，可以引起句子倒装。
所以，纵观四个选项，只有nor 满足两个条件，为正确答案。
第二：因果关系。
因果关系词是比较容易判断的一种逻辑关系，前面叙述原因，后面叙述结果，反之亦然。
但是，在历年考研完型填空中，经常出现广大考生不熟悉的词组，为了帮助考生辨认，我将这些短语列出如下：because, for, so that, such… that , in order that,due to, thanks to, in response to , con sidering that. 考生看到这样的短语就要想到是因果关系，反过来，判断出上下句逻辑关系是因果，要能够从选项中选出这些短语。
英语逻辑关系
英语逻辑关系英语中的逻辑关系归纳为以下几种：1、并列关系And、andalso、or、neither...nor、either...or、likewise、similarly、equally、in the same way、as well as、same...as2、递进关系Then、also、besides、additinally、furthermore、in addition、what is more、indeed、even3、因果关系Because、for、since、as、thus、hence、therefore、so、o(such)...that、so that、consequently、according to 、due to、as a result、because of 、in that、in responseto/with、for this reason、lead to 、too...to、With4、转折关系But、however、yet、on the contrary、in fact、by contrast、on the other hand、while、unfortunately、whereas、unlike、rather than 、instesd of、contrary to5、让步关系Although、though、even though、even if、nevertheless、despite、in spite of6、列举关系first-second-last of all、first-then、to begin with -to continue/next on one hand-on the other hand、for one thing、for another thing、one、another、some、others、still others7、举例关系such as、for example、for instance、of these/those/them、to illustrate、as an illustration、more specifically speaking、namely.8、总计关系in brief、in short、in a word、in general、in conclusion、altogether、to sum up、to summarize、to conclude、to generalize、to put it in one word、above all。
历年考研英语中常见的十五种“逻辑关系词(或称衔接词)”
历年考研英语中常见的十五种“逻辑关系词（或称衔接词）”Preface：“逻辑关系词”对于一篇好的文章来说是非常重要的它就像一座桥，连接段与段、句与句，起到一种微妙的“衔接上下文”作用，即承上启下、起承转合、过渡性作用。
有效充分地利用逻辑关系词可以让你的文章“语义连贯、完整、顺畅”，不至于太突兀！下面就是我耗费心血、精心整理而成的历年考研英语中常见的十五种逻辑关系词，掌握了这些有助于你做阅读理解，有助于在阅读中更好、更快地把握文章的的写作思路和整体结构框架，理清文章的逻辑顺序与段与段之间的语义、逻辑关系，从而迅速找出正确答案。
有利于做排序题，更有利于你的写作（写作时尽量用那些字数多的短语，这样可以增加作文字数）。
需要注意的一点是，有的逻辑关系词不只表示一种逻辑关系，有些逻辑关系之间是贯通的，例如otherwise表示转折、对比、结果3种逻辑关系；让步之中含有转折的含义；对比之中含有转折、强调之意；并列之中含有递进的含义，例如as well as，as well，also，too既表示并列又表示递进；总结之中含有强调的含义，例如substantially，generally，mainly既表示总结又表示强调;递进之中有补充解释说明之意，例如namely，in other words。
考研朋友们在做题中应当加以体会和领悟。
期望本文能对考研的朋友有所裨益。
同时本人热烈欢迎各位朋友踊跃对本文加以批评和相互交流，在此，我对朋友们的帮助表示无尽的感激之情第一，表示因果（世界上最重要的一种关系就是因果关系）1.表示原因because （of）=be responsible for = as = since =for = therein = root=origin（al）=causality = due∕owing∕thanks ∕according to = beattributed∕contributed to （原因是）= now∕in that =seeing∕considering∕given （that）= on account of =on this account = onground of∕that（强调主观理由）= out of = for the sake of = in（the）light of = in view of （the fact that）= by∕in virtue of = byreason of = as a result∕consequence of = in consequence of =arise from =put sth down to sth（把……归因于……）【注】put down ① 把……归因于+ to sth ② 把……看作∕视为 put sth down as sth ③使（当众）出丑，让某人丢人现眼④ 写下，记下⑤ 将……提请（议会或委员会）审议 to put down a motion∕amendment提交一项动议或修正案⑥ 登记，注册，列入名单 + for sth 例句：Put me down for three tickets for Saturday。
最新英语作文考研万能素材——常用逻辑连接词
英语文章强调文字之间的严格逻辑关系，这些逻辑关系通过逻辑连接词来具体体现。
因此，考生需要掌握丰富的词汇，有助于文章的组织结构，从而为文章增色。
因果关系：… and so…; another important factor/reason …; as a consequence; as a result; as; because; because of; being that; consequently; due to; for the reason that; for the same reason; for; hence; for this reason; in consequence; in that… ; in view of; owing to; since; so; … so that…; the reason seems obvious; there are about…; therefore; thus; obviously; evidently并列关系：and; also; as well as; both … and …; either… or …; neither…nor …; not only… but also…; in the same way; too序列关系: first…, second…, third…, and so forth; A…, B…, C…, and so forth; next; then; following this; at the same time; now; atthis point; after; afterwards; subsequently; finally; previously; before this; simultaneously; concurrently; thus; therefore; hence; next; and then; soon递进关系：accordingly; as a popular saying goes…; as far as… is concerned; at the same time; besides; even; further; furthermore; in addition; in order to…; in other words; in the first place…, in the second place…; in this way; meanwhile; moreover; not only…, but also…; not… but…; lastly; for one thing…, for another…时空关系：afterwards; as soon as; at least; before; eventually; every; first; first of all; first and foremost; for a start; meanwhile; in the meantime; while; now; next; not … until; later; formerly; previously; prior to; since then; since; subsequently; till; to begin with; to start with; when; then转折关系：yet; but; unless; despite that; in spite of; though; although; although this may be true; even so; even though; however; sometimes; once in a while; independent of; reckless of; regardlessof条件关系：as long as; even if; even though; if it necessary; if not all; if possible; if so; if; lest; once; provided that; unless重复关系：in brief; as I have said; as I have noted; as has been noted; as is mentioned above比较关系：apart from; by the same token; compared with; incomparison with; in the same vein; like; likewise; rather than;similarly; similarly important; equally; when compared with; when in fact…举例关系：a good example would be; for example; for instance; inthis case; in another case; on this occasion; in this situation; take the case of; to demonstrate; to illustrate; according to; as an illustration; as for; as regards; as to; in particular; including; namely; notably; such as; like; take… as an example; you may say对比关系：after all; as opposed to; balanced against; up against;vis a vis; where; conversely; on the one hand… on the other hand…; contrary to; conversely unlike; different from this; however; incontrast; nevertheless; on the contrary; oppose to; whereas; while强调关系：definitely; extremely; obviously; absolutely; positively; naturally; surprisingly; always; forever; perennially; eternally; emphatically; never; unquestionably; without a doubt; certainly; surely; undeniably; without reservation; believe it or not;especially; particularly; in particular; specifically; in fact; as a matter of fact; actually; in deed; moreover; not to mention…; whatis more important; notably; that is;总结关系：accordingly; altogether; as a result; consequently; hence; in one word; in brief; in short; in other words; in summary; on the whole; in conclusion; overall; the conclusion can be safely drawn that…; therefore; to c onclude; to sum up; summing up; as I have shown; as I have said; hence; all in all祝语 :要知道，亲人们永远是我们心中的依靠。
归纳总结：考研英语中常见的逻辑关系词
归纳总结：考研英语中常见的逻辑关系词归纳总结：考研英语中常见的逻辑关系词句子构造在英语知识运用中主要表达在句子间的逻辑关系上，考生需要熟知各种常见的逻辑关系词。
这些逻辑关系主要表达在一些连词、副词以及某些介词词组上。
详细可以分为以下几类：表示转折/让步关系：but, however, nevertheless, whereas, although, despite, in spite of, still 表示比拟或比照关系：similarly, in the same way, likewise, whereas, in contrast to, rather than 表示因果关系：because, since, now that, on account of, due to, on the ground of, accordingly, consequently, therefore, thus, hence表示并列关系：and, or表示举例与例证关系：for exle, for instance, specially, such as, as follows表示强调关系：in fact, in particular, particularly, above all, undoubtedly, certainly表示顺承关系：in addition, furthermore, besides, likewise此外，逻辑关系不仅可以成为直接的考察对象，而且还可以利用这些逻辑关系寻找其他题目的解题线索。
让步关系考察举例：例：2023年英语知识运用真题的第7题__7__ the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is…7. [A] Now that [B] Although [C] Provided [D] Except that答案为[B] Although分析^p ：根据选项可以得知此题是一道逻辑关系题，解此题需要判断空格所在句中主从句的逻辑关系。
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历年考研英语中常见的十五种“逻辑关系词（或称衔接词）”Preface ：“逻辑关系词”对于一篇好的文章来说是非常重要的！！！它就像一座桥，连接段与段、句与句，起到一种微妙的“衔接上下文”作用，即承上启下、起承转合、过渡性作用。
有效充分地利用逻辑关系词可以让你的文章“语义连贯、完整、顺畅”，不至于太突兀！下面就是我耗费心血、精心整理而成的历年考研英语中常见的十五种逻辑关系词，掌握了这些有助于你做阅读理解，有助于在阅读中更好、更快地把握文章的的写作思路和整体结构框架，理清文章的逻辑顺序与段与段之间的语义、逻辑关系，从而迅速找出正确答案。
有利于做排序题，更有利于你的写作！！！（写作时尽量用那些字数多的短语，这样可以增加作文字数）。
需要注意的一点是，有的逻辑关系词不只表示一种逻辑关系，有些逻辑关系之间是贯通的，例如 otherwise 表示转折、对比、结果 3 种逻辑关系；让步之中含有转折的含义；对比之中含有转折、强调之意；并列之中含有递进的含义，例如as well as，as well，also，too既表示并列又表示递进；总结之中含有强调的含义，例如substantially，generally，mainly 既表示总结又表示强调;递进之中有补充解释说明之意，例如namely，in other words。
考研朋友们在做题中应当加以体会和领悟。
期望本文能对考研的朋友有所裨益。
同时本人热烈欢迎各位朋友踊跃对本文加以批评和相互交流，在此，我对朋友们的帮助表示无尽的感激之情！！！第一，表示因果（世界上最重要的一种关系就是因果关系）1.表示原因because （ of ） =be responsible for = as = since =for = therein = root =origin （ al ） =causality = due ∕ owing ∕ thanks∕according to = be attributed∕contributed to （原因是）= now ∕ in that =seeing ∕ considering ∕ given （ that ） = onaccount of =on this account = on ground of ∕ that （强调主观理由） = out of = for the sake of = in （ the ） light of = in view of （ the fact that ） = by ∕ in virtue of = by reason of = asa result ∕ consequence of = in consequence of =arise from = putsth down to sth（把……归因于……）【注】put down ① 把……归因于+ to sth ② 把……看作∕视为 put sth down as sth ③使（当众）出丑，让某人丢人现眼④ 写下，记下⑤ 将……提请（议会或委员会）审议 to put down a motion∕amendment提交一项动议或修正案⑥ 登记，注册，列入名单 + for sth 例句：Put me down for three tickets for Saturday。
2.表示结果①So = hence =therefore = therefor = thereby = thereof =thereout = therewithal = thereupon = thus = consequent(ly)=result （ ing ） =effect =consequence = in consequence = as aresult ∕ consequence = result in = accordingly = give riseto = lead to = arouse = agitate =awaken = fire up = provoke =spark = spur = stimulate = stir （激起，引起，引发，激发）= trigger= activate = prompt = set in motion = set off = contribute∕ attribute to = bring about ∕on =present =it follows ∕turns out that …②Or else = otherwise 否则，要不然【注】 or else 与 otherwise 既表示转折，又表示对比，还表示结果。
第二，表示对比1.表示“相似性的”对比①Likewise = like =similar （ ly ） = akin = parallel（ with …） = analogous ∕ analogy = comparable = by ∕ incomparison （ with …）与……相似的②Identical = same 完全相同的 = much as = as much 同……一样be consistent with = consistently = be in agreement with =coincide with …= accord ∕agree with = match（意见、利益等）与……一致的，相符的2.表示“差异性的”对比（这些词也be可以表示转折、强调）Unlike = by ∕ in contrast = in turn = in contrast to ∕ with= conversely = alternatively = on the contrary = contrary to= contrarily = on the other hand = otherwise = while = whereas= （ run ） counter to 与……相反的，但是，然而3.暂时无法确定是“差异性”还是“相似性”的①比较级、最高级 most important = dominant(ly)= largely②Of … and …第三，表示递进①besides =therewith = as well as = as well = and = also =too = in addition （ to ） = moreover = furthermore = apart ∕ aside from除……之外还，此外，而且，加之（用于“包括的”特殊人或事物前）②that is （ to say ） = namely 也就是说（有补充解释说明的作用）③to put it another way = put another way = in other words 换句话说（有补充解释说明的作用）④simply put ∕ stated ∕ spoken 简言之⑤or rather 或者更确切地说【注】注意 besides 与 except 的区别。
例如：① All of us passed besides John 。
（约翰也及格了）；② All of us passed except John 。
（约翰没有及格） except 用于“不包括”的特殊人或事物前第四，表示补充（解释、说明）① But = except （ for ） = apart ∕ aside from = other than除……之外（都），常用于否定句中，用于“不包括”的特殊人或事物前。
例如：① No one saw it but me 。
②There is nobody here other than me 。
②that is （ to say ） = namely 也就是说（有补充解释说明的作用）③to put it another way = put another way = in other words换句话说（有补充解释说明的作用）④冒号、破折号第五，表示让步① Despite = in spite of = notwithstanding = regardless ∕irrespective of = out of account （不予考虑）= in disregard of = for all （ that ） = although = though = as = while = even （if）= much as （用于句首）虽然= granting ∕ granted that不管，不顾，尽管（有），虽然，即使②after all 毕竟③certainly = of course = indeed = it is true that …的确④undoubtedly = there is no doubt that …毫无疑问的是……⑤admittedly = we have to admit that …应该承认的是……⑥it may be true that …或许真实的是……⑦there is no denying that …不可否认的是……⑧to be sure = although （常与 but 连用）可以肯定的是…⑨ at least 至少第六，表示转折①Instead （ of ） = rather than （是……）而不是②But = yet = although = though = while = whereas = when = only= （ but ） rather = instead = still = nevertheless = nonetheless= much as（用于句首）尽管如此，然而，虽然，但是③Otherwise = or else 否则，要不然④In effect ∕fact ∕reality = indeed = virtually 实际上，事实上，的确【注】 although ， though ， while ， whereas ， to be sure ， in effect ∕ fact ， indeed 既表示让步，又表示转折。
第七，表示条件①if = providing ∕ provided ∕ suppose ∕ supposing that如果，假如②in case of = in the event of 万一……③failing 如果不能，如果没有④but for ∕ that 要不是，若非（主句用虚拟语气）⑤unless 除非⑥as long as = only if 只要⑦on condition that …条件是……⑧if only 但愿，要是……就好了（常与虚拟语气连用）⑨ only if 必须在……的条件下（引导条件状语从句）第八，表示目的①For fear of = lest 以免，以防②For the sake of … = in the desire to do sth 为了……③ in order to【注】 for the sake of 既表示原因，又表示目的。